1St International Capacity Building Workshop Frankfurt Am Main and Heidelberg, Germany May 22Nd – May 29Th, 2016

1ST INTERNATIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP FRANKFURT AM MAIN AND HEIDELBERG, GERMANY MAY 22ND – MAY 29TH, 2016

SPONSORED BY THE REPORT OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP REPORT OF THE FRANKFURT AM MAIN AND HEIDELBERG, GERMANY ST MAY 22ND - MAY 29TH, 2016 1 INTERNATIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP Deliverable D - 11.14b: Proceedings of the 1ST International FRANKFURT AM MAIN AND HEIDELBERG, GERMANY Capacity Development Workshop, Part 2: Report MAY 22ND - MAY 29TH, 2016 Copyright © Rapid Planning Research Team, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences 2017

EDITORS Rapid Planning Research Team Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences: Michael Peterek Ulrike Reichhardt Yaman Hebbo Susana Restrepo Rico

LAYOUT Carlos E. Guerra Bustani

SPONSOR The research project “Rapid Planning“ is sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

2 3 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP 7 Participants 8 Expectations of the First International Capacity Building Workshop 11

WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES 12

FRANKFURT AM MAIN 12 Introduction to the Rapid Planning Project 12 Walking Tour Along the River Main in Frankfurt 16 Municipal Energy Agency of the City of Frankfurt am Main 20 Environment Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main 24 Open Space Developments in the Ostend District and the European Central Bank 30 Tour of the Recreational Site of the Former Helicopter Airport Frankfurt-Bonames 36 City Planning Department 38 Tour of the Riedberg Urban Extension District 48 Regional Authority - Regionalverband Frankfurtrheinmain 50 The Regional Park RheinMain and the Weilbacher Gravel Pits 54

HEIDELBERG 56 Visit to the Municipal Administration of Heidelberg 56 Tour of Heidelberg-Bahnstadt 60

WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS 62 Reflections on Urban Challenges, Trans-sectoral Planning, Capacity Development and Some Lessons Learnt from the Workshop 62 First Results of the Research on Frankfurt am Main 62 City of Kigali 64 City of Da Nang 66 City of Assiut 67 Final Wrap-up and Suggestions for Further Workshops 69

CONTACT 71

4 Contents 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP

The program of the First International Capacity Building Workshop from May 22nd to May 29th, 2016 had been developed together with the partners from the Frankfurt City Planning Department, the Environment Department, and the Municipal Energy Agency, as well as the Regional Association FrankfurtRheinMain.

The main objective of the workshop was an exchange of ideas and experiences between the representatives of the three case cities, the municipal departments of Frankfurt am Main as the reference city and the members of the Rapid Planning team. Furthermore, the capacity development workshop aimed at compiling the expectations of the city representatives and the Rapid Planning team in regards to trans-sectoral urban development and implementing capacity development processes in urban planning environments. Likewise, the workshop offered the Rapid Planning team to have a deeper understanding of the urban context, planning systems and challenges in the three case cities through presentations by city representatives. The presentations of the municipal departments gave an overview of the planning process in the German context, while the discussions and guided visits to specific urban development sites illustrated the implementation of related policies, programs and projects in the cities of Frankfurt and Heidelberg, as well as in the Metropolitan Region of FrankfurtRheinMain.

6 7 PARTICIPANTS

City Representatives of Assiut, Egypt Speakers and Tour Guides

Ms. Amal Ahmed Kamal Director of General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) Dr. Thomas Hartmanshenn Head of Environmental Precautions Division, Environment Ms. Eman Ali Director of Urban Planning Assiut Governorate Department, City of Frankfurt am Main Mr. Paul Fay Vice Head of the Municipal Energy Agency, City of Frankfurt City Representatives of Da Nang, Vietnam am Main Mr. Thanh Le Tu Gia Director of Urban Planning Institute of Da Nang Prof. Peter Kreisl Head of Overall City Issues Division, City Planning Mr. Tien Nguyen Thanh Vice Head of Urban Planning Management Division of Da Nang Department, City of Frankfurt am Main Mr. Ingo Weiskopf City Planning Department, City of Frankfurt am Main City Representative of Kigali, Rwanda Ms. Sabine Lachenicht Head of Department of Environmental Protection, Trade Mr. Emmanuel Ingabire District Urban Planner, District Nyarugenge, City of Kigali Supervision and Energy, City of Heidelberg Mr. Ralf Bermich Head of Energy and Climate Protection Division, Department of Environmental Protection, Trade Supervision and Energy, Representatives of UN-Habitat City of Heidelberg Mr. Sebastian Lange Rapid Planning Team UN-Habitat, Nairobi Ms. Elke Bayer Coordination Unit Citizens‘ Participation, Department of Urban Ms. Sylvie Kanimba Team Manager of Rapid Planning Kigali Office Development and Statistics, City of Heidelberg Prof. Rabee Reffat Team Manager of Rapid Planning Assiut Office Mr. Thomas Rebel Vice Head of City Planning Department, City of Heidelberg Ms. Hanh Vo Ho Bao Team Manager of Rapid Planning Da Nang Office Mr. Joachim Hahn Head of Department of Urban Development and Statistics, City of Heidelberg Mr. Thomas Horn Deputy Director of Regional Authority FrankfurtRheinMain DLR – Project Management Agency Dr. Gabriela Bloem Area Manager, Regional Authority FrankfurtRheinMain Dr. Andrea Koch-Kraft German Aerospace Center, Project Management Agency, Bonn Ms. Pinar Bilgic Regional Authority FrankfurtRheinMain Ms. Doris Tyson Regional Park RheinMain and Weilbacher Gravel Pits

8 Introduction to the Workshop Introduction to the Workshop 9 Participating Rapid Planning Team Members EXPECTATIONS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL

Ms. Andrea Schultheiß AT-Association, Stuttgart CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP Mr. Dieter Steinbach AT-Association, Stuttgart Mr. Nigel Downes Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg Dr. Harry Storch Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg Mr. Bernd Franke IFEU, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, At the beginning, the international participants Heidelberg from the three case cities expressed some of Ms. Christin Zeitz IFEU, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, their expectations towards to the program and Heidelberg the contents of the workshop. These expectations referred to the following main fields: Dr. Thomas Sterr IUWA, Institute for Eco-Industrial Analyses, Heidelberg Ms. Katja Weiler IZES, Institute for Future Energy Systems, Saarbrücken • Understanding the reasons why Frankfurt Ms. Renata Sultanbaeva IZES, Institute for Future Energy Systems, Saarbrücken am Main has been chosen as the German reference city Ms. Juliane Brandt Technical University of Berlin Mr. Marcus Mangeot MANGEOT, Stuttgart • Comprehending the urban development

challenges that Frankfurt faces today 2016 © Ayres, International Guests from Kigali and Assiut Rapid Planning Team – Frankfurt University Applied of Sciences (FRA-UAS) • Reviewing the city´s current development policies, measures and municipal responses Prof. Dr. Michael Peterek FRA-UAS Project Leader to the needs of increasing population Dr. Ulrike Reichhardt FRA-UAS Project Coordinator • Examining the administrative and planning Mr. Yaman Hebbo FRA-UAS Research Assistant systems in Frankfurt Ms. Susana Restrepo Rico FRA-UAS Research Assistant Ms. Olga Korovina FRA-UAS Research Assistant • Examining environmental and infrastructure Ms. Deborah Ayres FRA-UAS Research Intern management in Frankfurt

• Comprehending the urban development © Ayres, 2016 © Ayres, challenges as well as the planning International Guests from Da Nang approaches in the three case cities of Assiut, Da Nang and Kigali • Introducing the logic behind Rapid Planning and its methodology as a final product of the project

• Approaching a common understanding of trans-sectoral planning

• Discussing the available options for better capacity development activities in the © Peterek, 2016 contexts of the Rapid Planning research project International Guests from Assiut and Da Nang

10 Introduction to the Workshop Introduction to the Workshop 11 status, dynamics, trends, tensions, visions In each of the three intervention aspects, WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES and the overall processes of urban planning however, improving the current skills, in each of the case cities. On this basis, the accumulating knowledge and increasing the project proposes a methodological approach know-how are certainly vital for a successful consisting of three major intervention fields: implementation of the methodological approach INTRODUCTION TO THE of Rapid Planning and the strengthening of 1. Reinforcement of municipal capabilities to social and environmental responsibilities. RAPID PLANNING PROJECT gather and analyze necessary framework data Capacity development, therefore, has to be with modern data technologies, seen as an integral component of each step Presentation by the FRA-UAS Research Team that goes hand in hand with the implementation 2. Identification of trans-sectoral synergies plans as the project proceeds. and implementation of trans-sectoral planning The Urban World of Today and Tomorrow adopt reactive, short-term and sector-oriented approaches, and Five Sectors and Four Cities development measures that lack the strategic 3. More than half of the world’s population is aspects of spatial planning. With the absence The corresponding optimization of municipal To meet the expected outcomes of the research already urban. This global trend of increasing of proactive measures, the consequential management processes in order to regulate project in the timeframe given, Rapid Planning urbanisation seems yet to dominate the future. problems of overloaded infrastructure, shortage and secure sustainable impacts. focuses on the following five major sectors of While Europe, North and South America have of basic services, exhausted resources and supply and disposal infrastructure: energy, water, already hosted a large share of the urban deteriorating environmental conditions will This three-fold intervention scheme would waste water, solid waste and urban agriculture. population, the highest rates of urbanization keep growing exponentially. basically empower the cities and improve their nowadays are taking place in Africa and Asia performance so that more efficient urban planning As practical cases for developing the indicating that cities in the developing world, Such challenges, nevertheless, could be also seen processes could be achieved in less time in an methodology, the research has selected the especially in these both continents, are and will as an opportunity to provide innovative models ideal case. The spared costs, manpower and three cities of Assiut in Egypt, Da Nang in continue to host most of the expected growth. for sustainable planning and environmental time could then be redirected properly to enhance Vietnam and Kigali in Rwanda as case cities. efficiency. There is a need, therefore, for a the total quality of urban planning. For further reflections and comparative studies, Problem vs Opportunity responsible and achievable action plan that Frankfurt am Main in Germany has been could be implemented in a timely manner to selected as a reference case. As urban population increases rapidly, existing respond to the imposed challenges of rapid infrastructures become strained, energy and urbanization. The goal is to improve the quality The three selected case cities and the reference other resources become scarce, inaccessible, of life and competitiveness in these cities and, city represent the range between landlocked depleted and expensive, the natural at the same time, preserve the environment and least developed (Rwanda), developing environment becomes severely threatened, resources. Here, the Rapid Planning Project country (Vietnam), transition country (Egypt) and all risks entitled to the progressing climate fits as a comprehensive approach to urban and developed country (Germany). The cities, change become even more inevitable. Also, management that tries to bring the capabilities except for Frankfurt, are characterized by in such cases, it could be noticed that city of city planning and urban development at the rapid urban growth and planning needs to planning and urban development procedures local level of such developing cities closer to provide sustainable infrastructure and ensure are incapacitated to keep up with the fast pace the dynamics and mechanisms of urbanization continued economic growth. In addition, they of urbanization growth. The high pressure of growth taking place on the ground. have different energy sources, feedstock, waste rapid urbanization drains both human and management, as well as water supply and natural resources leading into insufficient The Rapid Planning Project wastewater treatment systems. Kigali, Da Nang capacities as well as inefficient uses of and Assiut are in need of municipal capacity resources. Further, sufficient data bases and Rapid Planning aims at maximizing efficiency development for sustainable city planning and correct information necessary for decision- and effectiveness of city planning and urban have suitable academic research institutions to making processes become harder to obtain development processes in the developing cities support and guide the capacity development as urbanization proceeds in an uncontrolled in order to enable them to compete better with process. Furthermore, the Rapid Planning Project manner. All that could effectively force the the ongoing pressures. It seeks, therefore, to The Methodological Approach of the Rapid Planning attempts to establish an exchange of experiences municipal authorities in such urban settings to go deep in understanding the current urban Research Project. © FRA-UAS Rapid Planning Team, 2017 and know-how between the involved case cities.

12 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 13 © Mohammed El Gazar 2014 © Sterr, Assiut, Egypt Kigali, Rwanda

Expected Outcomes 4. Computer-aided tools and simulators to are communicated through the deliverables, in the planning processes. The role of Rapid support decision makers, and last not least publications and workshops provided by the Planning, in this sense, is to work as an enabler. As expected outcomes of the project, the partners in accordance with the project’s timeline. 5. Stimulating entry projects initiated at each city research aims to deliver a localized toolbox In order to face all the challenges imposed by The Rapid Planning methodology, when ready for each of the case cities including: the rapid urbanization growth, slow-motion and for implementation, will require an institutional Some Points from the Workshop Discussion reactive planning procedures are certainly not atmosphere that provides suitable conditions for 1. A Rapid Planning methodology to show affordable. In fact, city planning needs to go hand the adoption of Rapid Planning in order to increase a roadmap for the implementation and It is important to realize that Rapid Planning is a in hand with the speed of development on the the efficiency of the planning procedures in the empowerment of trans-sectoral planning research project and not a consulting one. Since it ground. Here, the Rapid Planning Project could targeted case cities. Here, necessary changes is still in progress, the final outcomes are expected be seen as a necessity to face rapid urbanization. targeting identified parts of the planning system 2. A map of the knowledge blocks produced to be reached by the end of the project. might prove vital for a smoother implementation. It by the project to document and help transfer It could be stated that the research methodology is, however, not expected that municipal authorities the experiences The research partners develop and work with resembles action planning. It is, however, should completely change their planning systems specific programs and data sets. On this basis, larger than that as it strategically promotes a full to enact Rapid Planning. In other words, enabling 3. Data generation methodologies, feeding besides the research activities and entry projects, integration of all key aspects of urban planning, Rapid Planning should not indicate the replacement a data warehouse and bases to support the obtained results, knowledge elements full investment in interlinked infrastructures as well of current planning systems, but rather expanding urban and infrastructure planning and the technical tools are identified. They as a full partnership with the relevant stakeholders their capacities and capabilities. © Mangeot © Peterek, 2004 Da Nang, Vietnam Frankfurt am Main, Germany

14 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 15 Riverside Main Park © Peterek, 2005

Western Harbor

After the end of its original use, the brownfield area of the former Frankfurt Western Harbor has been revitalized and converted into a mixed-use area for offices and housing. Today, it has become a modern inner-city district with modern office buildings for approx. 3,500 jobs, including the Westhafen Tower, and Riverside Main Park © Peterek, 2015 WALKING TOUR ALONG THE residential units in different housing typologies for 1,600 inhabitants. The area is fully RIVER MAIN IN FRANKFURT pedestrianized, with public spaces along the waterfront, restaurants and cafés, and some Guided by the FRA-UAS Research Team additional commercial infrastructure.

Deutschherrnufer As an introduction to the workshop, a walking Riverside Main Park tour along the river Main gave an overview At the south-eastern limit of the city center, the of recent urban, residential and open space Since 1990, the city has developed a former slaughterhouse area has been converted Western Harbor © Peterek, 2012 developments in the center of the city. Since the linear park and open space along the into another mixed-use urban district for about late eighties, the city of Frankfurt had started Main, in total more than 7 kilometers to revitalize the areas along the river Main long, on both sides of the river, as a in order to improve the quality of the public recreational zone with wide lawns, trees space and to create opportunities for new and plants, and spectacular views of the inner-city housing, jobs as well as recreational Frankfurt skyline with its modern high-rise and cultural infrastructure. These projects buildings and skyscrapers. The area is well include the development of the Riverside accessible by many cycling tracks as well Main Park, the development of the Museums as public transport. Not only in summer and Embankment, with some 30 museums on the weekends, but also on warm days situated directly along the river or nearby, throughout the year, the Riverside Main the conversion areas of the former Western Park is intensely used for leisure purposes of Harbour and the Deutschherrnufer (former Frankfurt inhabitants as well as tourists, and slaughterhouse) as well as the construction of it additionally often hosts public festivals the European Central Bank in the East End. and events.

16 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Western Harbor © Ayres, 2016 Deutschherrnufer © Ayres, 2016 Deutschherrnufer © Ayres, 2016 Römerberg © Ayres, 2016

2,500 new inhabitants and 40,000 square Second World War. Only the stone buildings, meters of office and commercial spaces. like churches, the town hall and some houses Along the riverfront, the former through road of the 19th century, remained, though heavily has been transformed into a pedestrianized damaged. Already around 1980, the city of promenade. A variety of housing typologies, Frankfurt decided to reconstruct the medieval such as attractive solitaire tower buildings eastern front, the “Ostzeile”, of the Römerberg, along the promenade as well as city blocks which has been the main public square of with quiet courtyards in the areas behind, offer the city for many centuries. This heart of the a mixture of privately owned apartments and city has since then become again a central social housing flats owned by public housing place for residents and visitors, for public companies. A hotel, shops for daily provision fairs and events, and all kind of other outdoor and a central public square add up to the activities. Since the year 2010, additional diversity of the district and contribute to the reconstructions and modern reinterpretations revitalization of this central part of the city. of historical building scape take place in the adjoining area between the Römerberg and Römerberg and Old City Centre the Frankfurt Cathedral. In total, until 2018 35 buildings will recreate an impression of Almost all the medieval timber-framed houses the former medieval urban structure, its spaces and places, thus bringing new life to the city’s Deutschherrnufer © Peterek, 2004 in the historical city center of Frankfurt had Römerberg © Peterek, 2005 been destroyed in 1944, at the end of the former historic center.

Deutschherrnufer © Ayres, 2016 Römerberg © Ayres, 2016 Frankfurt´s Cathedral Seen from the River Main © Ayres, 2016 MUNICIPAL ENERGY AGENCY OF THE CITY OF FRANKFURT AM MAIN

Presentation by Mr. Paul Fay, Vice Head of the Municipal Energy Agency

The Municipal Energy Agency was founded in and four regions, including around 3,9 million 1990 with the aim to develop and implement inhabitants with an investment of 9,3 million energy and climate protection concepts and Euros in the first four years. plans for the city of Frankfurt am Main. It was one of the first institutions of such a kind in Germany. Since the creation of the Energy Agency in 1990, the city of Frankfurt has established ambitious Compared with the other case cities of Rapid goals for reducing energy consumption and the Planning, it is interesting to see that Frankfurt transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Frankfurt´s Energy Prevision Scenario for 2050. Source: Energiereferat Frankfurt am Main, 2015 is the city with the lowest average annual As part of the Cities Climate Alliance, already temperature of just 10,8 C. Consequently, the in 1990, the city had the vision of reducing The main instruments to achieve these In terms of reducing the consumption, the climate characteristics in Frankfurt, a city with CO2 emissions by 50% until 2030. Signing defined four seasons, mean a high demand for a “Convention of Mayors” in 2008, the city ambitious energy goals will be based on instruments are focused on: participatory specific characteristics of sustainable urban frameworks with city departments and heating in the winter months, compared to other aimed at reducing CO2 emissions by more than Rapid Planning case cities, which have higher 20% by 2020. And in 2010, as a deliberation and regional energy systems, such as a high institutions; cooperation within the region cooling demands, as they are located in more of the local city parliament, the city decided efficiency, decentralized generation, high and its member municipalities; creation of tropical regions. to supply 100% of its energy demand through interdependency of electricity, heating, cooling a climate protection board; sensibilization renewable energies by 2050. and mobility sectors as well as the use of through public events; citizens’ participation thermal and electrical stores. workshops in pilot districts; and public citizens’ participation conferences. A new modeling tool was developed by the “Frankfurt has the objective to Fraunhofer Institute (ISE) to find the most suitable Example - The Riedberg Project cover all its energy demands energy system and calculate optimized energy systems for cities and regions. Thereby, completely with renewable sources The Riedberg new neighborhood for about the combination of energy planning and by the year 2050.” 6,500 housing units and 15,000 inhabitants urban planning gives opportunities to local is an example of an urban extension area, authorities to: where the energy concept was conceived In this sense, the vision of the Master Plan 100% even before the zoning plan came legally • Develop specific energy concepts for urban Climate Protection aims at the following targets into force. districts and development areas Average Annual Temperatures in Frankfurt and the Other for Frankfurt for the year 2050: Case Cities. Source: Fay, 2016. • Assess zoning plans The Riedberg energy concept includes the • 50% reduction of energy demand following elements: • Develop district heating Master Plan 100% Climate Protection • 100% supply by renewable energies, half • Conceive legal agreements with private of which would be produced within the city • Calculations showed an advantage persons and institutions The Master Plan 100% Climate Protection is an of Frankfurt through solar, waste, biomass, in costs for a district heating solution, initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the geothermal, hydro facilities, while the other half • Integrate energy concepts into urban where the energy comes from a nearby Environment and part of the National Climate would be produced in the region from the wind, development proposals already at a very cogeneration plant from waste products. Protection Initiative, which includes 16 cities biomass, photovoltaic and hydro facilities. early planning stage

20 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 21 provision of energy in the city and devising In this context, the city of Frankfurt has a municipal specific energy concepts for different areas mandate prescribing that all municipal buildings in the city. The Agency has established an must be designed following the passive house energy consumption and production vision guidelines, reducing energy demands and even until 2050 in order to plan energy provision producing energy for its own consumption, for according to the Master Plan 100% Climate e-mobility or feeding it back to the public network Protection, a program promoted by the Federal (so-called “Energy Plus Houses”). The building Government. where the Municipal Energy Agency is located is such an example of a passive building in itself. The Master Plan 100% Climate Protection, which started in 2013, guides the tasks One of the most important challenges of of the Energy Agency as well as many providing 100% energy from renewable sources other departments in the city of Frankfurt is the need for storage to cover the demand at related to energy issues. Frankfurt is the peak hours and balance the fluctuations of the only metropolitan city in Germany so far renewable sources. The Energy Agency expects committed to such a Master Plan. major progress on this issue in the next future. © Ayres, 2016 © Ayres, Visit to the Heating/Cooling System of the Passive Energy Agency Building

• Based on this, a mandatory status of Based on this example, it is important to keep in centralized district heating for all buildings mind that energy concepts for new development with a heat demand higher than 15kWh/m2 areas should be taken into consideration from the a has been decided by the local parliament. very first step. Likewise, comprehensive energy maps for the city can help to implement district •The benefits for the environment are 9,000 heating in existing areas. However, in order to be competitive with other heating alternatives, district to 13,000 tons of CO2 reduction, compared to a conventional gas heating, equivalent to heating systems require a long-term infrastructural 21-30% of savings. investment. Therefore, local statutes for district heating or private agreements are necessary to ensure the repayment of the investment. •A further outcome is the construction of more 2 than 30,000 m in passive buildings (until Discussion Points with the Energy Agency 2016), as these do not require any heating and are exempted from the mandatory district The main approach of the Municipal Energy

heating regulations in the area. Agency is planning and regulating the 2016 © Ayres, Terrace of the Passive Energy Agency Building © Reichhardt, 2016 Visit to the Heating/Cooling System of the Passive Energy Agency Building

22 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 23 ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF FRANKFURT AM MAIN

Presentation by Dr. Thomas Hartmanshenn, Head of Environmental Precautions Division, Environment Department

Frankfurt am Main in Figures • Waste Management including: - Waste Disposal The city has a population of 724,000 - Street Cleaning inhabitants (in early 2016) and 330,000 commuters coming for work each day, what “Everything the Environment Department actually makes Frankfurt am Main a city with does has a legal framework. In this more than one million inhabitants during the sense, it is an implementer of the day. The total area of the city of Frankfurt applicable national and local laws. comports 248 sq. km. Despite its high population, Frankfurt is a “Green City” based Together with the municipal partners, on the fact that almost half of its total territory is the department has already developed represented by green and open spaces: 44% many inter-departmental structures.” of the urban area is protected landscape areas, 25% is agricultural land. Role and Tasks of the Department

Structure of the Department The main roles of the department are: the implementation of national and federal laws as The Environment Department (in German: well as the district and municipal instructions and Umweltamt) is one of about 60 departments or policies; policy consultation and information; administrative bodies in the city administration. consultation and cooperation with the municipal Overall, there are 10,600 employees in the partners such as the coordination and working city of Frankfurt administration. groups of climate change, traffic, the Green Belt, sustainable agriculture, environmental The Environment Department has five divisions education, GIS as well as the Integrated City and two administrative units within specific duties: Development Concept – Frankfurt 2030. © Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Stadtvermessungsamt, 2010 Frankfurt Green Belt and Landscape Protection Areas • Environment Communication In this way, the department issues the official • Noise Protection and Management statements and regulations needed for planning and construction processes, for the implementation The Frankfurt Green Belt Some typical parts and landscapes within the • Administration (of finances and human of the adaptation concept to climate change, for Green Belt include: the small river Nidda as its resources of the department) landscape protection and development, for the The Frankfurt Green Belt is an area of about 80 central recreational area; the Nidda Valley for • Environmental Precautions including: conceptual development and implementation sq. km around the city, which has been protected nature protection and as a transport line for fresh - Environmental Planning of environmental education, for open space and developed since 1991, according to a air; the surrounding hillsides as a centre of open - Public Authority for Nature Protection development as well as for the development formal decision of the City Assembly. It is part apple tree areas and fresh air production, too; of even larger landscape protection areas of the city forest (“Stadtwald”) which is Frankfurt’s • Environmental Monitoring for Water, Air and and implementation of the protection concept to about 108 sq. km. since 1994. “green lung”; areas of allotment gardens and Soil including: preserve the species and biotypes in urban areas. communal gardening; leisure and recreation - Landfill Aftercare Thereby, the Environment Department manages Since 1998, the Green Belt is the heart of along the river Main; more than 60 km of cycle - Public Authority for Water and Soil Protection a variety of environment-related programs and the then created “Rhine Main Regional Park”, tracks, and others more. - Emission Protection projects in the context of urban development, connecting and connected with an even wider - Contaminated Sites amongst which only a few can be presented network of green and open spaces within the The main value, output and capacity of the • Environmental Monitoring for Waste Water briefly in the following points. Rhine Main Metropolitan Region. remarkable Frankfurt Green Belt project relates

24 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 25 not only to biotic (species and biotypes) and Urban Climate and Adaptation to Climate corridors). It provides an information platform to in the relationship as well as the potential abiotic (climate, soil, water, air) values, but Change planners for making more informed environmental conflicts between economic development and also to recreation and health potentials, to the planning decisions. water protection. Therefore, based on national generation of economic income (agriculture, As part of the strategy of adaptation to rules and legislation, the department applies the forestry, catering industries) as well as to the climate change with in total six main areas of The adaptation of the city to climate change also following measures for preventive ground water very important role of environmental education. intervention – health, planning, construction, includes the development of integrated open protection: groundwater monitoring of chemical Hereby a central aspect is the involvement and landscape development, mobility and traffic, space and environmental planning concepts, composition, water table, and flow direction; interest of the people in the Green Belt. water – the Environment Department, in such as the recently conceived “Spokes and Rays preservation of soil functions; and definition of cooperation with the German Meteorological Concept” (in German: Speichen und Strahlen- water protection zones around the water wells. “In a growing city such as Frankfurt, Service Provider (DWD) and the inter- Konzept), linking the inner city to the surrounding which constantly needs new departmental Coordination Group of Climate Green Belt by fresh air corridors, green Fechenheimer Mainbogen Project constructions not only for living Change (including further departments connections, alternative mobility (especially spaces but also for traffic lines and responsible for energy, mobility, health, parks, cycling) and more social space development. Based on a European Union framework leisure-time activities, open spaces planning, building and fire), is responsible for directive for better ecological conditions for are in a permanent conflict with urban generating and updating the “Urban Climate Preventive Ground Water Protection rivers, the Fechenheimer Mainbogen Project development and densification. Map” (in German: Klimaplanatlas, 2016). represents an example of such measures Due to settlements and traffic related aiming at anti-flood water retention (in this This conflict comes with the risk of The “Urban Climate Map” integrates urban constructions with negative impacts on ground case of the River Main) as an adaptation to losing qualities of open spaces. It´s up climatic factors and town planning considerations water, industrial contamination, agriculture climate change, a re-creation of extensive to the decision makers to define the (e.g. by mapping existing heat islands, potential related pollution and sewerage, the Environment water-related biotopes as well as the responding course of actions.“ heat islands, fresh air production areas, fresh air Department highlights a very relevant challenge development of areas for recreation. This

Green Belt Spokes and Rays

Frankfurt Urban Climate Map Source: Katzschner et al. 2010. Umweltamt - Stadt Frankfurt am Main. Green Belt with Spokes and Rays Concept © Umweltamt Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Stadtvermessungsamt, 2011

26 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 27 long running project will be implemented “The municipal departments give counsel One of the environmental challenges of the Education is crucial for a more sustainable continuously, step by step, during the next to the policy makers to ensure the city of Frankfurt is finding a balance between future. Therefore, the participation of the decades, being started in 2012 and having consistency of development throughout urban growth, densification and the provision population is important, which also is an a conceived midterm in 2025. the changing politics of the successive of open spaces. Inside the city, the areas along instrument for monitoring and control, as administrations. This is also important to the riverbank provide recreation spaces. The people are interested in having recreational Discussion Points with the Environment ensure that they make informed decisions provision of public green and open spaces is and green spaces for leisure activities. An Department and lead urban policies in accordance a requirement for the redevelopment or further example of such participation is the complaints with the vision of the city.” densification of inner city areas – including in the Environment Department regularly gets The Environment Department and all other the past e.g projects such as the new European from citizens about waste, illegal tree cutting, departments of the city administration in schedules, agreed on for 3 to 4 years on a Central Bank, the Western Harbour and the car/motorbike disturbances, construction of Frankfurt are not policy-makers by themselves. department related municipal level. Deutschherrnufer redevelopments. swimming pools, and others. Besides their role as implementers of national The Preparatory Regional Land Use Plan and local laws and instructions, they act as The departments are free to define their inter- “The Planning Department is in regulates the general urban development in advisors, providing information, monitoring departmental and inter-institutional co-operations charge of urban development plans. Frankfurt and the surrounding region for the and analysis to the politically responsible as these seem the most suitable. There is an However, for making decisions next 10 to 15 years. This includes urban and stakeholders. Reciprocal communication established practice of inter-departmental regarding the implementation of rural areas and also the allowed uses in open channels between the city council and the city cooperation, based on transparency, common projects, the Planning Department spaces. As property owners are aware of the departments are essential for the formulation discussions and involvement, as well as needs to consider several allowed uses of their land, participation of the of effective city policies and the efficient and concluding compromises. aspects such as environmental people in the protection of the Green Belt is effective implementation of urban development protection, water regeneration easier because of the regulations. However, or environmental protection projects. Trans-sectoral planning relies on a culture and urban climate requirements. the major problem in the Green Belt is the of information sharing and partnerships. The department, therefore, needs construction of illegal weekend houses. It is The municipal departments of Frankfurt am Decisions on urbanization on greenfields, to reach an agreement with the the Environment Department’s task to control of Main organize their responsibilities, roles and brownfields or even protected land are inter- relevant departments.” tasks in accordance with work plans and time departmental processes. such constructions in the Green Belt. © Umweltamt, Kartengrundlage Stadtvermessungsamt Frankfurt am Main, 2017 2016 © Ayres, Fechenheimer Mainbogen Project View of Frankfurt´s Television Tower from the Green Belt

28 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 29 Frankfurt Garden © Peterek, 2015 Frankfurt Garden © Peterek, 2017

characterised by lines of movable raised beds in which gardeners cultivate various edible, medicinal, and ornamental plants, a greenhouse for growing seedlings and an open summer house with plants and books for recreation and reading; the recreation zone with sandboxes for children, benches and possibilities of playing table tennis, boules, and cooking barbecue, OPEN SPACE DEVELOPMENTS Frankfurt East Station with View of ECB Tower an area also used for markets, festivals, and © Reichhardt, 2016 private events; the community zone with a IN THE OSTEND DISTRICT AND summer café in the form of a container with a THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK usable rooftop and a kiosk for selling products. Every Wednesday from 12 pm until 20 pm, there is an open market for people who want to Guided by Dr. Thomas Hartmanshenn, buy fresh products directly from the producers. Environment Department

Since 1987, the Ostend District, a former industrial Frankfurt Garden and workers’ neighborhood to the east of the city Frankfurt Garden © Korovina, 2013 center, has been subject to comprehensive urban The project of Frankfurt Garden (in German: renewal efforts, in order to react to shortcomings Frankfurter Garten) is the most relevant example of in the building structures, in the urban design as urban community gardening in the city of Frankfurt. well as environmental degradation. The measures This project of urban agriculture was launched in included modernization of the existing housing 2013. It covers a total area of 2,500 m2, on a stock and construction of new housing on empty traffic island between several large main streets. properties, strengthening of residential, working, The land belongs to the city, with a temporary recreational and cultural facilities, improvement contract for a free land rental that is renewed of public spaces within the district and along periodically, at the moment until the end of 2017. the river Main, and, lastly, providing a space for the construction of the new headquarters of the The territory of Frankfurt Garden has three European Central Bank (ECB) in the area. main zones: the cultivation zone, which is

30 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt Garden © Peterek, 2015 Harbor Park © Sterr, 2016 Harbor Park © Peterek, 2015

Harbor Park European Central Bank

The Harbor Park is a recently developed The decision of the European Central Bank to large open space located near the river and relocate its headquarters to the area of the next to the European Central Bank. Located Ostend District and specifically the site of the at the crossroads of the Frankfurt Green Belt former wholesale market further stimulated and the river Main, the Harbor Park has a the urban development in this part of the city. size of about four hectares and an important With the construction of the new high-rise recreational function not only for the nearby tower of the bank in this place, also the listed densely populated Ostend District but also for building of Frankfurt’s former wholesale market the city as a whole. Its leisure and open space and landmark of the modern architecture of facilities include a skating and BMX complex, the 1920ties, was given a new function and two basketball fields, two multifunctional use. The final project was the result of an playing fields, extended green lawns, and international architectural competition, which a wide promenade along the riverfront. was won by the architects Coop Himmelb(l)au The whole area with attractive views of the from Vienna in 2004, and opened in 2015. Frankfurt skyline and the European Central Bank is well accessible by public transport, such as underground, buses and tram. Harbor Park © Sterr, 2016 European Central Bank © Peterek, 2015

Harbor Park © Ayres, 2016 European Central Bank © Sterr, 2016 European Central Bank © Peterek, 2015 Extension of the Riverside Main Park © Peterek, 2005 The Agricultural Site of Oberrad © Sterr, 2016

Extension of the Riverside Park seven herbs used to make the famous Frankfurt “Green Sauce” and other vegetables. The One important urban planning requirement nearby Green Sauce Monument represents linked to the location of the ECB close to the the centuries-old tradition of cultivation of these river Main was, in parallel, the extension herbs. As these fields are located within the of the public Riverside Park (in German: urban area, the farmers are concerned by the Mainuferpark) in-between the bank and the contamination of the site by dogs’ stool, which river, with a width of a least 50 metres and the is the reasons for signs to remind citizens that listed industrial cranes and a café at the top the agricultural site is not a place to walk dogs. of the embankment as part of the makeover. Furthermore, vandalism on the greenhouses is also at times a problem. The Agricultural Site of Oberrad

On the other side of the river Main, opposite to the Ostend District and the related Eastern Harbour, is located the urban district of Oberrad. On this neighborhood, there is an urban agriculture site occupying half of the total area of the district. The site is occupied until today Extension of the Riverside Main Park © Peterek, 2015 The Agricultural Site of Oberrad © Reichhardt, 2016 by twelve agricultural farms, which cultivate the

Extension of the Riverside Main Park © Peterek, 2015 The Agricultural Site of Oberrad © Reichhardt, 2016 Former Runway at Bonames © Reichhardt, 2016

TOUR OF THE RECREATIONAL Preservation Area at Bonames © Reichhardt, 2016 SITE OF THE FORMER HELICOPTER AIRPORT FRANKFURT-BONAMES

Guided by Dr. Thomas Hartmanshenn, Environment Department

The former Helicopter Base Frankfurt-Bonames (in into a public café. The remaining two-thirds German: Alter Flugplatz) of the U.S. Army had of the runway were gradually dismantled in a not been used since the year 1992. In 2002, sequential operation, intensifying with distance Bonames © Peterek, 2016 Bonames © Reichhardt, 2016 the Frankfurt Green Belt project and the Studio from the buildings. The hard surface was for Landscape Architecture GTL Landscape divided into zones and broken up into irregular Architects started to redevelop the abandoned pieces of a specific size in each zone. Not site into a park for recreation and environmental removed, but left on the ground, these pieces education purposes. The area became part of concrete and asphalt form an uneven surface of the network of green infrastructure and the that plants and animals are progressively re- Green Belt of the city, offering spaces for a colonising, allowing nature to reclaim the site diversity of leisure and recreational activities, again. Other parts of the nearby area have but also including some landmarks and art been protected as nature conservation zones. sculptures commissioned by the city. All these approaches are linked to a variety of The intervention preserved intact one-third of the educational programs that are hosted in the 4.5 hectares of asphalted runway, which offer “green classroom” and funded by the municipal a perfect setting for bicycle riding, roller skating Environment Department for the benefit of and skateboarding. The tower was converted schools and students.

36 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop activities - Frankfurt am Main 35 Recreational Area at Bonames © Peterek, 2016 CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT OF FRANKFURT AM MAIN

Presentation by Prof. Peter Kreisl, Head of Overall City Issues Division

In order to understand the role of the City The City Planning Department (in German: Planning Department of Frankfurt am Main, it is Stadtplanungsamt), which is directly concerned important to shed the light on the administrative with all the urban development issues in the city, structure of the institution, to present the major is structured in seven divisions: these include the issues, activities, tools and procedures of city Overall City Planning Issues, Downtown Districts, planning and urban development in the city as Suburban Districts, Public Space, Transport & well as to show an example of the steps and Landscape, Urban Renewal & Housing Grants, Structure of the Urban Planning Department of Frankfurt am Main. Source: Kreisl, 2016 measures taken to turn development plans and General Administration and Technical Services. visions into reality in the city. Overall, about 160 people work in the City construction products, facilities, equipment, links between the state perspectives on urban Planning Department, 90 of these full-time. as well as for plots of land. development and the specific local decisions The Administrative Structure of the concerning urban land-use planning. The state Department The Key Functions of the Department A Brief Overview of the Planning System in level then gives a more state-related, concrete form of the federal principles of spatial Germany planning for each state. And on the top, the The City Planning Department is part of the In addition to the preparation and issuance of federal level of spatial planning shapes the larger Directorate IV for Planning and Housing the development plans directing, regulating Having a look at the spatial planning system general policies for the country as a whole. of the City of Frankfurt (in German: Dezernat and monitoring the current as well as the in Germany from the bottom upwards leads Here, spatial planning is essentially limited to IV: Planung und Wohnen), which includes future urban development of the city, the to introduce first the municipal level of spatial the development of guiding principles, which also the Department for Land Survey and department is also responsible for granting planning, where final planning forms and also provide the legal basis for state spatial Land Management, the Housing Department, the permits demanded for building new goals are conducted in compliance with the planning and superordinate specifications for the Department for Building Control, and the structures or intervening in already-built specifications of the upper levels. Regional sectoral planning. Department for Monument Preservation. ones. This includes the permits needed for planning comes next to constitute the vital © Ayres, 2016 © Ayres, © Restrepo Rico, 2016 Presentation at the City Planning Department Presentation at the City Planning Department

38 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 39 compile such plans for the entire city. Issuing guidelines and principles set at the upper a binding land-use plan needs legally based levels of spatial planning. Here, the regional reasons. The process then has to go through development plan and the state development major steps including a political resolution by plan are relevant. The regional development the City Council to secure planning approval, plan, usually on a scale of 1:100,000, timely involvement of the public and related indicates the central places (regional centers), authorities, publication of the documents for settlement areas/urban land, industrial zones, the public inspection and further involvement of regional infrastructure (e.g. transportation), the related authorities, finally another political greenery, water, forest and nature and climate resolution of the planning statute and enactment protection. The state development plan, usually of the resulted plan. on a scale of 1:200,000, sets the general guidelines of development as it organizes City planning and urban development in the spatial categories (e.g. rural area, urban

© Regionalverband FrankfurtRheinMain, 2015 Frankfurt have to be aligned with the general agglomeration), center place systems, axes, Section Showing Frankfurt’s Downtown in the 2010 Regional Preparatory Land-Use Plan

On the municipal level of Frankfurt, two types climate protection. The scale of such a plan is of land-use plans are essential to the procedures usually 1:10,000/1:25,000. However, when of city planning and urban development in the the plan is prepared at the regional level, as in city: the preparatory land-use plan, which in this the case of Frankfurt, the scale is 1:50,000. case is prepared at the regional level by the Regional Authority (in German: Regionalverband The binding land-use plans, on a scale of FrankfurtRheinMain) in cooperation with the 1:500 / 1:1,000, are detailed plans that involved municipalities, and the legally binding create legally binding rights and specifications land-use plans, which are prepared at the steering and controlling urban development municipal level by the City Planning Department. structures and the use of land for building as well as other purposes. Binding land-use plans The preparatory land-use plan controls the type specify the types of land uses, intensity of uses, of use to which all land in the entire municipal (or lot coverage, public & private green, positioning regional) area will be put. It provides, therefore, of physical structures, land for transportation a strategic base for decision making on land uses needs and land for social infrastructure. They and on the allocation of resources. It specifies are usually accompanied with an environmental the technical and social infrastructure, green and impact study and statement. Binding land- open spaces, land-use restrictions, natural and use plans, however, do not cover the whole man-made disaster prevention and nature and city, and the municipality is not obliged to © Stadtplanungsamt Frankfurt am Main, 2015 2017 © FRA-UAS Rapid Planning Team, Binding Land-Use Plan or Legal Zoning Plan (in German: Bebauungsplan) Obermainstraße from 2015 A Review of the Spatial Planning System at the Municipal Level in Germany

40 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 41 main spatial functions, guideline values, have the advantage of being more flexible and regulatory areas, structurally weak areas and problem-focused. They can address multiple major infrastructure. challenges in the urban planning’s tasks brought by the changing dynamics of progressing urban In order to assist and complement the function societies. Often non-formalized plans are used of legal site planning (the preparatory and to give concrete forms to land-use plans or to binding land-use plans) as well as to facilitate prepare planning alternatives. and control their implementation, the planning authority has a set of legal measures or by-laws Major Challenges of Planning and Urban that could be enacted in certain cases and Development in Frankfurt upon the approval of the City Council. These measures are either regulated by the Federal Building Code (in German: Baugesetzbuch) such Since 2012, the city’s population has been as the Urban Development Measures (in German: increasing rapidly, approximately with about Städtebauliche Entwicklungsmaßnahme), Urban +15,000 inhabitants per year, a development, Development Modernisation Measures (in which is due to an increase of the job offers German: Städtebauliche Sanierungsmaßnahmen) and a related growing attractiveness of the and the Preservation By-laws (in German: city. In response, the City Planning Department Erhaltungssatzungen) or by the state such as the © Stadt Frankfurt am Main, 2016 has to address the resulting tensions and urban Phases of the Integrated Urban Development Concept Frankfurt 2030 Design By-laws (in German: Gestaltungsatzungen). challenges facing the urban development in Frankfurt, especially with regard to maintaining In addition to all forms of formal planning the quality of life as well as preserving the mobility, both at the municipal and the regional has accordingly instructed the City Magistrate articulated so far, the German planning system green profile of the city. Here, some of the key level; dealing with the challenges of climate to prepare an Integrated City Development keeps the door open for non-formalized planning topics and challenges to be considered include: change and securing environmental quality. Concept to envisage an urban vision for the procedures to play a part in planning the city strengthening the attractiveness of the city and city in 2030: Frankfurt 2030, as an integrated if needed. These are all planning procedures the competitiveness of the overall region; dealing From a Multitude of Initiatives to a Common urban development vision, is foreseen to focus that are not regulated by the planning law. The with the gap between a growing population Vision towards the Future: Frankfurt 2030 on increasing synergies and reducing conflicts law, however, can articulate their formalization and decreasing housing offers; caring for between urban development drivers in order to improve the city’s location as an attractive place process once they are approved. Non-formalized social cohesion in view of an increasing cost of To handle the addressed challenges, many for living, working and leisure. Urban spaces, plans could be initiated by municipal institutions, living and structural changes in the social and sectoral policies initiated by municipal in that sense, are to be co-produced by a strong private developers or by interested stakeholders. economic systems; caring for a sufficient future institutions have taken place in recent times, such partnership between policies and municipal They are seen as means to deal with a wide infrastructure provision in a growing city; caring as the Master Plan for Industrial Development, authorities, private-market actors and citizens and shifting spectrum of urban themes since they for an adequate and environmental friendly the development of new priority housing areas, and civic organizations in the city. the Spokes and Rays Concept as an extension of the Green Belt, the Mobility Strategy, the In its preparation, four phases have been Master Plan 100% Climate Protection, and the suggested to reach out for the final concept Schools Development Plan. for Frankfurt 2030. The first two are analytical phases as they first address the current urban These policies, in addition to Frankfurt’s wide state of the city and then integrate, analyze and involvement in environmental development, evaluate the situation. As a result of these two provided a platform for cooperation and phases, status-quo plans have been developed VS communication between the different municipal to address the city’s points of strengths and actors, related stakeholders and the people. weaknesses regarding (1) settlements structures The necessity, therefore, to formulate a wider and land reserves, (2) free-time, culture and common vision towards a future that integrates sports, (3) landscape and open spaces, (4) all efforts and assures the coherence, consistency environment, city climate and health, (5) energy and complete accordance with the spatial and climate protection and (6) mobility and

42 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 43 © Peterek, 2012 © HA Stadtentwicklugnsgesellschaft mbH, 2003 Riedberg Development Overview Riedberg Development Green Spaces

planned to be more conceptual as they will draw turn development plans and visions into reality development, by the municipality and makes it secures in return more responsiveness and possible development scenarios and formulate in the city. The binding land-use plan guiding available for residential buildings, workplaces, adaptability of the urban development and the final vision, strategy and agenda for 2030. the development was developed by the City and communal facilities. The development planning measures taken. To enhance participation, the city has planned Planning Department. Public participation was measure also allows the financing of municipal a series of public events under the program an integral step in the development as it is, in all development costs through the utilization of the Financing the City’s Operations “Frankfurt Your City” (in German: Frankfurt Deine cases, a necessary step prior to the validation increased value of land due to the development, Stadt) that include expert and public presentation of plans. The significant public demand for a a financing mechanism that is explained in and discussion sessions in addition to a wide large volume of housing provided the municipal more detail below. Cities in Germany have the authority to variety of communication channels such as authorities in Frankfurt with the legal basis manage their own municipal revenues and exhibitions, brain-storming rounds, newspapers needed to implement an Urban Development Discussion Points with the City Planning resources. Frankfurt, in this case, finances and magazines and campaigns. Measure (in German: Städtebauliche Department itself from different sources, such as the Entwicklungsmaßnahme), which is a special municipal share of income taxes, commercial Riedberg: Example of an Urban Development statute/by-law regulated by the Federal Building taxes from all the businesses located in the Measure Code and applicable for such cases of an Planning Authority at the Local Level city, in addition to a range of fees charged to extraordinarily high housing demand. the residents. The recent development process of the newly One could argue that planning authority at constructed district of Riedberg offers an Such a development measure allows the a local (municipal) level is a key to better As an interesting way of financing urban example of the steps and measures taken to acquisition of the land, which is needed for direct, regulate and monitor the actual state of development, it can be added that in particular urban development in any given urban setting. cases the Federal Building Code regulating It seems important to keep the process of spatial planning in Germany allows a utilization decision making as close to the development of the increased value of properties after challenges on the ground as possible. In development as a possible source to finance this sense, Frankfurt, similar to all cities in specific demands of urban development. In such Germany, has good chances to face its own cases, as the mentioned example of Riedberg, development challenges thanks to a long where there was a definite need for development history of decentralized planning procedures due to the pressing housing demands, the city and largely autonomous local planning can deploy an Urban Development Measure, competencies, which is even guaranteed by regulated by the Federal Building Code, for the the German Constitution. This feature of the area in need for a limited period of time. If the spatial planning system in Germany allows City Council approves the suggested measure, solving the issues of urban development at it allows the city to utilize the increased value

© Stadtplanungsamt Frankfurt am Main, 2015 the lowest administrative level possible, which of the properties to finance the intended Binding Land-Use Plan or Legal Zoning Plan (in German: Bebauungsplan) Riedberg from 2015

44 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 45 development in the area, specifically covering Providing Adequate City Planning The land-use plans dictating and detailing provision of general development guidelines, the necessary costs for the construction of public urban development on the ground are local interpretation as well as preparation of facilities, infrastructure and open spaces. If As mentioned, the spatial planning system in provided locally on the municipal level. The the development plans and bottom-up provision there is excess money left after the development Germany adopts a strong tendency towards City Planning Department in Frankfurt is not of feedback could be described as counter- is accomplished, the regulatory laws oblige the localized municipal planning operations. It obliged to produce a detailed master plan streaming. Frankfurt, in this sense, can be seen city to distribute it among the property owners leaves, however, the higher administrative levels that covers the whole city in the traditional as an example of how bottom-up and top-down of the development area. of the state and the nation with the right to provide sense of master and physical planning. Rather, approaches can find a common ground. the general guidelines, planning principles and the department provides a set of relatively small-scale, but detailed binding land-use Additionally, the city can further attempt to regulating laws as well as common development “The counter-stream principle makes plans to cover certain areas of the city where reduce the public spending by allocating tendencies. In comparison with other countries the planning system in Frankfurt necessary. Such plans demand detailed and the responsibilities for the provision of some where city planning is performed by central dynamic and adaptable to the localized technical as well as environmental public facilities onto the developers. The governments, it could be said that the higher specific needs of the time given. planning regulations allow for such terms to be administrative levels in Germany provide much specifications, which otherwise would be not necessary and time-consuming especially on considered specifically in the binding land-use less binding details to guide urban development It is a living system that allows plans a city-wide scale. A binding land-use plan plan that usually guides the development. at the local level. to be modified by the influence of can be demanded either by a municipal both: the public authorities and the institution, development policy, public interest market.” or by a private initiative. In all cases, it is the competence of the City Council to decide whether the plan should be developed or not. Public Participation Once a binding land-use plan is enacted, it becomes a legally binding document for Public participation is granted through the legal the public as well as private stakeholders, procedures of urban planning itself and the owners and developers. Federal Building Code. The city regularly invites its residents to open discussions regarding the Nevertheless, the guidelines and goals of proposed development plans. Although public planning and urban development of the city as participation schemes in Frankfurt seem to be a whole are represented and regulated by the time-consuming and thus may decelerate the preparatory land-use plan, which is developed planning process, they are a key to provide by the Regional Authority in the case of Frankfurt development plans that better suit the emerging and its neighboring region. Here, the City demands of the city. Public participation, Planning Department cooperates and produces especially at the early stages of a development, information for the preparation of the plan and also helps to build a better reception as well the political decision-making, and acts as a as acceptance by the people. In comparison coordination body for the inter-departmental to other cases of rapid urbanization, Frankfurt and inter-municipal collaboration. could possibly afford to invest more time in public participation due to the comparatively lower speed of its population growth. Keeping in mind the possibility to initiate a non- formalized planning procedure to handle a certain challenge or a definite area, in addition to the mentioned instruments of legal land-use planning, the municipal authority in Frankfurt seems to be enabled to provide adequate urban planning. Even if all municipal plans should be aligned with the general development goals addressed at the higher planning levels, local authorities have the autonomy to develop their own plans and provide feedback to the

46 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 47 Riedberg District Green Spaces © Peterek, 2012

Besides the range of different housing options from individual houses, terraced houses, multi-storey flats and apartments for rent as well as owner occupation, cooperative and communal housing, also leading to a diversity of typologies and architectural forms, the district is characterized by some other specific planning features:

Riedberg District © Peterek, 2011 TOUR OF THE RIEDBERG • A mandatory district heating for all buildings in the area to provide heat and hot water URBAN EXTENSION DISTRICT from a nearby cogeneration plant which burns waste to energy. Nevertheless, if the building is constructed in passive building standard, not Guided by Mr. Ingo Weiskopf, requiring any heating at all, it is exempted from City Planning Department the district heating regulation.

In order to meet the increasing housing demand landscaping, 17 hectares of building land • A remarkable amount of green areas, of its population, in the early nineteen-nineties, for social welfare and sports facilities, 45 parkland and recreational landscape zones, the city council decided for a large new hectares set aside for transport infrastructure covering in total more than one-third of the total Riedberg District Commercial Center © Peterek, 2011 urban extension in the northwest of Frankfurt, and public space, and 22 hectares committed comprising a total area of 267 hectares and to the Goethe University, which has a strong development area, is provided due to the fact making it one of the largest urban development presence with its Natural Sciences Faculty, that the Riedberg District plays an important role projects in Germany at that time. The Riedberg a range of related research institutes and as a ventilation channel for the city climate, with district is about 8 kilometers distant from the approximately 8,000 to 10,000 students regard to the cooling winds from the nearby city center, connected by an efficient public and 3,000 employees. On final completion, Taunus mountains. The climatic functions of transport in form of an urban light rail train and expected for the year 2018, the Riedberg the district needed to be preserved even after additional buses. district will offer housing in approximately development. 6,500 dwelling units for about 15,000 Based on the concept not to create just a people, a diversity of commercial facilities, • All storm water is collected separately from mono-functional housing neighbourhood, but schools, kindergartens and other public the households’ wastewater and conducted not a mixed-use urban district for multifunctional amenities, parks, sport areas, transport into a central sewage system, but to the green purposes, the area is made up of 89 infrastructure and public spaces in order to areas and parkland, where it seeps away into hectares net of building land, 94 hectares of provide a high quality of urban life as well as the ground or is collected in specific overflow parks, stretches of greenery and integrated social diversity and integration. reservoirs in case of heavy rainfall.

48 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 49 Riedberg © Peterek, 2009 FrankfurtRheinMain REGIONAL AUTHORITY - REGIONALVERBAND Metropolitan Region FRANKFURTRHEINMAIN FrankfurtRheinMain Region Presentation by Mr. Thomas Horn, Deputy Director of the Regional Authority, Dr. Gabriela Bloem, Area Manager, and Ms. Pinar Bilgic

The FrankfurtRheinMain Region composed of a chairman, one or two full-time deputy directors, and honorary councilors. The The region covered by the Regional Authority (in Regional Board is in charge of appointing eight German: Regionalverband FrankfurtRheinMain) representatives from the metropolitan area as has 2.3 million inhabitants in an area of 2,500 guests and advisory members. Representatives sq. km located in the southern part of the State of of each municipality take part in the decision- Hesse in Germany. 28% of the region’s surface is making processes of regional development, built-up with urbanization, industry and transport environmental protection and inter-municipal areas. In the region, in 2012 there were over collaboration for sustainable development. one million employed persons from which 83% The Regional Authority serves as the place worked in the service sector, giving the region a The City of Frankfurt am Main 1 GDP per capita of € 49,500 . for expressing and negotiating conflicts in its (Metropolitan) Region among the members and it is in charge of © Regionalverband FrankfurtRheinMain, 2016 This region forms the central part of the larger the elaboration and update of the Regional FrankfurtRheinMain Metropolitan Region, Preparatory Land-Use Plan, which provides and connections. Its key principles are to Energy Supply System FrankfurtRheinMain which is one among eleven recognized the guidelines for development in each foment participation and compact inner-city metropolitan regions in Germany. This wider municipality and in the overall region. The developments, linked to the major transport • Qualities: Increasing contribution of renewable Metropolitan Region congregates 468 Regional Authority is a platform for the strategic lines, rather than suburbanization. and bio-energy, and high provision security municipalities throughout three federal states, alignment of other regional institutions and the standards. i.e. Hesse, Bavaria, and Rhineland Palatinate, development of a joint identity for the region. Urban Infrastructure in the it accommodates 5.5 million inhabitants in an The institution is financed through a levy that FrankfurtRheinMain Region • Operation and Maintenance: Private companies area of 14,800 sq. km, from which 2.1 million member municipalities pay to the association. provide delivery under control of Hesse Ministry are part of the work force, earning an average It has approximately 120 staff employees and The provision of services in the of Economics, Energy, Transport and Regional GDP of € 37,200 per capita in 2010. approximately a € 15 million total budget. FrankfurtRheinMain Region is a collaborative Development. effort of several municipalities, public and The Regional Authority The Regional Preparatory Land-Use Plan private actors. The natural resources to meet • Actors Involved: Hesse Ministry of Economics, the demand of the larger municipalities Energy, Transport and Regional Development, The Regional Authority is an association of 75 The Regional Preparatory Land-Use Plan is are provided within and outside the urban for legislation and supervision; the Regional municipalities and towns in the Rhine-Main developed on a 1:50,000 scale. It shows perimeters, therefore the existence and Authority, for planning and urban regulations; region, including the major centers of Frankfurt simultaneous information on existing and functions of the Regional Authority are and private companies, for investments and am Main, Offenbach am Main, Hanau, on planned land issues and uses. It contains paramount in order to secure the adequate delivery. Rüsselsheim and Bad Homburg vor der Höhe. the guidelines for commercial, industrial and provision of services to all the inhabitants. The Each member municipality sends one delegate residential development areas, open and following sections describe some features of • Financing: Free market and support programs to the Regional Council (Regionalkammer), green areas, social and cultural infrastructures, the provisions of urban infrastructure within the for renewable energy implementation at the which is in charge of electing the Regional Board regional energy and transport concepts five sectors of Rapid Planning. federal level.

1 In comparison, the average GDP in the state of Hesse was € 37,900 and in Germany € 34,200 in 2012.

50 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 51 The goal of the energy sector is to provide Wastewater Management Comprehensive information about the housing and environmental protection. Thus, the 100% renewable energy, e.g. wind, water, 75 municipalities is available online. The target of the region is promoting social diversity solar, biogas and geothermal energy, for • Qualities: Efficient wastewater treatment, where Regional Authority has influence on the zoning by regulating the production of housing, where the region in 2050. The Regional Authority 99% of household water is treated. decisions for planning processes because it is 30 to 40% of the total housing offer should be cooperates with municipalities and companies responsible for the Regional Preparatory Land- within affordable ranges, i.e. about 20 to 30% to prepare this change to renewable energies. • Operation and Maintenance: Each municipality Use Plan (see above). below the average price. Potential areas of wind power have been has several wastewater treatment plants operated planned since 2010, considering zoning and by public companies. They are controlled and Discussion Points with the Regional Authority The challenges concerning the Rapid Planning environmental impact. supervised by the Regional Council. sectors in the FrankfurtRheinMain Region seem The FrankfurtRheinMain Region is a polycentric to be more in the management strategies • Actors Involved: Hesse Ministry of Economics, settlement structure with a hierarchy of centers: than in the technical issues or capacities. Solid Waste Management Transport, Energy and Regional Development, for higher order centers such as Frankfurt, Technologies are easy to establish or transfer, legislation; the Regional Council, for regulation Offenbach, and Hanau; middle centers, minor but management is depending on the actors • Qualities: Debris, electronic and chemical and monitoring; and the public company, for centers, and rural areas. Such polycentric and, sometimes, their long-lasting habits and waste management, citizens awareness and wastewater management and treatment process. structure promotes competitiveness and requires behaviors, which could create hindrances. contribution, waste separation, transition to a cooperation between the centers. Ten years very local system. • Financing: Citizens pay directly to the company. ago, the population projection for Frankfurt for In the infrastructure sectors, private companies the year 2020 was 685,000 inhabitants, but play a central role in operation and • Operation and Maintenance: Private companies already now (in 2016) the city accommodates maintenance, but what is important is their are given authorization and are supervised by Urban Agriculture 724,000 inhabitants. This population growth of public control. the Regional Council. Frankfurt, but also of the overall region, has led to • Qualities: Agricultural and farmland use in very high costs of rent and at the same time forced Regional infrastructure systems should be • Actors Involved: Hesse Ministry of Environment, Frankfurt is 25%. Community gardens have the evolution of policies in the past years, now developed “as small as possible and as large for legislation; the Regional Council, for been on the outskirts of the cities for the last one refocusing on the production of both affordable as necessary”. authorization and supervision; and public-private hundred years. companies, for service provision. • Operation and Maintenance: Common • Financing: Citizens pay directly to the service concerns such as climate change, environmental companies. The public-private companies can protection and preventing pollution are the core also apply for subsidies and credits to the of the municipal and regional visions of the Development Bank, Federal Ministry, etc. FrankfurtRheinMain Region.

• Actors Involved: Hesse Ministry of Environment, Water Supply for legislation; the municipal departments, for regulation and monitoring; Hesse Department of • Qualities: Abundance of surface and groundwater Agricuture (LLH), for consultancy and workshops. with high-quality; content measurement and high quality management. • Financing: Hesse Department of Agricuture (LLH) provides supports, and the EU has • Operation and Maintenance: Public-private financial support on agricultural activities. companies provide services under the control and supervision of the Regional Council for groundwater extraction and delivery. Regional Monitoring

• Actors Involved: Hesse Ministry of Environment, The Regional Authority carries out systematic for legislation; the Regional Council, for observation of metropolitan, regional and regulation and monitoring; and public-private municipal data such as population growth, companies, for service provision. employment, traffic, public services, land-use and finance. It collects, analyses and compares

• Financing: Citizens pay directly to the company. the data to other German and EU regions. 2016 © Sterr, Visit at the Regional Authority FrankfurtRheinMain

52 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main 53 Regional Park Portal and Weilbacher Gravel Pits © unit-design | Bernd Hilpert

The Regional Park Gateway was established in 2011 in a re-cultivated gravel pit landscape, in previous times used as a wild waste disposal site. In order to eliminate this damage, in the nineteen-nineties, the nearby municipality of Flörsheim, the administration of the Main- Taunus District and other organizations started to recover the area by converting it into a protected nature area of fauna and flora, where Regional Park RheinMain © Ayres, 2016 THE REGIONAL PARK RHEINMAIN also “geological windows” with glimpses of the layers of gravel mining can be explored. Wild AND THE WEILBACHER GRAVEL PITS donkeys, stallions and cashmere goats, which are used as natural landscape maintenance, Guided by Ms. Doris Tyson, Regional Park can be observed from five wooden towers. RheinMain and Weilbacher Gravel Pits In this way, the Regional Park RheinMain contributes to the development of natural The Regional Park RheinMain is a network of landscape safeguarding, viewpoints, landmarks landscape preserving green areas and woodlands natural and green areas, along with a system and lookout towers, historical sites, places of surrounding the city of Frankfurt and connecting Weilbacher Gravel Pits © Peterek, 2016 of green routes, which comport a total length social and educational purposes, partnering open spaces in its regional conurbation. of about 550 kilometers in the Metropolitan with regional agriculture, and others. Region FrankfurtRheinMain. The regional park was created to safeguard the open spaces, The Regional Park Gateway is located at the green areas, agricultural land as well as the Weilbacher Gravel Pits (in German: Weilbacher woodlands between the cities and settlements Kiesgruben), which is a popular destination for of the conurbation, to provide recreational leisure activities. On this site, there is a visitors facilities for in total 5,5 million inhabitants and center facility composed by a restaurant, an to protect the regional fauna, flora and climate. extensive playground area and the 41 meters The regional park is a communal project of the high Regional Park Tower, where it is possible towns and municipal authorities in the region, to observe a wide metropolitan landscape, with some financial support by the Federal including the former gravel pit landscape, the State of Hesse as well as the Regional Authority. nature protected area, the skyline of Frankfurt It is also an important contribution to a common and the Taunus mountains. Visitors can also regional identity. Until today, it includes and participate in different leisure activities and connects more than 200 single projects of environmental education opportunities.

54 Workshop Activities - Frankfurt am Main Regional Park RheinMain © Ayres, 2016 VISIT TO THE MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION OF HEIDELBERG

Presentation of the Office for Environmental The sustainability vision extends to housing, Protection by Ms. Sabine Lachenicht, Head of businesses, and administrative practices within Department of Environmental Protection, Trade the municipal departments. Supervision and Energy The Office for Environmental Protection

City of Heidelberg Heidelberg is part of the Global Climate

Protection City Network since 1994, which has 2016 © Sterr, The city of Heidelberg accommodates a resulted in an environmental focus and sustainable Presentation of the Office for Environmental Protection by Ms. Sabine Lachenicht population of 150,000 inhabitants with 17% development policies. The municipality promotes foreigners and 25% students. The city is an sustainable practices such as cycling, renewable The city focuses on the development and citizens were involved in a public discussion important touristic and academic center in energies, subsidies for the implementation of implementation of new technologies, i.e. about the draft, and the evaluation process took the region, thus 80% of its economic activities water management treatments and green roofs, thermal, solar and cogeneration power plants, place in 2013 and 2014. In March 2015, the are coming from the service sector. The city and even transforming the municipal buildings in order to reduce the burden on the environment first update of the guidelines was published. considers public participation an important into passive houses. Through the integration and make the transition to sustainable energies. part of sustainable development, as well as of climate protection into the city development Co-Design Oriented Participatory Involvement

the education of the residents in sustainable plan, the purpose is to reduce the CO2 emissions consumption issues and support for a diversity by 90% in 2050 and promote a more efficient Presentation of Dialogical Planning Processes Citizens’ participation is now mandatory of projects on environmental awareness. use of energy from renewable resources. for Conversion Areas by Ms. Elke Bayer, within initiatives, plans and projects of the Coordination Unit Citizens’ Participation, Heidelberg municipality. The early stage Department of Urban Development and Statistics information is formed by a list of potential projects, consisting of plans presented by the municipal departments. The City Council is responsible for the decision about the Development of Guidelines for Citizens’ components on the list. The potential projects Participation are related to the specific interests of the citizens and linked to the citizens’ participation The establishment of the guidelines for citizens’ procedures. Citizens are informed at least participation started in February 2011 by three months before the beginning of the the Mayor of Heidelberg and the Heidelberg discussions on the committee level. City Council. In addition to the working group meetings, the council invited the public to open The participatory involvement of citizens has discussions. The goal was to develop a draft thus the following characteristics: of the sought guidelines. The working group on citizens’ participation was based on a dialogue • Early stage information between the citizens, the City Council and the administration, supported by a scientific • Citizens’ participation initiates from both sides,

56 Workshop Activities - Heidelberg Workshop Activities - Heidelberg 57 © Sterr, 2016 © Sterr, Public Participation Process in Heidelberg. Source: Mrs. Elke Bayer, 2016 Patton Barracks Heidelberg

Dialogical Planning Process for Heidelberg • First phase, in 2011: Formulation of qualities The resulting programme for the area includes • Cooperative planning of the participation Patton Barracks and strategic approaches for a utilization the development of an Innovation Park concept concept considering the interactions with Heidelberg as a modern, urban economic The Patton Barracks comprise an area of 200 existing structures and superordinate guidelines space, including companies with major • Citizens’ participation process occurs throughout hectares, which is more than double of the of Heidelberg municipality; definition of targets activities in the field of media, film production, all the phases of the project traditional Heidelberg city center, and were IT, computer games, knowledge based • Second Phase, starting in 2012: Specific occupied by 8,000 people from the US-Army. industries, health care economy, life sciences, • Evaluation of the participatory process leads planning statements on the level of the different After they had left, the decision making about medical technologies, as well as the use of to an improvement of the guidelines locations and elaboration of development the future site conversion was established by a parts of the area for the construction of a sports concepts and planning regulations • Establishment of a comprehensive picture of planning process based on the development arena for up to 3,000 spectators. public opinions by communicating the results of a conversion guideline, including the • Third Phase, starting in 2014: Implementation following phases: of plans and beginning of the execution. © Sterr, 2016 © Sterr, © Mrs. Elke Bayer, 2016 © Mrs. Elke Bayer, Patton Barracks Heidelberg Visit to the Patton Barracks Heidelberg

Guided by Mr. Ralph Bermich, Head of Energy and Climate Protection Division

Heidelberg-Bahnstadt is a former freight the regulations of passive buildings and new transportation area that has been converted into clean energy technologies. Bahnstadt includes a a mixed-use area with academic, commercial large rainwater retention and infiltration system, Bahnstadt District © Ayres, 2016 Bahnstadt District © Ayres, 2016 and residential activities. The area has been minimizing discharging into the sewage drain. under construction since 2009 and once completed will host 5,000 residents and 7,000 The transport concept for Heidelberg- jobs, with large open areas of green spaces Bahnstadt is based on mass public transport and excellent connection to the public transport with trams to mobilize 25,000 commuters, system. In total, the area will be the largest and non-motorised transport modes in the passive buildings project in the world, and neighborhoods, promoting and supporting the neighborhood will use 100% renewable the use of bicycles, low-speed zones and resources to meet its energy demand. facilitating the connection of the area with the existing pedestrian and cycling networks In terms of energy, the Bahnstadt uses cogeneration of Heidelberg. The combination of the state- for the provision of electricity and heating. The of-the-art technologies with non-motorised district has a centralized biomass (wood-chip transport modes could save up to 30% of the fired) cogeneration plant. The city also provides energy currently consumed for transport and

guidance for developers and investors regarding considerable reductions in CO2.

60 Workshop Activities - Heidelberg Workshop activities - Frankfurt am Main 35 Open Spaces and Rainwater Retention in Bahnstadt © Peterek, 2016 WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS

REFLECTIONS ON URBAN CHALLENGES, TRANS-SECTORAL PLANNING, CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOME LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE WORKSHOP

First Results of the Research on Frankfurt means of non-formalized planning in Frankfurt am Main were identified as an efficient way to deal with © Erosa Mercado, 2016 a wide and shifting spectrum of urban themes. Integrated City Development Concept: Public Meeting The preliminary results of the Rapid Planning Project on urban development and city planning Such non-formalized plans range in scale and “The conflict between the adequate amount of open spaces, is potentially aspects in Frankfurt am Main, as the German focus from urban, spatial or sectoral development preservation of open spaces in conflict with the demands of the city’s growing reference city, include an analysis of the city’s plans on a large scale, to sub-area development population and economy. administrative structure, its regulative system of plans on the district or neighborhood level and and the requirement of new development areas is spatial planning, urban dynamics, trends and finally small-scale framework development The limited space available for new urban probably the most pressing tensions as well as urban development goals plans to handle specific urban, environmental developments makes the redevelopment of challenge of the growing city and visions for the future. This also considers the or infrastructural aspects or problems. They under-used sites such as former industries, stakeholders, organizations, and experiences are neither regulated by law nor are there any of Frankfurt today.” military camps as well as harbor and railway that are related to the generation, provision, formal procedures for their preparation, but they brownfields a major political issue and objective distribution or collection of energy, water, are often used to develop possible alternatives and climatic requirements in order to preserve to provide the needed development areas wastewater, solid waste and urban agriculture at an early stage of planning or to give tangible the limited open and green spaces. within the city. At the same time, the growth within the borders of the city, with the objective form to the more abstract land-use plans. The of the city also implies the necessity of an to examine the nature and patterns of trans- results of non-formalized plans may then be Nowadays, this tension between green improved and extended (public) transportation, sectoral planning or implementation within the integrated into the legally binding formal plans. and growth in Frankfurt drives the urban both regarding connections within the city and municipal operations. development debates in the city. With many with the neighboring cities and municipalities in Concerning the city’s urban features and energy, climate and environmental protection the metropolitan region. Concerning the spatial planning system, challenges, Frankfurt has a dynamic and related projects and policies implemented besides the very relevant instruments of formal international population with a high percentage in the last two decades including the Energy The apparent need for integrating a wider planning (such as the preparatory land-use of young people. The economy is mostly driven and Climate Protection Concept, the Master spectrum of municipal departments, relevant plan and the legally binding zoning plans), the by transportation, logistics, financial services, as Plan 100% Climate Protection as well as stakeholders and the people of the city to well as research and technology development. the Frankfurt Green City Platform, the city address the needed balance between urban “Non-formalized plans have the Based on an attractive offer of jobs, the developed a strong image as a “Green City”. development and environmental preservation advantage of being flexible and population of Frankfurt has increased in the last By raising public awareness, optimizing pushed the city to initiate a wide-scale “Integrated problem-focused. These qualities years by an average of 15,000 people per consumption patterns, and encouraging the use City Development Concept” to conceive an can help to cope with all sorts of year. Since this population growth is foreseen of renewable energies, these projects improved outline for the city’s development until 2030. changes in the tasks and challenges to continue as a trend, the municipality is the environmental conditions of the city and

of urban planning, which are challenged by a pressing demand for affordable helped to reduce CO2 emissions. The goal Some of the main topics to be covered by usually brought by the dynamics of housing to accommodate the growth and, at the to maintain this green profile, preserving the this long-term development concept include progressing urban societies.” same time, to respond well to the ecological greeneries of the city as well as providing an residential life, work, retailing, transport

62 Workshop Conclusions Workshop Conclusions 63 “With the initiative of the “Patterns of trans-sectoral Integrated City Development cooperation and inter- Concept – Frankfurt 2030, the departmental coordination city aims at a common vision and in Frankfurt are strongly policy framework that is shared by present in the policy making all administrative offices. processes.

This is essential to the establishment In implementation, however, of a concrete development strategy sectorial efforts tend to for future actions.” dominate the scene.”

and mobility, open space and green areas, Urban Challenges of the Case Cities and environmental and climate protection, settlement Some Conclusions from the Workshop and building structures, infrastructure provision as well as land use. In the final session, some major development challenges were discussed with regard to the

With regards to the forms and the degree of case cities, presented projects and experiences © Peterek, 2016 Kigali, Rwanda trans-sectoral planning applied in Frankfurt as well as to the organized visits in Frankfurt today, an investigation of the city of Frankfurt’s and Heidelberg. Derived from these discussions, projects, policies and experiences that are some conclusions were drawn to be taken home. groups that form the majority of the population. experience to take away from the workshop. related to the five sectors of Rapid Planning, Today, about three of four of Kigali’s inhabitants Another lesson to be shared is the possibility allowed the research study to draw some City of Kigali live in unplanned areas. The city’s topographic to deploy non-formalized planning approaches distinctions and to characterise the patterns situation on hills, ridges and valleys, with some to deal with certain cases upon necessity. It is of trans-sectoral planning and implementation Kigali is the capital city of Rwanda, its largest slopes up to 50 per cent gradient and two rainy also interesting to learn that such approaches, in terms of the number of partners involved city and the dominant center for employment and seasons, brings up additional challenges related as a conclusive step, can indeed be legally and the type of different sectors covered. First services of the country. With over one million to erosion, flooding and deficient accessibility of formalized and transferred into binding land-use results show that city organizations in Frankfurt, people today, it represents a large proportion large parts of the urban area. plans regulating the targeted areas. in most of the cases, tend to collaborate with of the country’s population and is one of Africa’s Although the city has a master plan approved This also applies to the participatory approach each other to deliver sector-oriented projects in fastest-growing cities. This leads to a pressing in 2013, which regulates land uses and guides in urban and environmental development issues the frameworks of higher trans-sectoral policies need to provide housing and infrastructure to the urban expansion, the major part of urban practiced in Frankfurt, which is regarded as – or in other words: increasing population, especially the low-income expansion happening today lacks a building an important tool to sensitize and involve the permit for construction. The challenge is to population, but would need to be adapted to integrate these areas and developments into the specific context of Kigali, with regards to the an overall coordinated approach, including question of what could be the right and feasible the pressing need to provide services and level of public participation in the local planning infrastructure to all districts and neighborhoods. process. This includes also the possibilities and Most of the investors, formal and informal ways of cooperation and exchange of concepts ones, do not conform to the rigid master plan and ideas between the municipal institutions, the but decide by themselves where they want to public, the professional and the academic sectors. build, often on technically not suitable and environmentally critical land. Therefore, the Another issue to be taken away is the high master plan needs to be more flexible, revised priority reserved in Frankfurt to the development, and transformed into urban development preservation and management of the city’s open guidelines, which are open to modifications. and green spaces, including the protected Green Belt, and the role which is attributed to The awareness that the overall urban development such areas despite the growth and the pressing in Frankfurt is not based on a prescribing formal needs for new housing in this city, too. It and city-wide master plan, but rather on a set of shows a highly integrative approach to urban,

64 Workshop Conclusions Workshop Conclusions 65 © Peterek, 2016 © Peterek, 2016 Da Nang, Vietnam Da Nang´s High-rise Coastal Developments

City of Da Nang Rather, they are developer-driven processes Park and the Green Belt, can be regarded to a growing city-region, not only in urban strongly influenced by high land prices and as examples where a balance between expansion issues but also in terms of supply Da Nang is the largest city in central Vietnam speculation, e.g. the current boom in hotel and development requirements and open space and disposal infrastructure systems, such and one of the country‘s most important ports. condominium developments. conservation, between economic expectations as energy, water, waste and wastewater. With about one million inhabitants in 2013, and citizen’s quality of life could be found. Necessarily, these should be approached it is subject to rapid urban expansion, a Compared to the city of Frankfurt, Da Nang in a city-regional linkage. In this context, the fast population growth, dynamic economic shares several similarities and challenges in its Concerning the high-rise development experience of Frankfurt has shown a pro-active development and an increase of touristic spatial and functional structure. This includes control, which is a major issue in Da Nang, attitude in developing regional perspectives, facilities along the coast. All this has led to the river as a central element of the cityscape, the experience of the Frankfurt High-rise shaping a possible approach at which Da severe challenges concerning the rapid and the relevance of high-rise developments Development Plan can give some suggestions Nang could also aim. often uncontrolled change in land uses from in urban development policies, the airport on how to regulate functional, infrastructural green to urban, environmental pollution and situated in a central location within the urban and economic aspects of such projects in City of Assiut degradation with regards to water, waste, air boundaries, and generally potential conflicts an urban and inner-city context and within a and noise as well as coastal erosion along the between economic and urban development vs. coordinate overall planning approach. Assiut is the largest town in Upper Egypt and beaches and regular flooding not only in peri- environmental issues and requirements. lies about 375 km south of Cairo, bordered urban but also central city areas. The discussions about the airport’s impact on the to the east by the river Nile and to the west by Based on these parallels between the two city (environmental and noise issues, including Mount Assiut West. With about half a million A first master plan for the city’s development cities, the workshop allowed gaining some health risks for some parts of the population inhabitants, the City of Assiut is the capital of the from the year 2002 has been updated in important experiences on different issues. The living close to the take-off and landing routes) larger Governorate of Assiut and an important 2014, aiming at a more sustainable city and development of the Riverside Park along both displayed the controversial debate and commercial and educational center, hosting the a better steering of future developments. This sides of the river Main in central Frankfurt insoluble dilemma between the benefits of third largest university in Egypt. includes the control of land-uses and land shows a successful way of combining both such an airport as an economic engine for the conversion, redevelopment and densification environmental concerns (green spaces, urban overall region and the coincident life quality On the local level, urban development in central areas, the control and relocation of ventilation channel, retention areas in case of restrictions for a considerable part of the urban and land-use planning are guided by two polluting industries, creation of protected areas flooding) with leisure and recreational purposes, and regional population. instruments: the Strategic Plan, developed and and generally an improvement of environmental creating an attractive and unique public space supervised by the General Organization for management in the fields of solid waste, water for everybody in the middle of the city. Similar The visit to the Regional Authority, but also Physical Planning (GOPP), and the Detailed supply and wastewater as well as landscape issues apply to the Green Belt, the city’s the meeting at the City Planning Department, Plans, prepared by the planning department management along the coastline and the river. green lungs, as another successful example disclosed similar regional challenges of the Governorate, which, however, are However, many developments are not really of integrating environmental, open space compared to Da Nang, as both cities have expected to strictly adhere to the regulations guided by the regulations of the master plan. and urban development. Both, the Riverside limited territories, but are closely interlinked provided by the corresponding Strategic Plan.

66 Workshop Conclusions Workshop Conclusions 67 Like the other case cities, Assiut faces a rapid Beyond the legally binding formal plans and population growth but has limited expansion procedures, the instruments of non-formalized potentials. The available lands for further planning in Frankfurt were seen as an interesting expansion along the Nile are scarce, restricted means to address urban challenges in a more and too valuable for agriculture. The access flexible way. In the Assiut context, such approach to affordable housing, therefore, is a crucial could potentially lead to a higher degree of issue. Another challenge is the provision of variety in land division and regulation, land use adequate urban services, specifically in the and land management, beyond the control of informal settlements occupying more than 25% large areas by just big private corporations, and of the city and accommodating half of the thus promoting more urban, social and functional population. The delivery of urban services has diversity. In conjunction with an expansion of many shortcomings in water, sanitation, solid public participation, this can also help to create waste management and energy provision. stronger and more responsible communities. These shortcomings, besides the environmental pollution, have severely affected the well-being An additional message from Frankfurt to Assiut of the residents of the city. was the separation of the political issues and the final political decision-making from the © Reichhardt, 2016 Participating in the workshop in Frankfurt technical aspects, elaborations and proposals Final Wrap-up Session initiated reflections on different issues, which in urban planning, which should avoid a direct could give some suggestions and inputs to politicization of the municipal administrations Final Wrap-up and Suggestions for Further discuss relevant challenges and jointly develop future development and planning procedures in and agencies charged and dealing with urban Workshops Rapid Planning related solutions. Assiut. A notable experience of the workshop development. The instrument of the legally was the substantial role that the Environment binding zoning plan, as presented by the case At the end of the workshop, all participants stressed By all participants, capacity development was Department and environmental planning study of the Frankfurt City Planning Department, out the importance of capacity development in seen as the central key to implement trans- played in the city. This includes the importance demonstrated the interlinks between the different city planning and urban management in general. sectoral approaches, tools and methodologies given in urban planning to open spaces, roles of the various stakeholders involved in the Activities, such as this workshop, promote in urban, environmental and infrastructural public spaces and green development, such development of a new plan: the municipal the international exchange and enhance the planning and management, as envisaged by as e.g. the Green Belt and the Riverside administration preparing the plan, the general capacities of the participating cities. The week the Rapid Planning Project. Park, but also the will and a series of efforts public informed and involved at different stages spent together increased not only the individual to reduce automobile usage, for instance during elaboration, and the politically elected knowledge of the participants about the The representatives from all the case cities by encouraging cycling or increasing the members of the City Council finally deciding administrative and planning systems as well as emphasized the importance of organizing attractiveness of public transport. and approving the plan as a binding local law. the relevant projects and experiences of Frankfurt, future capacity development activities and as a reference city, but also led to building a training workshops in the case cities to be deeper understanding of the challenges, closer to the problems that Rapid Planning is problems, approaches and legal planning trying to address. They also expressed their will instruments of the other case cities. This is not to to be part of the organization process. Such forget the added value of the workshop, which activities should focus on the further integration is given by the opportunity to discuss such issues, of participants from the different planning, concepts and ideas in a direct international and management and service administration as intercultural exchange with colleagues coming well as service implementation, from both from different urban development contexts. public and private sectors, and other relevant public institutions. If the output of Rapid Such cooperation between the case cities Planning wants to make an effective and should be continued. Therefore, the participants transferable contribution, it should also involve expressed the wish and proposed to have the political stakeholders as well as the general further capacity development workshops within public in the wider efforts to promote capacity Rapid Planning, both in Frankfurt in 2018 and development. This would help achieve a also on-site in the case cities in the future. The more sustainable and trans-sectoral urban, vision would be to have teams from the involved environmental and infrastructure management

68 Workshop Conclusions Workshop Conclusions 69 IMPRINT

CONTACT

Rapid Planning Research Team Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences:

Nibelungenplatz 1 D-60318 Frankfurt am Main,Germany Tel. +49 69 1533 3617 © Sterr, 2016 © Sterr, Final Certificates for Participants from Kigali Tel. +49 69 1533 3694 www.frankfurt-university.de/fachbereiche/ fb1/forschung/rapid-planning.html © Sterr, 2016 © Sterr, Final Certificates for Participants from Da Nang © Sterr, 2016 © Sterr, Final Certificates for Participants from Assiut

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