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Reibelt Communities.Pdf Kumulative Dissertation Vorgelegt von: Lena M. Reibelt (Dipl.-Biol.) Geboren am 15.08.1984 in Muggensturm Abgabe der Dissertation: 20.06.2017 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25.10.2017 Gutachter: Prof. Jasmin Mantilla Contreras Prof. Ingrid Hemmer Prüfungskommission: Prof. Horst Kierdorf Prof. Jasmin Mantilla Contreras Prof. Anke Meistert Dr. Torsten Richter Betreuer: Prof. Jasmin Mantilla Contreras Dr. Torsten Richter Dr. Patrick Waeber Impressum Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Diese elektronische Publikation ist mit der Creative-Commons-Nutzungslizenz BY-NC-ND (Namensnennung – Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitung) versehen. Weitere Informationen unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/3.0/d Universitätsverlag Hildesheim Universitätsplatz 1 31141 Hildesheim https://www.uni-hildesheim.de/bibliothek/publizieren/open-access- universitaetsverlag/ Erstausgabe Hildesheim 2017 Redaktion, Satz und Gestaltung: Fabian Schroer Der Beitrag ist abrufbar unter: http://dx.doi.org/10.18442/764 Zitierempfehlung: Reibelt, Lena M. (2017). Communities, Teachers, Conservationists – Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Environmental Education in Madagascar. Hildesheim. Universitätsverlag Hildesheim. E-Publikation (Open Access) http://dx.doi.org/10.18442/764 Table of contents Summary ............................................................................................................. VII Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................... IX Résumé ................................................................................................................ XI Famintinana ....................................................................................................... XIII Chapter 1 General introduction .......................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 Introduction to the case study region and conservation efforts ....................... 29 Chapter 3 Communities’ perceptions of the special conservation zone ‘Park Bandro’ ...... 43 Chapter 4 Local people's perceptions of the Lake Alaotra gentle lemur ............................ 63 Chapter 5 Status quo of primary schools, teachers, and (environmental) education ........ 97 Chapter 6 Teachers’ knowledge, attitudes and skills, and professionalization of EE ....... 129 Chapter 7 Life paths of Malagasy conservationists and environmental educators .......... 153 Chapter 8 Synopsis ............................................................................................................ 177 References ........................................................................................................ 192 List of Figures .................................................................................................... 225 List of Tables ..................................................................................................... 226 List of Supplementary Material ........................................................................ 227 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 228 Summary Environmental education (EE) evolved as a response to increasing concerns about environmental issues and to the question of how to reach sustainability. This is especially crucial in settings where the well-being of the local population directly depends on the ecosystems and their services. In Madagascar, overexploitation and unsustainable land use practices threaten both the exceptional biodiversity and the subsistence of the rural population. While the country represents a global conservation priority, success of conservation practices remains weak. Global policy frameworks suggest that EE is key in solving these issues and is critical in developing an informed population who will (be able to) contribute to sustainable development. This thesis was realized in the realms of the AMBio project ‘Alaotra Marshland Biodiversity – strategies for the conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar using the example of Lake Alaotra’. It takes an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach to investigate the potential of EE in contributing to conservation at Lake Alaotra and beyond. Madagascar is one of the poorest countries globally, and its education system proves to be weak. Non-governmental organizations are implementing EE programs, largely aiming to foster pro-environmental attitudes and to halt environmental destruction. To increase the potential impact of EE, it has been repeatedly suggested to integrate EE into formal schooling. Understanding people’s attitudes and perceptions of the environment is crucial, both for conservation success and for drafting appropriate and efficient educational interventions. This thesis thus examines in a first part knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of natural resource users toward environmental values of Lake Alaotra. The surveys suggest that conservation is largely accepted as long as it is not threatening livelihood. In a second part, prospects to implement EE in public primary schools are assessed, including school structure, as well as teachers’ capacities and perceptions. Results suggest that the education system generally struggles to provide quality education, and that the implementation of EE as envisioned by UNESCO is facing substantial barriers. In a third part, significant life experiences of active conservationists are examined to identify promising approaches that could help to develop a citizenry in Madagascar that is VII aware about environmental issues and capable of actively contributing to their solutions. The results indicate the transformative potential of excursions and contact with inspiring educators, which were enabled through higher education. The evidence collected and collated in this applied and transdisciplinary research suggests that EE may well support a negotiation between conservation and development, but that high transaction costs are required to reach a level of EE teaching and learning that can foster critical thinking and capacity building. However, without such a transformative education, the role of EE for conservation and development risks to fail. It is the recent political decisions that raise hope that EE can finally embark on the responsible journey to enhance the educational system and to contribute to a reconciliation of conservation and sustainable development. This thesis offers insights into local realities, and relevant fields of capacity building to ensure that these political decisions will not remain a theoretical construct, but will be implemented and thus increase success in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. VIII Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der Umweltbildung entstand aufgrund zunehmender Beunruhigung bezüglich existierender Umweltprobleme und mit dem Ziel für mehr Nachhaltigkeit. Insbesondere in Situationen, in welchen das Wohlergehen der lokalen Bevölkerung direkt von Ökosystemen und deren Dienstleistungen abhängt, ist dies von großer Wichtigkeit. In Madagaskar bedrohen Übernutzung und nicht nachhaltige Landnutzungspraktiken sowohl die außergewöhnliche Biodiversität, als auch die Existenz der ruralen Bevölkerung. Während das Land weltweit eine der höchsten Naturschutz-Prioritäten darstellt, bleibt der Erfolg in der Praxis begrenzt. Globale Handlungsempfehlungen bezeichnen Umweltbildung als Schlüssel für die Lösung solcher Probleme, und als entscheidend für die Entfaltung einer informierten Bevölkerung, welche in der Lage sein wird, zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beizutragen. Diese Dissertation wurde im Rahmen des AMBio-Projekts "Alaotra Marshland Biodiversity - Strategien zum Erhalt der Biodiversität in Madagaskar am Beispiel des Alaotra-Sees" erstellt. Sie nutzt einen interdisziplinären Mixed-Method- Ansatz, um das Potenzial von Umweltbildung zu untersuchen, zu Naturschutz am Alaotra-See und darüber hinaus beizutragen. Madagaskar ist weltweit eines der ärmsten Länder mit einem schwachen Bildungssystem. Nichtregierungs- Organisationen verwirklichen unter anderem Umweltbildungsprogramme, die weitgehend darauf abzielen, das Umweltbewusstsein zu stärken und Umwelt- zerstörung aufzuhalten. Um den potenziellen Nutzen von Umweltbildung zu erhöhen, wurde wiederholt vorgeschlagen, diese in die formale Schulbildung zu integrieren. Es ist sowohl für den Erfolg von Naturschutz, als auch für die Konzipierung adäquater und wirkungsvoller Bildungsinterventionen von entscheidender Bedeutung, die Einstellungen der Bevölkerung zu verstehen. Diese Dissertation untersucht daher in einem ersten Teil das Wissen, die Einstellung und die Wahrnehmungen natürlicher Ressourcennutzer in Bezug auf Umwelt-Werte des Alaotra-Sees. Die Erhebungen deuten darauf hin, dass Naturschutz weitgehend akzeptiert wird, solange dies nicht den Lebensunterhalt gefährdet. In einem zweiten Teil werden die Möglichkeiten und Erfolgsaussichten zur Umsetzung von IX Umweltbildung in öffentlichen Grundschulen untersucht, einschließlich der Schulstruktur, sowie Kapazitäten und Einstellung der Lehrkräfte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass das Bildungssystem im Allgemeinen damit kämpft, eine qualitativ hochwertige Ausbildung zu bieten, und dass die Umsetzung der Umweltbildung wie sie von der UNESCO vorgesehen ist mit erheblichen Hemmnissen konfrontiert ist. In einem dritten Teil werden wesentliche
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