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Variation in Morphological, Physical and Chemical Constituents of Balanites Aegyptiaca Fruit Between Geographical Sites Variation in Morphological, Physical and Chemical Constituents of Balanites aegyptiaca Fruit between Geographical Sites By Somaya Omer Magzoub Abdoun B.Sc. (Forestry) University of Khartoum 1985 A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of Master of Science in Forest Science Supervisor: Dr. Abdelazim Yassin Abdelgadir Co. Supervisor: Dr. Mubarak Elsiddig Elamin Department of Forest Products and Industries, Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Shambat Septemper/2005 To my devoted husband and dear kids Yusra, Amro, Zeinab and Mustaffa To my precious parents, beloved brother and sister With great love Acknowledgment A lot of thanks and praise are due to almighty Allah, who created me from nothing, provided me with health and power to study and accomplish this work. I am really impotent to sign thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Abdelazim Yassin Abdelgadir for his valuable help, endless patience in data analysis, sincere support and encouragement through his guidance. I am also very grateful to Dr. Mubarak El Siddig my co-supervisor for his real interest in this study, clear guidance to begin the work, with his valuable suggestions in putting out the broad lines of the study. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Abdel Azim Mirgani, Director General, FNC, for giving me this chance and sponsoring the study. Distinctive thanks are due to Dr. Sayeda Mahgoub, for her generous assistance and precious advices. I am very thankful to Dr. Abd Allah Gaafar for his most valuable help and sincere assistance. Particular thanks should go to Ustaz Mahmood Mansour, Ustaza Itimad Awad, and all the technicians, and staff of pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory and food industry laboratory and the mechanization laboratory in the Industrial Research and Consultancy Center. Great thanks are extended to our colleagues in forestry office of Abu Jibeiha Province, especially Ustaz Mohideen for the proper sample collection; thanks also should extend to my colleagues in Dindir Province forests. Worm thanks and special appreciations go to my colleagues, all brothers and sisters in Planning Section (FNC) especially Fadl Allah Eijail, Adil Mohamed Ali, Yassein Ibrahim, Kawthar Abedrahman Hanady kamal, Hanady Ibrahim, Mashaair Ettigani, Lisa Iban and the head of the department Ustaz Mamoon Gasim for their friendly assistance during the whole period of the study. I am deeply thankful to my husband for his sacrifices, understanding and filling up the space I left during the long absence from kids and home. I am greatly indebted to him. Thanks should reach Dr. Hassan Elsubki (MAPRC) and Ustaz Mudathir for using their laboratory, Ustaz Elfatih Farah, Ustaz Sharaf Hamad, Ustaz Asim Halfawy and every one who contributed to fulfill this work. Table of Contents DEDICATION ..............................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................X ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................XIII ARABIC ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................XV CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. BACK GROUND................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. JUSTIFICATION.................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3. RESEARCH PROBLEM...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................................ 11 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................... 11 2.2. VARIETIES ......................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. HABIT .................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1. BARK...............................................................................................................................................13 2.3.2. LEAVES ...........................................................................................................................................13 2.3.3. FLOWERS ........................................................................................................................................14 2.3.4. FRUIT ..............................................................................................................................................14 2.3.5. WOOD .............................................................................................................................................14 2.3.6. ROOTS.............................................................................................................................................15 2.4. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT..................................................................................................... 15 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................... 16 2.5.1. SOIL TYPE .......................................................................................................................................16 2.5.3. ALTITUDE .......................................................................................................................................17 2.5.4. TEMPERATURE ...............................................................................................................................17 2.6.1. POLLINATION .................................................................................................................................19 2.6.2. FRUITS DISPERSAL..........................................................................................................................19 2.6.3. PROPAGATION AND MANAGEMENT................................................................................................19 2.6.3.1. SEED TREATMENT .......................................................................................................................20 2.6.3.2. FIELD OPERATIONS .....................................................................................................................21 2.6.3.4. SEED AND FRUIT YIELD ...............................................................................................................21 2.7. LIMITATIONS.................................................................................................................................... 22 2.8. FRUIT MORPHOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 22 2.8.1. DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................................22 2.8.1.1. SHAPE ..........................................................................................................................................22 2.8.1.2. SIZE..............................................................................................................................................23 2.8.1.3. WEIGHT .......................................................................................................................................23 2.8.1.4. COLOR .........................................................................................................................................23 2.8.2. FRUIT COMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................24 2.8. 3. KERNEL HARDNESS AND PROCESSING..........................................................................................26 2.9. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS......................................................................................................... 26 2.9.1. WHOLE PLANT................................................................................................................................26 2.9.2. FRUIT ..............................................................................................................................................26 2.9.2.1. PROTEIN ......................................................................................................................................27 2.9.2.2.
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