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Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Kangxi 1661-1722 Qianlong 1736-1795 1450

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Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Kangxi 1661-1722 Qianlong 1736-1795 1450 1450-1750 saw East Asia benefit from increased global trade and continued demand for their silk and porcelain/ silver imported/ crops from Americas Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 increased ag surplus and Kangxi 1661-1722 pop growth Qianlong 1736-1795 POV? “Qianlong uses a tone full of scorn and reproach when addressing King George’s request to open up more Chinese ports to British merchants. This tone makes sense given the opportunities that China has already given England concerning trade, and the desire on the part of China to not have England take advantage of their generous nature.” “Tokugawa Iemitsu would naturally use a stern tone and a very specific numerical presentation of the Closed Country Edicts of 1635 and 1639 because as a political leader, he would want his people to have unambiguous direction on something as serious to him as their interaction with Catholic priests.” C 26: Transition and Change in East Asia What do you remember about China? What should you know about the world in order to give historical context to these “traditions and changes” in Chinese history? Mongol arrows and bombs ; circa 1293 What is the response in East Asia to increasing global contact? The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CE The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE Yuan Dynasty Collapsed Mandarins= imperial Ming Dynasty founded by officials who traveled country overseeing Emperor Hongwu govt policies (r. 1368-1398) Role of Mandarins and Eunuchs?Eunuchs = advisors at court, presumed to be no threat Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) Moves capital to Beijing to deter Mongols Zheng He? Great Wall (re)built Yongle son (by end 15th C) Declares: 2 masts “Although he returned with wonderful precious things, what benefit was it to the state?” Civil Service Exams: The Bureaucracy of Merit Identification of the educated with national rather than regional goals 1540 Establishment of the scholar-gentry Actually ran the empire 1873 (Qing): Why was Europe especially impressed with this system? Maintained cultural unity and consensus on basic Confucian values- provincial quotas- Open to all males (but mostly the wealthy) Encouraged upward mobility Cheating/ corruption/ Death not uncommon Week long exams Ming Dynasty Only 5% passed and received titles official with 2 cranes No loss of status for failure instead “Rank Badge” = Served as patrons of the state Civil authority of the First rank Poetry- Calligraphy- Confucian values- filial piety Where Africa will suffer as a result of transoceanic connections, China will flourish. China will be able to choose how they interact with Europe until the late 19th century TODAY: 10 minutes: make sure that you have answered the questions associated with the two readings (China and Japan) AND added one piece of evidence for JAPAN SPICE Chart TOMORROW: C 27 Q/V/A Due Review Books? Questions about Artifact assignment? Principal concern of Late Ming/ VS. Qing political leaders was to preserve the integrity of the agrarian economy PARTNER WORK Economics of the Qing Dynasty? Qianlong Reading… Jesuit Missionary: Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582 Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response? Introduced China to European technology/culture/ dress… Chinese lacquer ware Neo- Confucianism is appropriated by Jesuit Missionary: the state Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582 WHY? Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response? Why do the Ming (and Qing) embrace Neo-Confucianism? Why does Chinese response to Christian Died in China: 1610 missionaries change with introduction of Dominicans and Franciscans? First to translate Confucius to Latin Unintended effect: Europe now knows China Described Christianity in Confucian terms The Jesuits, such as Johann Schreck, translated European technical books into Chinese. Below image: a description of a windless well, by a European, 1588. Left image: Description of a windless well, in Diagrams and explanations of the wonderful machines of the Far West, 1627 [The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture. The Forbidden City: Ming Palace How does the Forbidden City reflect the goals of Ming political authority? Tang/Song= Innovation/Technology as source of economic and military strength Ming/Qing = Political/Social stability as Source of strength Technology too disruptive Qing dynasty copy by Chen Zhang of a Ming dynasty silk scroll (Tribute giraffe from Bengal) Ming Tribute System What factors led to the collapse of The Ming Dynasty ?? • hedonist emperors lead secluded lives in Forbidden City • eunuchs usurp imperial control/ power of army/navy • Flooding of Yellow Rover 1448 (homeless/economy • famine = peasant rebellion 1644 (TREE BARK) With help of generals • pirates interrupt trade and tax collection and scholar- • internal chaos allows northern Manchus to enter Beijing bureaucrats who desert • gain control by allying with who?? (Confucian scholars/generals) the corrupt Ming • Manchus establish Qing Dynasty emperor The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE Liberators? The 268-year duration of the Qing dynasty was dominated by the rule of two monarchs: the Kangxi Emperor, who reigned from 1662 to 1722, and his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1736 to 1796. These two emperors, each of whom reigned for about 60 years, would set the course of Qing history and in large part create the political, economic, and cultural legacy inherited by modern China. MANCHUS: Kangxi Emperor as a “Son of Heaven” Young Man Scholar/ Poet Semi-Divine Voracious reader Engineer Enlightened Ruler Inauguration Portrait Of the Qianlong Emperor Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor Qianlong Emperor: As the Bodhisattva Manjusri Height of Qing Dynasty What is Confucian about the Kangxi: The Sacred Edicts 1670 following? Ø Highly esteem filial piety and the proper relations among brothers in order to give due importance to social relations Ø Give due weight to kinship in order to promote harmony and peace. Ø Give due importance to farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees in order to ensure sufficient clothing and food. Ø Explain laws and regulations in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate. Ø Show propriety and courtesy to improve customs and manners. Ø Work hard in your professions in order to quiet your ambitions Ø Promptly and fully pay your taxes in order to avoid forced requisition. Ø Get together in groups of ten or a hundred in order to put an end to theft and robbery Ø Free yourself from resentment and anger in order to show respect for your body and life. Great military expansion: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, China Find allies in frustrated Chinese (sound familiar?) (However FOUGHT to suppress Ming loyalists for 40 years) Establish strict rules of behavior: no intermarriage, queue, no Manchu language for Chinese, kowtow, Chinese could not travel to Manchuria (BUT fought Ming loyalists for 40 years) The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE kowtow Ming Pottery Qing Porcelain Ming and Qing DO NOT embrace Technology: WHY NOT? http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ nanxuntu/start.html Qianlong: Canceled tax collection 4 X QING Laissez-faire economy: exception salt monopoly However: Strict control over foreign trade: GUANGZHOU/ MACAO Qing Ming Festival or Remembrance Day (April 4th or 5th): Chinese show their respect for their elders by visiting and cleaning their deceased ancestor’s tombs and cemeteries. They also traditionally offer food and prayer for their ancestors. MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE Social QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE Patriarchal, filial piety (family values and obligations extended to society), women lose power,widows encouraged to commit suicide, no remarriage (arches), footbinding increases, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people” (MING) Patriarchal, filial piety, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people”, QUEUES, Manchus were the ethnic elite, more multiethnic tolerance under Qianlong, population soared (trade in food crops) 1600s Ming = 100 million, 1900s Qing = 400 million (QING) Hierarchal Emperor Soldiers Indentured Servants Patrilineal Scholar Bureaucrats “Mean People” Beggars Authoritarian Gentry Farmers Workers Filial Piety Artisans Slaves Female Infanticide Peasants/ Farmers Merchants Artisans/ Workers Scholar Bureaucrats Merchants Gentry Entertainers Merchants Emperor Slaves/ Indentured servants/ entertainers/ = MEAN Prostitutes/ beggars PEOPLE Nara Period: 710-794 CE Height of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system…. Permanent establishment of Buddhism Chinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty Heian Period: 794-1185 CE Fujiwara and Minamoto families Fujiwara become defacto rulers end of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-Chinese Minamoto family victorious pre-Modern did not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperor emperor as figurehead installed clan leader as SHOGUN established tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido) First Minamoto shogun Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE SPICE? And Japanese edicts? Shogun? Ultimate source of political authority? Bakufu? Daimyo? Role of daimyo? Control the daimyo? Role of the samurai? How does this
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