A PUBLICATION OF MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND
ISSUE 79, 1 NOVEMBER 2007
Revamped system for vessel National clearance Centre Avian infl uenza research for collaboration Biosecurity incursion responses: Joint decision-making and resourcing 5 7 1100
Biosecurity magazine
Biosecurity is published six-weekly by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, with regular input contents from the Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries and regional councils. It is of special interest to EDITORIAL all those with a stake in the protection of New centre continues proud tradition ...... 3 New Zealand’s economic, environmental and social assets from the dangers posed by FRONTLINE NEWS pests and diseases. Animal welfare issues are Tree planting underlines closer relationship ...... 4 also covered. The articles in this magazine do Top award for promoter of humane science ...... 4 not necessarily refl ect government policy. New ESR labs opening in 2008 ...... 5 Animal welfare and international trade strategy ...... 6 For enquiries about specifi c articles, refer to Inaugural ANZCCART Award ...... 6 the contact listed at the end of each article. WOW! Is that a pest in your costume? ...... 7 Unwanted pests arrive in comfort ...... 8 General enquiries (e.g. circulation requests or information about Boats and ships: Full steam ahead for revamped system ...... 10 MAF Biosecurity New Zealand): Moths mass on merchant ships ...... 11 Appointments to NAWAC ...... 12 Biosecurity Magazine, MAF Biosecurity BIOSECURITY SCIENCE New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Mātauranga Māori important component of Biosecurity Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, Science Strategy ...... 13 New Zealand. Didymo: New model helps build likely growth picture ...... 14 Phone: 04 894 0100 Molecular genetic tools to detect didymo earlier ...... 15 Valuable learning experience on testing for vector-borne diseases ...... 16 Fax: 04 894 0720 Organisations collaborate on avian infl uenza research ...... 17 Email: [email protected] New biosecurity science qualifi cation ...... 18 Public reports of avian mortality contribute to knowledge base ...... 19 Internet: www.biosecurity.govt.nz
Editorial enquiries: BIOSECURITY INTERFACE Editor: Phil Stewart Second international workshop on assessment of animal welfare ...... 21 Universal Declaration for Animal Welfare ...... 21 Phone: 04 384 4688 Animal welfare and the OIE ...... 22 Email: [email protected] Animal Law in Australasia: A New Dialogue ...... 22 ISSN 1174 – 4618 BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS MAF Biosecurity New Zealand fax contacts: Responding to pests and diseases: draft policy released ...... 23 Policy and Risk: 04 894 0731 Discussion paper: Joint decision-making and resourcing ...... 23 Stakeholder meeting: Getting down to tin tacks ...... 24 Animal Welfare: 04 894 0728
Border Standards: 04 894 0733 UPDATES Post Border: 04 894 0736 New import health standard ...... 25 Enforcement and Audit: Amended import health standards ...... 25 09 300 1021 Amended operational standard ...... 26 Investigation and Diagnostic Centres: 04 Notifi cation of consultation ...... 25 526 5601 Draft import risk analysis ...... 26 Codes of ethical conduct ...... 26 Codes of welfare ...... 26 Updated rules for layer hens ...... 26
DIRECTORY ...... 27
Cover illustration: Words & Pictures
2 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 editorial
New centre continues proud
Hugh Davies tradition
he National Centre for Biosecurity will assist in the identifi cation of research this outbreak, which has been attributed and Infectious Disease – Wallaceville and development needs and enhance the to the escape of virus from one of the T(NCBID-Wallaceville) was launched application of research results to achieve organisations working with foot and mouth in 2005 to bring together MAF Biosecurity applied biosecurity and infectious disease disease on the Pirbright site. The escape of New Zealand’s Investigation and control outcomes that help protect foot and mouth disease virus from Pirbright Diagnostic Centre (IDC), some of the New Zealand and New Zealanders from Institute for Environmental Science and biosecurity risks. Zoonotic disease – those appears to have resulted from a series of Research’s (ESR’s) infectious disease that spread from animals to humans unusual events: virus-containing material groups, AgResearch’s infectious disease – are becoming an increasing issue for was incompletely inactivated before diagnostic team and AsureQuality (formerly both biosecurity and human health. The discharge into the campus drains; the AgriQuality) Limited’s diagnostic reagent unique skills and facilities that NCBID- pipes taking this contaminated material production group. The IDC, AgResearch Wallaceville brings together will enhance to the campus inactivation facility were and AsureQuality groups were already New Zealand’s capability to investigate leaking; there was fl ooding of the area and located at Wallaceville. ESR will move into such threats. new laboratories that are currently under construction work was being undertaken Specialist containment facilities are construction as well as into part of the around the pipes. Trucks working on the required for the investigation and diagnosis existing IDC containment laboratory. site may have carried contaminated soil of infectious diseases of animals, such from around the leaking pipes that was The centre is located on part of the old as foot and mouth disease and zoonotic Wallaceville Animal Research Centre diseases such as West Nile virus, avian then dropped on the road and spread to campus in Upper Hutt and continues infl uenza and SARS. The NCBID-Wallaceville neighbouring farms. a proud tradition of infectious disease campus houses New Zealand’s only Foot and mouth virus is not held at NCBID- investigation, diagnosis and research physical containment level 3 plus (PC3+) Wallaceville and the diagnostic tests used that has been conducted on the site by laboratory that is designed to enable in New Zealand do not contain live virus. MAF and AgResearch since the land was the diagnosis of these diseases in a safe purchased by the Crown in 1905. The and biosecure environment. The PC3+ The possibility of a similar situation arising new campus occupies 3.5 hectares of the laboratory combines the requirements with another virus is extremely unlikely. original site, purchased from AgResearch of the Australia/New Zealand Standard NCBID-Wallaceville does not work with in 2006. New roads, fencing and site for physical containment level 3 with the very large quantities of virus used at infrastructure have been constructed to many of the biosecurity features of Pirbright. We ensure that all waste culture create a stand-alone campus. physical containment level 4: a separate materials are treated with an eff ective building with restricted access through NCBID-Wallaceville brings together virucide before disposal, and waste-water is New Zealand’s largest concentration an airlock shower, fi ltration of exhaust air treated with high levels of chlorine in tanks of bacteriologists, virologists and and mechanisms to decontaminate all close to the laboratory before discharge epidemiologists specialising in animal and liquid and solid waste before release. Staff human health, and provides a model for remove their clothing before entering the into the council waste treatment system. collaborative research and investigation. laboratory through an airlock to change This issue of Biosecurity describes some of into dedicated containment laboratory Our vision is that NCBID-Wallaceville the collaborative scientifi c projects initiated will build upon this unique alignment clothing and shower before leaving the by the partners since the establishment of autonomous groups specialising in laboratory at the end of the day. Laboratory infectious animal and human disease and clothing is heat sterilised before removal of NCBID-Wallaceville and outlines biosecurity. It covers operational delivery, from containment for laundering. collaboration with the Wellington Tenths research and commercialisation, will The recent foot and mouth disease Trust during the development of the new foster collaboration among New Zealand’s outbreak in Surrey in the United Kingdom campus. experts and will build reputation, trust and has raised questions about the security of ■ Hugh Davies, integrity. the NCBID-Wallaceville PC3+ facility. We Director, Investigation and Diagnostic Centres, The establishment of NCBID-Wallaceville hope to learn from the events that led to MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 3 FRONTLINE NEWS
Tree planting underlines closer relationship between NCBID and Ma¯ori
The development of the National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease at Wallaceville (NCBID-Wallaceville) has provided an excellent opportunity for MAF Biosecurity New Zealand to strengthen its relationship further with local Māori.
ast year, traditional practices led by Te Atiawa kaumatua Sam Jackson, Lsaw the removal of fi ve totara trees from the site of the new NCBID- Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, in preparation for construction. The totara trees were gifted to the Wellington Tenths Trust who intend working within the local community to use the wood for carving. Currently the trees are weathering.
On 9 May 2007, Sam Jackson led a traditional ceremony to replant on the site. At the replanting ceremony Sam Jackson view to stimulating further innovation. From left to Right: Murray Sherwin (Chief Executive, congratulated the four agencies for their MAF), June Jackson (Kaumatua, Te Atiawa), Sam Jackson “During the process of establishing (Kaumatua, Te Atiawa, bending down), Mark Te One foresight in establishing NCBID. He spoke the National Centre for Biosecurity and (Te Puni Kōkiri), and George Ria (Director MAF Māori of the importance to Māori of being able Infectious Disease a good relationship has As construction on the Wallaceville to easily access the sort of research that been built up between the NCBID partners site nears completion, Sam and June will come out of NCBID in order to support and Te Atiawa,” says Hugh Davies, Director, Jackson, along with other local Māori their responsibilities as kaitiaki (guardians/ Investigation and Diagnostic Centres for representatives, will be invited to return custodians) of the land, sea and waterways MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. and take part in the formal opening within their rohe (region). Discussions ceremony for the centre. after the ceremony also highlighted the “I have been delighted with Te Atiawa’s opportunities for shared learning between involvement in the removal, replanting and the various science disciplines currently blessing of the totara trees at NCBID and represented by NCBID and mātuaranga look forward to continuing our relationship Māori me ona tikanga (Māori knowledge in the future.” and its associated cultural practices) with a Top award for promoter of humane science
r John Smith, formerly of conferences of the Australian and New AgResearch, has received one of Zealand Council for the Care of Animals Donly two New Zealand Science and in Research and Teaching, participation in Technology Medals awarded this year. Animal Welfare Science and Consultative Committee meetings, and facilitating John received the award for his signifi cant the development of the automated and contribution to the understanding of comprehensive computer management of both fundamental and applied aspects animal usage for scientifi c purposes. of reproduction in farmed animals and shellfi sh, his major contribution to the John was also awarded a National Animal welfare of animals in pastoral research, and John Smith (right) receiving his Science and Ethics Advisory Committee Animal Ethics his continued mentoring and support of Technology Medal. With him is Royal Society of New Committee Service Award this year and Zealand Councillor, Dr Vic Arcus, who made the received Life Membership of the New colleagues. presentation. Photo: Grant Shackell. Zealand Society of Animal Production in John is well known to those in the research model for the ethical and responsible use 2003. community. He has chaired the AgResearch of animals in science. He improved the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) over robustness of this use through his role an extended period and acted as a role on the AgResearch AEC, contributions to
4 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 NCBID-Wallaceville: New ESR labs opening in 2008
New laboratories for the Institute of Environmental Post-graduate training Skill Science and Research Ltd (ESR) at the National Centre Ecology of emerging Training infectious diseases Development workshops for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease – Wallaceville Post docs, tertiary (NCBID-Wallaceville) open in early 2008. Technology transfer Detection – Surveillance, he facilities include new physical containment 2-level (PC2) disease modelling and Biosecurity and laboratories and offi ce accommodation for scientists and forecasting Tresearchers. Research Infectious Diseasee Programme Response ESR’s existing arboviral, enteric reference, leptospira and virus Laboratories, surveillance, investigation identifi cation reference laboratories will move from their current Microbial and SurvINZ Kenepuru site in February 2008. chemical forensics ESR’s role in the National Centre for Biosecurity ESR’s programme leader for NCBID, Dr Virginia Hope, says these laboratories were chosen to move to the site because of their close disease events is already under way,” Virginia adds. links to animal health, with origins as zoonotic diseases. Laboratory Collaborative research on zoonotic disease is another priority. staff will also benefi t from access to MAF’s PC3+ level laboratory on Currently, research is being undertaken on avian infl uenza, vector- site, the only PC3+ laboratory in New Zealand. borne disease, Salmonella virulence and rickettsial disease. Laboratory scientists, epidemiologists, disease modellers and “ESR is using the Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network health information analysts will be among the ESR staff moving to (KAREN) to develop a microbiology laboratory network in New the Wallaceville campus. Zealand and host a database for PulseNet Asia-Pacifi c. This will “The national centre was established in 2006 with MAF Biosecurity enable international comparisons of genotypic information on New Zealand, ESR, AgResearch and AsureQuality to coordinate selected enteric organisms to be undertaken. animal and human health operations and response capabilities “Within the public health system, the development and and develop surge capacity for disease outbreaks, biosecurity maintenance of skills in the investigation of aberrant infectious investigations and chemical and biological threats,” Virginia says. disease events is essential to the identifi cation, control and “It has also been set up to ensure we are able to identify, respond prevention of outbreaks and epidemics. to and recover from serious incidents that threaten New Zealand’s health, economy and security. “We are reviewing our current public health training programmes to ensure they meet the competency requirements of “It provides an excellent opportunity for laboratory science and practitioners.” epidemiology to be coordinated across both human and animal health. It also provides great operational and research synergies. For further information on NCBID-Wallaceville: ■ “As part of our commitment to the NCBID partnership, ESR www.ncbid.govt.nz is signifi cantly increasing capability in operational response, For information on ESR’s role in the Centre, contact: laboratory diagnostics, and epidemiological investigation and ■ Dr Virginia Hope, ESR Programme Leader, [email protected] analysis of biosecurity and infectious disease threats to human health with the support of the Ministry of Health. A review of processes for identifying and responding to aberrant infectious
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 5 FRONTLINE NEWS Animal welfare and international trade strategy Animal welfare continues to receive increasing attention from a broad spectrum of interests and is an important trade policy issue for New Zealand. animal welfare framework. Animal Health (OIE) guidelines on animal New Zealand’s domestic animal welfare welfare, and national government initiatives he fi rst Animal Welfare and system is well regarded internationally. We on animal welfare. International Trade Strategy was have: New Zealand has a positive animal welfare brought together in 2002 when T • conceptually sound and contemporary reputation in government, academic Hon Jim Sutton was the minister in both legislation and research and non-governmental portfolio areas. The strategy recognised organisation (NGO) circles. The the need for the diff erent strands of • internationally recognised standards of maintenance of appropriate relationships government to be speaking with one voice animal welfare with stakeholders will help inform policy in the various fora. • a strong animal welfare research development, ensure market success and capability In 2005, it was decided that the strategy assist in facilitating rules-based trade. • policies based on science and ethics should be reviewed, given international It is imperative that New Zealand maintains developments, and in order to obtain • good on-farm practices. appropriate links and relationships with greater input from industry groups. NZ opposes discrimination on international organisations to ensure Stakeholder consultation on the revised that the strength of the New Zealand draft strategy was undertaken in late 2006. welfare grounds policy approach to animal welfare is fully New Zealand’s strategic approach to animal As a trading nation, heavily reliant on appreciated. The Government, the primary welfare and trade centres around the agricultural exports, New Zealand has production sector and animal welfare following goals: a strong self-interest in both trade organisations all have a part to play in • contributing to ‘market success’ liberalisation and a rules-based trading building and reinforcing New Zealand’s international animal welfare reputation. • facilitating rules-based trade environment. New Zealand has consistently opposed attempts by countries seeking • engaging with stakeholders. The fi nal draft strategy has recently been to infl uence animal welfare conditions in approved by the Ministers for Agriculture, Proposed actions for offi cials under each other countries with which they trade. For Trade and Food Safety. It will be used by goal reaffi rm the work that is currently example, we support the principle that offi cials as a policy guide for animal welfare undertaken in the international animal products should not be discriminated and international trade. Copies of the welfare area. against on the basis of processing and current strategy will be sent to stakeholders production methods. We also oppose Market success a focus for their information. proposals on animal welfare that might ■ Sara Goff , International Policy, MAF, A key focus of the current government serve as a vehicle for additional or new ph 04 894 0599, sara.goff @maf.govt.nz policy on the relationship between measures designed to protect markets or animal welfare and trade is ‘market subsidise producers. success’: ensuring the domestic regulatory New Zealand contributes to multilateral framework is robust so that producers discussions on animal welfare issues and exporters can use it to contribute and to the development of international to optimum product positioning and guidelines for animal welfare that are least commercial return. The foundation for this likely to be able to be used as technical success is promoting understanding and barriers to trade. A key focus here is on the international recognition of New Zealand’s development of World Organisation for
Inaugural ANZCCART New Zealand Animal Care Technician’s Award Neil Ward from Massey University’s Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences has received the inaugural New Zealand Animal Care Technician’s Award from the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART). The award was initiated by ANZCCART New Zealand to recognise the signifi cant contribution made by technicians in the day-to-day care and welfare of animals. The award package includes $500, a certifi cate and registration and travel to the next ANZCCART conference. It is off ered annually to a nominee who is a member of the Australian and New Zealand Laboratory Animals Association and who has worked full time in animal care for at least three years. The next ANZCCART conference is to be held in Auckland in late June next year. For more information:
■ www.rsnz.org/advisory/anzccart
6 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 This 2007 WOW entry from Thailand was made of The straw packaging around this 2007 WOW entry from silkworm cocoons, and required fumigation. India had to be carefully removed and destroyed. WOW! Is that a pest in your costume?
Having fi nally outgrown its importation requirements when arranging weaver fi nch nests. The enormous box was Nelson home, WOW® (World transport. Sometimes documentation has delivered to the Port Nelson quarantine been provided to facilitate the costumes’ facility and the straw carefully removed and of WearableArt), is now fi rmly return home. destroyed. established in its new Wellington Last May, the biosecurity questions were Both these entries presented a signifi cant base and continues to ‘wow’ about incoming, rather than outgoing, biosecurity risk, and WOW entrants are audiences from around New WOW traffi c. Heather alerted MAFBNZ to alerted to New Zealand’s quarantine a 2007 entry, made of silkworm cocoons, requirements in their entry documentation. Zealand and the world. which presented a possible biosecurity risk. While these two entrants may have AF Biosecurity New Zealand’s Information suggested the garment would overlooked the biosecurity requirements (MAFBNZ’s) Nelson team has be carried through Auckland International in the heat of the creative moment, the Mguarded a couple of WOW secrets Airport by one of two named passengers, cool-headed team at WOW recognised since last May, and now that the 2007 on specifi c fl ights, arriving on diff erent days the biosecurity risks and informed MAF season is over, we can share them with from Thailand. The respective teams were immediately. readers. alerted but no costume intercepted, due And how did the garments fare in the WOW to the fact that the entrant had decided awards? Unfortunately the silkworm cocoon For some years, MAFBNZ has advised WOW instead to courier the entry to WOW. Upon didn’t make the fi nal cut for the judging, but Competition Director, Heather Palmer, on opening the package, Heather inspected for the weaver fi nch colony creation from biosecurity matters. Previously, costumes the silkworm garment and found it to be India, the news was all good. It won the have been sent from the WOW Nelson infested. She rang MAFBNZ, and collection Mainpower WOW Factor Award including a base to Singapore and Japan for displays and fumigation was arranged. $5,000 prize, chosen by event founder Suzie and performances in those countries. Two days after returning the silkworm Moncrieff as the most innovative garment Not surprisingly, WOW costumes have garment, Heather’s team rang to report with the ‘WOW Factor’. always included far more than simply the arrival of another entry carrying some ■ Jaimie D Baird, Quarantine Inspector, MAFBNZ, fabrics. Materials used by the creative biosecurity risk material. This time, it was a Nelson, [email protected] designers have included wood, feather, garment from India, and when the courier skin, bone, shells, plant fi bre and Māori package was opened, it was found to be artefacts – all items that can pose potential packed in straw. Interestingly, the garment biosecurity risks. Heather has sought was made from a hessian-like material and MAFBNZ guidance to meet other countries’ formed into the shape of a collection of
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 7 FRONTLINE NEWS
Biosecurity monitoring survey: imported furniture Unwanted pests arrive in comfort Recent reports by MAF’s Investigation and Diagnostic Centre (IDC) have shown that wooden furniture imported from Asia (particularly China) poses a signifi cant biosecurity risk to New Zealand. The Biosecurity Monitoring Group has taken apart a sample of imported lounge suites from China and Malaysia to fi nd out how many pests are getting an armchair ride across the border. They found that, while there was plenty of evidence of poor-quality construction materials and hitchhiking pests, voluntary fumigation of the furniture by importers is keeping the pest risk low.
ince 1988 there have been 83 furniture.1 detections of exotic organisms Survey initiated – poor quality Sassociated with imported furniture entering New Zealand of which 41 percent materials in furniture came from China, Indonesia and Thailand. A total of 37 lounge suites, comprising Over half of these detections occurred 51 individual items, were purchased from post-border after biosecurity clearance had retailers who routinely import couches been issued, with many being detected by from China and Malaysia. The BMG survey members of the public. team systematically inspected each item, beginning with the complete piece of Signs of infestation on internal furniture and progressively removing the sections outer covering and padding On several occasions, IDC investigators (Figure 1). All contaminants found were discovered wood-borer tracks and collected for identifi cation. Small samples holes covered up with putty. Further of each type of timber were also collected investigations noted that some Chinese from each item of furniture for wood furniture manufacturers put good quality identifi cation. (unblemished) wood on visible surfaces, The fi rst thing the surveyors found was and poor quality (insect damaged and that the construction materials used were occasionally bark covered) timber in of poor quality. A number of couches were internal sections of the furniture. This constructed from undressed and dirty practice led the IDC to believe that unseen timber (even the occasional tree branch internal timber used in the manufacture of – see Figure 2), and some were heavily upholstered furniture is likely to be of poor contaminated with borer holes and bark quality and therefore of higher risk of being (Figure 3). contaminated. Of the 51 couches inspected, 39 (77 The high numbers of imported couches percent) were contaminated with insects, (about 40,000 couches from China pathogens, bark, plant material or had and Malaysia in 2005), coupled with evidence of previous insect damage the potential for poor-quality, infested (Table 1). Thirty-two couches had borer materials led to a concern that upholstered holes, and 24 couches had more than one furniture could be an important pathway type of contaminant. for pests and pathogens that posed a risk to New Zealand’s forestry sector. As a result, Multiple timber types Figure 1: Typical couch upholstered, upholstery removed, a joint project was initiated between the At least 65 diff erent types of wood (from and timber frame exposed Biosecurity Monitoring Group (BMG) and 25 families) were used in the construction IDC Incursion Investigation, Plants and of the couches sampled (Figure 4). Most used in their construction (Donaldson Environment team to determine the level couches had more than one timber type 2006). The presence of multiple timber of contaminated wood used in imported types is of concern because by increasing 1 Results of this study were reported in full in Chinese and Malaysian upholstered the number of potential host woods Thompson et al 2007. imported, it increases the chance that a Table 1: Number of couches found with contaminants from China and Malaysia couch will introduce a pest or pathogen China Malaysia Total to New Zealand. Furthermore, several of Bark 24 6 30 the wood types identifi ed were closely related to New Zealand natives and wood Insects1 15 4 19 of economic importance. These may carry Fungi 11 11 pests/pathogens with the potential to be of Plant material 1 1 biosecurity concern. Borer holes 23 9 32 Currently, importers commonly choose to Total contaminants 75 20 95 fumigate all couch imports to accelerate 1 Only one live insect was found. the clearance process. As a result, all but
8 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 one of the insects found in the couches was dead (38 in total). The only living specimen found was a species of Cardiastethus that may have entered the couch at the retailer’s premises. Overall, 11 couches were infested with fungi, and 10 of these were infested with more than one species. Fourteen specimens of viable fungi were identifi ed from the wood samples. However, of the six fungal specimens identifi ed to species, all were saprophytes already present in New Zealand. Biosecurity risk low if furniture fumigated A high proportion of upholstered furniture imported into New Zealand from China and Malaysia appears to be infested with potential pests and pathogens. This may be Figure 2: Part of a tree branch used in the construction of a couch a result of the low-grade materials used in the manufacture of the couches. However, the overall risk of upholstered furniture to biosecurity is low due to eff ective intervention by importers: importers voluntarily fumigate couches either overseas or in New Zealand. In the absence of these voluntary interventions, the importation of upholstered furniture poses a potential biosecurity risk to New Zealand. Ongoing management of this pathway should focus on maintaining communication with industry to ensure that current interventions are maintained. References L Donaldson, 2006, Report on timber species from Chinese couches, Scion report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Thompson G, Froud K, Pearson H, Tohovaka S, Whyte C and McCarthy B, 2007, Contaminants of upholstered furniture from China and Malaysia, June 2006, Figure 3: Insect tunnelling and larvae under bark from a sample of timber taken from a couch Biosecurity New Zealand, BMG 06-07/04. 30 China Authors 25 Malaysia ■ Glen Thompson, Analysis and Profi ling Group, MAF 20 Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 09 909 3514, 15 [email protected] ■ Karyn Froud, Investigation and Diagnostic Centres, 10 MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 09 909 5729, [email protected] 5 Frequency of wood types
■ Sharon Tohovaka, Cargo Clearance Group, MAF 0 Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 09 909 3516, [email protected] Unknown Pinaceae ■ Oleaceae Rutaceae Fabaceae Victoria Allison, Analysis and Profi ling Group, MAF Theaceae Fagaceae Myrtaceae Lauraceae Rubiaceae Lythraceae Betulaceae Corylaceae Proteaceae Sapotaceae Myrstiaceae Annonaceae Burseraceae Monimiaceae
Biosecurity New Zealand, Sterculiaceae Ancardiaceae Bombacaceae Cupressaceae Eucryphiaceae Euphorbiaceae
phone 09 909 3510, Rhizophoraceae Dipterocarpaceae [email protected] Family
Figure 4: Frequency of timber types (identifi ed to Family) found in couches (n =50) from China and Malaysia
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 9 FRONTLINE NEWS
Boats and ships: Full steam ahead for revamped border requirements and inspection system
The biosecurity clearance of vessels moth, into New Zealand is about to get but work smarter with the implementation will be of a new inspection system.
rialling of the new clearance system began in mid October with ships Tserviced by agents Quadrant Pacifi c, Geo H Scales and Adsteam (the Hakone) using a new, more detailed declaration pre-arrival in New Zealand. The new procedures, which will streamline arrival for ships, will be operating under a revised vessel clearance standard: Requirements for Vessels Arriving in New Zealand.
Under the new system, inbound ships will supply biosecurity risk information in the form of the Advance Notice of Arrival, a new enhanced Master’s Declaration and Ballast Water Declaration at least 48 Inspector Ron Matthews checking water for mosquito hours before arrival. The new Master’s starting soon to develop further risk Declaration includes detailed questions on profi les where necessary. able to substantially reduce inspections food stores carried, garbage management, of their vessels by maintaining a tidy pest management and animals on board. The VRA will direct Quarantine Inspectors ship, managing their garbage well and This declaration – as well as information to thoroughly inspect specifi c areas of the reliably keeping risk goods, such as meat from inspections on previous visits – will vessel. The requirements for these detailed in the food store, securely on the vessel. enable a vessel’s risk status to be assessed investigations are outlined in new training If an otherwise low-risk vessel continues while still off shore by a central Vessel Risk modules soon to be released. to present a risk due to such issues as Assessor (VRA). Vessels assessed by the VRA as “low risk infestations with ants or spiders, inspectors The VRA will also have access to risk profi les coastwise vessel” will be exempted from can help them instigate pest management for vessels that are high risk for specifi c inspection unless new risks arise or the programmes on board. pests or unwanted organisms. At present, vessel is due for an audit inspection. Masters of regularly visiting vessels will be Fully integrated solution the only profi le that exists is for Asian gypsy planned
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Senior Adviser, Liz Jones, fi rst took the idea of a risk assessment system for vessels to MAF’s IT Governance Board in late 2005. She says it is due to the great eff orts of those who have worked on various vessel projects such as Vessel Sentry and Vessel Solutions, that this smarter system for ship and boat inspection has been able to reach fruition. She explains that the information management (IM) systems in the early years will be fairly basic with assessments relying on the VRA to do much of the collation of data and matching with profi les. A fully integrated IM solution is, however, part of the long term plan. Liz initially began working on risk assessment for vessels through her interest in controls for the ballast water and hull fouling risk pathways.
10 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 biofouling using the huge amount of data collected in a biofouling survey – carried out on 10 percent of arriving vessels over a two year period – before requirements can be developed to reduce the amount of biofouling risk entering New Zealand waters. In the meantime, the standard makes it clear that vessels such as yachts arriving with badly fouled hulls may be directed to MAF-approved facilities, to be hauled out for cleaning.” The Vessel Risk Assessment system will become operational for most vessels on 7 April 2008 and for cruise vessels and pleasure craft at the start of the 2008/09 season. Further information will be Inspector Ron Matthews collecting giant African snail shells from a vessel hold. posted on the MAF website and will be emailed to those subscribing to the major domo list for STANDARDS. The standard “These risks cannot be addressed by She says the new system provides Requirements for Vessels Arriving in New inspectors looking out for organisms a framework to identify vessels that Zealand can be found at: and risk goods on the vessel but require require in-depth auditing of ballast water records of past compliance from inspectors’ management on board, and will also ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and- verifi cations of ballast water exchange, or eventually enable profi le matching to consultation/consultation/review-and-analysis-of- submissions require information on the vessel’s voyage identify vessels likely to be carrying high and maintenance history for matching to risk biofouling. For further information, contact: vessel risk profi les for hull fouling.” “We are awaiting the fi nal risk analysis for ■ [email protected] Moths mass on merchant ships
Australian cities being plagued with swarms of Bogong moths are not the only places suff ering from a surfeit of Lepidoptera at present. Authorities in the Russian port of Vladivostok have warned MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (MAFBNZ) of massive numbers of Asian gypsy moths this northern autumn. The moths are attracted to the ports and ships by the strong night lighting. With admirable diligence, the quarantine offi cials recorded a total of 253,032 adult Asian and pink gypsy moths and 3,200 egg masses found on one vessel alone. The infestation required a challenging two-day cleanup to rid the vessel of its unwanted passengers so that quarantine certifi cation could be issued prior to sailing. The reports underline the importance of vigilance around risk pathways such as shipping, and the value of good cooperation between MAFBNZ staff and their overseas counterparts.
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 11 FRONTLINE NEWS Appointments to NAWAC PEOPLE The Minister of Agriculture recently appointed two new members to the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) for three-year terms: Mr Donald Nicolson and Dr Roger Poland. There is IN BIOSECURITY a further vacancy which is expected to be fi lled shortly. Don Nicolson replaces Charlie Pedersen who had served six years on the committee. As a sheep and Fiona Bancroft has deer farmer, he brings to NAWAC knowledge and experience of the commercial use of animals. Don recently joined serves on Federated Farmers’ National Board and is the federation’s representative on the Agricultural the Post Border Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Advisory Council. He is also a former Directorate of MAF President of Southland Federated Farmers. Biosecurity New Roger Poland is the MAF representative on the committee and replaces Wayne Zealand (MAFBNZ) Ricketts who resigned to take up a position with the New Zealand Veterinary as a Senior Adviser Association. Roger is a long-serving MAF veterinarian who is currently Senior in the Pests and Adviser Animal Welfare. Prior to joining the Animal Welfare Group, Roger had Pathways team of worked for a number of years at MAF in the animal disease the Pest Management Group. surveillance fi eld, and also has experience in private clinical Fiona came from the Department of practice, animal imports/exports and the meat industry. Conservation, where she was a Biosecurity Technical Offi cer in the Biosecurity Section of the Research, Development and Improvement Division. Prior to this, Fiona worked in the fi elds of pest control, monitoring, land protection and threatened species, for Greater Wellington Regional Council and the Department of Conservation. She will be leading a project to identify opportunities to manage biosecurity risks through domestic (internal) borders and pathway management. Susannah Hayes joined the Post Border Directorate of MAFBNZ in October 2007 as an Executive Coordinator for David Hayes, Biosecurity Response Manager. Before joining MAF, Susannah worked for 18 months at The State Services Commission as a personal assistant. Susannah’s public sector experience goes back to her home of Scotland, where she worked for the Scottish Executive. Tracey McLean joined the Post Border Directorate of MAFBNZ in October 2007 as an Executive Coordinator within the Surveillance Team. She provides support to Katherine Clift, the Biosecurity Surveillance Manager, and assists the Surveillance Strategy project team. Her current contract runs until April 2008. Before joining MAF, Tracey worked at the Correspondence School and has worked in both the government and private sectors. She has a special interest in animal welfare and hopes to own her own cattery in the near future.
12 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 BIOSECURITY SCIENCE Mātauranga Māori important component of Biosecurity Science Strategy There is no one defi nition that captures the richness and complexity of mātauranga Māori but it can be broadly defi ned as the knowledge system that embodies the Māori world view. From mātauranga Māori are derived tikanga (Māori values) and kawa (protocols/ policies), the guidelines that shape Māori behaviour.
rom the application of tikanga and kawa, the knowledge system evolves and grows as FMāori take up the challenges presented by their social and physical environment – a virtuous loop. Together, the knowledge and understanding provide Māori with the tools to live, engage and interact with their environment and world.
Mātauranga Māori knowledge systems encompass a range of disciplines, including the physical and social sciences, economics, education, art, music, medicine, business, agriculture, forestry and much more. A cursory scan of the internet reveals the depth and breadth of discussion about mātauranga Māori, as well as the broader debate about indigenous traditional knowledge that occurs at the domestic, regional and international Ngā Kete o te Wānanga – The baskets of knowledge. levels. It is here that a working defi nition of mātauranga innovation potential of Māori knowledge, resources and people to Māori may be helpful, this being, the knowledge systems, values, assist New Zealanders to create a better future”. concepts and world views that defi ne Māori as a distinct social With the launch last month of the Biosecurity Science Strategy cultural group. It can include the management approaches that for New Zealand, Mahere Rautaki Putaiao Whakamaru, MAF refl ect the values and priorities Māori have for the protection of the Biosecurity New Zealand has made its own contribution. The land and its natural resources. This in turn includes the protection strategy identifi es the interdisciplinary nature of mātauranga Māori of taonga (treasured) species of birds, plants and animals with and recognises that Māori have a store of scientifi c knowledge to which Māori have a recognised cultural, historic and traditional off er the biosecurity system. association. The strategy sets out a vision for the biosecurity science system for Government agencies have been responding to the mātauranga the next 25 years that weaves together excellence in science across Māori debate for some time. The Ministry of Economic all sectors and disciplines, including mātauranga Māori, to support Development, for example, has in place a three-staged work the Biosecurity Strategy Vision that “New Zealanders, our unique programme to examine more closely the relationship between natural resources, our plants and animals are all kept safe and intellectual property rights and systems and traditional knowledge. secure from damaging pests and diseases”. The implementation of The Department of Conservation through the Mātauranga Kura the Biosecurity Science Strategy will be an exciting challenge for all Taio Fund supports hapu/iwi initiatives to retain and promote of us involved in the biosecurity system. traditional Māori knowledge and its use in the management of ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/about-us/maori/msu New Zealand’s biodiversity and natural resources. The Ministry of Research, Science and Technology has developed Vision Mātauranga, a policy framework that aims to “unlock the
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 13 BIOSECURITY SCIENCE
Didymo: New model helps build likely growth picture
Just how serious could didymo didymo has spread within the South Island, higher categories for didymo growth. Many growth be if this invasive alga and North American data showing that rivers on the west coast of the South Island didymo is spreading into warmer areas. are likely to be somewhat less vulnerable spread throughout New Zealand? The NIWA team surveyed the thickness and to high growth levels because they are That rather unsettling question was percentage cover of didymo in aff ected frequently fl ooded, and some also carry considered by National Institute of rivers, then combined this data with river relatively high loadings of dissolved organic environment data to develop a predictive material – both believed to be relatively Water and Atmospheric Research model. Eighteen environmental variables unfavourable conditions for didymo (NIWA) scientist Cathy Kilroy during were included, covering factors that growth. her presentation at the MAFBNZ infl uence didymo establishment, such as Cathy said that clarifying the role of hydrology, geology, fl ooding frequency, didymo science seminar in July this temperature in the distribution of didymo light availability, water chemistry, substrate year. was complex because the large overseas composition and lake eff ects. and New Zealand datasets available ommissioned by MAF Biosecurity New model for likely didymo are air temperatures rather than water New Zealand, Cathy and her NIWA growth temperatures. Water temperatures are more Ccolleagues* have been working on signifi cant in didymo distribution, but their a new model to predict the coverage and Cathy said the new model for likely didymo relationships with air temperature are not thickness of didymo in all New Zealand growth (Didymo Predictive Maps – DPM) straightforward. She said a comprehensive waterways should didymo be introduced again predicts, like the earlier LEM map, set of water temperature data from New and establish there. that North Island rivers may be generally Zealand waterways, taken over time, less susceptible to didymo than rivers in would provide invaluable data, essential She explained that an earlier analysis, the South Island. to improving our understanding of the which resulted in the ‘Likely Environments This does not mean, however, that river distribution and growth levels of didymo and Map’ (LEM), was an assessment of the users should be complacent about other aquatic species. Setting up a national relative likelihood of establishment and freshwater hygiene in the North Island. database of river water temperatures should growth of didymo in New Zealand rivers. The North Island still has areas likely to be be a priority, and stakeholder groups may be The analysis indicated that didymo would susceptible to medium levels of didymo able to assist in this in the future. be more at home in South Island rivers mat development, chiefl y the central than in the North Island, largely because of Distribution in lakes not yet plateau and higher-altitude rivers draining the cooler temperatures in the South. All understood the main divide. known didymo-infected rivers to date are She said that although didymo has in the top two high-risk categories on the In contrast to the LEM, the DPM appeared in several lakes, including Te LEM, suggesting that the LEM assessment predictions are not heavily infl uenced Anau, Wakatipu and Manapouri, the factors was appropriate – at least for the South by temperature. The predicted didymo that infl uence its distribution in lakes are Island. growth patterns involve a wider range of variables, including the infl uence of lakes not yet understood. She noted that it This picture may have changed somewhat (there is less fl ooding in lake-fed rivers, appears to prefer rocks to sandy areas, and with the availability of further data as therefore less opportunity for didymo to will readily settle on wharf structures and be washed out by high fl ows), the stability other objects such as trailing ropes. “We and hardness of the substrate, and fl ow hope to do more work on didymo in lakes, variability. Some areas of the North Island to help identify whole-lake-scale factors appear to be at lower risk of profuse favouring growth, and determine the didymo development because of the triggers for blooms within lakes.” presence of soft mudstone and siltstone in *Cathy Kilroy, John Leathwick, Katie Dey, their catchments, she noted. Neil Blair, Helen Roulston, Julian Sykes and Donna Sutherland, NIWA, Christchurch Large parts of South in higher growth categories For a copy of the full report: ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease- Large parts of the South Island are, by response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/ contrast, predicted to be in the higher didymosphenia-geminata/science-technical#likel growth categories, particularly in the eastern and southern regions, as well as scattered rivers in Fiordland, Westland and the Nelson–Marlborough region. Indeed, the already-infested rivers in the South Island are generally in the new DPM’s
14 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 Molecular genetic tools to detect didymo earlier
Once didymo has really taken hold • extreme sensitivity for low- in a river system, the thick and level detections unsightly clumps of algae are all • a broad dynamic range of detection levels too obvious. An incursion can take • reproducibility a long time to reach this stage, • effi cient, cost-eff ective, however, and it can be present for rapid, high-throughput some time before being noticed laboratory capability. – even under a microscope. This is new scientifi c territory, Drift net used for collecting samples. and the researchers had to develop a arly detection of didymo in a system from the ground up, starting with tracing the movements of didymo and waterway is vital for two reasons: it the way samples were collected (a drift net understanding how it may have been Egives an opportunity to warn river proved the most reliable). Reliable DNA transported from place to place. users so steps can be taken earlier not to preservation and extraction methods also Looking ahead, Craig said the team will spread it further; and just as importantly, it had to be developed. provides a better opportunity to contain or be refi ning their phylogeographic work suppress the alga in a river system should a That achieved, the scientists could then to fi nd out more about the origins of New suitable control tool become available. turn their attention to the real challenge: Zealand’s didymo, and perhaps revealing identifying a fragment of DNA from whether it came from a single introduction Work carried out by Didymosphenia or was introduced from multiple sources. Professor Craig Cary, “It is able to detect geminata that Associate Professor could be used to Benefi cial for surveillance Brendan Hicks and didymo at levels reliably identify A major strength of DNA analysis is in their team at the the alga, and confi rming a negative didymo status, and University of Waikato’s of anything from clearly distinguish thus the method could be benefi cial for Centre for Biodiversity 1 to 10,000 cells it from other use in didymo surveillance programmes and Ecology Research freshwater in the North Island, where didymo has not for MAF Biosecurity per millilitre.” diatoms. The been detected. Noting the importance New Zealand has key gene – 18S of increased sampling pressure, he made signifi cant rDNA – was found quoted invasive species specialist Daniel progress in the development of a reliable, to have the distinctiveness from other Simberloff , who has said that control at the specifi c and highly sensitive test for known species they needed, and using earliest possible stage of invasion is much didymo at very low levels. quantitative polymerase chain reaction easier and cheaper than at any later stage. Craig Cary updated guests at the didymo (QPCR) to amplify this sequence, the (See Biosecurity 78:6 for an interview with science seminar, held in Wellington on researchers have laid the foundations for a Dr Simberloff .) reliable didymo analysis method. 24 July, on progress with the research Research team – Centre for Biodiversity and programme. Craig said rigorous laboratory validation Ecology Research University of Waikato: was applied to the test, using three Highly sensitive tools ■ Craig Cary, Brendan Hicks, Catherine Barnett, separate methods to confi rm the DNA Chrissen Gemmill, Andreas Rueckert, Kathryn He explained that microscopy, the current test was specifi c to didymo. It is also Coyne1 1 detection method used to confi rm the eff ective across a very broad range of University of Delaware, College of Marine and Earth Sciences presence of didymo in a sample, is not cell concentrations, being able to detect able to detect didymo at levels as low as didymo at levels of anything from 1 to To download the research report (select can been done using DNA techniques. The 10,000 cells per millilitre. Research Reports > Distribution): Waikato research team has been using The research team initially worked with ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease- highly sensitive molecular genetic tools to fi eld samples from eight locations in response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/ develop a reliable method for identifying the South Island’s Buller, Gowan and didymosphenia-geminata/science-technical#detec didymo – a cost-eff ective analysis Owen Rivers. Validation work also went method that can be used in surveillance international, including didymo samples programmes and that can cope with high from North America and Europe being volumes of samples. used in the development of the analysis Specifi cally, the new methodology method. required: The technology being used also has great • robust fi eld capabilities potential to identify and distinguish • specifi city for Didymosphenia geminata genetically distinct populations of didymo, Craig said. This would assist greatly in
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 15 BIOSECURITY SCIENCE Valuable learning experience on testing for vector-borne diseases
managed from the hospital. The Westmead Medical Entomology department serves as a National Reference Laboratory for insects and other arthropods of medical and health importance. The research focus of this group is on the biology, ecology and disease involvement of insects, particularly mosquitoes and mosquito- borne pathogens such as arboviruses. The mosquito work includes the arbovirus surveillance programme for New South Wales and trapping and identifi cation of mosquitoes during the warmer, wetter nine months of the year. There is also an extensive insectory, where a range of insects, including a variety of mosquito species, bedbugs, nematodes and leeches, are bred for virus competency New Zealand does not have any of Investigation and Diagnostic Centre – Wallaceville staff (from left) Della Orr, Megan Dymond work, research and medical purposes. the serious vector-borne diseases Associated with the hospital is the that aff ect people and animals staff (Della Orr, Megan Lynch and Judy Millenium Institute, which is closely Jenner, pictured) travelled, in June, to elsewhere in the world. Mosquitoes affi liated with both Westmead Hospital and Australia. They visited Sydney’s Arbovirus the University of Sydney. capable of transmitting some of laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology “This state-of-the-art research institute these diseases are present here, and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead hospital, to learn about tests for vector- possesses a mouth-watering range of but as far as we know the disease borne disease. diagnostic facilities,” comments IDC staff agents are absent. It is important member Judy Jenner. The staff travelled to learn a range of new that we prevent the entry of both immunological and virological techniques, “The staff at Westmead were extremely the agents and any new vectors, for the detection and identifi cation of helpful and willing to share knowledge and materials to get these tests up and and develop systems for the early vector-borne alpha- and fl aviviruses (such as Ross River virus and Murray Valley running in New Zealand. Linda Hueston, detection of any new vectors or encephalitis virus, respectively). They in particular, has a wealth of knowledge vector-borne diseases should they worked alongside Dr Linda Hueston, Head and experience in arbovirus and emerging infections. She went out of her way to help enter the country. of the Arbovirus and Emerging Diseases Unit, and Mr John Haniotis, from the us and to share her expertise and reagents. s part of a collaborative initiative Department of Medical Entomology. “Collaboration with Westmead is an with Environmental Science and With the guidance of ICPMR staff , the important component of our capability AResearch (ESR), New Zealand team worked on Ross River virus blood for arbovirus detection and identifi cation Biosecure Entomology Laboratory (NZBEL), tests and learned new methods to grow a and we hope to be able to invite a member Landcare and other organisations, the range of arboviruses in cell cultures. They of Linda’s team to work with us in New Investigation and Diagnostic Centre returned with many insights into running Zealand if the opportunity for an exchange (IDC), Wallaceville, is developing tests and these test procedures and obtained arises in the future.” methodologies for the early detection of useful information about alternative ■ www.ncbid.govt.nz insect-borne viruses (arboviruses), such consumable items, reagents, suppliers, To report a suspected exotic pest or as Ross River virus and West Nile virus. laboratory procedures, safety practices and disease: Funding for this work has been received equipment used at Westmead hospital for ■ 0800 809 966 from the Foundation for Science, Research arbovirus work. and Technology Cross-Departmental Research Pool (CDRP) and from MAF The team were shown the newly operational research funds. completed compact PC4 facility that will enable the staff in the Molecular Collaboration with overseas laboratories is Microbiology group to work on risk group an essential component of New Zealand’s 4 biologicals (those requiring the highest disease preparedness capability. As part level of containment security). of the CDRP vector-borne disease project, The team were also able to observe the a team of IDC’s Animal Health Laboratory research and surveillance initiatives
16 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 Organisations collaborate on avian infl uenza research
■ By Susan Cork and Thomas Rawdon (IDC), Sue Huang (ESR) and Tao Zheng (AgResearch) In the fi rst project of its kind, three organisations based at the National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious non-commercial backyard farming settings The Disease (NCBID1) are collaborating in New Zealand. on research into the ecology of low Backyard poultry, especially ducks, have played an important role in the pathogenic avian infl uenza viruses transmission of the highly pathogenic in backyard poultry fl ocks. avian infl uenza virus H5N1 in South East Asia. Worldwide, it is well known that wild AF Biosecurity New Zealand waterfowl are the natural reservoir for (MAFBNZ), Environmental Dr Sue Huang, ESR, is coordinating the inter- low pathogenic strains of avian infl uenza. agency project. MScience and Research (ESR) New Zealand has never had an outbreak and AgResearch are providing a model of highly pathogenic avian infl uenza in project involves visiting the farms every for collaboration on an issue of animal poultry, but low pathogenic strains have two months to collect samples (cloacal and and public health signifi cance. The goal been isolated from wild ducks (Stanislawek tracheal swabs and blood) from poultry. of this two-year study is to understand et al, 20022). The fi rst aim of this study is In addition, members of the household the ecology, including the potential to determine whether non-pathogenic AI involved in the study were asked to transmission pathways, of low pathogenic viruses were present in non-commercial complete a questionnaire designed to strains of avian infl uenza amongst wild backyard poultry in areas where wild ducks assess the type and extent of contact birds, non-commercial backyard poultry were in close proximity. The second aim of with both domestic and wild birds, and to fl ocks (chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, etc) this study is to understand the risk factors submit blood and throat swab samples. To and humans in New Zealand. involved in transmission of non-pathogenic date, no AIV have been detected in either AI viruses from wild birds to backyard fl ocks The research plan was developed, in tracheal or cloacal swabs collected from and then to humans. consultation with MAFBNZ, the Ministry of healthy backyard poultry, but preliminary Health, local authorities, iwi and the public Study design continued on page 18 to enable a better understanding of the ecology and zoonotic potential of avian After consultations with local Project governance infl uenza viruses (AIVs), and to provide representatives, 54 farmers from the South MAFBNZ with important background data Wairarapa and Bay of Plenty were asked The project science advisory group is on low pathogenic AIV in backyard poultry to complete a questionnaire on farming responsible for ensuring that study design, fl ocks. practices. The questionnaire covered farm data analysis and interpretation are dynamics and risk factors considered scientifi cally sound and robust. This group Background relevant to avian infl uenza dynamics, includes staff from ESR (Dr Bruce Adlam, including animal populations on the Over the past decade, MAFBNZ has Dr Sue Huang, Dr Virginia Hope, Professor farm, human and wild bird interaction conducted a number of active surveillance Keith Grimwood and Dr Michael Baker), with domestic birds, farm biosecurity and projects to assess the prevalence of avian AgResearch (Dr Tao Zheng) and MAFBNZ’s husbandry, and animal health. infl uenza in wild and domestic birds in Investigation and Diagnostic Centre (IDC), New Zealand. There are also concurrent The questionnaire was used as a selection Wallaceville (Dr Wlodek Stanislawek, Dr passive surveillance initiatives and tool to recruit 12 farms from each area Susan Cork, Dr Thomas Rawdon). information campaigns. To complement for avian infl uenza antibody screening. The project is coordinated by Dr Sue MAFBNZ’s surveillance activities in Criteria for inclusion included proximity to Huang, ESR, with the majority of the commercial poultry, and to extend waterways where wild ducks congregate fi eld study undertaken by Dr Tao Zheng ongoing surveillance in wild birds, this and the presence of multiple species of from AgResearch. The project steering project was developed to provide further domestic birds on the farm. Questionnaire committee comprises Dr Joseph O’Keefe, understanding of the ecology of AIV in fi ndings, together with results of antibody Manager, Animal Health laboratory, IDC, screening, were used to enrol 10 farms per Dr Virginia Hope, ESR and Professor Bryce 1 On a single site at Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, site into a 12-month longitudinal cohort Buddle, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research NCBID links: study to determine the eff ect of farming Centre. This committee oversees planning • the MAF Biosecurity New Zealand practices and seasonality on prevalence and the administration of the MAF Investigation and Diagnostic Centre of AI viruses in rural human and non- Operational Research Funds and ESR (previously known as the MAF National commercial backyard bird populations. Research Funds that have been allocated to Centre for Disease Investigation) complete the work. • new Environmental Science and Research 2 Stanislawek et al (2002) Avian (ESR) laboratories and staff paramyxoviruses and infl uenza viruses • AgriQuality vaccine manufacturing facilities isolated from mallard ducks (Anas • AgResearch’s Infectious Disease diagnostic platyrhynchos) in New Zealand. Archives of team. Virology. 147, 1287–302.
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 17 BIOSECURITY SCIENCE continued from page 17 serological tests indicate that some birds may have antibodies to infl uenza A viruses. Follow-up testing of these samples at the MAFBNZ Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Wallaceville, indicates that none of the birds sampled have been exposed to notifi able avian infl uenza, i.e., subtype H5 or H7. Further work is underway to determine the signifi cance of the Backyard poultry fl ocks such as these are potential serological results obtained thus far. No exchange of ideas and methodologies to enhance test capability for the early transmission pathways for low pathogenic strains of viruses were identifi ed in any of the human avian infl uenza. (Photo: Dr Tao Zheng, AgResearch.) samples. Sampling and testing of poultry detection of infl uenza A viruses within and human contacts from these farms will NCBID partner organisations. This will continue through to 2008. directly improve New Zealand’s capability and preparedness in the event of an Conclusion infl uenza outbreak in birds, and other species, in New Zealand. Data gathered from this, and other ■ surveillance studies conducted by Dr Susan Cork, Team Manager, Virology, Animal Health Laboratory, Investigation and Diagnostic MAFBNZ, will provide useful information Centre, Wallaceville, phone 04 894 5623, about the ecology of low pathogenic [email protected] strains of avian infl uenza in New Zealand. In addition, this project has facilitated the New biosecurity science qualifi cation The University of Auckland is Species Specialist Group, Landcare – the impacts of invasive alien launching a new Postgraduate Research and MAF Biosecurity New species in diff erent ecosystems Zealand’s Investigation and Diagnostic Diploma and MSc in Science – population and community Centre at the Tamaki Campus. ecology, in relation to biosecurity (Biosecurity) in 2008. The PGDipSci (Biosecurity) aims to – approaches to the prevention, give science graduates and biosecurity he PGDipSci (Biosecurity) is a one- control and eradication of invasive practitioners the skills to move with year, full-time course providing species in diff erent situations confi dence in the rapidly growing fi eld of Tadvanced training in invasion biology • understand and be able to apply biosecurity. The programme will include and an appreciation for the science behind techniques for the management topics concerning biosecurity and the current biosecurity issues. Science is critical of invasive organisms in diff erent economy and human health, but will to achieving the three main biosecurity ecosystem types primarily focus on biosecurity issues goals: associated with biodiversity and natural • have gained new analytical skills, • prevention and exclusion environments, both terrestrial and aquatic. profi ciency in science communication • surveillance and response and critical evaluation, and an The skills learned in the new programme appreciation for the integration of • pest management. will allow graduates to understand and science into policy and decision-making. work to protect the natural environment Students participating in the PGDipSci (both terrestrial and aquatic) from The new programme is fl exible. It is (Biosecurity) programme will gain an biosecurity threats. Topics include new possible to study part-time and has been understanding and practical knowledge of discoveries in contemporary environmental designed to meet the needs of biosecurity the enormous role science has in managing and life sciences and their application to practitioners in current employment by the risks and uncertainties in biosecurity prevention and management of mostly consisting of intensive one-week and ultimately in determining invasive species. The programme modular courses. Content is a mixture of the eff ectiveness of biosecurity Postgraduate Diploma will also off er opportunities for seminar/lecture material and practical decisions. & Masters Degree Biosecurity students to meet practitioners and workshop exercises. Guest lecturers The postgraduate diploma leaders from the biosecurity sector provide insights into current biosecurity programme is jointly presented and related research areas. management issues and case studies of by the School of Biological science in action. Students who have obtained a Sciences and the School of PGDipSci (Biosecurity) will: For more information contact: Geography, Geology and • understand the science of ■ Environmental Science in Dr Margaret Stanley, School of Biological Sciences, invasion biology University of Auckland, partnership with Landcare [email protected] Research through the Centre • be able to distinguish between ■ www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz of Biodiversity and Biosecurity the stages of the invasion (CBB). Students will benefi t process and identify ecological from the presence of the international interactions between species headquarters of the IUCN/SSC Invasive • demonstrate an understanding of:
18 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 Public reports of avian mortality contribute to knowledge base Investigations into bird deaths over disease emergency hotline mortality over a 19-month period between a 19-month period revealed none 1 October 2005 and 30 April 2007 (Figure Reports of avian mortality are received 1). of the serious exotic avian diseases from many diff erent sources, including Deaths were reported in 33 diff erent avian members of the public, veterinarians that would be of concern to New species. Eighty-eight percent of the reports and regional laboratory pathologists. Zealand, such as notifi able avian involved wild birds and Where reports relate to native birds, they 12 percent involved domesticated birds infl uenza subtypes and Newcastle are handled collaboratively with the such as chickens (25), geese (two), turkeys Department of Conservation. disease virus. While no news was (one) and Muscovy ducks (one). The good news on the exotic disease Each report is risk assessed to determine number of dead and or sick birds per report front, the investigations still yielded the need for further investigation. Key ranged from 1–300 with a mean of 7. information used in the risk profi le An investigation was opened for 13 percent useful information. includes: of all reports. Eleven percent of wild bird • history of the event: numbers aff ected ublic reports of bird disease and reports and 28 percent of domesticated and timeline of events mortality form a key component of bird reports underwent sample submission • presenting syndrome in dying birds PNew Zealand’s surveillance system and laboratory testing. Deaths involving for exotic diseases. The Investigation • species of bird(s) aff ected domesticated birds were investigated in and Diagnostic Centre (IDC) manages • availability of fresh samples: where fi ve backyard chicken fl ocks, a commercial surveillance of avian mortality for MAF unavailable, follow-up instigated free range layer farm, a farm with Muscovy Biosecurity New Zealand (MAFBNZ). Public • location ducks and one with pet geese. reports are risk profi led and investigated • epidemiological trends over space and where there is a suspicion of exotic, new or time. Case studies – causes of avian emerging disease. This function is part of mortality a surveillance portfolio for avian infl uenza Based on the risk assessment, the report is No notifi able avian diseases were identifi ed that includes active sampling and testing either stood down or investigated further. in the investigations and, in many cases, no of both migratory and resident wild birds, Exotic avian diseases of particular interest cause for the deaths could be identifi ed. and commercial poultry. Early detection to New Zealand include notifi able avian Nonetheless, some unusual pathogens and of highly pathogenic avian infl uenza is infl uenza, virulent Newcastle disease parasites were uncovered in the course of important not only for New Zealand but and West Nile virus. These diseases have the investigations – and some possible new as part of a global early warning detection particular animal health relevance but insights into human behaviour. Overall, system. are also important as potential zoonoses (diseases aff ecting animals and humans). the investigations have contributed to Public reports via the exotic the knowledge base for avian mortality The IDC received 242 reports of bird in New Zealand. The following are case studies drawn from the investigations. Malicious bird poisoning
Wild birds Domestic birds NZ Herald One bird mortality 40 event aff ected multiple species including 35 sparrows (Passer domesticus), thrushes 30 (Turdus philomelos), blackbirds (Turdus merula) and magpies 25 (Gymnorhina tibicen) at a recreational park. 20 A cat and a dog were also found dead in the 15 same general area. Post mortems on four dead 10 birds showed evidence of a gun shot wound 5 in one bird, but no signifi cant post mortem
Figure 1: Number of all public reports of bird mortality received via MAF’s 0800 hotline and number of avian infl uenza media articles in the New Zealand Herald, between October 2005 and April 2007
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 19 BIOSECURITY SCIENCE
Figure 2: Aberration detection using EARS software of avian mortality reports via MAF’s 0800 hotline fi ndings for the other three. well fed. Examination of a range of tissues of reporting over time, the investigators A police investigation into suspected did not identify any changes that would found a strong correlation between media malicious poisoning carried out in explain the cause of death but all birds had coverage about avian infl uenza and parallel to the IDC investigation involved evidence of parasitic infestation. A second public reporting. In the early stages, when toxicological studies conducted at visit to the river mouth found the large- media reports had the greatest impact, Environmental Science and Research Ltd scale deaths had ceased, but one dead the response from the public through (ESR) on bread and chicken found next shag found was examined and trematodes increased reports of bird deaths was almost to the dead cat. The food tested positive (a type of internal parasite) were dissected immediate. As the topic lost its novelty, the for mevinphos, an organophosphate out of the kidneys. The tissue reaction response to publicity tended to slow down. insecticide that is highly toxic to mammals around the trematodes was mild and they Analysing these trends does not replace and birds – circumstantial evidence that were considered unlikely to be pathogenic. the need for other surveillance methods, this agent may have been responsible for Analysing trends in public but is a useful part of the surveillance the deaths. reporting portfolio. New poxvirus isolated • This article is an edited version of a Analysing the trends for public reports series of two articles that fi rst appeared The fi rst diagnosis of poxvirus in a wild of avian mortality over time and space in Surveillance magazine, Vol. 34, No. mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) in New can provide important early signals of a 3, September 2007. The articles were Zealand was made following a report to possible disease epidemic. Any unusual written by Tom Rawdon, Andrew the IDC of a duck with a lesion on its bill. clustering of cases within regions or time McFadden, Wlodek Stanislawek, and The duck was euthanased for humane periods could indicate unusual patterns Paul Bingham, Investigation and reasons and samples submitted to Massey associated with a disease outbreak. Diagnostic Centre – Wallaceville, and University for analysis. Poxvirus infection Leo Loth, Avian Infl uenza Program, was confi rmed by virus isolation on lesion The IDC investigators analysed the 242 Food and Agriculture Organization, tissue. Tests at IDC indicated the virus was reports of bird deaths received over United States. For the original articles, not a turkey or fowl poxvirus. the 19 months to April 2007 to see if visit: Incidental fi nding in backyard poultry there were any suspicious aberrations in reporting. Temporal trends in avian ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/publications/ A veterinarian reported the death of seven mortality reporting were examined using surveillance/2007 chickens in a small backyard fl ock. The the Early Aberration Response System ■ Tom Rawdon, Incursion Investigator (Animals), birds died over a week but in-contact birds (EARS) software developed by the Centers Investigation and Diagnostic Centre – Wallaceville, remained healthy. An IDC investigation for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 04 894 5607, showed evidence of infl uenza A virus RNA Atlanta, United States) and used as a tool [email protected] in one of the dead birds, but no virus was for public health surveillance by ESR in New grown in egg culture and it was concluded Zealand. Ruth Pirie from the Epidemiology that this was an incidental fi nding – not and Modelling department of ESR – soon the cause of the deaths. An Incursion to relocate to the National Centre for Investigator visited the fl ock and collected Biosecurity and Infectious Diseases (NCBID) samples from all remaining 17 birds, but campus at Wallaceville – kindly assisted no further evidence of infl uenza A could be with implementation of the software. found, and no further deaths occurred. Analysis identifi ed clustering in both space Trematode identifi ed in spotted shags and time, but for benign reasons. About A report from a member of the public of two-thirds of the reports were received about 200 dead spotted shags (Stictocarbo from Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury, punctatus), from a colony of several refl ecting the distribution of the human thousand, was investigated. The shags population. When analysing the pattern were in good body condition and appeared
20 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 INTERFACE Second international workshop on assessment of animal welfare
The second Welfare Quality® The shift in focus of animal producers and • develop practical strategies/measures Stakeholder Conference, Assuring the public to concerns about quality was to improve animal welfare noted. Sustainability, including animal animal welfare: from societal • develop a European standard for the welfare, was seen as a key component of assessment of animal welfare concerns to implementation, was quality. Education of the consumer was • develop a European animal welfare highlighted as a principal means by which held in Berlin earlier this year. New information standard consumers could be encouraged to pay Zealand was represented by Dr more for products, thereby compensating • integrate and interrelate the most Lindsay Matthews of AgResearch producers for any costs associated with appropriate specialist expertise in the and Dr Chris Kebbell, Veterinary raising animal welfare standards. Labelling multidisciplinary fi eld of animal welfare is being viewed as a primary mechanism in Europe. Counsellor for Europe. for this education. A stepwise labelling While these aims appear to be EU-focused, iews and papers at the conference system was considered preferable, with the outcomes of the project can and are refl ected the European Union’s (EU’s) diff erential labelling for products that being applied across other countries in a Vfocus on increasing animal welfare exceed minimum standards. test situation. New Zealand researchers standards within EU countries and in those Increasing market pressure was reiterated have some involvement in the project with which they trade – and how this as a means of raising animal welfare (see Biosecurity 75:16) and the welfare might aff ect trade. Themes covered societal standards in the event of legislative indicators and monitoring schemes coming concerns and how to address them, welfare changes not happening fast enough. The out of it are being considered as part monitoring (how to do it and how to apply need for standards to be strongly science of the development of outcome-based results to improve animal welfare and let based was also reiterated. The conference (i.e., animal-based) minimum standards consumers know that welfare is monitored was attended largely by retailers, lobbyists, in New Zealand codes of welfare. There and improved) and globalisation and animal policy makers and animal welfare interest will be more on this in the next issue of welfare marketing. groups and researchers. Biosecurity. The Welfare Quality animal welfare research For more on Welfare Quality research: programme has been running for three ■ Biosecurity 75:16 years and has four main aims: ■ www.welfarequality.net ■ Dr Kate Littin, Technical Adviser Animal Welfare, ph 04 894 0373, [email protected] Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare meeting The Ministers of Agriculture The New Zealand Government will and Trade recently received an formalise its position in relation to the Declaration, after consultation with update, from Major General domestic stakeholders, once the proposal Peter Davies, Director-General is further developed. of the World Society for the The Declaration proposal is being Protection of Animals (WSPA), on supported by a web-based petition, ‘Animals Matter to Me’. More than 800,000 the development of a proposed signatures in support of the Declaration Universal Declaration on Animal From left: Major General Peter Davies, Director-General WSPA; have been collected so far from 182 Dr Barry O’Neil, Assistant Director-General MAF Biosecurity countries, including more than 16,000 from Welfare. New Zealand; Peter Mason, President, RNZSPCA and WSPA International Board Member; Alison Summers, Regional New Zealand. he proposed Declaration Manager WSPA (New Zealand). For the current draft text of the Declaration: recognises animals as sentient supported by WSPA. The next step planned ■ beings and aims to achieve global www.animalsmatter.org/downloads/UDAW_Text_ T is a meeting in New York in 2008 or 2009, 2005.pdf consideration of their welfare. Although to fi nalise the text. This will be followed by international Declarations do not have For the ‘Animals Matter to Me’ petition: a full ministerial conference and, fi nally, legal eff ect, nations are encouraged to ■ www.animalsmatter.org presentation of the proposal to the United respect their principles in formulating and Nations General Assembly. ■ Joanna Tuckwell, Policy Adviser Animal Welfare, implementing domestic policies. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, The proposal complements the work of [email protected] The Declaration proposal is being led by the World Organisation for Animal Health a fi ve-nation steering group (comprising (OIE), which supports, in principle, the the governments of Costa Rica, the Czech development of the Declaration. Republic, India, Kenya and the Philippines),
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 21 BIOSECURITY INTERFACE
Animal welfare and the OIE Animal Law in
David Bayvel, MAFBNZ’s Animal second OIE animal welfare conference Australasia: A New Welfare Director, attended the Putting the OIE Standards to Work: Dialogue Towards the Implementation of the seventy-fi fth general session of OIE’s Animal Welfare Standards, to MAF was represented among more than the World Organisation for Animal be held in Cairo, Egypt, from 20–22 30 lawyers, academics and law students Health (OIE) earlier this year in his October 2008. who met for two days in Brisbane at the • The Permanent Animal Welfare beginning of September, to discuss legal role as Chair of the OIE Permanent issues concerning animals in Australia and Working Group strategic priorities are New Zealand. Working Group on Animal Welfare. progressing: The workshop was part of the Animal Law e also represented the OIE at – aquatic animal welfare – member in Australasia: A New Dialogue project meetings with the Institute for country comments on guidelines developed by Peter Sankoff (University of Auckland) and Steven White (Griffi th Law Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), will be reviewed by the working H School, Queensland), with funding provided group the International Council for Laboratory by advocacy group Voiceless: The Fund for Animal Science (ICLAS), the International – companion animal welfare – a fi rst Animals. Association of Colleges of Laboratory draft report from the Ad Hoc Group This workshop and book project has been Animal Medicine (IACLAM) and the on Stray Dog Control has been designed to further the development of Federation of European Laboratory Animal prepared animal law in Australia and New Zealand. The Brisbane workshop aimed to: Science Associations (FELASA). Some – wildlife and zoo animal welfare – a points of interest arising from the general scoping paper has been drafted on • assist in producing the fi rst major scholarly session and from David’s visit are: work on animal law published in the harvesting and culling of wildlife Southern Hemisphere. The book should be • New Zealand continued to emphasise, – laboratory animal welfare – an ad available in early 2009 at the general session, the importance hoc group is to be formed with • bring together the growing number of of ensuring that animal welfare representation from major academics and lawyers working in this guidelines remain outcome focused international laboratory animal fi eld and allow them to share strategies, ideas and inspiration, with the objective of and as non-prescriptive as possible. science organisations (see below) spurring greater legal research • Formal Memoranda of Understanding – terrestrial animal welfare – a • analyse and, where appropriate, critique were approved between the OIE and scoping paper has been completed the law aff ecting animals in areas of ICLAS and the OIE and the World proposing the formation of an particular concern in Australasia. Society for the Protection of Animals. A ad hoc group on housing and Discussion topics at the workshop included: resolution was also passed supporting production of livestock. It is • the current state of animal law in the Universal Declaration on Animal anticipated that this group will Australasia Welfare (see Universal Declaration for meet during the fi rst half of 2008. • moral, philosophical and ethical challenges Animal Welfare meeting on page 21). • The laboratory animal meetings listed in animal law • There was strong backing for enhanced above and a joint meeting between the • future directions for animal law animal welfare scientifi c support in OIE, ICLAS, IACLAM and ILAR provided • the role of legal education all fi ve OIE regions, and the Centre for an opportunity to further develop the • specifi c challenges for the region. Animal Welfare Science and Bioethical relationship between the OIE and the Edited portions of the discussion will be Analysis at Massey University was international laboratory animal science included in the book. approved as an OIE Collaborating community and to identify participants Animal law is increasingly becoming Centre. for the OIE Laboratory Animal Ad Hoc recognised as an academic discipline worthy • An interesting discussion was had Group meeting, to be held in Paris of serious study, with about 100 animal law courses being taught at universities from 5–7 December. Membership on the use of the French term around the world (see also Biosecurity 73: bientraitance as an alternative to bien- of this group includes David Bayvel 20). It will be interesting to observe how this être. The former has a connotation (New Zealand), Dr Gilles Demers project contributes to the development of of treating an animal well, whereas (Canada), Dr Ekaterina Rivera (Brazil), Dr jurisprudence in this fi eld. the latter is focused on the animal’s Kathryn Bayne (United States), Dr Judy For further information about Animal Law in perceptions and incorporates mental MacArthur Clark (United States/United Australasia: A New Dialogue: Kingdom), Professor Souilem Ouadji or psychological aspects of animal ■ www.lawstaff .auckland.ac.nz/%7Epsan009/Site/ welfare. (Tunisia), Dr Tsutomu Miki Kurosawa Workshop.html • The OIE’s Permanent Animal Welfare (Japan) and Dr Christophe Jaubert For further information about Voiceless: The (France). Fund for Animals:
■ www.oie.int/eng/bien_etre/en_introduction.htm ■ www.voiceless.org.au ■ Joanna Tuckwell (LLB Hons), Policy Adviser Animal Welfare, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, [email protected]
From left: Gilles Demers (ICLAS), Joanna Zurlo (ILAR), Judy MacArthur Clark (IACLAM), David Bayvel (Chair, OIE
Working Group confi rmed plans for the 22 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS Responding to pests and diseases Draft response policy released
new policy for responding to policy is on roles and decision-making, incursions and established pests using a consistent approach across all Aand diseases has been prepared by sectors, no matter how big or small the New Zealand is more reliant on MAF. The policy will replace the Biosecurity response may be. A greater emphasis has primary production than any Council’s Policy for Responding to an Exotic also been placed on preparing for specifi c other developed country. Our Organism Incursion (September 2001). It pests and diseases and on long-term incorporates recommendations set out in management where eradication may not indigenous fl ora and fauna are Tiakina Aotearoa/Protect New Zealand: be feasible. MAF is also revising its tools and precious to New Zealanders and Biosecurity Strategy for New Zealand procedures for response that will support tourists alike. We have unique (2003) and refl ects MAF’s leadership role the policy. across the biosecurity system, working with native species that are part of our Feedback on the draft response policy is other biosecurity stakeholders. natural heritage and culture and welcomed. The closing date for comment is Friday 14 December 2007. we enjoy high standards of living The Policy for responding to pests and diseases (risk organisms) sets out what The draft Policy for responding to pests and wellbeing. An important part the Crown will do and what people can and diseases (risk organisms) can be of protecting all these values is expect in respect of responses to pests and downloaded from: ■ responding to new incursions by diseases. MAF responds where organisms www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and- pose nationally signifi cant threats to consultation/consultation/policy/pest-and-disease- response pests and diseases and managing New Zealand’s people, environment and those that are already here and economy, with aim of achieving the best ■ Susan Keenan, Policy and Risk Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, overall outcome for New Zealand. Both the causing harm. [email protected] impacts of the organism and the response itself must be considered. The focus of the Joint decision-making and resourcing A new approach to biosecurity threats that impact on primary industries
AF will continue to develop eff ectively address biosecurity threats that eff ective border measures directly impact on the primary industries. Mand enforce them rigorously. A public discussion paper has been Importers must comply with border prepared that outlines how a framework measures and pay for clearance of their for joint decision-making and resourcing goods at the border. for readiness and incursion responses could be developed. The discussion paper That said, New Zealand’s primary describes MAF’s current approach to production industries rely on international incursion management, explains why a trade and the rules around it. There is new framework is desirable, and outlines no such thing as ‘zero risk’ at the border. the proposed framework and its guiding Border measures can only be imposed to principles. the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health on the basis of The framework is based on the idea that scientifi c information. those directly benefi ting from an activity should be involved in decision-making and, MAF’s biosecurity interests extend beyond in return, contribute to the direct costs of primary production to include protecting that activity. the economy, environment, human health, and our whole way of life. This requires The direct benefi ciaries of readiness and One of the greatest risks to New hard choices about how limited resources response activities often include industries Zealand’s primary production are allocated. And while some primary and the Crown. sector is the threat of new industries already invest signifi cantly Working collaboratively for in surveillance- and incursion-related better biosecurity outcomes pests or diseases causing loss activities, they too face constraints around and damage to terrestrial or resourcing. The approach outlined in the discussion aquatic animals and plants, A group of representatives from primary paper could off er benefi ts over the current or impacting on our ability to production sectors and MAF have been system by encouraging MAF and industry parties to work together before a crisis access overseas markets. working for over two years on new ways for government and industries to more arises. Agreeing in advance to strategic
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 23 BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS roles and responsibilities will facilitate swift and eff ective responses to any incursion. Getting down to tin By sharing resources and making joint decisions about how best to prepare for and respond to pests and diseases, MAF and primary production industries could ensure that this work tacks becomes proactive rather than reactive. Proposals for a whole new culture around readiness and incursion response At its heart, the proposed framework involves government and generate considerable volumes of paper and email traffi c as ideas are exchanged industries coming together to decide: and modifi ed. But although electronic communication can certainly handle the • which pests and diseases of interest to industry will trigger volumes, face-to-face dialogue remains at the heart of good decision-making. responses Last month, MAF hosted a series of workshops with stakeholders from primary • what is required to be ready for a pest or disease incursion industries to facilitate discussion on the discussion paper prepared by the • how costs will be shared (based on relative public and Surveillance and Incursion Response Working Group on joint decision-making private benefi ts) and resourcing for pests and diseases that directly impact on industries. The draft Policy for responding to pests and diseases (risk organisms) was also discussed, • how to make rapid, joint decisions for incursion responses if although it was not the main emphasis of the workshops. these pests and diseases do arrive Biosecurity magazine went along to the Wellington stakeholder meeting to • whether or not to respond if an incursion occurs. see fi rst hand how the process works. Representing MAF were Douglas Birnie, Director Policy and Risk, and Senior Policy Adviser, Sarah Clinehens. The new framework should result in: • more eff ective and effi cient investment of limited resources, There was a good cross section of New Zealand biosecurity stakeholders from due to the greater examination of costs and benefi ts the primary industries, with dairying, farm forestry, horticulture, livestock, and the use of the best combination of government and equine, pork and seafood sectors represented, along with farmer organisations. Included among them were some members of the original working group. industry resources With the discussions restricted to a half-day timeframe, stakeholders wasted no • clear incentives for all parties to invest appropriately time in putting forward their questions and concerns, and it wasn’t long before in readiness activities such as surveillance and on-farm some common themes began to emerge. For example, a number of groups biosecurity plans saw greater certainty about responses as desirable and were supportive of joint • greater certainty for all parties about the likely nature of decision-making. However, a number of participants questioned the role of any particular response and cost-sharing arrangements that industries in providing resources for readiness and response. Discussion also would apply. focused on keeping pests and diseases out of New Zealand in the fi rst place, the practicalities of sharing in-kind resources and direct costs and the ability of both Who can be involved and how industry and the Crown to adequately resource incursion responses. Douglas Birnie told the group that the experience of the Waiheke Island foot and Government–industry agreements could be developed mouth disease hoax had taught MAF some valuable lessons – not only about the with any willing primary production organisation that has a value of having agreed plans in place, but also about the demands on fi eld staff suffi cient mandate to represent their industry. of a sustained response eff ort. All parties to a joint government–industry agreement would Some were interested in how the split between public and private benefi ts could devote resources to negotiating and implementing such an be fairly calculated. There was also discussion around the impacts of some pests agreement. The parties would need to agree on cost-share and diseases. With plant pests, for example, there can be a lot of uncertainty arrangements for particular pests and diseases. about what impacts they will have and where these will fall (e.g., impact on native fl ora versus impact on specifi c industries). This represents a major shift in culture – one from MAF being the decision maker and consulting industry, to one of joint Douglas said that where an impact was clearly in the public domain – as in the case with the southern saltmarsh mosquito, for example – the Crown would provide decision-making by consensus. resources for the response just as it does now. He also pointed out that readiness is If MAF was responding to a pest or disease covered by an a far better investment than response. agreement, MAF would be representing New Zealand as a These and many other issues were given a good airing. There seemed to be whole and would still be consulting with all aff ected parties as general consensus that a framework that enabled government and industries appropriate. to work more closely on common concerns was a move in the right direction, although diff erent sector groups had varying attitudes to the detail. All at the Submissions on discussion document meeting took the opportunity to contribute. It was clear that all came well Submissions are welcome from all interested parties on any prepared to talk and to listen, and left better equipped to articulate their own sector’s point of view when their submissions were put forward. aspect of the proposed framework for joint government– industry agreements. Details on how to make a submission can The closing date for submissions is Friday 14 December 2007. be found on page 22 of the discussion paper. The closing date The public discussion paper can be downloaded from: for submissions is Friday 14 December 2007. ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and-consultation/consultation/discussion-documents Interested in reading more?
The public discussion paper can be downloaded from: ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and-consultation/consultation/discussion- documents/joint-decision-making ■ Janet Greenwood, Policy and Risk Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, [email protected]
24 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 UPDATES
New import health standard Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0459, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] Roquefort cheese for human consumption from the European Community Importation into New Zealand of horses This new import health standard allows for the import of Roquefort cheese The following import health standards have been amended: for human consumption from the European Community. The standard was Importation into New Zealand of horses from Canada (horaniic.can) notifi ed for public consultation in June 2007. No public submissions were Importation into New Zealand of horses from European Union member received. countries (horaniic.eu) This standard is dated 28 August 2007. Importation into New Zealand of horses from Hong Kong (horaniic.hk) ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/dairoqic.eec.htm Importation into New Zealand of horses from Japan (horaniic.jpn) ■ Animal Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Importation into New Zealand of horses from the United States (horaniic.usa) Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0459, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] Amendments have been made to the equine infl uenza vaccination Amended import health standards requirements. Milk and milk products for human consumption from the European Community Horses are now required to be vaccinated between 42 and 120 days This import health standard has been amended to include minor editorial prior to export instead of during the four months prior to export. Further changes and: requirements have been put in place regarding testing for equine infl uenza in pre- and post-export isolation. • hard raw milk cheeses (unpasteurised) of buff alo, cattle, goat or sheep origin Issue date for the amended standards is 1 October 2007. The standards can be viewed at (search – commodity name: horses): • update of title from Heat treated milk and milk products from the ■ European community. www.biosecurity.govt.nz/commercial-imports/import-health-standards/search ■ This standard is now dated 28 August 2007 and replaces that dated 23 Animal Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO September 2004. Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0459, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/daiediic.eec.htm 152.02 Importation and clearance of fresh fruit and vegetables into New Zealand ■ Animal Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO This import health standard has been amended to update the following Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0459, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] requirements: Antarctic fi sh (ANTAQUIC.ALL) • Australia: List of treatment appendices, Appendix 11 Winter window. This import health standard has been amended to include editorial The winter window now covers the period 1 May – 1 September; previously changes and: the period was 1 May – 30 September. The amendment to the winter window period was notifi ed for public consultation in July 2007. A copy of • a note for importers on the Customs Import Prohibition (Toothfi sh) the background notes and analysis of submissions are available on request. order 2006 This amendment aff ects the following specifi c schedules: • offi cial names on the eligible species list have been updated. • Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) from Australia This standard is now dated 12 September 2007 and replaces that dated 17 September 2002. • Honeydew/rockmelon (Cucumis melo) from Australia • Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) from Australia ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/antaquic.all.htm • Scallopini (Cucurbita pepo) from Australia ■ Animal Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0459, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] • Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) from Australia. Dogs and cats The following sections have been updated: Tick inspections at the border on dogs and cats from rabies-free countries • amendment record have been under review. There have been an increased number of tick • summary of approved commodities – China. interceptions recently and a recognised need to ensure that all animals This standard is now dated 31 August 2007 and replaces that dated 19 are being inspected. Fractious animals have previously been exempt from March 2007. inspection. ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/fi les/imports/plants/standards/152-02.pdf Additional measures have been included in the clearance section to allow ■ for fractious animals to be inspected for ticks in a transitional facility. Vivian Dalley, Plant Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Associated bedding, including toys and garments, must now be destroyed. Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] The endoparasite treatment clause in Veterinary Certifi cate A has been amended to ensure that the animal receives two treatments, at least 14 Pyrus bretschneideri (Ya-pear) from China days apart in the 30 days before departure. The import health standard for Pyrus bretschneideri (Ya-pear) from China The new standards are dated 11 September 2007. has been extended to include imports from the Shandong province. The standards, their previous dates, and website addresses to access copies The import requirements are now stipulated in a specifi c standard for Pyrus are as follows: bretschneideri (Ya-pear) from China (Hebei and Shandong Provinces) and can be viewed at: Dogs and cats from the United Kingdom, dated 8 December 2005 ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/plants/standards/ya-pear-prc.pdf ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.uk.htm Note: The additional declarations required on the phytosanitary certifi cate Dogs and cats from Singapore, dated 8 December 2005 have been reworded to specify that Ya-pears have undergone appropriate ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.sin.htm pest control activities. Dogs and cats from the Republic of Ireland, dated 8 December 2005 This amended standard is dated 18 September 2007. ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.eir.htm ■ Vivian Dalley, Plant Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Dogs and cats from Norway, dated 8 December 2005 Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.nor.htm Dogs and cats from Sweden, dated 8 December 2005 Amended operational standard ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.swe.htm Requirements for transitional facilities for sea containers Dogs and cats from Hawaii, dated 8 December 2005 This operational standard has been amended to include editorial changes and: ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.haw.htm • updated contact details Dogs and cats from Australia, dated 18 May 2007 • a revised application form: Application for Approval of a MAF ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/imports/animals/standards/domaniic.aus.htm Biosecurity New Zealand Transitional Facility & Facility Operator. ■ Animal Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO This standard is now dated 18 September 2007 and replaces the previous
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 25 UPDATES
standard (BMG-STF-TFSCO) dated September 2003. • Deer ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/border/transitional-facilities/sea-containers/ • Companion cats requirements-transitional-facilities-sea-containers.htm • Layer Hens Amendment Notice (see item below) ■ Operational Standards, Import Standards Group, Border Standards Directorate, Consultation on codes of welfare: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0873, fax • Commercial slaughter: recommended to Minister 04 894 0733, [email protected] Notifi cation of consultation • Dairy cattle: submissions being reviewed by NAWAC • Dogs: public consultation closes 1 November 2007 Miscanthus spp. plants in vitro, from the United Kingdom and United States Codes of welfare under development: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (MAFBNZ) has released a draft import health • Transport in New Zealand standard schedule for Miscanthus spp. plants in vitro from the United Kingdom and United States for public consultation. • Sheep and beef cattle The draft import health standard schedule: Miscanthus spp. plants in vitro, • Temporary housing (including boarding establishments) from the United Kingdom and United States is available at: ■ Cheryl O’Connor, Programme Manager Animal Welfare, ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and-consultation/consultation/ihs#plants phone 04 894 0371, fax 04 894 0747, cheryl.o’[email protected] The deadline for submissions on the draft import health standard schedule is Updated rules for layer hens Friday 2 November 2007. Submissions should be sent to: Amendment to code of welfare ■ Vivian Dalley, Plant Imports, Border Standards Directorate, MAF Biosecurity New An amendment notice to the 2005 code of welfare for layer hens was Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, issued on 6 September 2007. The minor amendment was to clarify fax 04 894 0662, [email protected] the defi nition of ‘cages’ in the code and is consistent with one of the The draft IHS is based on the draft risk analysis Miscanthus (Poaceae) plants recommendations received from the Regulations Review Committee in vitro, from the United Kingdom and United States. The draft risk analysis following its consideration of a complaint against the code by the Animal can be viewed at: Rights Legal Advocacy Network. ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and-consultation/consultation/risk-analysis Rules coming into force 1 January 2008 The deadline for submissions on the draft risk analysis is Friday 2 November 2007. Submissions should be sent to: The Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of Welfare 2005 came into force on January 2005. It applies to all those responsible for the welfare of layer hens ■ Martin Van Ginkel, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, kept for the production of eggs for sale. Some requirements in this code phone 04 894 0504, [email protected] will fi rst take eff ect next year. As of Draft import risk analysis 1 January 2008, cages must allow more space for each hen, must meet Crocodilia from Australia height and fl oor slope requirements, must have larger doors allowing for removal of hens without injury or undue distress and must allow hens A draft import risk analysis for Crocodilia from Australia is now available for better access to drinking points. public consultation. The risk analysis covers live animals and hatching eggs Compliance by egg producers with these requirements will be monitored of the species in the Order Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators) which have over the coming year. Further requirements are scheduled to fi rst take been hatched and reared in captivity in Australia. eff ect in 2014. However, the code is to be reviewed before then (in 2009) in For copies of the risk analysis: order for the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee to consider the ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/strategy-and-consultation/consultation/risk-analysis use of cages for layer hens in light of current research on layer hen welfare in diff erent housing systems. We would appreciate receiving written submissions by 14 November. Please address them (or any related questions) to: For further information on the Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of Welfare Amendment Notice 2007 and the code of welfare itself: ■ Martin Van Ginkel, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Wellington, phone 04 894 0504, [email protected] ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/animal-welfare/codes/layer-hens/index.htm Codes of ethical conduct – approvals, notifi cations ■ or email: [email protected] and revocations since the last issue of Biosecurity Producers should contact the New Zealand Egg Producers Federation ■ All organisations involved in the use of live animals for research, testing or www.eggfarmers.org.nz teaching are required to adhere to an approved code of ethical conduct. Codes of ethical conduct approved: Nil Transfers of codes of ethical conduct approved: Nil Code holder name changes: Nil Amendments to codes of ethical conduct approved: Nil Notifi cations to MAF of minor amendments to codes of ethical conduct: Nil Notifi cations to MAF of arrangements to use an existing code of ethical conduct: • Baldock, Anne (to use Waikato Institute of Technology’s code) • Pharma Pacifi ca (to use Valley Animal Research Centre’s code) Codes of ethical conduct revoked or expired or arrangements terminated or lapsed: Nil Approvals by the Director-General of MAF for the use of non-human hominids: Nil Approvals by the Minister of Agriculture of research or testing in the national interest: Nil ■ Linda Carsons, Senior Policy Adviser, Animal Welfare, phone 04 894 0370, fax 04 894 0747, [email protected] Codes of welfare – update on development, issue and consultation since the last issue of Biosecurity Codes of welfare issued 2007:
26 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 79 DIRECTORY
Pest watch: 05/08/2007 – 14/09/2007 Biosecurity is about managing risks – protecting the New Zealand environment and economy from exotic pests and diseases. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand devotes much of its time to ensuring that new organism records come to its attention, to follow up as appropriate. The tables below list new organisms that have become established, new hosts for existing pests and extension to distribution for existing pests. The information was collated during 05/08/2007 – 14/09/2007 and held in the Plant Pest Information Network (PPIN) database. Wherever possible, common names have been included. ANIMAL KINGDOM RECORDS 05/08/2007 – 14/09/2007 Validated new to New Zealand reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Comment No new to New Zealand records during this period. New host reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Comment No new host records during this period. Extension to distribution reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Comment No extension to distribution records during this period. ■ Katarina Kontopos, Team Support Offi cer – Surveillance, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, ph 04 894 0281, [email protected]
PLANT KINGDOM RECORDS 05/08/2007 – 14/09/2007 Validated new to New Zealand reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Cladosporium pseudiridis Iris sp. Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (iris) Cladosporium sinuosum Fuchsia excorticata Otago Lakes IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (tree fuchsia, kotukutuku) Signifi cant fi nd reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Isotenes miserana Camellia sp. Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (orange fruit borer) (camellia) New host reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Pyricularia higginsii Typha orientalis Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (raupo) Itersonilia perplexans Brassica oleracea ssp. gemmifera Taupo IDC (general surveillance) (leaf spot, petal blight) (Brussels sprout) Botryosphaeria lutea Pinus radiata Auckland Ensis (special survey) (fungus: no common name) (Monterey pine, radiata pine) Cnephasia jactatana Camellia sp. Auckland IDC (orange fruitborer survey) (black lyre leafroller) (camellia) Citrus sinensis cv. ‘Navel’ Auckland IDC (orange fruitborer survey) Isotenes miserana (sweet orange, navel orange) (orange fruitborer) Metrosideros excelsa Auckland IDC (orange fruitborer survey) (pohutukawa) Albugo tragopogonis Senecio skirrhodon Auckland IDC (orange fruitborer survey) (white pustule) (gravel groundsel) Galactomyces geotrichum Cucurbita maxima Mid Canterbury IDC (general surveillance) (sour rot) (buttercup pumpkin) Septoria sp. Epilobium ciliatum Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (no common name) (tall willow-herb) Pseudococcus calceolariae Quercus x rosacea Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (citrophilus mealybug) (oak hybrid) Phytophthora cinnamomi Araucaria heterophylla Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (phytophthora crown rot, phytophthora root rot) (Norfolk Island pine) Potyvirus Apium virus Y Conium maculatum Wanganui IDC (general surveillance) (apium virus Y, ApVY) (hemlock) Glomerella acutata Carya illinoinensis Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (anthracnose) (pecan) Alfamovirus alfalfa mosaic virus Araujia sericifera Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (AMV) (moth plant, milk weed) Cucumovirus cucumber mosaic virus Araujia sericifera Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (CMV) (moth plant, milk weed) Thanatephorus cucumeris Sinabraca carinata (black scurf, foot rot, Rhizoctonia damping-off, root rot, Mid Canterbury IDC (general surveillance) (Ethiopian mustard) stem rot) Truncatella angustata Vitis riparia Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (frost grape, river bank grape) Pythium diclinum Araucaria heterophylla Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (damping-off) (Norfolk Island pine) Davidiella allicina Ourisia macrophylla Otago Lakes IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (no common name) Extension to distribution reports Organism Host Location Submitted by Phytophthora kernoviae Soil Auckland Ensis (special survey) (chromista: no common name) Truncatella angustata Vitis riparia Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (frost grape, river bank grape) Pythium diclinum Araucaria heterophylla Auckland IDC (general surveillance) (damping-off) (Norfolk Island pine) Davidiella allicina Ourisia macrophylla Otago Lakes IDC (general surveillance) (fungus: no common name) (no common name) ■ Jennifer Walker, Technical Support Offi cer, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 04 894 0752, [email protected]
ISSUE 79 | MAF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 27 Exotic disease and pest emergency hotline: 0800 809 966 Animal welfare complaint hotline: 0800 327 027 www.biosecurity.govt.nz