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Universidad Técnica Del Norte UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA EN CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y AMBIENTALES CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA EN RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES “ZONIFICACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL LAGO SAN PABLO EN FUNCIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA AVIFAUNA ACUÁTICA” Tesis presentada como requisito para optar por el título de Ingeniera en Recursos Naturales Renovables AUTORA Zayana Carolina López Ayala DIRECTOR Dr. Nelson Gallo Ibarra – Ecuador Octubre 2012 UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA EN CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y AMBIENTALES CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA EN RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES “ZONIFICACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL LAGO SAN PABLO EN FUNCIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA AVIFAUNA ACUÁTICA” Tesis revisada por el Comité Asesor, por lo cual se autoriza su presentación como requisito parcial para obtener el Título de: INGENIERÍA EN RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES APROBADA: …………………………… Dr. Nelson Gallo Director …………………………….. Ing. Guillermo Beltrán Biometrista Ibarra – Ecuador 2012 UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA AUTORIZACIÓN DE USO Y PUBLICACIÓN A FAVOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA OBRA La Universidad Técnica del Norte dentro del proyecto repositorio Digital Institucional, determinó la necesidad de disponer de textos completos en formato digital con la finalidad de apoyar los procesos de investigación, docencia y extensión de la Universidad. Por medio del presente documento dejo sentada mi voluntad de participar en este proyecto, para lo cual pongo a disposición la siguiente información: DATOS DE CONTACTO CÉDULA DE 100297483-8 IDENTIDAD APELLIDOS Y López Ayala Zayana Carolina NOMBRES DIRECCIÓN Remigio Romero 1-20 y Pasquel Monge, Ibarra - Imbabura E-MAIL [email protected] TELÉFONO TELÉFONO FIJO 062 643 288 0998593395 MOVIL DATOS DE LA OBRA “ZONIFICACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL LAGO SAN PABLO EN FUNCIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE TÍTULO DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA AVIFAUNA ACUÁTICA” AUTORA Zayana Carolina López Ayala FECHA 2012 – 10 - 24 SOLO PARA TRABAJOS DE GRADO PROGRAMA Pregrado TÍTULO POR Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables EL QUE OPTA DIRECTOR Dr. Nelson Gallo 2. AUTORIZACIÓN DE USO A FAVOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD Yo, ZAYANA CAROLINA LÓPEZ AYALA, con cédula de ciudadanía Nro. 100297483-8; en calidad de autora y titular de los derechos patrimoniales de la obra o trabajo de grado descrito anteriormente, hago entrega del ejemplar respectivo en formato digital y autorizo a la Universidad Técnica del Norte, la publicación de la obra en el Repositorio Digital Institucional y uso del archivo digital en la Biblioteca de la Universidad con fines académicos, para ampliar la disponibilidad del material y como apoyo a la educación, investigación y extensión; en concordancia con Ley de Educación Superior Artículo 144. 3. CONSTANCIAS La autora manifiesta que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original y se la desarrolló, sin violar derechos de autor de terceros, por lo tanto la obra es original y es la titular de los derechos patrimoniales, por lo que asumen la responsabilidad sobre el contenido de la misma y saldrá en defensa de la Universidad en caso de reclamación por parte de terceros. Ibarra, 24 de Octubre 2012 LA AUTORA: ACEPTACIÓN: Zayana López Ayala 100297483-8 Esp. Ximena Vallejo JEFE DE BIBLIOTECA Facultado por resolución del Honorable Consejo Universitario UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE CESIÓN DE DERECHOS DE AUTOR DEL TRABAJO A FAVOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE Yo, ZAYANA CAROLINA LÓPEZ AYALA, con CI Nro. 100297483-8; manifiesto la voluntad de ceder a la Universidad Técnica del Norte los derechos patrimoniales consagrados en la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual del Ecuador, artículos 4, 5 y 6, en calidad de autora de la obra o trabajo de grado denominado “ZONIFICACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL LAGO SAN PABLO EN FUNCIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA AVIFAUNA ACUÁTICA”, que ha sido desarrollada para optar por el título de Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, quedando la Universidad facultada para ejercer plenamente los derechos cedidos anteriormente. En mi condición de autora me reservo los derechos morales de la obra antes citada. En concordancia suscribo este documento en el momento que hago entrega del trabajo final en formato impreso y digital a la Biblioteca de la Universidad Técnica del Norte Zayana Carolina López Ayala C.C: 100297483 -8 Ibarra, 24 Octubre del 2012. FORMATO DEL REGISTRO BIBLIOGRÁFICO Guía: FICAYA-UTN Fecha: 24 de octubre de 2012 LÓPEZ AYALA, ZAYANA CAROLINA. “ZONIFICACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL LAGO SAN PABLO EN FUNCIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA AVIFAUNA ACUÁTICA”/ TRABAJO DE GRADO. Ingeniero Recursos Naturales Renovables Universidad Técnica del Norte. Carrera de Ingeniería Recursos Naturales Renovables Ibarra. EC. Octubre 2012. 177 p. anex., diagr. DIRECTOR: Gallo Nelson En la presente investigación se ejecutó el monitoreo de la avifauna acuática del lago San Pablo, Otavalo – Imbabura, permitiendo de esta manera establecer los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal de las aves acuáticas tanto residentes como migratorias del lago. En base a los patrones y a componentes como: diversidad, abundancia, densidad relativa y registros especiales se construyó una matriz de ponderación para determinar las zonas de prioridad para la conservación y así poder contar con la propuesta de zonificación ecológica del lago San Pablo como estrategia para la conservación in-situ de la diversidad avifaunística existente en el humedal. Fecha: 24 de octubre de 2012. Zayana Carolina López Ayala Dr. Nelson Gallo f) Autora f) Director de Tesis PRESENTACIÓN La presente tesis de investigación forma parte del Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas de Wetlands International que es coordinado en el país por Aves y Conservación - BirdLife en Ecuador. De igual manera se encuentra en el Plan Operativo Anual 2011 de la Sub-Dirección de Gestión Ambiental del Gobierno Provincial de Imbabura Proyecto: “Implementación de estrategias de conservación de flora y fauna en la provincia de Imbabura” Resultado: “Estudio de la dinámica poblacional de la avifauna acuática de los humedales de Yahuarcocha, San Pablo y Cuicocha”. Las dos instituciones brindaron tanto apoyo técnico como logístico yeconómico para el desarrollo del estudio presentado a continuación. El libro Aves del Ecuador (The Birds of Ecuador), Status, Distribution and Taxonomy de Ridgely y Greenfield (2001) constituyó la principal fuente de consulta para la identificación de la avifauna y como referencia taxonómica. Las ideas, conceptos, cuadros, tablas, mapas, resultados y más información que se presenta en esta investigación son de exclusiva responsabilidad y propiedad del autor. Zayana Carolina López Ayala DEDICATORIA A mis dos ángeles celestiales, mi madre DIANA AYALA y mi abuelo LUIS AYALA; que aunque no están conmigo siempre serán mi luz y lo mejor de ellos está guardado e inmortalizado en mi corazón eternamente. A mis ángeles terrenales HANEY LÓPEZ, PATRICIO MEJÍA, HILDA MEJÍA, FERNANDO AYALA Y PATRICIO LÓPEZ, que me acompañan en cada uno de mis pasos y son mi inspiración. Para todos quienes amamos, respetamos y defendemos la Pachamama y encontramos en las aves una pasión y que al contraernos a observarlas con desinterés, y asistidos por la necesaria vocación, nos damos cuenta que esto significa dar a la vida una de las más altas satisfacciones. Zayana C. López Ayala AGRADECIMIENTO Al Gobierno Provincial de Imbabura por brindarme las facilidades y el apoyo técnico - económico para la realización de mi tesis de investigación. A mis grandes maestr@s KAREN TERÁN y DORA CUAMACÁS de la Subdirección de Gestión Ambiental del Gobierno Provincial de Imbabura, TATIANA SANTANDER de Aves y Conservación, NELSON GALLO ilustre catedrático de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, JOSE MARÍA LOAIZA del Circulo de Observadores de Aves del Norte – Fundación Altrópico y PABLO ECHEVERRÍA de San Pablo del Lago; gracias por su tiempo, por compartir su sabiduría y su pasión por las Aves y la Naturaleza. A los que conocí como compañeros y que gracias al camino y al tiempo nos convertimos en verdaderos amigos: Mónica Morillo, María Mera, Mayra Benavides, Víctor Obando, Andrea Báez, Daisy Pozo, Santiago Erazo, Santiago Valdivieso, mil gracias por acompañarme en este proceso y por continuar luchando incansablemente por la defensa de la Naturaleza. A todos ustedes muchas GRACIAS porque me enseñaron que: EL CIELO ES EL LÍMITE (Wayne Dyer) Zayana C. López Ayala TIERRA DE PAJAROS Es América entera inmensurable pajarera. En el amanecer sonoro cada árbol es un coro. Hay tantas alas en vuelo que alzan América al cielo. Jorge Carrera Andrade (Quito, 1903 -1978) ÍNDICE CONTENIDO PÁGINAS CAPÍTULO I 1. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………. 1 1.1. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………... 4 1.1.1. Objetivo General…………………………………………………..... 4 1.1.2. Objetivo Específico……………………………………………........ 4 1.2. PREGUNTAS DIRECTRICES…………………………………….. 5 CAPÍTULO II 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA………………………………………... 6 2.1. HUMEDALES…………………………………………………........ 6 2.1.1. Generalidades de los humedales……………………………………. 6 2.1.2. Importancia de los humedales…………………………………......... 7 2.1.3. Problemas de los humedales………………………………………... 8 2.2. CONVENIO RAMSAR…………………………………………….. 9 2.3. AVES……………………………………………………………….. 10 2.3.1. Generalidades de las aves…………………………………………… 10 2.3.2. Importancia de las aves……………………………………………... 11 2.3.3. Morfología y Anatomía……………………………………………..
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