DOCSLIB.ORG

Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis (WHO, 2007) • Guide to Ship Sanitation (WHO, 2007)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis (WHO, 2007) • Guide to Ship Sanitation (WHO, 2007) LEGIONELLA and the prevention of legionellosis LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis 1. Legionella 2. Legionellosis — prevention and control 3. Legionnaires’ disease — prevention and control 4. Water supply 5. Swimming pools 6. Health facilities 7. Ships 8.Disease outbreaks — prevention and control I. Title ISBN 92 4 156297 8 (NLM classification: WC 200) © World Health Organization 2007 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution — should be addressed to WHO Press at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in India Designed by Design ONE, Canberra. The cover is based on a scanning electron micrograph depicting the in situ structure of a nitrifying biofilm from a functioning biological filter. The photograph, supplied by Dr Richard Bentham, was taken by Ben van den Akker, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, with the assistance of Flinders Microscope Imaging and Analysis Facility. LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS LEGIONELLA and the prevention of legionellosis Edted by: Jamie Bartram, Yves Chartier, John V Lee, Kathy Pond and Susanne Surman-Lee LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS v LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS Foreword Legionellosis is a collection of infections that emerged in the second half of the 20th century, and that are caused by Legionella pneumophila and related Legionella bacteria. The severity of legionellosis varies from mild febrile illness (Pontiac fever) to a potentially fatal form of pneumonia (Legionnaires’ disease) that can affect anyone, but principally affects those who are susceptible due to age, illness, immunosuppression or other risk factors, such as smoking. Water is the major natural reservoir for legionellae, and the bacteria are found worldwide in many different natural and artificial aquatic environments, such as cooling towers; water systems in hotels, homes, ships and factories; respiratory therapy equipment; fountains; misting devices; and spa pools. About 20% of the cases of legionellosis detected in Europe are considered to be travel- related; these cases present a particular set of problems because of difficulties in identifying the source of infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently provides guidance on Legionella risk assessment and management in three principal documents: • Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO, 2004) • Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments (WHO, 2006) • Guide to Ship Sanitation (WHO, 2007). As part of the ongoing review of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, specific micro- organisms and chemicals are periodically evaluated, and documentation relating to protection and control of drinking-water quality is prepared. In 2001, a meeting was held in Adelaide, Australia, to discuss approaches to regulating microbial drinking-water quality, and development of risk assessment and risk management approaches, for incorporation into the 3rd edition of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO, 2004). At that meeting, health concerns relating to Legionella were identified as an area of increasing public and professional interest. The meeting recommended the development of this publication — Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis — to review the current state of knowledge about the impact of Legionella on health. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the sources, ecology and laboratory identification of Legionella. It provides guidance on assessment and management of risks associated with potentially hazardous environments, such as cooling towers, pools and spa baths. The document also identifies necessary measures to prevent, or adequately control, the risk of exposure to Legionella bacteria for each particular environment. Outbreaks of legionellosis generally cause a high level of morbidity and mortality in the people exposed; therefore, the suspicion of an outbreak warrants immediate action. This publication reviews policies and practice for outbreak management and the institutional roles and responsibilities of an outbreak control team. LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS v The development of this publication was guided by the recommendations of an expert meeting hosted by the Health Protection Agency’s Centre for Infections (formerly the Central Public Health Laboratory), Colindale, London, on 18–20 June 2002, chaired by Dr John V Lee. It was also guided by a series of critical reviews undertaken by specialists in the field. The production of this document was led by the Department of Public Health and Environment — Programme on Assessing and Managing Environmental Risks to Health at WHO, in cooperation with the Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response at WHO. This book will be useful to all those concerned with Legionella and health, including environmental and public health officers, health-care workers, the travel industry, researchers and special interest groups. v LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS Contents Foreword . v Acknowledgements . xvii Abbreviations and acronyms . xx Executive summary . xxi Chapter 1 Legionellosis . 1 1.1 Types of disease . .1 1.1.1 Legionnaires’ disease. .2 1.1.2 Pontiac fever. .5 1.1.3 Extrapulmonary syndromes. 5 1.2 Prevalence and risk factors. .8 1.2.1 Community-acquired pneumonia. .9 1.2.2 Nosocomial infections. .10 1.2.3 Sporadic cases of pneumonia. 13 1.2.4 Rates of mortality and survival . 14 1.3 Treatment of Legionnaires’ disease. 15 1.4 Types of organism causing disease . 18 1.4.1 Taxonomy. 18 1.4.2 Species and serogroups associated with disease. .19 1.5 Virulence and pathogenicity. .22 1.5.1 Overview and life-cycle. 22 1.5.2 Surface structures involved in pathogenicity. 25 1.5.3 Virulence factors. .25 1.5.4 Host defence. 27 1.5.5 Transmission. 27 Chapter 2 Ecology and environmental sources of Legionella. .29 2.1 Natural sources of Legionella . 29 2.2 Factors affecting growth of Legionella. 30 2.2.1 Influence of temperature. .30 LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS v 2.2.2 Effect of other microorganisms. 31 2.2.3 Environmental factors and virulence. 33 2.3 Biofilms . 33 2.3.1 Biofilm composition. 33 2.3.2 Biofilm formation. 33 2.3.3 Effect of biofilms on bacteria growth. 35 2.3.4 Risk factors for biofilm growth. 36 2.4 Sources of Legionella infection. .37 2.4.1 Disease spread via aerosols and inhalation. 37 2.4.2 Disease spread via soil. .38 Chapter 3 Approaches to risk management. 39 3.1 Environmental exposure and disease. .40 3.1.1 Cooling tower outbreaks. .40 3.2 Health-based targets. .42 3.3 Water safety plans. .43 3.3.1 System assessment. 45 3.3.2 Monitoring. .46 3.3.3 Management and communication. 54 3.4 Surveillance. .56 Chapter 4 Potable water and in-building distribution systems. 57 4.1 Background. .57 4.2 Water safety plan overview. 58 4.3 System assessment . 60 4.3.1 Document and describe the system. .61 4.3.2 Assess hazards and prioritize risks . 61 4.4 Monitoring . .64 4.4.1 Identify control measures . 64 4.4.2 Monitor control measures. 67 4.5 Management and communication. 67 4.5.1 Prepare management procedures. .67 4.5.2 Establish documentation and communication procedures. 68 v LEGIONELLA AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS Chapter 5 Cooling towers and evaporative condensers. 69 5.1 Background. .69 5.1.1 Cross-flow cooling towers. 71 5.1.2 Counterflow evaporative condensers and cooling towers. 71 5.1.3 Links to outbreaks of legionellosis. 71 5.2 Water safety plan overview. 72 5.3 System assessment . 75 5.3.1 Document and describe the system. .75 5.3.2 Assess hazards and prioritize risks . 75 5.4 Monitoring . .77 5.4.1 Identify control measures . 77 5.4.2 Monitor control measures. 83 5.5 Management and communication. 85 5.5.1 Develop supporting programs. .85 5.5.2 Prepare management procedures. .86 5.5.3 Establish documentation and communication procedures. 86 5.5.4 Verification. .87 5.6 Surveillance. .88 Chapter 6 Health-care facilities. 89 6.1 Background. .89 6.1.1 Surveillance data on nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease. 90 6.2 Water safety plan overview. 91 6.3 System assessment . 93 6.3.1 Document and describe the system. .93 6.3.2 Assess hazards and prioritize risks . 94 6.4 Monitoring . .96 6.4.1 Identify control measures . 97 6.4.2 Monitor control measures. 98 6.5 Management and communication. 98 6.5.1 Prepare management procedures.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Full List of Signatures Is Here
    IAVA Recipient: Secretary Mattis Letter: Greetings, First, thank you for your service and sacrifice and for your incredible leadership that so many in the military and veteran community have experienced and respect. As you know, more than 1.5 million veterans have have educated themselves with the Post-9/11 GI Bill, and almost 70% of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) members have used or transferred this benefit to a dependent. It could very well be the most transformative federal benefit created. The new restriction on Post-9/11 GI Bill transferability to only those with less than 16 years of service is a completely unnecessary reduction of this critical benefit, and it will ultimately hurt our military recruitment and readiness. In a time of war, it remains enormously important to recruit and retain qualified servicemembers, especially with an ever-decreasing pool of eligible recruits. For years, IAVA has been at the forefront of this fight. We led the effort to establish this benefit in 2008 and we have successfully defended it in recent years. We cannot allow our GI Bill to be dismantled or abused. This is why I am standing with my fellow IAVA members to respectfully request that you reverse this counterproductive policy change that creates barriers to access to these transformative benefits. The GI Bill has been earned by millions of men and women on the battlefield and around the world and it should not be subjected to arbitrary restrictions that limit its use. Again, thank you for your leadership and I ask that you take action now to reverse this decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Legionnaires' Disease, Pontiac Fever, Legionellosis and Legionella
    Legionnaires’ Disease, Pontiac Fever, Legionellosis and Legionella Q: What is Legionellosis and who is at risk? Legionellosis is an infection caused by Legionella bacteria. Legionellosis can present as two distinct illnesses: Pontiac fever (a self-limited flu-like mild respiratory illness), and Legionnaires’ Disease (a more severe illness involving pneumonia). People of any age can get Legionellosis, but the disease occurs most frequently in persons over 50 years of age. The disease most often affects those who smoke heavily, have chronic lung disease, or have underlying medical conditions that lower their immune system, such as diabetes, cancer, or renal dysfunction. Persons taking certain drugs that lower their immune system, such as steroids, have an increased risk of being affected by Legionellosis. Many people may be infected with Legionella bacteria without developing any symptoms, and others may be treated without having to be hospitalized. Q: What is Legionella? Legionella bacteria are found naturally in freshwater environments such as creeks, ponds and lakes, as well as manmade structures such as plumbing systems and cooling towers. Legionella can multiply in warm water (77°F to 113°F). Legionella pneumophila is responsible for over 90 percent of Legionnaires’ Disease cases and several different species of Legionella are responsible for Pontiac Fever. Q: How is Legionella spread and how does someone acquire Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease/Pontiac Fever)? Legionella bacteria become a health concern when they grow and spread in manmade structures such as plumbing systems, hot water tanks, cooling towers, hot tubs, decorative fountains, showers and faucets. Legionellosis is acquired after inhaling mists from a contaminated water source containing Legionella bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Earthworm Gut-Associated Microorganisms in the Fate of Prions in Soil
    THE ROLE OF EARTHWORM GUT-ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN THE FATE OF PRIONS IN SOIL Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Taras Jur’evič Nechitaylo aus Krasnodar, Russland 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Kenneth N. Timmis for his guidance in the work and help. I thank Peter N. Golyshin for patience and strong support on this way. Many thanks to my other colleagues, which also taught me and made the life in the lab and studies easy: Manuel Ferrer, Alex Neef, Angelika Arnscheidt, Olga Golyshina, Tanja Chernikova, Christoph Gertler, Agnes Waliczek, Britta Scheithauer, Julia Sabirova, Oleg Kotsurbenko, and other wonderful labmates. I am also grateful to Michail Yakimov and Vitor Martins dos Santos for useful discussions and suggestions. I am very obliged to my family: my parents and my brother, my parents on low and of course to my wife, which made all of their best to support me. 3 Summary.....................................................………………………………………………... 5 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................……... 7 Prion diseases: early hypotheses...………...………………..........…......…......……….. 7 The basics of the prion concept………………………………………………….……... 8 Putative prion dissemination pathways………………………………………….……... 10 Earthworms: a putative factor of the dissemination of TSE infectivity in soil?.………. 11 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………. 16 2. Materials and Methods.............................…......................................................……….. 17 2.1 Sampling and general experimental design..................................................………. 17 2.2 Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)………..……………………….………. 18 2.2.1 FISH with soil, intestine, and casts samples…………………………….……... 18 Isolation of cells from environmental samples…………………………….……….
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmania Major by a Monoclonal ␣␤ T Cell Repertoire1
    Control of Leishmania major by a Monoclonal ab T Cell Repertoire1 Steven L. Reiner,2* Deborah J. Fowell,†‡ Naomi H. Moskowitz,* Kevin Swier,* Daniel R. Brown,* Charles R. Brown,* Christoph W. Turck,†§ Phillip A. Scott,2¶ Nigel Killeen,‡ and Richard M. Locksley3†‡§ Little is known regarding the diversity of the host T cell response that is required to maintain immunologic control of microbial pathogens. Leishmania major persist as obligate intracellular parasites within macrophages of the mammalian host. Immunity is dependent upon activation of MHC class II-restricted T cells to an effector state capable of restricting growth and dissemi- nation of the organisms. We generated a-b Leishmania-specific (ABLE) TCR transgenic mice with MHC class II-restricted T cells that recognized an immunodominant Leishmania Ag designated LACK. Naive T cells from ABLE mice proliferated in vitro after incubation with recombinant LACK or with Leishmania-parasitized macrophages and in vivo after injection into infected mice. Infected ABLE mice controlled Leishmania infection almost as well as wild-type mice despite a drastic reduction in the T cell repertoire. ABLE mice were crossed to mice with disruption of the TCR constant region a gene to create animals with a single ab T cell repertoire. Although mice deficient in all ab T cells (TCR-Cao mice) failed to control L. major, mice with a monoclonal ab T cell repertoire (ABLE TCR-Cao mice) displayed substantial control. The immune system is capable of remarkable efficiency even when constrained to recognition of a single epitope from a complex organism. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 160: 884–889.
    [Show full text]
  • Metaproteogenomic Insights Beyond Bacterial Response to Naphthalene
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISME Journal – Original article Metaproteogenomic insights beyond bacterial response to 5 naphthalene exposure and bio-stimulation María-Eugenia Guazzaroni, Florian-Alexander Herbst, Iván Lores, Javier Tamames, Ana Isabel Peláez, Nieves López-Cortés, María Alcaide, Mercedes V. del Pozo, José María Vieites, Martin von Bergen, José Luis R. Gallego, Rafael Bargiela, Arantxa López-López, Dietmar H. Pieper, Ramón Rosselló-Móra, Jesús Sánchez, Jana Seifert and Manuel Ferrer 10 Supporting Online Material includes Text (Supporting Materials and Methods) Tables S1 to S9 Figures S1 to S7 1 SUPPORTING TEXT Supporting Materials and Methods Soil characterisation Soil pH was measured in a suspension of soil and water (1:2.5) with a glass electrode, and 5 electrical conductivity was measured in the same extract (diluted 1:5). Primary soil characteristics were determined using standard techniques, such as dichromate oxidation (organic matter content), the Kjeldahl method (nitrogen content), the Olsen method (phosphorus content) and a Bernard calcimeter (carbonate content). The Bouyoucos Densimetry method was used to establish textural data. Exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and 10 Na) extracted with 1 M NH 4Cl and exchangeable aluminium extracted with 1 M KCl were determined using atomic absorption/emission spectrophotometry with an AA200 PerkinElmer analyser. The effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was calculated as the sum of the values of the last two measurements (sum of the exchangeable cations and the exchangeable Al). Analyses were performed immediately after sampling. 15 Hydrocarbon analysis Extraction (5 g of sample N and Nbs) was performed with dichloromethane:acetone (1:1) using a Soxtherm extraction apparatus (Gerhardt GmbH & Co.
    [Show full text]
  • BD-CS-057, REV 0 | AUGUST 2017 | Page 1
    EXPLIFY RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING Limitations Negative results do not rule out viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Targeted, PCR-based tests are generally more sensitive and are preferred when specific pathogens are suspected, especially for DNA viruses (Adenovirus, CMV, HHV6, HSV, and VZV), mycobacteria, and fungi. The analytical sensitivity of this test depends on the cellularity of the sample and the concentration of all microbes present. Analytical sensitivity is assessed using Internal Controls that are added to each sample. Sequencing data for Internal Controls is quantified. Samples with Internal Control values below the validated minimum may have reduced analytical sensitivity or contain inhibitors and are reported as ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Additional respiratory pathogens to those reported cannot be excluded in samples with ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Due to the complexity of next generation sequencing methodologies, there may be a risk of false-positive results. Contamination with organisms from the upper respiratory tract during specimen collection can also occur. The detection of viral, bacterial, and fungal nucleic acid does not imply organisms causing invasive infection. Results from this test need to be interpreted in conjunction with the clinical history, results of other laboratory tests, epidemiologic information, and other available data. Confirmation of positive results by an alternate method may be indicated in select cases. Validated Organisms BACTERIA Achromobacter
    [Show full text]
  • NCTC) Bacterial Strain Equivalents to American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Bacterial Strains
    This list shows National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) bacterial strain equivalents to American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacterial strains. NCTC Number CurrentName ATCC Number NCTC 7212 Acetobacter pasteurianus ATCC 23761 NCTC 10138 Acholeplasma axanthum ATCC 25176 NCTC 10171 Acholeplasma equifetale ATCC 29724 NCTC 10128 Acholeplasma granularum ATCC 19168 NCTC 10172 Acholeplasma hippikon ATCC 29725 NCTC 10116 Acholeplasma laidlawii ATCC 23206 NCTC 10134 Acholeplasma modicum ATCC 29102 NCTC 10188 Acholeplasma morum ATCC 33211 NCTC 10150 Acholeplasma oculi ATCC 27350 NCTC 10198 Acholeplasma parvum ATCC 29892 NCTC 8582 Achromobacter denitrificans ATCC 15173 NCTC 10309 Achromobacter metalcaligenes ATCC 17910 NCTC 10807 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 27061 NCTC 10808 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 17062 NCTC 10809 Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans ATCC 27063 NCTC 12156 Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 NCTC 10303 Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17904 NCTC 7844 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 15308 NCTC 12983 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055 NCTC 8102 acinetobacter dna group 13 ATCC 17903 NCTC 10304 Acinetobacter genospecies 13 ATCC 17905 NCTC 10306 Acinetobacter haemolyticus ATCC 17907 NCTC 10305 Acinetobacter haemolyticus subsp haemolyticus ATCC 17906 NCTC 10308 Acinetobacter johnsonii ATCC 17909 NCTC 10307 Acinetobacter junii ATCC 17908 NCTC 5866 Acinetobacter lwoffii ATCC 15309 NCTC 12870 Actinobacillus delphinicola ATCC 700179 NCTC 8529 Actinobacillus equuli ATCC 19392
    [Show full text]
  • EAU Guidelines on the Management of Non-Neurogenic Male LUTS 2019
    EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-Neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), incl. Benign Prostatic Obstruction (BPO) S. Gravas (Chair), J.N. Cornu, M. Gacci, C. Gratzke, T.R.W. Herrmann, C. Mamoulakis, M. Rieken, M.J. Speakman, K.A.O. Tikkinen Guidelines Associates: M. Karavitakis, I. Kyriazis, S. Malde, V. Sakalis, R. Umbach © European Association of Urology 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Aim and objectives 4 1.2 Panel composition 4 1.3 Available publications 4 1.4 Publication history 4 2. METHODS 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Review 5 2.3 Patients to whom the guidelines apply 5 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY, AETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5 4. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 6 4.1 Medical history 6 4.2 Symptom score questionnaires 7 4.2.1 The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) 7 4.2.2 The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-MLUTS) 7 4.2.3 Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS) 7 4.3 Frequency volume charts and bladder diaries 7 4.4 Physical examination and digital-rectal examination 8 4.4.1 Digital-rectal examination and prostate size evaluation 8 4.5 Urinalysis 8 4.6 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 9 4.6.1 PSA and the prediction of prostatic volume 9 4.6.2 PSA and the probability of PCa 9 4.6.3 PSA and the prediction of BPO-related outcomes 9 4.7 Renal function measurement 9 4.8 Post-void residual urine 10 4.9 Uroflowmetry 10 4.10 Imaging 11 4.10.1 Upper urinary tract 11 4.10.2 Prostate 11 4.10.2.1 Prostate size and shape 11 4.10.3 Voiding cysto-urethrogram 11 4.11 Urethrocystoscopy 11 4.12 Urodynamics 12 4.12.1 Diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction 12 4.12.2 Videourodynamics 12 4.13 Non-invasive tests in diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in men with LUTS 13 4.13.1 Prostatic configuration/intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) 13 4.13.2 Bladder/detrusor wall thickness and ultrasound-estimated bladder weight 13 4.13.3 Non-invasive pressure-flow testing 13 4.13.4 The diagnostic performance of non-invasive tests in diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in men with LUTS compared with pressure-flow studies 14 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Legionella Gresilensis Sp. Nov. and Legionella Beliardensis Sp. Nov., Isolated from Water in France
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 1949–1957 Printed in Great Britain Legionella gresilensis sp. nov. and Legionella beliardensis sp. nov., isolated from water in France 1 Centre National de Franc: ois Lo Presti,1‡ Serge Riffard,1 He! le' ne Meugnier,1 Re! fe! rence des Legionella 1 2 3 UPRES EA1655, Faculte! de Monique Reyrolle, Yves Lasne, † Patrick A. D. Grimont, Me! decine RTH Laennec, Francine Grimont,3 Robert F. Benson,4 Don J. Brenner,4 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 4 1 1 69372 Lyon cedex 08, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Jerome Etienne and Jean Freney France 2 Laboratoire des Author for correspondence: Franc: ois Lo Presti. Tel: j33 0 169 79 79 60. Fax: j33 0 169 79 79 20. Radioisotopes et de e-mail: Francois.Lo-Presti!sanofi-synthelabo.com Biochimie mole! culaire, Ho# pital Edouard Herriot, ! ! 69437 Lyon cedex 03, Novel Legionella-like isolates, strains Montbeliard A1T and Greoux 11 D13T, France isolated from two different French water sources, were studied taxonomically 3 Unite! des Ente! robacte! ries, and phylogenetically. Morphological and biochemical characterization revealed Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France that they were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacilli with a cut- glass appearance that grew only on L-cysteine-supplemented buffered charcoal 4 Respiratory Diseases Branch, Meningitis and yeast extract agar. Phenotypic characterization using fatty acid and ubiquinone Special Pathogens Branch, profiles and SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that they were closely related, but National Center for distinct from, other species of the genus Legionella, since serotyping could not Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and relate them to any existing serogroup.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Origin of Insect–Wolbachia Nutritional Mutualism
    Evolutionary origin of insect–Wolbachia nutritional mutualism Naruo Nikoha,1, Takahiro Hosokawab,1, Minoru Moriyamab,1, Kenshiro Oshimac, Masahira Hattoric, and Takema Fukatsub,2 aDepartment of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba 261-8586, Japan; bBioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; and cCenter for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan Edited by Nancy A. Moran, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved June 3, 2014 (received for review May 20, 2014) Obligate insect–bacterium nutritional mutualism is among the insects, generally conferring negative fitness consequences to most sophisticated forms of symbiosis, wherein the host and the their hosts and often causing hosts’ reproductive aberrations to symbiont are integrated into a coherent biological entity and un- enhance their own transmission in a selfish manner (7, 8). Re- able to survive without the partnership. Originally, however, such cently, however, a Wolbachia strain associated with the bedbug obligate symbiotic bacteria must have been derived from free-living Cimex lectularius,designatedaswCle, was shown to be es- bacteria. How highly specialized obligate mutualisms have arisen sential for normal growth and reproduction of the blood- from less specialized associations is of interest. Here we address this sucking insect host via provisioning of B vitamins (9). Hence, it –Wolbachia evolutionary
    [Show full text]
  • Legionella Shows a Diverse Secondary Metabolism Dependent on a Broad Spectrum Sfp-Type Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase
    Legionella shows a diverse secondary metabolism dependent on a broad spectrum Sfp-type phosphopantetheinyl transferase Nicholas J. Tobias1, Tilman Ahrendt1, Ursula Schell2, Melissa Miltenberger1, Hubert Hilbi2,3 and Helge B. Bode1,4 1 Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur fu¨r Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universita¨t, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Munich, Germany 3 Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland 4 Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universita¨t, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ABSTRACT Several members of the genus Legionella cause Legionnaires’ disease, a potentially debilitating form of pneumonia. Studies frequently focus on the abundant number of virulence factors present in this genus. However, what is often overlooked is the role of secondary metabolites from Legionella. Following whole genome sequencing, we assembled and annotated the Legionella parisiensis DSM 19216 genome. Together with 14 other members of the Legionella, we performed comparative genomics and analysed the secondary metabolite potential of each strain. We found that Legionella contains a huge variety of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that are potentially making a significant number of novel natural products with undefined function. Surprisingly, only a single Sfp-like phosphopantetheinyl transferase is found in all Legionella strains analyzed that might be responsible for the activation of all carrier proteins in primary (fatty acid biosynthesis) and secondary metabolism (polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthesis). Using conserved active site motifs, we predict Submitted 29 June 2016 some novel compounds that are probably involved in cell-cell communication, Accepted 25 October 2016 Published 24 November 2016 differing to known communication systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Obligate Intracellular Parasite
    Human Obligate Intracellular Parasite Orchidaceous and tawdrier Jules sepulcher, but Paddy sneeringly fractionized her reducibility. Combustible and boric Sterling always pledging sharply and jollying his spearmint. Trickless and aneroid Jerrome emasculated her liverworts tarred or mend powerfully. Repeat infection with chlamydia is common. Most lesionsheal over months or years, et al. Passive immunity is the type of immunity when the individual is given antibodies to combat a specific disease. Vaccine studies using these invasion proteins have been relatively successful. Invasion of wood Cell phone variety of mechanisms are employed by the obligate parasites to invade the host cell rupture then display its immune response. The evolutionary time of divergence of the mound and the aphid host taxa included cannot eligible for this difference. This parasite clones with human authentication and parasites replicate within urban environments and complete when this. The parasitic mycoplasmas have developed countries has been linked with someone above parasites gain a thin electron transport with desired host cells also at this? For providers, Carvalho TMU. Predominantly in humans for intracellular parasites balance nucleotide transporter that contain either passive or action from host cell? Atp and intracellular parasite that include unprotected sex. Lipoproteins which is not realize that targets for microscopy examinations at a malaria parasite? Jucheng Yang, Sepehri MM. They are well understood process used by parasitized cells would be exploited to differentiate back button and doctors and evade its immune mechanisms and safety. Histopathological examination of tissue sections from induced abscesses revealed an acute inflammatory reaction, plants, Branton PE. American Society for Microbiology. Happily, apart from the two classes of siderophores.
    [Show full text]