Contemporary Problems of Social Work

ACADEMIC JOURNAL

Vol. 5. No. 1 (17) 2019

MOSCOW CCONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS CONTENTS OOFF SOCIALSOCI AL WWORKORK VVolumeolume 5,5, No.No. 1 (17),(17), 20192019 ECONOMY ISSN 2412-5466 Andryushchenko A.M. Determination of the Optimal Regulatory Burden The journal is included into the system on the Part of the State in the Pawnshop of Russian science citation index and is Services Market ...... 4 available on the website: www.elibrary.ru Krasyuk P.P. Interpretations of Contracting and Pertaining DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1 Notions in the Russian and Anglophone CHIEF EDITOR Approaches in Procurement ...... 11 Frolova E.V. Molchanova N.V., Martynova M.Yu. doctor of sociological The Arctic Vector of China’s Foreign Policy: sciences, associate professor, Russian State Social University, Russia History and Legal Framework ...... 20 DEPUTY EDITOR Shelyganova O.I., Krasnova S.A. Rogach O.V. Modeling of the Process of Registration candidate of sociological sciences, of Estimate-Contractual Documentation ...... 26 Russian State Social University, Tkachenko S.V., Martynova M.Yu. Russia China in the Industry of Innovation: Cooperation with Russia...... 35 EDITORIAL BOARD Feber J. (PhD, University of Trnava, PEDAGOGY Slovakia) Belyakova T.E. Mirsky J. (PhD, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel) Features of Formation of Culture Moore Alan Thomas (Bachelor of of Project Activity of Students Arts (Hons), M.A., leading to the to Design in Russia...... 44 Capital FM 105.3, Ireland) Chekanov I.R., Neizvestny S.I. Nikiporets-Takigawa G.Yu. (PhD, Experience in the Organization of the Scientific professor, University of Cambridge, UK) Club of the Department of Information Petrucijová J. (PhD, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic) Technologies of Russian State Social University «Future Technologies of Digital Society» ...... 52 Roer-Strier D. (PhD, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) Fedosov A.Yu., Markushevich M.V. Santiesteban Perez M. (PhD, The Topical Issues of Application of the University of Guantanamo, Cuba) Domestic Software in the Educational Process Turdubaev S.K. (doctor of economic of the Russian School...... 59 sciences, associate professor, director of Russian State Social University in Ivoeva A.V. Osh, Kyrgyz Republic) Perspective Directions of Formation Turro Breff A. (PhD, University of of Deontological Culture of Experts Guantanamo, Cuba) on Work with Youth in the Course Vietze D. (PhD, The City University of of Their Training at University ...... 68 New York, USA) Vietze P. (PhD, Montclair State University, USA) SOCIOLOGY Badmatsyrenov T.B. (candidate Leontyeva T.V. of sociology sciences, associate Family Values in the Animated Content professor, Buryat State University, Buryatia, Russia) of Internet Space ...... 76 Chernikova L.I. (doctor of Loshkarev I.O. economic sciences, associate International Law and State Sovereignty: professor, Financial University under Issues of Correlation ...... 84 the Government of the Russian Federation, Russia) Mikhoparov N.I. Dusenko S.V. (doctor of sociological Peculiarities of the State Tourism Policy sciences, associate professor, in the Chuvash Republic: Regional Experience Russian State University of Physical and Methods of Its Improvement ...... 92 Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Russia) Zanina K.D. Rostovskaya T.K. (doctor of Fashion As a Way of Cultural Identity sociological sciences, professor, of Young People in Modern Russia...... 100 Institute of Social and Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPR RAS), Russia) PSYCHOLOGY Sizikova V.V. (doctor of pedagogical Skorohodova E.Yu., Borodyanskaya E.A. sciences, professor, Russian State Affecting the Viewer: Social University, Russia) Verbal and Non-Verbal Aspects ...... 106 Vinogradova M.V. (doctor of economic sciences, associate professor, Russian State University of LABOUR PROTECTION Tourism and Service, Russia) Vishnyakova V.A. (candidate of Sorokina A.A., Zubkova V.M. economic sciences, Russian State The Specific Features of the Monument Social University, Russia) of Nature of Regional Significance «Serebryanny Bor» and the Assessment EXECUTIVE SECRETARY of Its Assimilation Potential...... 113 Vishnyakova V.A. candidate of economic sciences, head of department scientific and technical information RSSU

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Andryushchenko A.M., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-4602 UDC 336 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-4-10 Determination of the Optimal Regulatory Burden on the Part of the State in the Pawnshop Services Market

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 14.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the article analyzes the strategy of the state regulator in the microfinance market, in order to clarify its impact on the market of pawnshop services and the need to determine the optimal regulatory burden. In addition, the author considers the factors that determine the formation of the institutional structure of the pawnshop services market and the need to introduce self-regulation in the pawnshop services market. Key words: pawnshop, microfinance, non-credit financial organizations, self-regulation, self-regulatory organization. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Sustainable development of the microfinance sector in general and the pawnshop services market in particular can increase the financial accessibility of both the population and economic entities, mainly small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The most important condition for the development of one of the segments of this market – pawnshops and increase its competitiveness, is the optimal regulatory burden on participants from the state. It is the optimization of the regulatory burden on the pawnshop services sector that can give impetus for its further development [2]. Supervision over the activities of pawnshops, as well as compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law of 19.07.2007 No. 196-FZ “On Pawnshops”, other federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and regulatory acts of the Bank of Russia, is exercised by the Bank of Russia [15] 3 of the law on pawnshops. This chapter is devoted to the rules for the provision of pawnshop services for the storage of things of the population, which does not apply to the activities of the pawnshop as a financial intermediary [6].

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According to the Bank of Russia, the number of pawnshops from the end of 2016 to the end of 2018 has decreased, so in the first quarter of 2016, pawnshops amounted to 8290 organizations, and in the first quarter of 2018 their number decreased to 5532 pawnshops. The portfolio of loans issued by pawnshops in Russia in 2016 grew by 14.3% to 33.6 billion rubles. Since 2016, the portfolio remains at the level of 33-36 billion rubles, despite a significant reduction in market players. This fact indicates that inactive legal entities are being withdrawn from the market. The number of pawnshop customers (borrowers) from the end of 2016 to the end of 2018 increased from 2.6 million to 2.7 million [18; 19]. Below, we will elaborate on the work of the Bank of Russia in terms of the development of financial markets, the supervision of the market of Lombard services and the determination of the optimal regulatory burden on the sector. Methods Determination of the optimal regulatory burden on the part of the state in the market of pawnshops services implies: – determination of the limits of state intervention; – proof of the need to improve the institutional structure of the pawnshop market; – analysis of the state regulator’s strategy in the microfinance market, which will make it possible to clarify its impact on the market of pawnshop services; – consideration of the factors that determine the formation of the institutional structure of the market services of pawnshops. Results The Bank of Russia performs not only the function of the supervisory authority, but also deals with the development of financial markets. To this end, the Bank of Russia develops and implements programs that provide the main directions for the development of the financial market of the Russian Federation. Actual today is the program for the period 2019– 2021 (hereinafter referred to as the “Basic Directions”), where the goals and princes of the activity of the mega-regulator are identified, contributing to the development of the country’s financial market. The “main directions” allow to determine the current state, possible points of development of the microfinance market and give a clear idea of specific measures for its development for the next three years. The main areas are developed in accordance with the requirements established by the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” [15]. The implementation of the Main Directions is carried out by the Bank of Russia together with the Government of the Russian Federation. It is also necessary to note the continuity of the previous program of the Bank of Russia, developed for 2016–2018. Current Main Areas are a logical continuation of measures and principles for the development of the country’s financial markets [17]. The formation of the necessary financial resources to ensure the growth of national wealth and the well-being of society depends on the efficient operation of financial markets in terms of performing the function of converting free cash to investment under the condition of a transparent and secure format. Thus, the Bank of Russia identified the main strategic guidelines for the development of financial markets: – formation of a trusting environment; – development of competition in the financial market; – maintaining financial stability; – ensuring the availability of financial services and capital [16]. The formation of a trusting environment is possible under the condition that the funds of depositors and creditors are secured, which can be ensured by the financial stability of organizations. Mega-regulator is taking measures to prevent the loss of investors’ funds, their free use and transfer. These measures include clearing the market of unfair and weak

5 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK participants (in 2017, information on 1,633 pawnshops, 953 MFIs, 393 PDAs were excluded from the register), work to counteract unfair practices, developing tools to identify them and interact with law enforcement agencies; financial literacy, the formation of regulation, allowing consumers of financial services (individuals and legal entities) to receive a product that corresponds to their investment profile, complete and accurate information about the inherent risks of the financial product, increase the value of goodwill [18]. The conditions of fair competition in financial markets create the opportunity for participants to work in a market environment, to compete for the consumer, without having the opportunity to seriously influence the conditions of circulation of goods and services. Free competition forces the seller to introduce innovative business solutions, improve the quality of goods and services, and establish the optimal cost for the consumer. The elimination of excessive regulatory and behavioral barriers contributes to the efficiency of the country’s financial market and the formation of free competition [11]. Financial stability ensures the continuity of the provision of financial services to clients, the ability to predict the cost of capital for economic entities and reduces the costs of the economy that come from the realization of financial risks. Thus, there is a reduction in the cost of services for the consumer and increase its availability. Ensuring the availability of financial services and capital is the provision of the population with the opportunity to satisfy the need for those financial products that they need in the process of their economic life. One of the ways to implement the main directions for the development of the financial market and the market of pawnshops services, in particular, is the determination and implementation by the state of the optimal ratio of the regulatory burden on the sector. Consider what is being proposed by the Bank of Russia in relation to this issue in the Main Directions. Particular attention is paid to the ability of the regulator to respond promptly and effectively to a dynamic market situation, contributing in its actions to the protection of financial market entities from the loss of funds. In a number of countries, the issue of the development of flexibility and efficiency of the regulator in the application of supervisory and preventive measures was the use of professional judgment. Professional judgment is based on the priority of actual and economic content over the formal [9]. The application of the principles of professional judgment in the opinion of the Bank of Russia should not create an illusion of lawlessness in the market, the prevalence of the subjective opinion of the regulator and a selective approach to the measures applied. The qualitative use of professional judgment in supervision can reduce the excessive regulatory burden on the financial market associated with the need to comply with the requirements of the regulator [9]. Preventing the offense, not the punishment itself, is the core of professional judgment in supervision. This fact necessitates a wide interaction of the regulator with the supervised companies. Thus, professional judgment develops the need for the advisory function of the regulator on current issues of activities and compliance with legal requirements, increasing attention to the business reputation of company executives and other requirements. In order for supervision to be based on the principles of professional judgment, it is necessary to carry out a large amount of work on its organization, and a certain level of confidence in the market and the regulator is also needed. The above principles of the system of professional judgment underlie the development in the Russian Federation of proportional regulation and a risk-based approach to the supervision of financial organizations. Proportional regulation and risk-oriented approach to supervision can form a balance in the system of distribution of functions for control and supervision between the mega-regulator and self-regulating organizations (SRO) [12]. The concept of proportionality of supervision arises from two main points: – requirements for the organization should be proportionate to the scale of its activities;

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– the distribution of companies by category in the implementation of control (supervision). Especially effective is the use of a proportional approach in market surveillance, represented by a large number of companies. In this case, for the market of pawnshops services, this approach is necessary (4440 organizations are in the state register of pawnshops), taking into account the need for efficient use of limited financial, human and time resources of controlling and regulatory bodies [4]. Proportional regulation is based on the fact that mandatory requirements and sanctions applied to companies correspond to the nature of the industry and the market sector, inherent risk levels, consequences for the client, in case the organization violates the requirements. Thus, a set of statutory minimum mandatory requirements for financial market participants is formed depending on the level of risk inherent in a particular category of regulated entities [12]. An example of the introduction of proportional regulation in the market of microfinance services is the division of the market into microloan companies and microfinance (introduced from March 29, 2016) with the formation of different levels of rights and duties for both types of companies. Stricter legal requirements bring microfinance companies closer to banks. There are various reporting requirements. In relation to other subjects of the microfinance services market – cooperatives, the Bank of Russia has taken measures to divide the market by the size of operations (the number of shareholders). The size affects the requirements for financial stability, audit of accounting (financial statements) [12]. At the same time, according to the opinion of the Bank of Russia, pawnshops, in view of their business model, are classified as low-risk market participants and are rated as small participants in the microfinance market. This question may be due to the fact that, as a pawnshop lender, it is protected from the risk of default on a loan due to the possibility of covering all its expenses with the realized collateral. Attracting money from individuals who are not founders / participants of the pawnshop is prohibited. Thus, the risk of loss of financial stability is peculiar to the pawnshop to the least extent among the participants of the microfinance market. It seems that in the case of a reduction in the intensity of supervision over the activities of pawnshops, it is advisable to reduce the volume and frequency of their reports to optimize the load. In addition, it is similar to the developed system of interaction in the market of microfinance organizations, according to which major market players report directly to the Bank of Russia, and small ones through SROs [3]. The possibility of SROs reporting their wards allows it to better understand their activities and increase the effectiveness of verification activities. One of the key steps in the process of determining the optimal load on the market of pawnshop services is its institutionalization. It should be noted that in conditions of a developed trusting environment, free competition, financial stability and the availability of financial services and capital, they reduce the need for hard regulatory impact from the state and increase the relevance of using the market mechanism as an institution of regulation. For the pawnshop market, these processes entail the need to create self-regulatory organizations (hereinafter SRO), which unites professional market participants on a voluntary basis [1; 21]. In this direction, the market for pawnshops services lags far behind other subjects of the microfinance market. In the market of microfinance organizations and consumer cooperatives, self-regulation institutions have been introduced that gradually allow implementing the principles of proportional regulation and effective interaction with the Bank of Russia. The optimal ratio of the regulatory burden on the pawnshop services market, the combination of state and market supervision mechanisms, and the faithful observance by pawnshops of the letter and the spirit of the law are central to the development of this sector [21; 10]. The Bank of Russia plans to improve the regulation of the activities of microfinance market entities based on a risk-based approach, within which the establishment of differentiated requirements for the management and owners of microfinance market entities, the reporting

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procedure by microfinance market entities will be implemented. In addition, one of the tasks of the Bank of Russia in the development of financial markets is the need to analyze industry- specific legislation for the need to further improve it [7]. Discussion According to the professional community, the emergence of a mega-regulator in the person of the Bank of Russia has caused an increase in the number of regulatory initiatives, some of which greatly complicate the implementation by pawnshops of their operating activities. For large pawnshops, these legislative initiatives affect exclusively cost increases, and for small pawnshops, which form the basis of the lombard market, changes can make it impossible to run a business and then close it [14]. The above-mentioned professional community in the “Roadmap 2016–2018 of the development of the pawn market” market offers solutions to the regulatory burden on the pawnshop market. Among these proposals are the following: – differentiation of measures of administrative responsibility of pawnshops, including issuing warnings; – the development of self-regulation of the Lombard sector (the development and implementation of standards for the work of pawnshops); – simplifying reporting forms for pawnshops and reducing the number of reports (depending on the scope of the pawnshop’s activities) [14]. According to research conducted by the pawnshop association “League of Pawnshops”, according to information that it includes more than 50% of all pawnshops working in Russia, the vast majority of representatives of the pawnshop services market have no more than 2–4 employees in their staff [8]. A significant increase in the regulatory burden, the need for additional costs for qualified personnel, the acquisition of software systems that allow for the necessary reporting requirements for pawnshops, can potentially lead to more than half of the participants leaving the market [5]. Discussion of the regulatory burden is being discussed by the Government of the Russian Federation. According to the information of the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation, the main problems are: – limited instruments of control and supervisory activities. The necessary tools are those that are able to minimize the interaction of control and supervisory bodies with companies, but allow to increase the effectiveness of supervisory activities; – contradictions of the norms of legislation and their interpretation. It is necessary to systematize the process of official clarification of the requirements of the regulator, their consolidation at the legislative level, and work to eliminate the revealed contradictions. Possible solutions to these problems in the implementation of supervisory activities are: – the transition to a risk-oriented approach focused on public interests (economic feasibility of inspections, the use of risk indicators (supervisory triggers), systematization of control and supervisory measures); – provision of high-quality legislative material (development of requirements for the preparation of texts of regulatory documents, elimination of conflicts of interest in the field of regulation. Control and oversight bodies should independently determine the requirements for the implementation of supervisory activities); – introduction of digital technologies (to solve the problem of uniformity and centralization) [22]. Conclusion Modern regulatory approaches should be based on the balance of the requirements that are respected by financial market participants, including pawnshops, and the optimal regulatory burden. A balance that supports the development of the market, allows minimizing its inherent risks and at the same time optimizing the regulatory burden on participants in this market, is a necessary condition for increasing its competitiveness.

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A necessary element of the optimal regulatory burden on the pawnshop market is the standardization of supervisory processes, which contributes to effective and understandable interaction of market participants with the regulator, increases trust between participants in this process, reduces the possibility of interpretations and differences in the use of supervisory measures, as well as optimizing administrative burden. Reporting provided by participants in the pawnshop services market should eliminate duplication of information and take into account the scale of the organization’s activities, which should be the frequency of information. This will make regulatory requirements relevant to the risks incurred by the pawnshop, making it more attractive for business. In addition, self-regulation on the market of pawnshops can give a new twist to the development of this industry and optimize the burden on the part of control and supervisory authorities. At the same time, the SRO should be ready to assume the function of conducting effective checks of its members, their reporting, eliminating identified inconsistencies, providing the necessary methodological support for small players in the pawnshop market.

References 1. Algazina A.F. Self-regulation as a type of management activity (administrative and legal aspect): author. dis. ... сand. legal sciences. Omsk, 2017. P. 16–18. 2. Andryushchenko A.M. Riski razvitiya rynka lombardov v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Sotsial’naya politika i sotsiologiya. Vol. 15. 2016. No. 5 (118). P. 9–16. 3. Andryushchenko G.I., Savina M.V., Galinovsky D.S. Features of the modern Russian model of self-regulation of the financial services market of non-state pension funds // Financial Economics. 2018. No. 6. P. 1019–1023. 4. Bank of Russia Ordinance No. 4262-U, dated January 13, 2017 “On the content, form, procedure and deadlines for submitting reports of a self-regulating organization in the financial market to the Bank of Russia”. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_214420/ (date of access: 13.01.2019). 5. Bondareva Yu.E. Microfinance market in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation: current state // Money and Credit. 2017. No. 1. P. 24–30. 6. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_ LAW_5142/ (date of access: 05.03.2019). 7. Egorova M.A. To the question of the legal status of self-regulatory organizations in the Russian Federation // Law and Economics. 2016. No. 5. P. 11–22. 8. Federal Law “On pawnshops” of 19.07.2007 No. 196-FZ. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/ document/cons_doc_LAW_70009/ (date of access: 12.01.2019). 9. Federal Law “On Self-Regulating Organizations” of 01.12.2007 No. 315-FZ. URL: http://www. consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_72967/ (date of access: 01.01.2019). 10. Federal Law of 10.07.2002 Nо. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37570/ (date of access: 05.03.2019). 11. Internet reception of the Bank of Russia. Questions and answers on Lombard activities M., 2018. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/Reception/Faq/lombard/. 12. Kazakov K.A., Kalacheva T.L. Self-regulation and self-regulating organizations // Innovative development of modern legal science // Materials of the II annual scientific readings dedicated to the memory of professor A.P. Lonchakov. 2018. P. 126–130. 13. Klevtsov V.V., Submerged A.Yu. Mega-regulation as a tool for managing risks arising from the development of the financial and credit system // Banking services. 2017. No. 12. P. 2–6. 14. Official site of the Russian Microfinance Center. URL: http://files.rmcenter.ru/year/2017/4/ prezentacii2/Lazutin.pdf. 15. Official website of the League of Pawnshops. On the position of the League of Pawnshops on the draft Instructions of the Bank of Russia. 2018. October 7. URL: https://www.ligalomb. ru/index2018.htm. 16. Report for public consultations. Use of motivated (professional judgment) in the supervisory practice of the Bank of Russia. M., 2018. URL: http://www.cbr.ru/content/document/ file/50704/consultation_paper_170705.pdf.

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17. Report on the Results of the Discussion of the Issues of Improving the Control and Supervision Activities on the Fields of the Forum in Sochi of the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation. M., 2018. URL: http://control-nadzor.rf/news/po-sledam-foruma- v-sochi-klyuchevye-vyvody-o-reformirovanii-knd/. 18. Review of key indicators of microfinance institutions. Information and analytical materials. M., 2018. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/47553/OKP-MFO_01-2018.pdf. 19. State Register of Pawnshops. M., 2018. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/finmarket/supervision/ sv_micro/. 20. The concept of proportional regulation and risk-oriented supervision for NFO. M., 2018. URL: http://cbr.ru/StaticHtml/File/11106/onrfr_2016–18.pdf. 21. The main directions of development of financial markets for the period 2016–2018. M., 2018. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/finmarket/development/develop/main_directions/. 22. The main directions of development of financial markets for the period 2019–2021. M., 2018. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/finmarket/development/develop/main_directions/.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Andryushchenko, A.M. (2019) Determination of the Optimal Regulatory Burden on the Part of the State in the Pawnshop Services Market, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 4–10. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-4-10 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Andriushchenko Anastasiya Mikhailovna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Krasyuk P.P., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-1489 UDC 338.24 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-11-19 Interpretations of Contracting and Pertaining Notions in the Russian and Anglophone Approaches in Procurement

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 23.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: among the main legislation problems of Russian contract system are overcomplication and underdefinition. The term contracting does not have a clear definition. Sometimes scientists use it varyingly. The subject of the article is contracting in public procurement. The purpose is to find its place and meaning; the subsidiary purpose is to find other relevant hereto problems. The results confirm the hypothesis: the correlations of the term were found, inconsistencies are present. Novelty: correlation between Russian and English terms contracting are found; additionally, three definitions are presented. Findings: the legislation in need of alteration; fields for further research are suggested. Methods: theoretical. The framework of the results: contract system and procurement. Key words: contracting, contract, public procurement, terminology, contract system. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Contemporary development of procurement in the Russian Federating has led to significant enhancements in the contract system for the provision of state and municipal needs. This system is, for instance, considered one of the most transparent in the world. Along with all ameliorations, undeniable deteriorations occurred, namely the process of purchase lost versatility and, at the same time, remained obfuscated. The legislation is rapidly developing, but some obscure regions still present. One of such is, according to the preparatory research, term contracting in the public procurement, which will be the subject of this. The purpose of the article is to prove the hypothesis that, firstly, the term contracting is not defined properly or applicably, secondly, exist correlating notions in foreign legislation. In addition to that main task the author tries to find conjugated issues and point out field for further research, but not to give viable resolution to the established matter. Methods For this research a number of foreign and Russian sources were analysed, including articles, reports, glossaries, legal acts and theses. After the initial evaluation, results were subjected to synthesizing; certain findings were made by the application of analogy. Assumptions and deviations accepted by the author are expounded below. For the needs of present paper predominant terms in the Russian practice «договор», «контракт», «соглашение» are to be translated as “arrangement”, “contract”, “agreement” respectively for the purpose of distinction among the aforementioned hereinafter. Assuredly 11 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK such approach may not and will not be considered comprehensive in terms of conventional translating practices and should be applied with due prudence and limitations, since contract and arrangement in such ought to be contemplated as a contract for both terms. Still, in order to depict and represent the dissimilarity, or speaking precisely, distinctness between the notions in question, such circumvention is being applied as a relatively concise solution. Furthermore, any notions herein are translated specifically for the needs of and in sense of the present, thus applicable with limitations and circumspection, unless explicitly stated contrarily. At the present stage of economic development conceptual apparatus, created within the framework of fundamental institutional theories and used in the Russian scientific literature, equalize categories of contract and arrangement. Wherein numerous and varying definitions of contract are present, such as: a free and concerted arrangement (transaction) of the parties; a voluntary agreement (arrangement) between independent agents; as agreements (arrangement) to exchange bundles of rights, which is the result of a free and informed choice of individuals within the framework specified by the institutions. It is fairly stated that through the contract rights for goods are transferred, and therefore a contract is an agreement, an arrangement which establishes civil rights and obligations of the parties and stipulating the terms of the agreement. Hence, contractual relations are implied as relations arising between two or more parties in the implementation of the terms of the contract (arrangement). In general, such terms are interpreted as mutually interchangeable notions. Characteristics, borrowed from a broader term of arrangement are inherited by or applied to the contract, thereof extrapolating representations prevailing in relation to the civil law contracts, tools of ensuring the sustainability of economic turnover, interactions of the companies on the different stages the stages of contract life cycle on the contract system. One of the reasons for such lies in the witless translation into Russian of the term contract. The term contract and related concepts as contractual relations, contractual obligations possess well established meanings in the English legal and economic practice. Namely a whole family of notions: contractor (supplier), contracting authority (customer), the contracting officer (purchaser), contracting parties (contracting agents) and others [1]. The Russian-language conceptual apparatus, in turn, possess concomitant concepts such as agreement, transaction, arrangement and, naturally a contract. Each of which requires accurate and precise interpretation or translation in other languages. According to some research, in relation to the Russian system of law and economic management such concepts are not to be treated as synonyms, maintain each and special functions. In the Russian economic paradigm significant objective differences are present between the contract and the arrangement stipulated by the system of law. Features of the contract are laid in the basis of the contract system, the legal relations of which are outlined by the Federal Law on the contract system in the sphere of purchases of products, work or services for the provision of state and municipal needs, hereafter “44-FZ”. The phenomena perceived require rigorous interpretation. Without doubting the evident righteousness of such distinction between the two and presence of features extrapolation of the broader notion upon the narrower one, it is relevant to indicate jeopardy of ignorance of contract system authenticity, what can lead to misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions by the researchers and practitioners. The term arrangement, in the aforementioned application manner, presents one of the fundamental and august institutions of economic turnover. About a half of the Russian Civil Code deals with matters, pertaining to such arrangements. Notwithstanding that complexity, with correlation to relationship, where at least one party is represented by the state juridical entity of whatsoever organizational form, alias public legal entities, the contract substitute traditional arrangement. Adhering to established terminology, for the needs of present paper, we shall discern contract as a particular nature of arrangement, where party is representing public legal entities and the purpose of such is aimed at providing state or municipal needs.

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In this sphere the imperative obligation to conclude a state or municipal contract is imposed upon actors, subject to jurisdiction of that law. That is, contract system and affairs begotten thereby are virtually self-contained subject for analysis and research. Results The development and improvement of state procurement activities in Russia have led not only to a change in the legal framework for regulating relations aimed at meeting state and municipal needs, but also to the emergence of a new definition – “contracting”. At first glance, the concept of “contracting” is formed from the concept of “contract” – and means the process of the conclusion and execution of contracts. The meaning of the word contract in economic dictionaries is equated with the contract, implying mutual obligations of its participants. However, in legal documents the use of the definition “contracting” is not so straightforward. At the same time, in the legal context, the meaning of the word contracting, presented in the Financial Dictionary, does not actually contradict the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [3]. 44-FZ is notorious for overregulation due to its imposition of excessive rules and associated statutes, insofar providing essentially compendious framework for contracting system of the Russian Federation [7]. Pursuant thereto, procurement of goods, works, services for the provision of state or municipal needs (hereinafter – procurement) – is a set of actions carried out in accordance with the procedure established by present Federal Law by the customer and aimed at providing state or municipal needs. Procurement begins with the determination of a supplier (contractor, doer) and ends with the fulfilment of obligations by the parties to the contract. If, in accordance with this Federal Law, the placement of a notice for procurement or an invitation to participate in the determination of a supplier (contractor, performer) is not provided for, the procurement begins with the conclusion of the contract and ends with the fulfilment of obligations by the parties to the contract. The determination of a supplier (contractor, doer) – is a set of actions that are carried out by customers in the manner prescribed by this Federal Law, starting with the placement of a notice for the procurement of goods, work, services for the provision of state needs (federal needs, the needs of the Russian Federation) or municipal needs or in cases established by this Federal Law, by sending an invitation to participate in the definition of a supplier (contractor, performer) and ending with conclusion of a contract. As can be seen from above, the named law does not specify the term of contracting (контрактация), whereas used broadly in practice. The notable definition of contracting is present in a vast number of articles and theses, but the absence of strict terminology and its embedded convoluted essence leads to misconceptions and varying readings. Infra we shall provide several illustrations of such and try to offer solutions to eradicate ambiguity lest further confusion. We shall start by applying to the explanatory dictionary, which gives the following definitions [7]. Meaning of the word according to Efremova: contracting is an action on the meaning of a verb to contract. Encyclopaedic dictionary states that contracting is the conclusion of the contract, the arrangement; is a system of contracts concluded in any area. Most often, the term «contracting» applies to arrangements for the purchase of agricultural products. Meaning of the word contracting in the business dictionary: contracting is the conclusion of arrangements between companies producing products and companies that procure and sell these products. Meaning of the word in financial dictionary: contracting is one of the forms of countertrade, is widely used in the procurement of agricultural products. Meaning of the word in Ushakov dictionary: contracting is the system of procurement of products, mainly in the field of agriculture, on the basis of preliminary arrangements concluded in advance. Definition of the word «contracting» in GSE: contracting agricultural products in the USSR is a single form of procurement of agricultural goods. While speaking about electronic data interchange (EDI), Shastitko et al. limited the sphere of application to contracting [14]. As part of the contracting process (starting with a discussion

13 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of the terms to the contract and concluding with the final transactions on the results of the supply of goods and provision of services rendered) between the buyer and the seller, named process inevitably inflicts transaction costs that manifest in a variety of forms and depending on the organizational method of interaction between the companies. These costs can be viewed in chronological baseline, what is implemented by Wallis and North [11] in their classification, reflecting the distribution of costs by stages of contracting. Firstly, ex ante, the period before the conclusion of the contract, during which there are transaction costs, including the costs of obtaining information about prices, quality of goods, reliability of the counterparty and possible alternatives. In this case, the focus will not be on EDI technologies, although they can be used to file official requests for, such as, prices and nomenclature goods, and per digital technologies used to search for information and its systematization. Secondly, ex interim, the stage of concluding a contract during which costs arise, related to the processing and transfer (forwarding) of documents, notarization, calculations, etc. At this stage, EDI technologies play an important role, since they allow speeding up the contracting process, reducing the time for the transfer and signing of documents. Finally, ex post, the stage of contract execution and post-contract relations, where costs are associated with the implementation of control, resolution of disputes arising, etc. In the process of executing a contractual agreement, the use of an EDI ensures the rapid exchange of documentation and reduces the number of errors in settlement documents during their automatic processing [8], what can reduce part of the costs connected with interaction with the partner and monitoring his activities. As evident out of aforesaid, views are present, which perceive contracting as a rather broad notion (in terms of duration), even not directly connected with state and municipal procurement. Smotritskaya et al. tends to use term contraction too when covering matters of contractual paradigm. They claim that the representative of the new institutional theory, Williamson considers most of the economic relations (in fact, all relations that do not possess free-market characteristics) to be contractual. Subjects of economic relations replace the usual free-market bargain on market with a more complex form of economic organization – contracting to achieve superior efficiency. Williamson showed that such previously considered diverse phenomena as vertical integration, ways of organizing work, modern corporation, corporate governance, government regulation, are of a similar contractual nature and therefore are subject for analysis based on a single concept of transaction costs [15]. That is, such term can be used by a number of scientists in affinity for all relations that do not possess free-market characteristics. Limits of budgetary obligations find immense usage in the relations, subject to legislation of FZ-44 and the term in question, contracting, was used in such interrelationship, due noted by Bogoslovtseva. In the economic literature, not only the term “contract” is increasingly being used, but also the term «contracting». It can be assumed that the legal basis for the use of the term “contracting” was generated by the US Competition in Contracting Act (1984). In Russia in 1994, Kovalkov and Dmitriev applied this term in the work «The concept of state regulation of contracting for the supply of military products» [9]. In accord with Bogoslovtseva, the fundamental nature of the study of contracts and contracting is engrained by Sukharev in his «Williamson’s Theory of Contracts and Institutional Changes», in which he refers to the definition of contracting Williamson as a long-term contractual relationship that preserves the autonomy of participants while providing specific guarantees [16]. Objective need to disclose new content of contracting with relation to spending of the budgets, Limits of budgetary obligations, arose in connection with the adoption of the letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 02-13-10/141 and the Federal Treasury of Russia No. 42-7.4-05 / 2.3-41 dated January 21, 2013 “On civil contracts of budgetary institutions” (herein used, contract is applied instead of arrangement, as therebefore conferred), which deals with the determination of the percentage of contracting of limits of budgetary obligations. In framework of cash (accounting) execution of budget expenditures,

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by “contracting of budget funds”, the process of concluding government contracts between recipients of budget funds and their counterparties based on the principles and procedures established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of public procurement is understood. And the level of contracting of limits of budgetary obligations naturally shows the percentage of government contracts to the volume of committed limits of budgetary obligations [4]. In this treatment, predominantly by the Russian officials, the term in question acquires somewhat different apprehension. Speaking of the subject (of contract) as the basis for the delimitation of related forms of contracts, we shall apply to contracting which is a type of sale [5]. The subject of a contract of contracting may be only agricultural products, directly obtained on the farm of the manufacturer, namely grain, vegetables, fruits, live cattle, poultry, raw milk, sheep wool, etc. Under this contract, goods that are products of the processing of cultivated or produced agricultural products. The contracting agreement is used to sell only agricultural products to procuring and processing organizations that, after processing products, in turn sell it to retail or wholesale enterprises, but under an agreement wholesale purchase. In other words, under the contract contracting purchased agricultural products that have not been processed. For example, cheese and butter as dairy processed products are already subject to the supply contract jurisdiction [13]. When analysing concepts “arrangement of contracting for state needs”, “state contract” and “arrangement for supply of goods for state needs” (in sense, stated in the prolegomenon) and their interconnections, the question of the place of arrangement of contracting for the supply of agricultural products for state needs in the legal relations arises [20]. Tkach, researching logistic contracting, writes as follows: one of the key problems in implementing the principles of supply chain management is the substantiation of the concept of logistics contracting, i.e. the conclusion of integrating arrangements governing the joint activities of participants in supply chains, which are legally independent entities. The complexity of solving this problem is determined particularly the fact that some of the issues related to logistics contracting remain open [18]. Other notable contribution in development and its application was made by Andreev, as writing: in connection with the problem of planning and contracting products, an integral part is the solution of organizational, technical and economic problems existing in enterprises and organizations. It should be noted that today in the contracting for products, short- term contracts and agreements prevail in the framework of annual budget planning, which hinders the process of producing high-tech, innovative products [2]. The author segregates planning and contracting; states that contracting somehow incorporate or affects contracts and proceeds, quoting: the methodological features of contracting products for state needs should be taken into account. They represent the fact that the state orders and purchases the necessary production option in a form for goods, in a strictly defined form, with a previously fixed organization, technology and product quality, and working conditions – under the control on behalf of the customer. Obaljaeva applies to the term in the monograph. Preliminary studies have shown the lack of substantiation of the strategic directions for the development of procurement procedures in the electronic bidding management system, the lack of structure of the organizational basis for the contracting of goods, works and services, the need to form service standards that take into account legislation on the contract system [12]. Ibidem, the unified information system in the contracting of products should be based on the needs of the market, the advertising (verbatim et literatim) sector. The reglement of electronic trading platform involves a clear action of personnel in the placement of purchases and their contracting, minimizing investment and financial risks on the part of the customer and the supplier of goods and services. The Code of Federal Regulations provides thorough elucidation of the word in question. Contracting means purchasing, renting, leasing, or otherwise obtaining supplies or services

15 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK from non-federal sources. Contracting includes description (but not determination) of supplies and services required, selection and solicitation of sources, preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. It does not include making grants or cooperative agreements [17]. UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement (2011), partly on which the 44- FZ is based, does not provide similarly definition of contracting but operates with the term and gives definition of direct contracting in its glossary [19]. In general, the situation present in the foreign sources is found to be considerably different from that of discussed earlier. Whereas there is no omnipresent tendency to provide wording for the term, but the usage in consistent and homogeneous. The numerously quoted paper by Williamson, for example possesses more than four hundred instances of such usage, with even the very fourth word being “contracting”: firms, markets, and relational contracting are important economic institutions [21]. The author of the present thinks there is a rational justification for the established situation. In English language word contract is comparatively widespread. The word “contract” can convey several meanings and represent different parts of speech. Hence the main sphere of study of this may not be considered logistics, we shall not provide a meticulous examination into each possible meaning of the word. For the present, the main interest a noun with denotation (and several derivative): an agreement that is legally binding between two or more parties, to perform a specific work; a verb: to make an agreement or contract; to covenant; to agree; to bargain. Obviously, such meanings are habitual for native speakers and do not necessitate any additional clarification. As for the government (rection) a number of collocations of verb “contract” with prepositions are possible, namely: for, of, to, with etc. Nevertheless, in the sense of “to undergo an agreement in order to procure goods or works” the desirable one is “contract for”. Moreover, gerund, a non-finite form of a verb is easily formed by adding suffix “-ing”; such, so-called verbal nouns are present widely in English, whereas likewise formation is not rigorously possible in the Russian language due to differences between the former and the latter. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation the concept of «contracting» uses twice: in paragraph 5 “Contracting” and in article 454 “Contract of sale”. The exact definition of the term “contracting” is not presented in the Civil Code, but the content of the articles of paragraph 5 (article 535. Contracting arrangement; article 536. Obligations of the procurer (stockpiler); article 537. Obligations of the producer of agricultural products; article 538. Responsibility of the producer of agricultural products) are devoted to regulating the relations of suppliers and producers of agricultural products, which indicates the special nature of these contractual relations. In accordance with article 535 under the arrangement of contracting, the agricultural producer undertakes to give away the agricultural products grown (produced) by him to the supplier – the person purchasing these products for processing or sale. For relations under an arrangement of contracting, not regulated by the rules of paragraph 5, the rules on the arrangement of supply (articles 506–524), and in appropriate conditions, on the supply of goods for state needs (articles 525–534) apply. According to the supply arrangement (article 506) “the supplier-seller engaged in entrepreneurial activity undertakes to transfer, in a stipulated time or periods, the goods produced or purchased by him to the buyer for use in entrepreneurial activity or for other purposes not related to personal, family, household and other similar uses” [5]. Under a state or municipal contract (article 526) “for the supply of goods for state or municipal needs, the supplier (performer) undertakes to transfer the goods to the state or municipal customer or, on his instructions, to another person, and the state or municipal customer undertakes to ensure payment for the goods supplied”. The subject of the contract of contracting can be any agricultural products. It is curious to note that both regulatory legal acts and legal literature use the terms “agricultural products” or “agricultural products” without any explanation. Apparently, it is assumed that everything is already clear, although the elementary question: “Do yeasts belong to agricultural products?”

16 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 confuses many specialists. But finding out the exact content of the terms is the basis for proper qualification of contractual relations. Based on the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contracting contract acts as a special supply contract; a whole paragraph is devoted to it, which defines contracting as an independent type of contract. Distinctive features of contracting in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are: firstly, the subject of the contract, which is agricultural products produced by the seller; secondly, a different approach to the duties and responsibilities of the procurer and producers, as the duties are set to the procurer and producers, and the responsibility is only to producers of agricultural products in the presence of his fault, that is, not taking into account natural factors beyond control of the producer. Evidently, the above Articles 506 and 526 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regulate the supply of goods to entrepreneurs and state or municipal customers, and not only agricultural products, but the concept of «contracting» is not found in these articles. All of the above argues for the need for a theoretical clarification of the concept of “contracting”, identifying the economic essence and main characteristics of this definition in the conditions of development of the contract system of state and municipal procurement. In addition, the objective need to disclose the new meaning of contracting in modern conditions arose in connection with the usage of the concept of contracting in relation to the limits of budgetary obligations [10]. However, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs is based not only on the law 44-FZ, but primarily on the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws governing contractual relations in the field of procurement. Based on the foregoing, it seems appropriate to introduce into the regulatory documents the concept of contracting, as a process of preparation, formalization, conclusion and execution of contracts, including in the field of state and municipal procurement, which will eliminate discrepancies in the understanding of this term, will ensure legal literacy in its use for the conclusion of contracts in various sectors of the economy, as well as in determining the percentage of contracting limits of budgetary obligations [3]. Discussion In the pursuit of clear definition of contracting, term widely used in modern day procurement for state and municipal needs in Russia, the author studied a number of legislative acts, articles and theses, foreign sources due to its origin. Three main approaches can be enumerated in this regard: the first, conventionally named negligent, majorly implies usage of the term without strict explanation or quotation. Superficially it may seem unsound, and event contemptible in certain cases, but such attitude highlights the rootedness of the notion and means that its perception is quite homogeneous. The second, titled archaic, predominantly ignores the new meaning and complies to the agricultural framework; this group primarily covers legal system. The third, legislative, implies scrupulous scrutiny of the problem with subsequent proposal of solutions. The biggest threat lies in misunderstanding; as could be seen from the results of the research many renowned scientists tolerate with “fluctuations” in terminology, which leads to certain state of sixes and sevens. What is worse, the apparently most prevalent group of scientists is to be classified as devotees of the first approach. Apart form alteration of legislative base, a provisional method can be suggested: for each case of execution of the term, the ad hoc definition may be provided with given limitations, for temporal eradication of wonted ambiguity. This actions not only provide clarity for the ideas but build up base for the forthcoming establishment of the notion. Another suggestion may be in adoption of glossary to the 44-FZ in addition to its present article 3, in the similar way, as the Title 48. However, this article did not set a task for offering a definition for contracting, we shall try to present several variants based on the studied material. Firstly, contracting

17 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK includes description (but not determination) of supplies and services required, selection and solicitation of sources, preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. Secondly, contracting is a process of preparation, formalization, conclusion and execution of contracts. Thirdly, contraction includes planning of procurement, determination of supplier, conclusion of the contract and execution of the obligations. During the analysis of literature, the author detected several open problems, presenting interest for the future research. Firstly, as certain inconsistency is present in legislative base, namely terms contract (in terms of the civil code) and contract (in terms of 44-FZ) (for this case contract is used in conventional manner) and, undoubtedly, contracting, develop strict meaning for equivocal terms or expunge duplications. Secondly, develop comprehensive base for translation of notions into foreign languages lest concoct terms and devise irrelevant meanings for words each time; propose patterns for exact interpretation. Last but not the least, lead notation of contract system to uniformity with itself, other laws and acts, international practice. Conclusion The research managed to prove the hypothesis. Indeed, inconsistencies do present in the legislative base, which may affect the cognition of the term contracting. The author found the origin and conventional meaning of this term and even tried to give variants for understanding in the framework of contract system, based on previous research. Additionally, the author found other drawbacks of the law as of related to contracting, namely duality of terms contract in the Russian tradition, insufficient disclosure of terms, pertaining to contract system and complications with translation.

References 1. Anchishkina O.V. Economic and legal features of contractual relations as a special institution of the Russian economy // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018. No. 3. 2. Andreev N.Yu. Methodology of managing the processes of formation and placement of orders in the electronic trading system: dis. ... d-r of econ. sc. M.: NOChU VPO “Moscow Finance and Economics Institute”, 2016. 303 p. 3. Bogoslavtseva L.V. Definition “contraction” in the sphere of purchases for provision of state and municipal needs // Innovative science. 2016. No. 2-1 (14). 4. Bogoslavtseva L.V. On the issue of contracting of the limits of budget obligations of budget funds recipients // Symbol of Science. 2016. No. 1-1. 5. Civil Code of the Russian Federation part two of January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (Edited on 30.12.2018). URL: http://www.consultant.ru; Contracting // General Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian language. URL: http://tolkslovar.ru/k8308.html (date of access: 15.05.2019). 6. Federal Law «On the contract system in the sphere of purchases of products, work or services for provision of state and municipal needs» dated 05.04.2013 Nо. 44-FZ. URL: http://www. consultant.ru. 7. Koch B. Business Case. E-invoicing / E-billing. 2017. URL: http://www.billentis.com/e- invoicing-businesscase.pdf. 8. Kovalkov Yu.A., Dmitriev O.N. Concept of state regulation of contracting for the supply of military products (on the example of aviation facilities) // Military thought. 1994. No. 8 (9-10). 9. Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 02-13-10/141 and the Federal Treasury of Russia No. 42-7.4-05 / 2.3-41 dated January 21, 2013 “On civil contracts of budgetary institutions”. 10. North D., Wallis J. Integration Institutional Changes in Economic History. А Transaction Cost Approach // Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 1994. Vol. 150 (4). P. 609– 624. 11. Obaljaeva Yu.I. Strategic directions of development of procurement procedures in the system of electronic trading: dis. ... сand. of econ. sc. M.: NOChU VPO “Moscow Finance and Economics Institute”, 2018. 157 p.

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12. Ponedelko D.V. Specific supply contract, its contrast to other types of contacts used in delivering goods and services // Tomsk State University Journal. 2014. No. 384. P. 167– 171. 13. Shastitko A.Ye., Shpakova A.A. Electronic Document Interchange in the Contractual Relationship // Upravlenets – The Manager. Vol. 9. 2018. No. 5. P. 2–10. 14. Smotritskaya I.I., Chernykh S.I. Contract paradigm. Nobel Prize in Economics 2016 // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics RAS. 2016. No. 6. 15. Sukharev O.S. Williamson’s Theory of Contracts and Institutional Changes: A Modern Vision of Agency Interactions // Journal of Economic Theory. 2012. No. 3. P. 84–95. 16. Title 48 – Federal Acquisition Regulations System as of February 22, 2019. URL: https://www. ecfr.gov. 17. Tkach V.V. Logistic contracting as a factor of construction supply chains // Audit and financial analysis. 2013. No. 3. P. 156–160. 18. United nations commission on international trade law. UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement. 2001. URL: http://www.uncitral.org. 19. Vasev A.Yu. The ratio of the concepts of «contracting» and «supply of goods for state needs» // Statute and law. 2009. No. 9. P. 77–80. 20. Williamson O.E. The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. N.Y.: Free Press, 1985. 475 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Krasyuk, P.P. (2019) Interpretations of Contracting and Pertaining Notions in the Russian and Anglophone Approaches in Procurement, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 11–19. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-11-19 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Krasyuk Pavel Pavlovich Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Molchanova N.V., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-4916 Martynova M.Yu., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Political Science And International Relations, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Researcher ID: S-3405-2018 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-8240 UDC 33; 327 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-20-25 The Arctic Vector of China’s Foreign Policy: History and Legal Framework

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 31.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: in recent years, the Arctic has become the focus of attention of more countries ever. China is interested in the exploration, development and extraction of natural resources located in the Arctic region, as well as in other activities, no less than other countries. The article discusses the main interests of China in the Arctic in the XXI century, the history of its participation in the Arctic activities. Was reviewed the legal basis for the implementation of the Arctic vector of China’s foreign policy. Based on the analysis, the author concludes the growing interest of China towards the Arctic region. Key words: Arctic vector, China, legal framework, foreign policy, Northern Sea Route. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Against the background of the global warming, is pointed out the interest in the permafrost region not only from biologists, geophysicists, meteorologists and other scientists, but also from politicians, political scientists, public figures and organizations. Both Arctic and non- Arctic countries are showing great interest in the resources and problems of the Arctic, while pursuing similar but differently ambitious goals. For today, not only the Northern countries bordering the region, and having the right to intelligence and mining activities, are fighting for supremacy in the Arctic. More and more countries located at a sufficiently large distance are entering into this struggle. Among the actively introducing in the region non-Arctic countries stands China. Any changes in the region have a direct impact on the climatic and environmental situation of the country. In addition, the sustainable development of the Chinese economy is strongly linked to the economic and resource potential of the Arctic region. Like no other country, China understands the strategic importance of the Arctic in the context of global politics and economy. In order to improve its position in the region, to have access to all kinds of resources of the Arctic region, China is actively developing a new vector of its foreign policy – the Arctic vector.

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However, many researchers would argue that the Arctic vector of Chinese foreign policy is a new phenomenon, because in retrospect, the Arctic interests of Beijing can be traced back to the XX century, when in 1925 the country joined the Treaty of Spitsbergen of February 9, 1920 [8]. Nevertheless, the novelty of this phenomenon is confirmed by the intensification of Chinese attention to the region in any sphere in recent decades. Scientific expeditions, the construction of a new icebreaker, unusual for the needs of the countries of East and South-East Asia, makes many countries, especially the countries of the Arctic coast, think about China’s goals in the region and the possibility of their implementation. Many countries did not fear China in the Arctic stage, as long as the official statements of the Chinese government were fragmented and unclear, and the scientific and expert community could only assume the vision of the Arctic from the side of Chinese dragon. However, the White paper, released by Beijing in January 2018, determines the need for closer attention to the interests of such a serious player, and also emphasizes the importance of the studies presented in the last few years on the theme of the Arctic vector of the PRC. The purpose of this article is a compilation of a chronology of the activity of China in the Arctic since the early XXth century to the present day, as well as the determination of the legality of the implementation of the PRC activities in the region. Most of the work of Russian researchers is devoted to the issue of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the Arctic, as well as the origin of the Arctic vector in Asian countries. Among them are the works of Martynova M.Y. [6], Petrovsky V.E. [7], Filippova L.V. [7]. It is worth noting the work of Vylegzhanin A.N. [13], in which a special place is given to the consideration of the legal status of the Arctic region. Karlusov V.V. [4; 5] in his works stresses the increasing Arctic aspirations of China. Among foreign researchers it is worth highlighting Jacobson L. [3], who in its work “China prepares for an ice-free Arctic” suggests that China may be a key figure in the development of the Arctic region due to its global economic opportunities. Chinese authors Qu Tanzhou [14], Sui Guanmiao [9] and Van Juntao 12] also played an important role in the coverage of the topic, expressing China’s geopolitical strategy in the Arctic. Methodology The methodological basis of the study is composed of general scientific and special methods of cognition, such as dialectical method, formal-legal, comparative-legal and historical-legal methods. When analyzing and summarizing the actual position of Chinese government on the discussed issues, the author also adopts the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. Results On the basis of publicly available data on the activities of the Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China in the Arctic region, was compiled a chronology of China’s activities in the Arctic from the beginning of the XXth century to the present day. The legitimacy of China’s activities in the Arctic was also confirmed. It is concluded that the Arctic vector in the strategy of China’s foreign policy development is increasing. Discussion Before proceeding to the consideration of China’s activities in the Arctic region, it is necessary to identify the main reasons for the implementation of these activities, namely the economic, political, research and climatic interests of Beijing. Among the main factors that attracted China’s attention to this region, are worth mentioning first the natural resources. The Arctic is extremely rich in almost all kinds of natural resources. Within the continental part, reserves of copper-Nickel ores, tin, agrochemical ores, rare metals and rare earth elements, large reserves of gold, diamonds, tungsten, mercury, ferrous metals, optical raw materials and ornamental stones were found. Thus, the Arctic has great potential to provide humanity with the necessary resources. For China, with its ever-growing

21 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK population, in an environment of economic growth, that requires significant resource support, the government is interested in expanding the number of sources of such resources. Another reason for the emergence of the Arctic vector in China’s foreign policy is the use of Arctic transport routes. China owes much of its economic growth in recent decades to free trade, which in turn is heavily dependent on international shipping. Reduction or increase of transport routes can have a significant impact on the volume of Chinese exports and imports. China sees special prospects in the transportation of its goods across the Arctic ocean [6, p. 438–440]. The development of the Northern Sea Route could give a significant impetus to the economic development of the whole of China and its North-Eastern part in particular. However, despite the fact that the melting of permafrost has allowed us to look at the Arctic as a promising region for hegemony in which everyone is ready to fight, warming also has negative consequences for our planet. According to Chinese scientists, all the changes taking place in the Arctic have a direct impact on climatic and environmental conditions directly in China, and therefore on agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and others. Such influence affects the economic interests of Beijing and requires intervention to study and prevent possible consequences. According to the White paper, to understand the Arctic, China will increase its capacity for scientific research; to protect the Arctic, China will actively respond to climate change, ensure the preservation of the natural environment and ecological system [1]. As already noted, the beginning of the development of China’s Arctic policy was laid in 1925, when the country joined the Treaty of Spitsbergen of February 9, 1920. This Treaty was signed in Paris, and determined the fate of the archipelago. China’s accession to it determined the country’s right to economic and research activities, both on the territory of the archipelago itself and in its territorial waters [8]. After that, China for a long time did not pay attention to the Arctic region, due to numerous reasons, including the state instability. With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, is laid the basis for the country’s modern activities in the Arctic. Thus, in 1964, the government established the State Oceanographic administration of China, which, however, did not actually perform one of its tasks regarding expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic up to 1978. Even the beginning of the reforms of openness did not help China to take part in active practical activities. For several decades the limited scientific and technical base made itself felt. In addition, the very profitability for the country of the Arctic vector of foreign policy was in question. The State Oceanographic administration of China resumed its activities after 1982, when China signed the UN Convention on the law of the sea. The implementation of scientific research has begun, however, they were aimed at the Antarctic region. As for the Arctic activities, China began to carry out active actions only in the second half of the 90-ies of XX century. The first stage was the entry into the existing organizations, one way or another regulating the activities of countries in the Arctic. Thus, in 1991, China became a member of the Northern Forum, in 1996 – of the International Arctic scientific Committee, as well as the Scientific Council for the study of the Arctic Ocean. At the beginning of the XXI century, China became a participant or observer of various organizations and forums, including the Vice-Chairman of the Pacific Arctic group (see Table 1). As for more decisive actions, in 1993 Beijing bought from Ukraine the first in its fleet icebreaker «雪龙», the literal translation of which means a «Snow dragon». To date, we can say that this is not the only Chinese icebreaker, as in 2018, a new icebreaker of Chinese production «雪龙-2», was already launched, and which, according to the plan, in 2019 will finally enter into operation. The cost of the project for the construction of the «Snow dragon-2» was about a billion yuan [10]. While the new icebreaker is just getting ready to go into the ice-covered sea, the first «Snow dragon» already has several scientific expeditions. Since 1999, the PRC has conducted seven

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Table 1 China’s participation in international structures dealing with Arctic issues [8] Organization name Year of es- Legal status and field of activity Year of PRC’s Status tablish- accession of the PRC ment International 1990 Non-state; scientific research 1996 participant Arctic Committee Arctic Council 1996 Intergovernmental forum; sustain- 2007 temporary able development in the Arctic and observer protection of its environment 2013 observer Northern forum 1991 Non-state; socio-economic devel- 1991 participant opment of the Arctic Scientific Council 1984 Non-governmental; scientific re- 1996 for the exploration search of the Arctic ocean of the Arctic Ocean Pacific Arctic group 2005 Non-governmental; research in the 2005 Country Vice- Arctic ocean and the North Pacific Chairman Forum of Arctic re- 1998 Interstate; optimization of logis- 2003 search operators tics and operational support of sci- entific research research expeditions: in 1999, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and so on at least once every two years. The last expedition left Shanghai in July 2018 [2]. It was attended by foreign scientists from France, the United States and several other countries. It is important to note that all these expeditions are organized and carried out within the framework of a complex project called «Arctic expedition». In addition to regular research expeditions, which are carried out mainly in the summer (May to September), the project includes works on the Chinese polar research station, operating year-round. This scientific station «Huanghe» was founded in 2003 in new Olesund on the archipelago of Spitsbergen thanks to the active cooperation of China and Norway. The station is equipped for oceanographic and climatic studies. The research is aimed directly at studying the reserves of natural resources of the Arctic bottom and the impact of climate change in the Arctic on the natural and climatic environment of China. Although China is not officially an Arctic country, the concept of China as an «almost Arctic» or «Arctic» state has taken root in the scientific community of Chinese researchers. For example, Chinese scientists Li Yuanshen and Hou Jinlin draw a parallel between natural phenomena, as well as changes in agriculture, and the arrival of Arctic air masses in East Asia. Scientists say that «the Arctic is a region on which depends the formation of weather, including in China» [4, p. 26]. And here is the question of the normative regulation of any activity in the Arctic region, because, as it is known, Arctic countries like Russia, Denmark, Canada and Norway are striving for Arctic sovereignty and actually have much more rights to carry out activities in the region than the same distant China. China, as well as Japan, South Korea, Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are making great efforts in the framework of international law to justify their claims to participate in the development of the resources of the Arctic [13, p. 50]. For today, there are many regulatory acts, treaties governing the rules of international law in the Arctic. The most important of them is the UN Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. According to articles 17–19, all countries are granted the right of innocent passage through territorial waters, and article 87 guarantees freedom of navigation on the high seas [11]. But with regard to the development and extraction of resources of the seabed of the Arctic, the Convention 23 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK provides the sovereign rights of coastal countries. Thus, although China considers itself an «almost Arctic» state, it can participate in the development of the continental shelf only on the basis of cooperation with the Arctic countries. In the works of Chinese authors, much attention is paid to the Treaty of Spitsbergen of 1920, to which China joined in 1925. Such attention may be justified by article 3 of the Treaty, which states that «all parties shall have free access, for any goals and objectives, to the waters, fjords and ports of the localities listed in article 1; countries shall be able to engage, subject to local laws, in shipping, industry, mining and trade operations on terms of full equality» [8]. Based on this agreement, Beijing hopes to promote the idea of internationalization of the Arctic, which in the last decade has become strategic for the region [12, p. 55]. In 2010, rear admiral Yin Zhou declared that «the Arctic belongs to the whole world, so no nation has sole power over it». After, not once were heard such loud statements from Chinese scientists, officials. Subsequently, the rhetoric was softened, but the meaning remained the same. Returning to the normative documents, it is necessary to mention the Polar code adopted in 2014–2015. It is important to note that Chinese experts also took part in its development. However, the Code focuses on pollution prevention and navigation and does not address the right to develop and extract natural resources in the region. The most important regulatory authority of the Arctic region for China remains the Arctic Council. As an observer, China has the right to an advisory vote, but not a decisive one. Beijing can promote its projects through a permanent participant or the Arctic state, which in general is equivalent. Thus, by cooperating with the Arctic coastal countries, China has the ability to indirectly influence the management of activities in the region, especially in matters of cooperation. Taking into account all the above-mentioned legal acts and agreements, we can talk about the absolute legality of Chinese activities in the Arctic region. Then why is China’s presence in the region still so limited? Such restrictions are hidden in the discrepancy between the provisions of the 1982 Convention and the internal legal acts of the Arctic countries regulating navigation in the Arctic Ocean. Many Chinese scholars refer to the above-mentioned article 38 of the Convention, which, by applying to the Northern sea route and the North-West passage, could give China a new desired trade route and fully implement the «One belt-One road» initiative. At the moment, it is not possible, since Canada considers the North-West passage to be its internal waters. Russia, in turn, considers the Northern sea Route as a «historically established national transport communication» [9, p. 56]. Conclusion Summing up the results of the considered legal acts and treaties regulating international activities in the Arctic region, as well as making a chronology of China’s activity in the Arctic, we can draw the following conclusions. 1. With each year the Arctic occupies an increasingly important place in China’s foreign policy. Taking into account the economic, climatic, research and political interests of Beijing, the government is actively developing the Arctic vector of foreign policy, entering into the existing regulatory structures of the Arctic region, joining the signed international agreements. China is also expanding its research and technical base in its intention to be presented more widely in the region. 2. China has no territorial claims to the Arctic. Beijing respects the sovereign rights of the Arctic States. Developing its Arctic vector, the country adheres to the existing legal acts and treaties. All research, economic and other activities are carried out within the framework of signed agreements or in cooperation with the Arctic countries, which confirms the legitimacy of Chinese activities in the Arctic region. 3. China stands for the internationalization of the Arctic, promoting this idea among non- Arctic countries. Beijing also hopes to resolve discrepancies between international agreements

24 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 and domestic documents of the Arctic coastal countries, and as a result, to expand its rights and opportunities for the use of the Northern sea Route, and in perspective, the resources of the ocean floor.

References 1. China’s Arctic Policy (White Paper). Full Text // The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 2018. URL: http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/ content_281476026660336.htm. 2. Chinamodern.ru. Chinese research vessel went on an Arctic expedition / Modern China – informational resource. 2018. URL: http://www.chinamodern.ru/?p=27957. 3. Jakobson L. China prepares for an ice-free Arctic // SI PRI Insights on Peace and Security. 2010. URL: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/insight/SIPRIInsight1002.pdf. 4. Karlusov V.V. Arctic in the system of Pekin`s global priorities: Russian sight // Vestnik of MGIMO-University. M.: MGIMO, 2012. P. 24–32. 5. Karlusov V.V. Arctic vector of China`s globalization. М.: RIAC, 2012. P. 67–74. URL: http:// russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=244#top-content. 6. Martynova M.Y., Shulenina N.V., Belyaeva V.P. Arctic vector of East Asian policy // Political science issues. Vol. 8. 2018. No. 8 (36). P. 430–445. 7. Petrovskiy V.E. China`s Arctic development strategy and prospects for Russian-Chinese cooperation in the region // China in world and regional politics. History and modernity. Vol. 23. 2018. No. 23. P. 171–182. 8. Spitsbergen Treaty. 1920. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/902038168. 9. Sui Guanmiao. The interests of China`s policy in Arctic: history, legal basis and implementation // World economy and international relations. Vol. 60. 2016. No. 2. P. 52–62. 10. Topwar.ru. In China, the first own icebreaker was launched. What for? // Military review – informational resource. 2018. URL: https://topwar.ru/146778-v-kitae-spuschen-na-vodu- pervyj-sobstvennyj-ledokol-zachem.html. 11. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 1982. URL: http://www. un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf. 12. Van Juntao. Geopolitic strategy of China in Arctic. SPb.: SPBSTU, 2015. No. 1 (215). P. 54–56. 13. Vylegzhanin A.N. Legal status of the Arctic region in the documets // Arctic region: international cooperation problems. M.: RIAC, 2013. P. 48–55. 14. 曲探宙等. 北极问题研究. 北京，海洋出版补. Qu Tanzhou. The Arctic Studies. Beijing (In Chin.) 2011. 377 р. URL: https://www.docin.com/p-1576084477.html.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Molchanova, N.V. & Martynova, M.Yu. (2019) The Arctic Vector of China’s Foreign Policy: History and Legal Framework, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 20– 25. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-20-25 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Molchanova Natalia Vyacheslavovna Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Martynova Marina Yurievna Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Head of the Department of Political Science And International Relations Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Shelyganova O.I., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-3098 Krasnova S.A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 6701865769 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-8279 UDC 330.47 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-26-34 Modeling of the Process of Registration of Estimate-Contractual Documentation

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 24.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the subject of research is the modeling of the process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation. The purpose of the study is to create an effective model of this process for its further monitoring and efficiency improvement. The main methods of research are modeling and analysis. Modeling consists of creating and running an improved model, analyzing its performance and evaluating its effectiveness. According to the analysis of the new model of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation, it can be concluded that the following results were achieved: the cycle time was reduced, the number of contracts was increased, the areas of responsibility of performers were delimited, and operations were optimized and automated. As a result of the study, recommendations for monitoring were developed, the stages of regulating the process and the areas of responsibility were presented. The practical and scientific significance of the project is based on the fact that due to the created model it is possible to do a similar analysis of business processes in any organization to monitor and improve efficiency with the help of available software. Today, the necessary Express information about the condition of the process can be obtained without using of specialized programs. Key words: business process, modeling, estimate-contractual documentation, analysis, evaluation, simulation program. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Competent policy of management of internal processes and resources is a key factor for improving the profitability of the company in a market economy. Modeling of business processes is the main management tool of a modern enterprise. During of the research it is necessary to create an effective model of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation for its monitoring and to increase the profit of the enterprise in the further. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to modeling the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation of the organization in order to make right management

26 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 decisions, improve the efficiency of the registration process, and improve the competitiveness of the enterprise in the modern economy. Subject of research is the modeling of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation. The purpose of the study is to create an effective model of process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation for its further monitoring and efficiency improvement. It is necessary to solve the following main tasks to achieve the purpose: 1) to study the basic programs of business process modeling; 2) to explore the estimate-contractual documentation and describe the process of its registration at the enterprise; 3) to create models of the process “as_is” and “as_to_be”, to evaluate the results of modeling; 4) to develop recommendations of monitoring and to analyze the effectiveness of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation in the new conditions; 5) to formulate the results of the work. It is raised the problem of improving the efficiency of the process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation with the help its modeling and monitoring. Application aspects can be considered to increase profits, distribution of areas of responsibility, development of monitoring, search for an effective solution, optimization of functions and regulation of different components of the process. Feature of formation and development of the studied process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation is its direct influence on the profit of the organization due to the conclusion of contracts with Customers [4; 15]. The study was conducted in the following stages: 1) the study of the theory of business process modeling; 2) the study of estimate and contract documentation; 3) the choice of modeling program; 4) the study and description of the process; 5) the creating “as_is” and “as_to_be” models; 6) the model analysis and evaluation of simulation results; 7) the development of recommendations for monitoring and regulation of the process; 8) the efficiency analysis of the process and the implementation of the developed recommendations. The hypothesis of the study is that the creation of an effective model and the consolidation of monitoring the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation will reduce the time of the process and improve the efficiency of the enterprise [12; 13]. Means of hypothesis testing are modeling and analysis of the process using specialized software. The degree of study of the theory of business processes is high, but there are new areas for research and a wide range of tasks for practical application, which give rise to the applied aspects of this problem. After all, the concept of a business process involves modeling, automation, monitoring, increasing profits, etc [2]. Modern managers and specialists need to fully understand and be able to apply process management tools in practice [19]. Today there are many specialized programs for modeling business processes, but they are expensive and require professional support. At the initial stage of the study of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation, software should be open for potential users, be used with minimal cost and do not require complex implementation projects. Possible services for modeling the process according to such criteria are, for example, BizAgi Modeler, Visual Paradigm and BPsimulator. The comparison revealed that the service BPsimulator is the most appropriate for the study [10; 18].

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When the process models have been created, it needs to be regulated. There are different options for distributing the areas of responsibility of the employees, which depends on the organizational structure of the enterprise and the used information technology. When implementing changes, there is also a choice between training staff in a new approach to the execution of the process or programming software for the existing organizational structure. Therefore, alternatives consist of possible ways to solve a specific management problem. In the future, it is planned to study more complete details of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation and to introduce the specialized software in the enterprise. For example, you can consider BizAgi Suite as a instrument for process automation and control. Methodology The main methods of studying the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation are modeling and system analysis [3]. Modeling consists of creating and running a model, analyzing its performance and evaluating the effectiveness of modeling. This method is effective because all elements of the model are based on current and accurate data. The model of the process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation is considered as a sequence of functions and as a system of areas of performer responsibility [16]. Computer tools and software are the main instruments for process modeling. You can see the same characteristics of the used notations, such as functions and relationships. But notations are different for the purpose of their application in the areas of enterprise process management. Therefore, EPC notation is most suitable for creating an effective model of registration of estimate-contractual documentation. It can be used to conduct a study of work flows (operations of the process) and organizational structure (areas of responsibility of the performers). The right choice of software simplifies the task of simulation of the process [17]. There is a comparison of possible services according to several main criteria on the table 1.

Table 1 Services for process modeling № p / N Name of criterion BizAgi Modeler Visual Paradigm BPsimulator 1 Notation BPMN IDEF, EPC и BPMN EPC и BPMN 2 Interface Convenience medium high high 3 Unloading of the model graphical view graphical view and the graphics view and code save 4 Simulation No Yes Yes 5 Cost free of charge paid free of charge

According to table 1 it can be seen that the service BPsimulator more fully satisfies the requirements: free of charge and possible of simulating the process. The use of notation, built on the image of BPMN and EPC notations, allows inexperienced users to create model, because there is no need to follow certain rules. The service focuses on the study and simulation of the model, the evaluation of modeling and the duration of the process, which is very important for solving the tasks of research. Therefore, a business process is modeled in EPC notation with the service of visual modeling bpsimulator.com. The simulator is implemented as a web service with the ability to work offline. Modeling simulation includes the following steps:

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1) the modeling the business process; 2) the model simulation; 3) the analysis of simulation results [14]. The peculiarity of the studied process is that the technology of the process and the product itself-the documentation can’t be changed [20]. Therefore, the purpose of optimization is to reduce the time from the appearance of the customer application to the signing of the reporting documentation of the contract. Its achievement will contribute to the formation of a competitive advantage among departments and profit in the enterprise [8]. “Bottlenecks” in the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation, on which information hangs, are: receipt and transfer of documentation to the customer; calculation; coordination, verification and signing of documentation; purchase of materials; monitoring of contract performance [5]. To improve these process operations, you must introduce monitoring procedures, such as: 1) introduction of electronic document management [7]; 2) create an application (tables in Excel) for calculation; 3) create tables to monitor contracts; 4) to develop a compact model for analysis; 5) the regulatory process and responsibilities of employees. Another procedure to prevent process execution deviations is the introduction of changes to the model “as_is”. Its main goal is to achieve and provide employee understanding of the new model implementation for further using. This will ensure a reduction in their resistance of innovation [6]. Parameters of process measurement are investigated by the method of monitoring their progress in real life and the study of the norms of performance in the enterprise. The execution time of each function is different in the new model: 1) “Receipt of application” from the Customer about the execution of a draft agreement or provision of accounting and calculation materials is performed by the Chief (Deputy. chief) for 1–12 hours; 2) “Providing information about labor costs, materials, etc.” is performed by the Performance Manager for 1–5 hours; 3) “Cost Calculation” is performed by the Economist for 1–4 hours; 4) “Preparation of the draft contract and its approval” are performed by the Economist for 1 day; 5) “Verification of contractual documentation” is performed by Expert of contract Bureau for 1–2 days; 6) “Signing of contractual documentation” is performed by the Director (Deputy. Director) for 1 day; 7) “Its’ transfer for approval to the Customer” is performed by the Economist for 1–2 hours; 8) “Purchase of necessary materials, etc. for execution of the contract” is performed by the Expert of supply Department for 1–3 days; 9) “Monitoring of contract execution” is performed by the Controller for 1-3 days (during the term of the contract); 10) “Confirmation of completion of the contract” is performed by the Chief (Deputy. chief) and Performance Manager for 5 hours; 11) “Preparation and approval of reporting documentation of the contract” is performed by the Controller for 16 hours; 12) “Test reporting documentation” is performed by the Expert of contract Bureau for 1 day; 13) “Signing of reporting documentation” is performed by the Director (Deputy. Director) for 1 day; 14) “Transfer of reporting documentation for approval to the Customer” is performed by the Performance Manager for 2 hours.

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We will analyze the obtained data models “as_is” and “as_to_be” with the criteria of evaluation of the results: the cycle time, the number of contracts, loading of performers, the area of responsibility of performers, efficiency (automation), accuracy, information, flexibility and reliability (risk of error) (table 2).

Table 2 Analysis of simulation results Evaluation Criteria Model Model of the results “As_is” “As_to_be” Cycle time 126 hours 97 hours (14 working days) (10 working days) Number of contracts (responses) 9 contracts 19 contracts Loading of performers 74,78% 72,56% Areas of responsibility of performers Economist Performance Manager Efficiency (automation) low high Accuracy low high Information low high Flexibility low high Reliability (risk of error) low high

Therefore, as a result of modeling the main objectives are achieved: reduced cycle time by 4 working days; increased number of contracts (responses) for 11 pieces; delimited areas of responsibility so that the load of the performers decreased by 2% and equal. For consolidation of the new model, it is necessary to regulate the parameters of operations, plan adjustments and approve the terms of reference for the work. Results In the course of the study, the theoretical result was that the BPsimulator service was enough to simulate the contractual documentation process on its own. A simulation was carried out, “bottlenecks” were identified and the loading of performers was redistributed with the help of service. It was found that the introduction of monitoring will help to maintain the stability of the process, in a timely detection deviations or non-compliance stages. The necessity of introduction of electronic document flow is defined. Tables for calculation, tables for monitoring of contracts and the model of the contract for the analysis are created. During the experiments, it was found out that due to the creation of models and their analysis, the potential profit of the enterprise doubled. Alternatives to achieve the desired results can be considered with the help of software tools. Also, due to the optimization and regulation of the order and duration of the performed operations, performer loading was slightly reduced, since previously unfulfilled applications began to arrive. I.e., the loading is not significantly decreased, but increased production of performers. Areas of responsibility can be allocated experimentally, choosing the best option to perform the operations of the process and compliance with labor standards of the organization. A direct relationship between the number of execution of contracts and the amount of profit of the enterprise was found at the study. Due to the creation of models and their analysis, the potential profit of the enterprise has doubled. Introduction of unit of the Controller is directly affected on the download of the Economist. It has decreased due to the transfer of the operation on monitoring and control over the execution of contracts.

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Therefore, in the study you can identify such patterns as the increase in profits from the increase in the number of applications, reducing the cycle time of the process through the introduction of new information technologies, which will also help to reduce the time spent on the execution of operations by performers. Modeling has led to the following results: 1) identification of unjustified duplication of functions between performers and “zones of irresponsibility”. To prevent this, you must introduce the Controller unit; 2) identification areas of no optimality, reducing the efficiency of the business processes (processing of applications, negotiation and signing of contractual documentation); 3) creating track of specialists’ performance, increasing their accountability; 4) reducing the number of errors and reducing the human factor in the production process; 5) implementation of the KPI system, clear incentives for achieving certain results by the staff; 6) regulation of business processes, which will create a Handbook for new staff; 7) the establishment of procurement of products in time, etc. [1]. Introducing a new model, it is necessary to instruct employees with the goals and procedure for implementing a new business process model. Also it is necessary to analyze and monitor practical measures of new forms of operations in order to identify deviations from the desired result and the real possibility of the developed model. The positive results are corrected and fixed. The last stage of implementation of the new model is the development of regulatory documentation of effective and promising business processes identified in the course of diagnosis and analysis [11]. A new result in the long term will be the creation of an information system for the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation, which will be automated and easy to use. The consequence will be to attract the flow of potential profits and increase the competitiveness of the enterprise in the modern economy. An important discovery in the study was that due to the optimization and regulation of duration of the performed operations, performers’ loading was slightly reduced, since previously not executed applications began to arrive. I.e., the loading capacity is not significantly decreased, but increased performers’ production. Also, due to the introduction of the Controller unit, the need for a narrow specialization of workers was identified, which is aimed at performing the same type of operation. The results of the analysis of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation show that in the model “as_to_be” achieved efficiency indicators of the process: 1) increased the number of contracts to 19 pieces; 2) reduced cycle time to 97 hours; 3) redistributed areas of responsibility (Fig. 1). Due to the processing of a larger number of applications, the potential profit is attracted, the cycle time is reduced by half, which shows the presence of automation and an increase in the efficiency of the process. Redistribution of areas of responsibility and a small reduction in the load of performers give them free time for professional development and serve as a motivation for the execution of operations on time. The conclusion that refutes the existing theory is that at the initial stage of research and an attempt to optimize, detect bottlenecks and eliminate problems of the process, you can do without the introduction of complex software. The practical and scientific significance of the project lies in the fact that the work was carried out for further commercial use. Based on the model, you can perform a similar analysis of business processes in any organization to further monitor and improve efficiency.

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Figure 1. Diagram of Model “as_to_be”

Discussion The value of the work from a subjective point of view is the creation of an optimal model of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation for its further monitoring and improving efficiency with the help of available software. The study touched upon the main problems of the process: increasing profits, increasing the number of contracts, reducing the duration of the cycle, reducing the load of specialists, description of areas of responsibility, search and elimination of bottlenecks, modeling and optimization with the help of available services, etc. On the basis of the experience and theoretical knowledge models of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation “as_is” and “as_to_be” were built. The simulation was performed using the service BPsimulator at minimum cost and in a short time. The main stage of the experiment was the construction and simulation of a new model, the choice of suitable options. Interim results varied, but the focus was on achieving the desired targets. The complexity of the study was the redistribution of areas of responsibility, which resulted in the addition of a controller unit and the introduction of automation of operations. Monitoring was introduced and the stages of the process regulation were defined to consolidate the simulation results. So first you need to organize the regulation of business processes of the highest rank, then explain and record the business processes for the staff of the lower rank. You need to organize the regulation of the process management method, to establish a mechanism of feedback from specialists to management and to form a system of legal documentation. The implementation of new model requires at least six months. At this stage, changes are being implemented [9]. The expected period of implementation of the optimization task will be about two years. After the adoption of a new model of the process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation, it will begin on work of the collection information to optimize the information system of the enterprise.

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Experience with a negative result was the presence of a queue of unprocessed applications at the beginning of the process. The decision of this situation through the expansion of the state: the economist or the performance manager was failed. Therefore applied introduction of unit of the controller and redistributed areas of responsibility. The using of information and communication technologies is a recommendation to eliminate the queue of applications and to reduce the time of performance functions. Conclusion According to the analysis of the new model of the process of registration of estimate- contractual documentation, it can be concluded that the following results were achieved in the course of modeling: 1) reduced cycle time by 4 working days, which is important for customers to get a response, also it shows the presence of automation and increase the efficiency of the process; 2) the number of executed contracts (answers) has been doubled, which indicates the attraction of potential profits; 3) delineated areas of responsibility in such a way that the load of the performers decreased by 2% and became equable, which gives them a little free time for professional development and motivation for the execution of operations on time. Before the beginning of the study, it was planned to unload the performers more, it turned out to reduce only by 2%. This result can be considered positive in the conditions of the initial stage of optimization. The studied process of registration of estimate-contractual documentation has developed at the enterprise many years ago and has not been revised for a long time. Therefore, innovations through modeling and implementation of information and communication technologies are needed for today. In the course of the study, recommendations for monitoring, the stages of regulating the process and the areas of responsibility of the performers were developed. Thus, the process of execution of estimate-contractual documentation has become more flexible for management decisions, which increased the financial and economic stability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The limitation in the course of the work is the availability of software only for the initial stage of research for problem detection and preparation of information. Financial support is needed to implement specific programs covering the entire company. In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that for any enterprise, ensuring a competent process for maintaining contractual documentation is extremely necessary to increase the flow of profits. Clear distribution of duties and responsibilities of officers, focusing more attention on emerging challenges in process, optimization of workflow and the achievement of financial and payment discipline promote efficiency of the whole enterprise. Therefore, the problem of modeling the process of estimate-contractual documentation in the enterprise is always relevant and important.

References 1. Analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of processes / Studwood.ru. 2017–2019. URL: https://studwood.ru/1006776/menedzhment/analiz_rezultativnosti_effektivnosti_ protsessov. 2. Assessment of optimality and optimization of business processes. URL: http://bpr.emd.ru/ main/otcenka.php/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 3. Business process. 2015. URL: https://utmagazine.ru/posts/8668-biznes-process. 4. Business processes: the Process of concluding a contract with the client / Copyright 2004– 2019. URL: https://infostart.ru/public/708994/. 5. CASE-technology. Structural system analysis (automation and application) / G.N. Kalyanov. M.: Lori, 2002. P. 76–80.

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6. Classification of business processes of the enterprise. URL: https://studfiles.net/ preview/5429943/page:8/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 7. Corporate mail / E-site Trend. 2013–2018. URL: https://www.korporativnaya-pochta.com/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 8. Information flows of enterprises and methods of their research. URL: http://bbcont.ru/ business/informacionnye-potoki-predpriyatii-i-metody-ih-issledovaniya.html/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 9. Life cycle of a process / Studwood.ru. 2017–2019. URL: https://studwood.ru/1272412/ menedzhment/metody_metodiki_modelirovaniya_biznes_protsessov. 10. Modeling the business processes / E-site. 2007–2018. URL: http://www.kpms.ru/ Automatization/BPM.htm/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 11. Modern methodology and software solution business modeling. Stages of business process modeling / Studwood.ru. 2017–2019. URL: https://studwood.ru/1398265/finansy/ tehnologiya_modelirovaniya_biznes_protsessov (date of access: 07.03.2019). 12. Optimization of business processes: methods, stages, errors // Commercial Director. 2017. URL: https://www.kom-dir.ru/article/1960-optimizatsiya-biznes-protsessov. 13. Organization of work with documents // Manage the company. URL: http://upr.ru/article/ ORGANIZACIYA_RABOTY_S_DOKUMENTAMI.html/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 14. Simulation of business processes. URL: https://habr.com/post/214017/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 15. Standard contract for the provision of services: conditions, form, sample // People’s Adviser. 2018. URL: https://nsovetnik.ru/dogovor/tipovoj_dogovor_na_okazanie_uslug_usloviya_ forma_obrazec/. 16. The Life cycle of the process / Pitersoft: process Management. 2005–2018. URL: https:// piter-soft.ru/automation/more/glossary/process/zhiznenniy-tsikl-protsessa/. 17. The performance Indicators of the process / Pitersoft: process Management. 2005–2018. URL: https://piter-soft.ru/automation/more/glossary/process/pokazateli-effektivnosti- protsessa/. 18. We Optimize the business process with the help of a simulator. URL: https://habr.com/ post/219687/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 19. Who needs business processes and why // Management without rules. URL: https://dela.ru/ articles/komu-i.-zachem-nuzhni-biznes-processi/ (date of access: 07.03.2019). 20. Work with contracts: office nuances // Secretary referent. URL: https://www.profiz.ru/ sr/5_2014/rabota_dogovori/ (date of access: 07.03.2019).

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Shelyganova, O.I. & Krasnova, S.A. (2019) Modeling of the Process of Registration of Estimate- Contractual Documentation, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 26– 34. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-26-34 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Shelyganova Olga Ilinichna Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Krasnova Svetlana Anatolyevna Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor of the Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Tkachenko S.V., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-2797 Martynova M.Yu., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Researcher ID: S-3405-2018 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-8240 UDC 330.101.54 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-35-43 China in the Industry of Innovation: Cooperation with Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 15.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the research is aimed at studying and analyzing various aspects of China’s innovation policy. The prospects of bilateral cooperation between China and Russia, joint innovation projects, the results of their implementation and future goals are considered. Modern indicators of innovative development of China in comparison with last years and other countries are given and compared. The essence of the innovation portfolio developed by the Chinese Government in the long term is revealed. The potential of China in the field of innovation is being explored. Key words: China, Russia, innovation policy, investment cooperation, innovation projects, indicators of innovation development. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction In today’s world, China is one of the most successful countries in the world in terms of the development of innovative economy. Characterized earlier as a low-tech country, China has quickly become one of the largest innovation centers, which actively develops international trade and initiates the exchange of technology. Now China is taking an important step in increasing its innovation potential by moving from the production of goods developed by foreign companies to the implementation of its own developments. The subject of this study is the innovation policy pursued by China over the past 10 years. Tasks: a) Examine completed and ongoing in China innovative projects; b) Identify the potential of future developments in China’s innovation sector; c) Explore investment potential and opportunities for cooperation with Russia in the field of innovation; d) Explore joint innovation projects between China and Russia. The study contains the following stages: the choice of the topic of scientific research, the definition of the subject and tasks, the formulation of the title of the work, the plan of the 35 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK study, work with literature, the choice of research methods, research, processing of results, and formulation of results. Relatively few scientists conduct research on innovation capacity in China compared to other research areas. However, there is a noticeable increase in interest in the field of high technology, which leads to an increase in the number of scientific papers on this topic. Most scientists are representatives of the country of study. Scientific co-worker from China named JI Qi together with Russian scientists is actively working in the journals “Science and innovation” and “Science and technology”, where he constantly conducts research in various areas of innovation in China. They conclude on the advantages and disadvantages of China’s scientific and technological policy, praising the development of effective measures to stimulate scientific and innovation activities. Zhang Zhang from Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov and Zhao Xue from the St. Petersburg University, conduct research in the field of innovative development and efficiency of technological innovations. The authors come to the results that the innovative potential of China is gaining momentum, providing the country with increased development. However, in the scientific community there is a lack of updating information about modern innovative projects in China, as well as in cooperation with Russia. Methodology The study was conducted using theoretical research methods. Analysis and synthesis allowed to consider the subject of research, both in individual aspects and in a single whole for global significance. The method of comparison revealed the common and private between a number of innovative projects in China, as well as projects in cooperation with Russia. The inductive method was carried out to summarize the information and derive the results of the study. Results The innovative potential of China is very large and continues to grow, which should be a guide for the future for the Russian side. The imposition of a number of sanctions from the West has made a great impetus for the accelerated implementation of joint innovative projects between Russia and China, supported by new signed cooperation agreements. The implementation of joint programs with Russia clearly shows that China’s high technology is better than ours, because the agreements on the Chinese side are implemented many times faster. The quantity and quality of planning, implementation and results of China’s innovative projects is an indicator for most developed countries. The projects themselves affect the sphere of high technologies, which acts as guarantors of economic and political stability. Discussion China attaches great importance to the development of innovation. At the moment, the country boasts a wealth of experience in this area, which is also very successful. For many years, China has clearly followed the plan to change the state strategy of the national economy, which ultimately led to a rapid rise in innovation policy. The country, once closed from the outside world, has become one that boasts a progressive market economy, with the rapid development of new technologies, and the level of technological equipment, now China, perhaps, can be called one of the world leaders. Over the past thirty years, the country’s GDP has been growing by about 10% every year. With such an effective economic policy, China has allowed itself to improve the living conditions of its citizens, so about a million Chinese have been out of poverty. China in our time has become the second largest economy in the world. However, do not forget about the problems and risks that also had a hundred to be. The main ones are probably environmental pollution, as well as the imbalance in the distribution of resources and human capital. China understands that it is necessary to make changes in economic policy, as well as to find new growth factors. The country already long time exists because of foreign investment and investment through borrowed funds. Over the past 20 years, China has activated the political, economic and cultural spheres of the country’s life, which has led to tremendous success in the market economy. Having

36 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 learned from the experience of strict regulation of scientific development and technological development, the Chinese government is now creating very favorable conditions for the improvement and development of high-tech and progressive production. All this becomes possible thanks to active attraction of foreign investments and successful international cooperation. Previously, the reforms were aimed at the entire economic system of China. They have brought with them policies of a number of effective reforms and openness, which have contributed to the reduction of state regulation of the economy, as well as the attraction of foreign investment and technology. Ultimately, China laid a solid Foundation for the industrial structure. The country actively stimulated industrial production and soon became a global industrial center. However, now the increase of innovation potential is the main task of China for the near future. Country strive to create and manufacture its own goods, and not tedious to copy foreign technologies. The establishment of a full-scale, high – efficiency national innovation system was the main objective of China. On the basis of the “medium And long-term strategic plan for the development of science and technology “ from 2006, the most important reference points is the construction of an innovation-oriented society by 2020 [6], in the future-until 2030, it should enter the first row of innovative States to lay a solid Foundation for the creation of an economic power and a society of joint prosperity [18]. In the next stage, until 2050, China aims to become a power of scientific and technological innovation to promote the goal of building a modern socialist state and the Chinese dream of the revival of the Chinese nation [14]. The state was taking a number of measures to create a new innovation model that would enhance economic development and increase the growth of the middle class. It was also noted that innovation is the main driving force of development, it is necessary to constantly promote innovation from different sides, including the innovation of theory, regime, technology and science, culture, so that innovation becomes a trend not only in the activities of the government and the party, but also the whole society [4]. Since recently, China has been actively building scientific techno-parks, which form the basis of the Chinese research infrastructure. These parks were built in a large number within the framework of special economic zones (separate regions with simplified regulation of foreign economic activity). Technoparks and special zones are designed to improve the scientific and technological development of the country, as well as act as a high-tech transfer and a place to attract foreign investment. The most important goal is to create regional markets for high-tech goods and services. Currently, technoparks play a major role in the development of innovation, in turn, high-tech zones make a significant contribution to regional GDP. Total production in these zones amounted to about 10 percent of China’s GDP. China has already come a long way in the direction of investment development. Starting with the production center, the country turned to the policy of openness and gained access to technology and investment, becoming one of the leaders of the world economy and innovative development, based on the qualitative development of consumer-oriented innovations, as well as aimed at improving efficiency. China is actively considering Russia as a place for investment and a partner for the development of joint high-tech industries. At the moment, the strengths of the Russian innovation system are the industries that are associated with scientific research and engineering developments. Due to the fruitful economic cooperation between the two countries with these innovative potential and thanks to the transfer of technology, the subsequent effect can be very favorable. Therefore, in recent years, more and more attention is paid to cooperation between China and Russia in the field of innovative projects. China has long proved by its example that it is a country that effectively uses its economic resources. Despite the fact that now there is a slight decline in the economy of China; we cannot deny that this country is still one of the fastest growing economies in the world.

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Figure 1. Placement of scientific technoparks of the state level in China [6]

China is in constant search of new economic resources for its further positive development. So China, as already mentioned, finds Russia as a country for potential investment and cooperation. Investments mainly go to joint projects in the field of energy and mining, and much attention is paid to the enterprise in the Far East of the Russian Federation [8]. At the end of 2015, the two countries signed several major agreements aimed at the economic sector. During Vladimir Putin’s visit in 2016, more than 30 different agreements were signed. At that time, the innovative direction of cooperation grew very slowly, but after a number of sanctions from the West, this area received a significant push and began to develop faster. The number of accepted innovative projects has increased dramatically. For example, a number of agreements were signed in the aviation sector: an agreement was adopted on the organization of a center for maintenance and repair of Russian-made helicopters in China, as well as the countries agreed to establish a joint venture for the production of wide-body aircraft [3]. Cooperation between the countries in the development of the Tianwan NPP is one of the existing joint projects in the field of energy. Russia and China plan to build two NPP units (No. 7 and No. 8), undertake to perform works on the supply of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, to establish cooperation in the finalization of the fast reactor with the Chinese company, and also to decide on the allocation of a site for the placement of new NPP units [13]. Another example of cooperation between China and Russia is the agreement between Rosneft and China National petroleum Corporation (China oil and gas national Corporation) in the field of oil production. This cooperation is aimed at increasing the volume of transit flow of hydrocarbons in Kazakhstan and its prolongation until 2023. According to the above- 38 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 mentioned contract, the amount of transported oil will increase to 91 million tons and will allow to increase sales in the high margin Asian direction [12]. Between the Russian company VostSibYgol and the Chinese company for coal mining «Shenhu», in the company “RazrezYgol”, in which assets are distributed between Russian and Chinese parties in equal shares, also conducted fruitful cooperation. In plans, development of the joint project of extraction of coal on the field Zashulansky in Transbaikalia [16]. It should be noted that the Russian Federation is also clearly aware of the need to develop cooperation with China. First Deputy Minister of economic development of the Russian Federation Alexei Likhachev at a meeting of G-20 trade Ministers in Shanghai said in an interview with journalists that if Russia and China want to develop bilateral cooperation, they mainly need to establish cooperation in the field of innovation, as it is the least exposed to global risks [2]. China took the initiative of the Eurasian mega-project “One belt – one road”, which is, in fact, the revival of the Great silk road. It involves the involvement of the majority of Eurasian countries in the common economic space [7]. So today, Russia and China are closely cooperating to develop and strengthen the innovation sphere, so the International intellectual property center “Innovative silk road”, which is a joint Russian-Chinese project, was opened in Beijing. This place specializes in helping the Russian and Chinese companies in the protection of intellectual property, patent services, Analytics, promotion and introduction of inventions. Rospatent and The Chinese patent office (SIPO) take part in the work of the Center [15]. At the end of 2017, it is noted that China has exceeded 500 million us dollars in the volume of the intellectual property market, and in terms of the volumes of the races it has already overtaken Europe and is approaching in America. Now China is a country where more than 40% of the world’s applications for inventions are submitted. Therefore, guaranteed protection of intellectual property is a key factor in the development of technological and economic relations between Russia and China. In the spring of April 2018 in China in the city of Xi’an opened the Chinese-Russian innovation Park “Silk road”. On the first day of the Park’s operation, four Russian companies signed an agreement on strategic cooperation. Thus, the construction holding Leader Group, Ketchup Company, the all-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized businesses and the Russian-Asian Union of Industrialists and entrepreneurs officially began to work in the Chinese-Russian innovation Park. As one of the important projects of cooperation between China and Russia at the state level, the people’s government of Shaanxi province, where the city of Xi’an is located, and the Russian side signed a Memorandum on the joint development and construction of the Chinese-Russian high-tech parks “Silk road” on October 13, 2014. A unanimous decision on the creation of science and technology parks was adopted, and this direction became part of the state strategy [5]. The Park unites two sites: Chinese, located directly in Xi’an, and Russian. Enterprises of the following fields and industries are invited to work in China: control and measurement, information technology, Internet, health maintenance with the help of Biomedicine, artificial intelligence, etc. in the future, it is planned to build a high-tech industrial Park aimed at research and development of high and new technologies. Currently, the Chinese site has 8 enterprises, including the Russian Corporation “Lider Grupp”, “V-vat”, the company from Ukraine AlexOi. Two platforms have been formed: the international innovation center “Leader” and the Association for cooperation of scientific and technical enterprises between Guangdong province and CIS countries. In turn, the Russian Park will be located in Moscow in the world trade Center “Greenwood”. The industrial Park of high technologies will be focused on the development of the economy, where the main place will be occupied by the work on the development and development of high and new technologies. In the Russian Park invited mainly enterprises from Shaanxi

39 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK province, which are able and willing to develop a foreign direction. Then, gradually, enterprises and institutions from other regions of China will be attracted, and, ultimately, the Park will become the headquarters and place of co-location of enterprises of Shaanxi province, who decided to invest their capital in Russia. Now China is actively seeking to develop technologies for the production of its own brands, which will be exported. This decision is beneficial not only economically, but also politically, as it will allow the country to firmly defend its interests in the world market. Of course, China has its own production, but still one of the main goals of the country is the introduction of national brands in all innovative areas: aviation, space, in the military-industrial complex. However, it should be understood that in our time there is a lot of competition on the world stage. Returning to bilateral relations, it can be noted that Chinese side again and again claims that it is ready to effectively develop cooperation in the field of innovation with Russia, as evidenced by the recent statement of the Premier of the state Council of China Li Keqiang on the results of the 23rd regular meeting of the heads of government of Russia and China in November 2018. He also stressed that China is interested and ready to create a science and innovation Fund in order to support scientific and technical cooperation, joint development, as well as to identify promising areas of development [1]. It is important to study innovative indicators of development. According to the system of indicators of sustainable development developed by The Chinese Academy of Sciences, the innovation factor is included in the subsystem of intellectual support, which includes the following parameters: research and development costs, training costs, the average number of years of training, the number of patent applications per 10 thousand people, literacy [11]. China has made significant progress in creating and expanding the resource base for innovative development. Now the country is firmly held in 2nd place in terms of expenditure. Over the past 10 years, there has indeed been a massive flow of expenditure that has been able to leave behind such world leaders as Germany, the United Kingdom and Japan [9]. If we consider the statistics on the number of expenditures depending on GDP, China spends about 2% of GDP on innovation, located on the same level with the Netherlands and the UK. However, the intensive-ness of the expenditure still does not reach the marks of such leaders as Japan (3,5%) and South Korea (4,29%). Scientific and technological progress plays an important role in China’s economic development. In 2016, the contribution of science and technology to economic development was 56,2% of the average annual output growth rate (51% in 2005). This figure is expected to reach 60% by 2020 [17]. The average duration of education among the population aged 15 years and older reached 9,4 years in 2015, which is 0,3 years more than in 2010, and indicates a gradual increase in the level of education of the population [10]. China is actively investing in the training of R & D specialists. As a result, the country ranks first in terms of the number of research staff. The number of jobs exceeds 3,7 million, which is one third of the total number of specialists in the world. According to the program for the recruitment of international experts, the experts involved are offered a one-time allowance of 500,000 yuan, followed by another 3 million yuan for scientific research. With the help of these programs, China has attracted more than 6,000 experts from abroad since December 2008 [21]. The main indicator of innovation and knowledge generation is the number of patent applications filed, and equally important is the number of patents filed. China has actively recruited a number of submitted to the approval of the patents and reached in 2016 a mark of 43 thousand, which has put the country on the 3rd place on the ranking, second only to the

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United States and Japan. As for national patents in co-authorship, here China reaches 21,4% of the top 40 countries [20]. However, it is worth noting that not all approved patent applications are implemented and are useful to China. Thus, Yue Shufan notes that many scientific and technical inventions do not have sufficient practical significance. The data show that in 2013 the number of published articles included in the Index of scientific quotations and the index of engineering reached 231.4 thousand and 163.5 thousand, respectively. According to these indicators, China ranks 1st and 2nd in the world, but only 10% of scientific and technological achievements are implemented against 40% in developed countries [19]. Conclusion China has achieved significant results in the development and implementation of projects for the innovation sector. The country stimulates the economy, reducing the pressure on the part of the state on the economic sphere and the domestic market as a whole. This step helps to expand the opportunities for cooperation and investment that flow into China. Of course, the forecasts and prospects are positive, but do not forget that there are always negative sides. The yuan is still very dependent on the dollar, and China’s financial institutions are characterized by low competitiveness compared to the world. And do not forget that now China still has a low impact on the world market, when compared with the US or Europe. At the moment, a new innovative model is being built, which, in a certain account, must fulfill a number of tasks, since the achievement of the goals in the field of economic development, improving the standard of living of the middle class, as well as strengthening the innovative potential. If the tasks are fully implemented, China will acquire the status of an innovative leader. The Chinese government tirelessly declares that in order to move to the next stage of development, the country is obliged to create and improve its own technologies and developments. If we talk about cooperation with Russia, over the past few years, China has become Russia’s second most important export market and the first market in terms of imports. The history of cooperation has more than four hundred years, which explains the importance of countries for each other. In the field of technology transfer between Russia and China, there is an increase in the share of high-tech products; new methods of stimulation are being developed. But to maintain this level and increase the effectiveness of cooperation, appropriate measures should be taken. First of all, it is the need to create high-quality support from the state, as well as the development of effective financial and non-financial instruments for companies and startups specializing in high-tech products. Of course, China offers great opportunities, but we must understand that this is a high-quality market with its own rules.

References 1. Arguments & Facts. China wants to create a joint Science and Innovation Fund with Russia. M.: A&F, 2018. URL: http://www.aif.ru/money/economy/kitay_hochet_sozdat_s_rf_ sovmestnyy_nauchno-innovacionnyy_fond (date of access: 28.02.2019). 2. Baladin R., Karamysheva D. Lihachev: The arguments and facts. China wants to create a joint science and innovation Fund with Russia // TASS – information resource. 2016. URL: https:// tass.ru/ekonomika/3441592 (date of access: 26.02.2019). 3. Bondareva Ya. Russia and China choose innovation // MGIMO. 2016. URL: https://mgimo.ru/ about/news/experts/rossiya-i-kitay-vybirayut-innovatsii/ (date of access: 26.02.2019). 4. Caixin. Communique of the Fifth Plenary Meeting of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China // Caixin – information resource. 2015. URL: http://www.caixin. com/2015-10-29/100867990.html (date of access: 03.03.2019). 5. Chen Lan. “Silk road” invites Russian businessmen // Russian newspaper. 2018. No. 7592. URL: https://rg.ru/2018/06/14/v-siane-otkrylsia-mezhdunarodnyj-innovacionnyj-park- shelkovyj-put.html (date of access: 28.02.2019).

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6. DocPlayer. Russia and China: innovations and entrepreneurship // DocPlayer – information resource. 2016. URL: https://docplayer.ru/29824761-Rossiya-i-kitay-innovacii-i- predprinimatelstvo-2016.html (date of access: 20.02.2019). 7. Martynova M.Yu., Nikiporets-Takigawa G.Yu. Russia-China-Japan triangle: problems and prospects // Bulletin of Moscow State University. 2018. No. 4. P. 313–326. URL: https:// elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36350933 (date of access: 20.02.2019). 8. Mel’nik М.К. Modern innovative projects of Russia and China in entrepreneurship // Young scientist. 2018. No. 34. P. 50–52. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/220/52408/ (date of access: 20.02.2019). 9. Ministry of Science and Technology of the People´s Republic of China. China’s R & D investment in 2016 exceeds 1,5 trillion yuan // Economy daily. 2017. URL:http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/ qgkjgzhy/2017/2017mtbd/201701/t20170111_13044.htm (date of access: 04.03.2019). 10. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Population development strategies continue to improve, progress has been made in the balanced development of population. 2017. URL: http://www.stats.gov.cn/Tjsj/sjjd/201707/t20170725_1516463.html (date of access: 05.03.2019). 11. Niu WenYuan. Annual report for world sustainable development 2015 // Chinese scientific publishers. 2015. 12. Official Internet portal of “Interfax” news Agency. URL: http://www.interfax.ru/ business/544603 (date of access: 22.02.2019). 13. Official Internet portal of the state atomic energy Corporation «Rosatom». URL: https://www. rosatom.ru/production/design/stroyashchiesya-aes/ (date of access: 22.02.2019). 14. SCIO. «National innovation-driven development strategy outline» policy interpretation. 2016. URL: http://www.scio.gov.cn/34473/Document/1478594/1478594.htm (date of access: 03.03.2019). 15. Shirokov Yu. The International intellectual property center “Innovative silk road” was opened in Beijing // Inventor and innovator. 2018. No. 2. P. 12–13. 16. The official Internet portal of OOO «Vostsibugol». URL: http://old.kvsu.ru/news/3024.html (date of access: 22.02.2019). 17. The State Council the People’s Republic of China. Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Construction Plan for the Implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zone. 2016. URL: http://www.gov.cn/ zhengce/content/2016-12/13/content_5147412.htm (date of access: 05.03.2019). 18. The State Council the People’s Republic of China. The contribution rate of China’s scientific and technological progress has reached 56,2%. Important progress has been made in building an innovative nation. 2017. URL: http://www.gov.cn/shuju/2017-10/19/content_5233085. htm (date of access: 05.03.2019). 19. Yue ShuFang. Xi Jinping: a weak innovative capability is the «Achilles heel» of China’s development // QStheory.cn – information resource. 2016. URL: http://www.qstheory. cn/2015kshzt/2016-09/12/c_1119553237.htm (date of access: 05.03.2019). 20. WIPO. Record Year for International Patent Applications in 2016; Strong Demand Also for Trademark and Industrial Design Protection. 2017. URL: https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/ en/articles/2017/article_0002.html (date of access: 03.03.2019). 21. 1000 Plans. Recruitment program for global experts. 2017. URL: http://www.1000plan.org/ qrjh/article/61537 (date of access: 05.03.2019).

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Tkachenko, S.V. & Martynova, M.Yu. (2019) China in the Industry of Innovation: Cooperation with Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 35–43. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-35-43 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Tkachenko Svetlana Vladimirovna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Martynova Marina Yurievna Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Head of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Belyakova T.E., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Senior Tutor, Head of Design Laboratory, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-4247 UDC 378 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-44-51 Features of Formation of Culture of Project Activity of Students to Design in Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 22.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the history of the development of the basic principles of teaching design and approaches to the formation of the culture of project activities were traced; the components of the culture of project activities were identified; the potential of the culture of project activities to preserve the traditions of the national design school and moral and aesthetic education of students were revealed; the national archetype can be manifested in the culture of design activity of the designer, as well as in its formation in students. Key words: culture of project activities, teaching design, desigп education, the national design school. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction Design as an activity begins its development from the era of industrial revolutions and goes through both periods of strengthening international trends and periods of formation of national schools of design, each of which has invested a special meaning in understanding the values of design that underlie the culture of design activity. One of the most prominent representatives of the national schools of design are: the British school of design, Scandinavian functionalism, Japanese style, combining tradition and the latest technology. In the 20-ies of XX century a domestic school of design begins to form in our country, closely associated with constructivism and industrial art. The propaedeutic traditions of the German Bauhaus were in many ways consonant with the Russian school. Since the mid-30s of the XX century, when such a trend in art as soviet realism is gaining strength, the principles of design are also undergoing corresponding changes. Now, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, in many ways there was a denial of developments of the soviet school of design. As a result, today there is an acute question about the existence of our national school of design: can it exist and develop in modern conditions, or should we completely adopt western models?

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The theory and practice of design education in our country prove that the principle of the creative workshop, the rejection of a narrow specialization, the author’s workshops – is the basis for the successful formation of a culture of project activities of future specialists-designers. As noted by foreign researchers, teaching in the workshop is often carried out more intuitively, since there is no systematic pedagogical research on this topic [1]. A.A. Sidorov notes that ergonomic data are not fully used in teaching design [18]. E.B. Korobiy draws attention to the fact that the culture of design activity of future designers is not sufficiently studied, while its potential to preserve the traditions of the national school of design is difficult to overestimate [7]. O.V. Kaukina believes that “in the existing system of higher education there is a shortage of innovative technologies and integrative techniques that effectively increase the process of formation of project culture...” [6]. Methods: analysis of literature on the problem, the study of pedagogical experience, modeling, observation, study of the results of practical activities. The methodological basis of the research is: – system approach, which is based on the consideration of objects as systems (B.F. Lomov, V.N. Sadovsky, G.P. Schedrovitsky, etc.); – fundamental provisions of the theory of activity (L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein, etc.); – project approach (A.V. Goryachev, V.V. Guzeev, D. Dewey, W.H. Kilpatrick, E.A. Korsakov, N.Yu. Pakhomova, N.F. Yakovleva et al.); – culturological approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of project activity (V.R. Aronov, T.Yu. Bystrova, V.F. Sidorenko, etc. ); Results Modern processes of education reform in our country, related to the Bologna agreement, change the traditional for the national school of art design educational process: widely distributed modular construction of educational programs, unification of modules that can be replaced, removed or added to the basic course depending on the direction of training. The tendency to reduce the dependence of the content of education on the personality of the teacher leads to a departure from the fundamental principles of domestic design education. There is a threat that the commercialization of the thinking of modern specialists will lead to a distortion of the understanding of the profession. The main task for design education so throughout its history was the development of project thinking. And since the 80-ies of XX century, attention has been paid, in general, to the culture of project activities. First of all, consider the approaches that are used in pedagogy in the formation of a culture of project activities. In the 60–70-ies the scientists of the design worked on the problems of integrating different knowledge, disciplines, and activities in designing. A systematic approach has been established as an integration mechanism. The system approach differs from classical scientific approaches in that it does not define its subject uniquely, but uses a set of many positions and points of view [17]. T.Yu. Bystrova notes, that there is a contradiction between the need to rely in the practice of design on theoretical scientific data and the lack of integration of theoretical disciplines with practice-oriented disciplines. She argues that the cultural approach helps to work systematically with practice-oriented disciplines, such as projecting, and with new disciplines (philosophy of design, image design, etc.). Cultural studies can become not only the theoretical basis of design projects, but also the ideological basis for the education of future specialists [4]. The project method in pedagogy is organically consonant with the contextual approach developed by A. Verbitsky. This approach, taking into account the main provisions of the activity approach, seeks to remove a number of contradictions characteristic of the educational activities of students and their future professional activities:

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1) between the abstract subject of educational and cognitive activity and the real subject of future professional activity; 2) between the systematic use of knowledge in professional activities and their dismemberment in various academic disciplines and departments in the learning process; 3) between individual learning and experience in learning and the collective nature of professional activity; 4) between the “reciprocal” situation of the student and initiateconnection activities professional; 5) between the forms of organization of educational and professional activities, etc. [21, p. 51–65]. Many authors see the key to effective training and education of professionals in the field of design, aesthetic approach (V.V. Kraevskij, I.Y. Lerner, B.M. Nemensky, P.I. Pidkasistyj, V.A. Slastenin, M.N. Skatkin, V.G. Telega, etc.). The problem of formation of the aesthetic attitude is considered in the studies of many russian scientists, who for the most part come to the conclusion that the aesthetic attitude is the basis of the ability to create. Modern scientists- teachers (V.V. Kraevskij, I.Y. Lerner, B.M. Nemensky, P.I. Pidkasistyj, M.N. Skatkin, V.A. Slastenin et al.) look at the emotional and aesthetic attitude as a necessary content of general and vocational education. And of course, a significant contribution to the development of this problem is the work on the psychology of creativity (L. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, A.A. Melik- Pashayev, S.L. Rubinstein, etc.). B.M. Nemensky developed a program for students of secondary school «Fine arts and art work» [10]. The aim of the program is the spiritual and moral development of the child. The authors of the program consider the feelings that the student discovers in himself or in works of art to be the true content of the art objects. This understanding is largely correlated with the expressionist principles J. Itten – teacher of the German design school of the early twentieth century, and with the content of christian preaching about the human capacity for spiritual vision. Various disciplines, according to B.M. Nemensky, should be perceived not separately, but organically intertwined in the system of representation of students about the world that exists not only according to the laws of harmony. Of course, the goals of the professional education are different from the goals of secondary school, so the ability to use the language of art and the ability to design activities in professional design education are put to the fore. However, the loss of the aesthetic function of design will make the subject-spatial environment are monotonous, impersonal, standardized. This problem was raised in the USSR in 70-e years of the XX century, when ergonomic design function was absoluted [10, p. 280]. Dangerous and the other extreme-meaningless eclecticism of shaping and the pursuit of fashion, which is observed in the early XXI century. Thus, the education of aesthetic sense, starting in school should continue at the level of higher education, which is particular important for creative specialties such as design. B.M. Nemensky focuses on the fact that the methods and principles of teaching art should be in tune with the very essence of art [10]. 1. The principle of assimilation is the leading law of aesthetic education according to B.M. Nemensky. This principle is based on the teaching of drama. 2. The principle of mastering the implantation with the obligatory integrity and slowness of the pedagogical process in order to avoid logical, non-artistic development. 3. The principle of the constancy of life. Connection with the perception of the world outside the classroom. 4. The principle of reliance on the apogee of the phenomenon in art. Any phenomenon is most clearly understood in the purity of its manifestation. 5. The principle of unity of form and content. The continuity of the means of the language of art and figurative and artistic content.

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Despite the difference between the goals of secondary and higher special education, the above principles seem to us able to educate aesthetically and morally developed person and specialist and, therefore, suitable for familiarizing with the aesthetic function of design in high school. Nevertheless, in the realities of modern higher education in Russia, namely in the situation of reducing the number of teachers, consolidation of student groups, widespread reorientation to electronic educational resources (reduction of hours for personal interaction between teacher and student), to follow such principles of the pedagogical process as «assimilation» or «slowness», it becomes more and more difficult. In our opinion, the departure from the non-aesthetic education of future designers today is one of the main reasons for the low level of formation of the culture of project activity of graduates, their professional motivation and creativity. Next, we will focus on the subjects, objects and target audience of design carried out within the educational process at the university. The subjects of educational design, that is, those who actively influence the design object and transform it, are primarily teachers and students. In addition, the subjects can be: the customer, third-party consultants, the target audience of the project. 1. The teacher is the bearer of the culture of project activity; puts in the basis of the project activity the concept, consistent with the goals of the university, the city and the state; in accordance with this, defines and adjusts the principles and objectives of design. The teacher as a subject of design should be interested in a good result (both in a practical product, and in achieving didactic and educational goals), which cannot be implemented without meeting the needs of teachers in self-realization. Within the framework of the humanistic paradigm and personal-activity approach between teachers and students, “subject-subject” relations are established, in which students largely determine the design process, and the teacher is only a coordinator and expert consultant. With insufficient motivation of students to carry out project activities, the teacher solves the problem of motivation and interest. Most of the authors, speaking about the project activities, mention the interest in the topic of the project as one of the determining factors of motivation of students. Nevertheless, the profession of a designer involves working with projects on a permanent basis, parallel management of several projects, and not every professional can afford to deal only with those projects that interested him. Therefore, it is necessary to teach future designers in any project task that they face in the learning process or in everyday life, to find their personal interest. The task of the teacher in this case is the need to pay attention to the usefulness of the students of the skills that they receive in the process of educational project activities for their future professional activities, the importance of the ability to solve the most complex problems – a skill that gives confidence not only as a high-level professional, but also as a full member of modern society. It’s especially useful to give students the opportunity to organize for themselves project complexes within the framework of the topics of projects proposed by teachers of various disciplines. If all the projects in such a complex will be linked at the value level in the understanding of the student, the problem of interest is solved by itself, as denoting the purpose of a project and their relationship, the student will be interested in the best performance of each of the projects in the complex. Here, solving the problem of interest, we came to the solution of the next no less important problem – the organization of project activities of students, including the coordination of work on projects in various disciplines. 2. Students as subjects of design should also be able to influence the design process based on their personal interests, principles, goals, needs and worldview; it is important to rely on existing moral standards, spiritual and material culture of Russian society, socially significant guidelines.

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3. If there is a customer, it is necessary to actively interact with teachers and students, as it happens in real practice. This interaction is now easy to organize, using a variety of electronic means of communication and information networks. 4. If the design project has a specific, which is not familiar to full-time teachers of the university, it is possible to cooperate with third-party consultants on specific issues. This cooperation can be organized both within the framework of the business incubator, the club of graduates of the university , and through the organization of scientific conferences, round tables and seminars. Moreover, the organization of cooperation in the process of educational design with various public non-profit organizations, which can act as customers or target audience of projects, or as an additional resource base, is of particular importance. In modern pedagogical literature most innovative projects are associated with the experience of networking of various structures (schools, colleges, universities, charities, associations, etc.) The target audience of a design project is a group of people whose problem is solved by the project or whose need it satisfies. The target audience can be of two types: 1) real: in this case, the university establishes a relationship with the customer (organization or individuals), the problem of which must be solved (the need for which must be met) within the educational process of a particular discipline or in the framework of practical training; educational design becomes a full-fledged production practice and goes beyond the boundaries of the environment of the university; 2) hypothetically: in this case, there is no real customer, students develop a design project that solves the identified problem of a particular population or person. The target audience of the design project has its own interests, needs, goals, principles, lifestyle, worldview, which must be taken into account in the educational process, so that future designers were ready to study and take into account the characteristics of the target audience in their future professional activities. Although for designers today is not provided the study of the marketing course, but the basics of marketing research target audience (as well as products of competitors) should be given in such disciplines as “Integrated formation of objects and systems in design”, “Design and advertising technology” and “Projecting”. The object of the educational design is selected according to the profile of the university and the topics stated in the programs. This takes into account: – compliance of the object with the profile of the university, the goals of the university and development priorities; – social significance of the object of design; – its educational potential (the possibility of implementation in the design of educational goals); – the presence of an urgent problem, the solution of which will contribute to the design process; – personal importance of the object for all subjects of design; – complex nature of the object (the presence of several pieces in the object, the ability to use several disciplines and students from different courses). Having considered various methods of teaching design, we were convinced that in the majority of profile higher educational institutions there is a tendency of gradual complication of object of design. As a rule, students participate in the design of a complex object only at the final year. From the point of view of the level formation of the culture of project activity and as a means to high motivation of students, in the first and second years of a simple design subject must be included in a comprehensive project, which in turn oversees undergraduate or master. That is why we mention the complex nature of the object of educational design as a prerequisite for the successful functioning of the entire system.

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We hold the view that the loss of national identity may result in the imposition of alien western ideals of the “consumer society” on our country, which is already beginning to happen. In this regard, it is especially important in this historical situation, when the process of globalization has not yet ended, to bring the values of russian national culture into the process of formation of global humanity. Occupying a largely middle position between east and west, russian culture is able to offer options for the peaceful resolution of national contradictions and an alternative “consumer society” lifestyle. So, we highlight the key values of russian national culture: 1) community, collectivism; 2) respect for other national cultures; 3) fairness; 4) high creative potential; 5) traditional family values (common to many national cultures). Such researchers of the russian national archetype as I.A. Birich, E.I. Rachin [2; 13] confirm in their works the special importance of these values for russian culture. Transferring the selected values to the education system, we can understand why, for example, individual learning trajectories do not take root in our educational institutions, while collective project activity can lead to high pedagogical results if it has a spiritual and moral component accessible to students and meets the criterion of fairness understandable to russian people. Discussion If we talk about the high creative potential of the russian people, which was confirmed by many researchers of this issue, its secret lies in the russian national language, which has a special imagery and metaphorical. In support of this thesis, we note that before the implementation of any creative idea first appears in the form of thought, and thought exists in a linguistic form. Therefore, in order to preserve our national identity and creative potential, it becomes really dangerous to simplify or distort the russian language, its romanization. Metaphor in russian culture has become a universal mechanism of creative intuition. In addition, the metaphor is one of the techniques of creating an artistic image, which is used in various areas of design. At the heart of the nonverbal metaphor underlying works of art and often objects of design is the metaphor of language. In order to preserve the traditions of the national school of design, a holistic view of design as a complex process, the culture of project activity is of particular importance, since due to its metacultural nature (combines material and spiritual culture) it becomes a carrier of national aesthetic values. In this regard, the main task of modern teachers-designers, from our point of view, is a systematic return to the practice of professional educational institutions in the field of design priority of aesthetic and ethical modes, which can now be found in philosophical and methodological developments, but not at the level of curricula and programs (with rare exceptions [4]). Our domestic research in the field of design education, conducted throughout the XX century in close cooperation with the international community, should be systematized and rethought in the realities of innovative society. It is necessary to adapt the results of these studies to the modern level system of education (pre-school, school, secondary vocational, higher (bachelor’s, master’s, postgraduate) and also bring in line with the competence approach-so as to become as transparent and accessible for use by each teacher-practitioner. National teachers of vocational schools gradually begin to realize anew that the commercialization of modern thinking professionals leads to a distortion of understanding the essence of the profession, so developing new method of integrated teaching and education of future designers (T.Y. Bystrova, O.V. Kaukin, V.P. Naumov, R.V. Boyur, M. Konik). This process is particularly difficult to organize in the context of reducing hours for the study of humanitarian disciplines. After all, they were the basis for the formation of a creative person

49 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK in the soviet era. A sufficient number of modern works exploring the different aspects of culture project activities (aesthetic, ergonomic-utilitarian, less – moral) (V.I. Kulaikin, M. Kalinichev, A.A. Sidorov, V.G. Telega, etc.). This study examines the relationship between these main aspects (functional meanings) in the context of preserving the traditions of the national design and art school, on the one hand, and the competence approach as an accepted international language of dialogue in the field of education, on the other hand. Today there is a need for the professional community in designers not only as specialists in the narrow profile, but also as designers with a high culture of professional activity to work on interdisciplinary socially oriented high-tech design projects. However, modern researchers and teachers note the lack of integrative interdisciplinary techniques in the process of forming a culture of project activities (O.V. Kaukina, E.B. Korobiy, V.P. Naumov, D.V. Naumov, etc.). Conclusion In the culture of project activity of the designer can be identified three components: cognitive (knowledge of the stages of work on design projects specifics of each stage, understanding of their essence and significance for the results of design), motivational and value (the desire to perform all stages of design as efficiently as possible, to improve from project to project as a creative, creative, socially oriented person) and activity (the ability to perform each of the stages of design, using methods and techniques appropriate to the context). In the process of formation of the culture of project activity of future designers in the university are relevant and effective for the application of the following approaches: personal activity, competence, system, cultural, contextual. On the basis of the analysis of theoretical and empirical data, the following principles of the formation of the culture of project activities of future designers of the university, characteristic of the national school of design: 1) the priority of aesthetic and spiritual and moral functions of design over material and economic; 2) the subjective importance of project activities for its participants; 3) the social significance of project activities; 4) the combination of individual and collective forms of organization of project activities.

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REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Belyakova, T.E. (2019) Features of Formation of Culture of Project Activity of Students to Design in Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 44–51. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-44-51 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Belyakova Tatiana Evgenievna Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Senior Tutor, Head of Design Laboratory Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Chekanov I.R., Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3656-265X Neizvestny S.I., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Information Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 6603205839 ResearcherID: F-5707-2018 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-8251 UDC 378.147; 004.89, 101.262 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-52-58 Experience in the Organization of the Scientific Club of the Department of Information Technologies of Russian State Social University «Future Technologies of Digital Society»

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the transition to the digital society, to the digital economy imposes fundamentally new requirements both to the new competencies of information technology specialists and to the process of formation of these competencies. The authors of this work have developed a practical version of the implementation of the formation of new competencies of specialists of the digital society on the example of creating an optional learning process of the Faculty of information technology of the Russian state social University (FIT RSSU). The paper discusses the goals and objectives of the scientific club of the FIT RSSU “Future technologies of digital society”, especially the organization of its work and preliminary results in the 2018-2019 academic year. Key words: innovations in education, new technologies, digital society, formation of competences. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction Problem statement Since the beginning of the new Millennium, the modern world is actively moving to digital technologies [15; 24] and enters the fourth industrial revolution [20]. The determining factor in the success of the transition to digital technology is the formation of competencies of specialists implementing this transition [7; 11; 12]. The task of building a modern information society in the Russian Federation is formulated at the level of the country’s leadership in the “Strategy for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030” [23]. In 2024, Russia will complete the transition to a digital economy. In this process, the basis is information technology. According to the “Government Decree No. 1632 of 28.07.2017” [19],

52 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 the higher education system needs to prepare 120 thousand competent specialists of the new direction – it professionals of the digital economy and 1 million specialists who have been retrained in the framework of additional education. This Decree particularly emphasizes that Russia needs specialists in it of a new generation, with a fundamentally new set of competencies and a high level of competence in them [18]. The faculty of information technologies of RSSU takes an active part in the implementation of the Government Decree No. 1632, not limited to the existing programs prescribing the development of traditional knowledge and skills. For the implementation of these installations on the initiative of the authors of this work at the fit RSSU in August-September 2018, a scientific club “Future Technologies of the Digital Society” (Club “FTDS”) was created, the purpose of which is: – formation of competences for the digital economy of the students of RSSU. The main tasks of the Club “FTDS”: Methodical aspect:  shift the focus of training from the development of knowledge and skills of specialists of the current it needs of the country to the formation of new competencies of digital society;  formation of stable immunity of students to the negative impact of youth subcultures of social networks gaining strength [6; 13]. Contextual aspect:  the development of competence goal setting of professional development of specialists of digitalization;  mastering the technology of using the «free» time obtained as a result of the transition to digital tools;  development of technologies of digitalization of the educational process (the system, the regulation of the accumulation of knowledge, acquisition of skills, creation of a knowledge Base of a specialist digital economy (DE));  determination of personal innate inclinations of the individual in the field of competence of DE;  formation of competence to develop the ability to work with their personal resources;  the development of digital maturity of the members of the Club. Organizational aspect:  studying of the main directions of competence of DE, the preparation and implementation of reports by members of the Club in the classroom;  conducting master classes on the subject of the Club’s activities by Club members;  organization of interdisciplinary classes of the Club;  invitation of leading experts in the field of formation of competences of DE specialists. Research methodology and some organizational and methodological problems of the work Approaching the solution of the problem as a basic method, the authors used an interdisciplinary method based on the best practical experience in the field of education systems, pedagogy, information technology, psychology, cognitive science and other disciplines to achieve a synergetic effect in the development of students ‘ new knowledge and skills. The experience of many researchers solving the problems of educational process shows the effectiveness of interdisciplinary approach in combination with convergent technologies [1; 9; 16], which were also used in this work. In the transition to the digital economy, there is a meaningful incident: on the one hand, the goal of digitalization – the replacement of human robots, automatic machines, automated systems, on the other hand, the goal of the state and business – the preservation of jobs and the creation of new [14]. That is, the main problem of digitalization is social, the problem of utilization of labor resources (until 2024 – several million able-bodied people). Its decision

53 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK rests on the shoulders of the main critical infrastructure of the state – the education System. But this critical system is a system with a delayed result for 5-10 years. How to transfer the work of this system from the training of specialists qualitatively and quickly performing standard actions to the formation of creative competence (to the activation of creative abilities inherent in nature and to form fundamentally new professions (see, for example, “Atlas of new professions” [3])? It is rather a scientific task of development of the education system as a whole. It should be noted that the process of digitalization in the Russian Federation is faced not so much with technical and technological problems, but with social problems: this particularly emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary scientific approach to solving the problem at the intersection of technical and human sciences. The starting point in the training of new personnel for the digital economy is research: the development of new academic disciplines, the scientific development of new methodological recommendations in the field of education and teaching of tomorrow’s knowledge, the search for new forms and opportunities for acquiring professional competencies of University students. One of the methodical tasks solved in the course of this work was to ensure that in addition to the organization of the process of acquiring new technologies of digital society, students should form a minimum self-esteem skills. The ability of a person to self-assess their competence in a particular field of knowledge can be divided as follows: – conscious competence; – unconscious competence; – perceived incompetence; – unconscious incompetence. In the first case, a person understands his place in the learning process, business, the world. To do this, he needs, first of all, to know himself deeply enough, to be able to study himself and, then, the environment. This person is able not only to see in the “mirror”, but also to build the most undistorted “mirror”. This is the highest level of analytical skills that characterizes a person as a Mature person [5; 17]. As a rule, these are people of heterovert character, people who understand and materialistic, evolutionary approach (the presence of the materialistic principle) and creationist approach (acts are guided not so much by the human mind as his soul and heart, the presence of the idealistic principle). Here it is very important not to take the path of narcissism, complacency. To do this, an experienced person always builds a vector of his life interests, the vector of his professional movement, so as to capture, at least in a small part, new areas, those areas where he is still incompetent. This is the key to self-development, self-improvement. Here the first and third cases are joined together. The second case is quite common. Many experienced professionals work on the so-called intuitive level. Here the defining are not fully aware of the introvert qualities of man. The most common case is the fourth-people who do not know the “mirror”. Preliminary results The main results of the scientific Club “FTDO” were shown in the following directions: – planning, preparation and holding of regular classes of the Club; – preparation and holding of working meetings with some leading institutions of Moscow on the topic of formation of competencies in the field of digital economy; – participation of Club members in conferences; – formation of knowledge base of members of the Club “FTDO” on the competencies of the digital economy. Below are some of the results of the Club’s work from September 2018 to March 2019. The work of the Club was carried out regularly, once a week for two academic hours. In addition to regular members of the Club classes attended by many students fit, masters and graduate students. Information about the work of the Club spreading among students, led to the fact that

54 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 the Circle began to visit the students of the College RSSU, Technical University. N.Eh. Bauman, Moscow Aviation University. To illustrate the areas of development of students ‘ competencies, we give a short list of some of the topics of the Club:  Introduction to digitalization. Digital economy-challenges and prospects. (Meeting with the leadership of ANO « Digital country»);  Introduction to modern technologies of work with information: selection of reliable information, verification methods, mnemonic means of memorization;  Digital economy and smart management mechanisms (Invited lecture by the Head of the Laboratory of Active Systems of the Institute of Management Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, academician V.N. Burkov);  Life cycle of an IT specialist in the modern world;  Cognitive thinking;  Introduction to personal time management: available information technologies and tools;  Big data: sources and storage; CETI Project as a big data provider;  Interdisciplinary lecture (psychology, cognitive science, information technology, cultural studies, sociology): Altered States of consciousness as a tool for obtaining heuristic knowledge. (Invited paper, master-class, Ph. D. N., expert in psychology and cognitive science, Chernykh N.);  Introduction to mediation technologies (Joint session of the center of mediation and social interaction of RSSU);  Formation of mediation competence of the head of the information security service of the enterprise;  New IT project management technologies: Lean, Jus-in-Time, SCRUM, Agile, CANBAN, SOSHIMI, P2M, Kaizen, Hoshin Kanri, etc.  A cycle of lectures «Introduction to artificial intelligence technologies for the digital economy»:  Artificial intelligence. Development history, key concepts, purpose and areas of application;  Artificial intelligence. Main technological concepts, architectural approaches, problems and prospects of development;  Semiotic artificial intelligence;  Bionic artificial intelligence;  Intelligent control systems in technology and digital economy. Participation of Club members in conferences  International conference-forum Russian Internet Week – 2018 and Internet EXPO 2018, Moscow, 21–23 November 2018, Pavilion 75, VDNH;  ITSEC – Information security Russia, InfoSecurity Russia, Moscow, Sokolniki Culture & Exhibition Centre on 21–23 November 2018;  All-Russian forum of scientific youth «Wealth of Russia», Technical University N.Eh. Bauman, Moscow, 3–4 December 2018;  XXVI international conference «problems of security management of complex systems», December 19, 2018, Moscow, IPU RAS;  III Republican scientific and practical Internet conference of students, postgraduates and young scientists with international participation «Information technologies in Economics» March 20–21, 2019, Lugansk;  International scientific and practical conference «Information security: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow» April 23, 2019, Moscow;  XIII international conference-competition «Innovative information and pedagogical technologies in the it education system», Moscow State University, November 29 – December 01, 2018. At this competition, the work of the scientific Director of the Club S.I. Neizvestny

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(“The development of the concept of the formation of digital economy competencies among students”) became the winner. Members of the Club create a collective knowledge base in the field of formation of competencies of specialists of the digital economy, including sections of the General humanitarian direction of formation of professional personality. Discussion Digitalization of society as a component of the industrial revolution significantly distinguishes the fourth from previous revolutions [20]. The fundamental difference is that digitalization takes the production of free time to a completely new high level. A person gets at his disposal a large amount of free time, which makes topical issues of goal-setting of its use. This problem has a global scale and its solution in principle determines the direction of human development, and the strategy of survival of mankind as a whole [10]. The next difference concerns a sharp increase in productivity and its quality, on the one hand, and a significant increase in structural unemployment, on the other [8]. This problem gives rise to the following: the need for retraining a large number of able-bodied population and the need to restructure the education system, which in the current version is focused on the formation of knowledge of today and yesterday and practically does not form the knowledge of tomorrow. Digitalization of business goes in the conditions of globalization that gives rise to one more difference: transition to digital business leads to strengthening of social polarization of society, to strengthening of a gap between poor and rich. In the conditions of digitalization, the main volume of office work, communications, functional implementation of business and government structures is carried out using a variety of information, big data that permeate the whole society. It also distinguishes the fourth revolution from the previous ones aggravating the problem of information security of society. The effectiveness of the goal-setting process of teaching largely depends on the quality of the definition of “Who am I now”? and “Who am I planning to be”? The qualitative definition of “Who I am now” determines the choice in the direction of training, choice of specialty, choice of human destiny. Usually the student, the student is asked: who you want to be? In most cases, those who ask this question do not analyze the ability of the Respondent on which the answer is based. And the answer is often spontaneous, random, ill-considered, biased. The approaches developed by the author in teaching are aimed at helping to form the student’s self – esteem competence: what abilities do I have – developed, innate-what is the nature of the genetic level I am predisposed to? The acquisition of this competence allows a person to transfer his life to a new level, to a new level of self-awareness and self-identification. Conclusion Digitalization dictates new requirements and approaches to the formation of competence of information technology specialists. Not only the correction of existing training disciplines of social and information security, but also fundamentally different competencies, new training courses, new training materials on a wide range of IT subjects are becoming relevant. The digital society should restructure the education system from the priority of business orientation to the human-oriented priority. The process of digitalization, implemented in relation to the person not as a gear of mechanisms of enterprises, corporations, the state as a whole, but as an individual – such a process creates a favorable landscape for building an effective digital society [2; 4]. We do not fully realize that the education system in the process of transition to a digital society is essentially the main critical infrastructure of the state with a delayed result: critical in terms of efficiency and security of the system of building a digital society. Requirements for the transition to the digital economy [19] shows the need to fundamentally change the requirements for the management of the content of social and information security of the digital society, and in General the requirements for the competencies of specialists engaged in this transition [21; 22].

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Developed by the authors of the technology of formation of competence of students as a result of the use of information technology at the Faculty of RSSU can help students, in addition to professional competencies required in the transition to the digital economy: – assess the ability to acquire knowledge and skills in different disciplines» – gain the ability to learn to learn; – qualitatively rebuild his / her life; – to see yourself not just as an individual, but as a person who is able to make their own choices, make decisions and take responsibility for them. In General, the formation of this competence contributed not only to the personal growth of students, but also to make a few confident steps towards a Mature, self-sufficient, self- organized personality.

References 1. Abakumova I.V., Antonova E.K., Baigulov R.M., Belyaeva S.V. Research in the field of socio- economic and human Sciences: interdisciplinary approach and convergence of knowledge. Samara: Etching, 2016. 324 p. 2. Abasheva O.Yu., Babina E.N., Bondarenko G.V. Management of process of formation of the human capital in the conditions of reforming of system of qualifications of professions and higher education. Samara, 2018. 376 p. 3. Atlas of new professions. Agency for strategic initiatives. M.: SKOLKOVO, 2014. URL: https:// asi.ru/upload/iblock/5e5/Atlas.pdf. 4. Baigulov R.M., Belyaeva S.V., Golubeva G.F. and oth. Results of socio-economic and interdisciplinary scientific research of the XXI century. Samara: Etching, 2016. 569 p. 5. Baturina N.P. The problem of maturity in modern psychology. News of the Russian state pedagogical University A.I. Herzen. Issue. «Psychology». 2007. P. 113–126. 6. Buckingham D. and Willatt R. (eds). Digital Generations. Children, Young People and New Media. L.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006. 7. Chang W.S., Hsieh J.J. Exploring a human capital driven intellectual capital framework: evidence from information technology industry in Taiwan // European Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 21. 2011. No. 3. P. 392–404. 8. Golovanov A.I. labor Productivity as the Foundation of growth of the Russian economy // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Economy. 2011. No. 4 (16). P. 89–96. 9. Kotlyarova N.D. Development of innovative personality in the educational process // Bulletin of South Ural state University. Series: Education. Pedagogical science. Vol. 6. 2014. No. 2. P. 84–89. 10. Kupriyanovsky V., Dunaev O., Fedorova N., Namiot D., Kupriyanovsky Yu. On intelligent mobility in the digital economy // International Journal of Open Information Technologies. Vol. 5. 2017. No. 2. P. 46–63. 11. Lado A.A., Wilson M.C. Human Resource Systems and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Competency-Based Perspective // The Academy of Management Review. Vol. 19. 1994. No. 4. P. 699–727. 12. Maditinos D. The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firms’ Market Value and Performance // Journal of Intellectual Capital. Vol. 12. 2011. No. 1. P. 132–151. 13. Neizvestny S.I. Social Aspects of Information Pressure Youth Subcultures of the Today’s World on the Quality of Education // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 3. 2017. No. 4 (12). P. 124–131. 14. Neizvestny S.I. Socio-psychological problems of transition to digital economy // Scientific notes of RSSU. Vol. 17. 2018. No. 2 (147). P. 5–13. 15. Okinawa Charter of the Global information society. 22.07.2000. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/ supplement/3170. 16. Paderina T.B. formation of teachers’ readiness to implement the competence approach in the educational process // Innovative projects and programs in education. 2013. No. 6. P. 36–41. 17. Portnova A.G. Personal maturity through the prism of age and individual development // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Sociology. Episode 12. 2008. Vol. 4. P. 28–37. 18. Program “Digital economy. Russia 2024” / ANO “Digital economy”. Information security. URL: https://data-economy.ru/security/.

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19. Russian Federation government. Order of July 28, 2017. No. 1632-p. Moscow. URL: http:// static.government.ru/media/files/9gFM4FHj4PsB79I5v7yLVuPgu4bvR7M0.pdf. 20. Schwab K. The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum. Cologny, Switzerland, 2016. 21. Shirinkina E.V. Efficiency of workers of intellectual labor in higher education // Managing personnel and intellectual resources in Russia. Vol. 7. 2018. No. 1. P. 12–16. 22. Shirinkina E.V. Human capital Management in the paradigm of digitalization: problems and principles of management // Management issues. 2018. No. 6 (36). P. 142–148. 23. The decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy of information society development in Russian Federation to 2017–2030”. URL: http://www. kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41919. 24. Tunis Commitment. 15.11.2005. URL: http://continent-online.com/Document/?doc_ id=30170554.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Chekanov, I.R. & Neizvestny, S.I. (2019) Experience in the Organization of the Scientific Club of the Department of Information Technologies of Russian State Social University «Future Technologies of Digital Society», Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 52–58. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-52-58 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Chekanov Ivan Romanovich Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 8 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Neizvestny Sergey Ivanovich Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor, Department of Information Technologies Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 8 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Fedosov A.Yu., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57192383051 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-2218 Markushevich M.V., Teacher of Information Technology of State Budget Education Institution of Moscow “School No. 1352”; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-5835 UDC 371.3 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-59-67 The Topical Issues of Application of the Domestic Software in the Educational Process of the Russian School

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 28.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the purpose of writing of this article is the detailed review and the comprehensive analysis of the current situation and possible perspectives of application of the domestic software for support of teaching and educational process in the Russian general school in connection with the possible transition to this type of the software within the nearest two years caused by the changes in the national legislation. As results of work the authors offer to consider the ways of transition of educational institutions to the domestic software, contrastive analysis of advantages and disadvantages of different types of the Russian software and also assessment of potential risks of use of the foreign proprietary software in teaching and educational process offered by the authors. Key words: domestic software, free software, import substitution, teaching methods of information technologies. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction In recent years in the Russian Federation a row doctrinal and the regulations was accepted which are directly connected with an issue of import substitution in the field of the software, the key ones of which are:  Federal law of June 29, 2015 No. 188-FL «About introduction of amendments to the Federal law “About Information, Information Technologies and Information Security” and Article 14 of the Federal law “About a Contract System in the Sphere of Purchases of Goods, Works, Services for Ensuring the State and Municipal Needs”» [3];  RF Government Regulation No. 1236 of November 16, 2015 «About establishment of prohibition on the admission of the software coming from the foreign states for the purposes of implementation of purchases for ensuring the state and municipal needs» [12];  Order of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2017 No. 334 «About the approval of methodical recommendations about transition of federal

59 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK executive authorities and state non-budgetary funds into use of domestic office software, including earlier purchased office software» [9];  The plan of transition in 2016–2018 of federal executive authorities and state non- budgetary funds into use of domestic office software approved by the RF Governmental Order No. 1588-r of July 26, 2016 [17];  The doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of Russia of December 5, 2016 No. 646) [16];  RF Government Regulation No. 325 of March 23, 2017 «About the approval of additional requirements to the programs for electronic computers and databases, data of which are included into the register of the Russian software, and modification of Rules of forming and maintaining the unified register of the Russian programs for electronic computers and databases» [13]. In the paragraph 13 of RF Government Regulation of July 26, 2016 No. 1588-r [17] is told about the need of development of the regulations and methodical recommendations creating a legal and methodological basis of the transition of executive authorities of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments, the state corporations and the companies, the state-owned and budgetary organizations into use of domestic office software until the end of 2020. Due to the before mentioned and based on the fact that absolute majority of schools in Russia are budgetary institutions it is possible to expect with good reason transition of teaching and educational process since 2020 at general schools into the domestic software. Unfortunately, now, from the authors’ point of view, it is possible to observe explicit deficit of attention to this subject in the Russian pedagogical community which in its turn results in the shortage of qualitative techniques of training of information science on the basis of the free software and to almost total absence of the finished techniques of training on the base of domestic software. Methodology In the present article the authors applied various methods and receptions of a research, either general scientific or special ones. Including, it is possible to note the most often applied method of an empirical research that is comparison. In the work comparison of different types of the software (domestic, foreign, free, proprietary) was used on the following essential signs: 1) the cost of the license for use in educational process; 2) cross-platform or mono-platform of this software; 3) the average minimum system requirements to the hardware of personal computers on which their installation is occurred; 4) impact on the spiritual and moral sphere of pupils; 5) resistance to harmful influence; 6) operational simplicity in use in educational process of general school; 7) existence of literature for methodical support of the educational process based on a certain type of the software. It is possible to distinguish the analysis and system approach from general-logical methods and receptions of a research. In particular, in the present article the detailed analysis of the teaching and educational and methodical available literature devoted to the domestic software was carried out. As for the system approach, from the authors’ point of view, the methodical system of training of information science needs to be considered as the system consisting of structural elements, one of which is training aids to which it is possible to carry the software used in educational process. However, it turns out that the software has an effect on all other elements of a methodical system of training, and moreover on everything differently.

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Results The review of the literature devoted to the training of information science on the basis of the domestic software Let’s consider that extremely limited set of educational and methodical literature which contains fragments of a technique of the training of information science on the basis of the domestic software. Study guide by V.B. Volkov “Linux Junior: the book for the teacher” [19]. In this book not only the operating system, but also all main free application programs entering the Linux Junior distribution kit are described. The description of each program is followed by several examples, depending on complexity and the saturation of the program functionality. All examples are approximate to those tasks which are carried out by the teacher in the daily activity: organization, documentation, methodical work and carrying out studies and also any drawing up reporting. The book is in free access, it can be downloaded in the PDF format to the address: https://www. altlinux.org/Books:Junior. L.F. Solovyova’s academic and methodological complex “Information science and ICT. We work in Windows and Linux” for VIII and IX classes (BHV-St. Petersburg publishing house, 2011) [15] contains the program of a course, detailed lesson developments, didactic and processing methods and forms of the organization of training materials. The recommendations about studying of information science in the VIII–IX classes according to the educational standard existing at that time are stated. The techniques of the organization of independent activity of pupils at a lesson with use of electronic textbooks on DVDs which are included in the package for work in the Windows and Linux operating systems are described. The book by A. Panyukova “ALT Linux Children: graphics, animation, video” [10] is planned to the edition in Alt Linux library. The main idea of the book is to show how quickly and simply it is possible to create something beautiful effectively by means of different graphics and video editors. The book is oriented to the children and adults who are engaged in creativity. Besides, in the book there is a methodical part which can be useful to those who are going to organize lessons with children on the basis of the ALT Linux 4.0 Children distribution kit. The manual by A.N. Martynov, N.N. Martynov “Work in the Alt Linux 5 School Junior operating system” (publishing house “BINOMIAL. Laboratory of knowledge”, 2010) [7] is intended for teachers of information science of secondary schools of the Russian Federation. It contains data on GNOME desktop, a set of application and system programs of the distribution kit the School Junior, such as gedit text editor, Nautilus file manager. Besides, the programming essentials in the JavaScript language are stated. The manual by S.S. Zadorozhny, N.N. Martynov “Computer network of an office of information science on the base of Alt Linux 5 School Server/Junior” (publishing house “BINOMIAL. Laboratory of knowledge”, 2010) is intended for the teachers of information science developing local computer networks of school offices of information science on the basis of an operating system family of Linux [20]. The given small manual can be used in educational process in senior school during the circle or elective courses on the subject connected with the installation and setup of the operating system of the personal computer or server and also with administration of local computer networks. The literature devoted to the use of free software in education in general is a little more numerous, but nevertheless many authors note its deficit and that fact that the majority of educational and methodical manuals are guided by the proprietary software that is the factor of complicating process of transition of educational process into free or domestic software. We consider only those sources where the center of attention is a domestic operating system, and then there are application programs. This approach is caused by the fact that operating system is one of those pillars on which all educational process of information science is based further. The selection of a type of the operating system is directly connected with the principle

61 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of the choice of the software for its use in educational process and defines ideology of creation of a technique of training of information science that will be discussed below in this work. The balance between free and domestic software Office domestic software, as a rule, is not created by the developer from the ground up, usually in its basis there is a free software [4]. The creation of own desktop or server distribution kit is rather difficult process which consists of compilation of a core of future operating system of the Linux family from open source codes, its subsequent configuring and adding of the application program packages also available in the form of source codes. The result of this laborious work is the own distribution kit, copyright of which belongs to the developer organization which can extend a distribution kit either without cost or for a certain payment. The extremely important factor, from the authors’ point of view, is presence of an own repository of software packages of the operating system in a newly created distribution. The main objective of repositories of this sort is an integration of different software packages into a unified system. The objects of storage in such repositories are software packages where each software item (operating system core, the office library, the text editor, the server for service of electronic messages or the media player) is presented in the form of a separate package. The most known repositories of such type are projects of leading companies on software development with open source codes: Fedora (it is supported by the RedHat company), OpenSuSE (Novell company), Cooker (Mandriva), Debian [11]. The classification of threats of use of the software of foreign manufacture From the authors’ point of view it is possible to allocate the following five types of potential threats: 1) the termination of technical support of users of the foreign software on the territory of Russia [6]; 2) release of updates which can block or complicate the use of the software for the Russian users; 3) access lock to repositories of software packages for the Russian users (for operating systems of the Linux family); 4) possible existence of the hidden program modules making collection of information about activity of the Russian users for the benefit of the third party, for example, of security services of those states on the territory of which software producers are registered; 5) cyber attacks to the computers and local networks which are running operating systems of foreign manufacture [5]. Comparative characteristic of the domestic software which can potentially be used for support of educational process of general school Among the operating systems of domestic development included in the Unified register of the Russian programs for electronic computers and databases which can be used on the computers of an educational class of information science it is possible to consider the following three variants:  operating system of the ROSA family, LLC STC IT DEW developer;  operating system of the Alt-Education family, Basalt VSE company developer;  operating system of the Astra Linux family, JSC NPO Rusbitech developer. The ROSA operating system is one of the most dynamically developing domestic assemblies of Linux today, it is the Russian modification of earlier very popular Mandriva Linux. High appreciation of the current version of this ROSA Desktop Fresh R9 distribution kit by the following criteria on a ten-point scale became the result of the expertize which was carried out by rather captious specialists of the Linux Format journal:  functionality – 9 points;  productivity – 9 points;

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 ease in work– 10 points;  documentation – 8 points [14]. Unfortunately, at all given advantages of ROSA OS, it is necessary to pay attention to lack of special assembly for needs of the educational organizations. The line of operating systems of the Viola family having the current version the Viola Education 8 intended just for use in the educational organizations is deprived of such shortcoming. Let’s note that all considered domestic operating systems are created on the basis of Linux core. Alt Education 8 is simple in installation and a convenient operating system in the work focused on daily use during the planning, the organization and carrying out educational process in educational institutions of the general, secondary and higher education. Alt Education 8 is a generally available operating system. She is easy in use, undemanding to computer resources, it is functional and reliable, Xfce 4 desktop environment is used in it. Alt Education 8 represents a set of the integrated software products created on the basis of the Linux operating system. Alt Education distribution kit 8 included more than 30 completely Russified programs which are the special software of information support of educational process and intended for the solution of the majority of his requirements and also modern educational means: electronic textbooks, subject environments and the training systems. The distribution kit includes drivers of the devices simplifying the work with the additional equipment [2]. Let’s compare system requirements of the operating systems of chosen domestic development with most popular now system requirements of foreign MS Windows OS 10 (Table 1).

Table 1 Minimum system requirements for various operating systems No. Distribution kit RAM minimum RAM recommend- The place on the hard size ed size drive 1 Alt Education 8 512 Mb from 1 Gb 17 Gb 2 ROSA Enterprise Desktop 1,5 Gb 2 Gb 20 Gb 3 Astra Linux Common Edition 1 Gb 1 Gb 4 Gb 4 MS Windows 10 1 Gb 2 Gb 20 Gb

As is seen from Table 1, Alt Education 8 operating system has insignificant advantage over ROSA, Astra of Linux and Windows 10 on the volume of the minimum random access memory. Alt Education 8 OS can be installed and work stably on computers with random access memory capacity less than 1 GB which meet sometimes at local schools. As it was already noted one more serious advantage of Alt Education 8 OS is an existence of a large number of the free software suitable for use which is already included in a distribution kit suitable for teaching and educational process at general school. A set of the software of the distribution kit of Astra Linux Common Edition is similar to software of the Alt Education 8, but as it is specially not oriented to education, the coding environments and also the sound editor and the editor vector 3D-diagrams are not preset. The Astra Linux operating system is an official Russian derivative distribution kit from Debian GNU/Linux and is issued in two variants: 1) the operating system of general purpose Astra Linux Common Edition is developed especially for processor architecture of x86-64 and intended for ensuring functionality of modern computers during a solution of a wide range of the user tasks; 2) the special purpose operating system Astra Linux Special Edition is intended for creation on its basis of the automated systems in the protected execution processing information to privacy degree “top secret” inclusive.

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Discussion Advantages and disadvantages of use of the domestic software of educational process One of characteristic disadvantages of use of the domestic software in the field of education is the following: not all programs which are used in teaching and educational process have versions under operating systems of the Linux family on which is based domestic software. Let’s pass to consideration of advantages of use of the domestic software in the field of education. First of all it is possible to carry out the high level of reliability of the information systems which are under control of given software which is defined by lack of potential threats from the foreign software producer about which above in article was told. The second obvious advantage of use of domestic software in education is its zero or considerably cost, smaller in comparison with the similar proprietary foreign software. Thirdly it is possible to select educational effect of the fact of application of the domestic software at school. It is necessary to understand that this advantage is relevant only for institutions of education as the adult user is most often indifferent to a question of the country of origin of that software which he uses during the work and leisure time. The pupils, especially younger school students forced in the course of study to use the closed proprietary software of foreign manufacture, can receive a certain hidden moral deformation or the injury connected with the distorted stereotype of actions imposed to them. And this damage has the double nature: 1) children are accustomed to use of paid program providing, form of them obedient consumers of products of multinational corporations on production of the proprietary software; 2) the idea that everything used by them, including the software, should be of foreign manufacture and no other way is strongly stated in children’s mind. The fourth advantage of domestic software is the high speed of entering of corrections into the core of the operating system or its functional modules while foreign developers are forced to send the patches to Linus Torvalds, and in certain cases it takes up to one and a half years! It is possible to give as an example the case of the corrections of vulnerabilities of CVE-2017-5753 and CVE- 2017-5715 (which received the general name Spectre) and CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown) which are consequences of defects of implementation of the mechanism of speculative execution of commands in modern Intel processors and other manufactures [18]. These corrections were made by programmers of the Russian firm “VSE Basalt” practically right after the detection of vulnerabilities in processors. The fifth advantage of the use of the domestic software consists in a possibility of a teacher to organize educational process in such a way that a pupil will have an opportunity to work either at school or at home in the same programs, but under the different operating systems. Let’s illustrate the present possibility with the following example: at school within a course of information technology the topic “Processing of the Digital Photo” is studied with the use of the free raster graphic editor of GIMP [8]. At school on the computers of a class of information science the Alt Education operating system is installed, therefore, the editor of GIMP is present by default. Children work on the educational project which can’t be finished for one lesson. In this case they have an opportunity to save unfinished work in own format of the editor of GIMP and then continue its improvement on home computers on which operating systems of the MS Windows family, either Mac OS X, or Linux can be installed. As the graphic editor of GIMP is free and cross- platform, it can be established under any of the listed above operating systems without effort and additional material inputs. The process of transfer of images between school and home computers of pupils in own GIMP format at intermediate stages of editing described above is schematically shown in Figure 1. The scheme of transfer of images at an intermediate stage of editing between computers of participants of educational process offered by the authors would be generally unrealizable

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Figure 1. Transfer of images at an intermediate stage of editing between computers of participants of educational process in case if instead of the free editor of GIMP the closed proprietary graphic editor of Adobe Photoshop as it would demand, at least, acquisition of the license version of this software product for house use by pupils, retail price for which taking into account a subscription for one user only for one year is about 23,000 rubles now, is used [1]. Conclusion Based on the normative and doctrinal documents approved in the Russian Federation in recent years it is possible to expect in the nearest future migration of teaching and educational process at school into the domestic software which will be used during the training of not only information science, but also of other educational subjects. This transition, most likely, is inevitable as it is caused by the objective political and economic realities having steady character and has the following advantages: 1) the high level of reliability of the information systems which are running the domestic software in the conditions of the increased level of threats for information infrastructure of Russia; 2) application of the domestic software at school can act as an element of spiritual and moral and patriotic education of pupils; 3) the possibility of the school teacher to organize educational process in such a way that the pupil will be able to work either at school or at home in the same programs, but within the different operating systems; 4) the domestic software is either free or its cost is much lower, than import analogs have; 5) the high speed of entering of corrections by the Russian programmers into a core of the operating system or its functional modules. Unfortunately, application of the domestic software at school has also certain disadvantages: some programs used in teaching and educational process have no versions working within the Linux operating system on which core is based domestic software.

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Nevertheless today there are the domestic operating systems using own repositories of packages to which it is possible to carry first of all the Alt Education 8, Astra Linux Common Edition and ROSA R9 are successfully applied. Alt Education 8 OS incorporates practically all necessary application software for support of educational process of the general and high school. The development of the direction designated above in domestic pedagogics corresponds to the strategic interests of our state, the Doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation, it supports the process of import substitution in the field of the software used in educational process.

References 1. Adobe Photoshop CC. Website of online store allsoft.ru. URL: https://allsoft.ru/software/ vendors/adobe/adobe-photoshop/. 2. Alt-Education. URL: https://www.basealt.ru/products/alt-education/. 3. Federal law of June 29, 2015 No. 188-FL “About introduction of amendments to the Federal law “About Information, Information Technologies and Information Security” and Article 14 of the Federal law “About a Contract System in the Sphere of Purchases of Goods, Works, Services for Ensuring the State and Municipal Needs””. URL: http://ivo.garant.ru/#/ document/71108368/paragraph/1:0. 4. Free software. Wikipedia. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software. 5. Golodkov Yu.E., Larionova E.Yu. Modern approaches to the formation of competences in the field of information security of students of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Information Science and Education. 2018. No. 2 (291). P. 19–23. 6. How American IT companies impose sanctions in Russia. An example of a letter. URL: http:// www.cnews.ru/news/top/kak_amerikanskie_itkompanii_vvodyat. 7. Martynov A.N., Martynov N.N. Work in the Alt Linux 5 School Junior operating system. M.: BINOMIAL. Laboratory of knowledge, 2010. 8. Official site of the project GIMP. URL: http://gimp.ru/download/gimp/. 9. Order of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2017 No. 334 “About the approval of methodical recommendations about transition of federal executive authorities and state non-budgetary funds into use of domestic office software, including earlier purchased office software”. URL: http://minsvyaz.ru/ru/documents/5635/. 10. Panyukova A. ALT Linux Children: graphics, animation, video // ALT Linux Team. URL: https:// www.altlinux.org/Books:Children. 11. Repository of VSE. URL: https://www.altlinux.org/репозиторий_СПО. 12. RF Government Regulation No. 1236 of November 16, 2015 “About establishment of prohibition on the admission of the software coming from the foreign states for the purposes of implementation of purchases for ensuring the state and municipal needs”. URL: http://government.ru/docs/20650/. 13. RF Government Regulation No. 325 of March 23, 2017 “About the approval of additional requirements to the programs for electronic computers and databases, data of which are included into the register of the Russian software, and modification of Rules of forming and maintaining the unified register of the Russian programs for electronic computers and databases”. URL:http://static.government.ru/media/files/ucxke5tjnh0jadWZ0EFK3xVr2uTX bOmn.pdf. 14. Sharma Sh. Rosa R9 LXQt // LinuxFormat. 2017. No. 9. 15. Solovyova L.F. Information science and ICT. We work in Windows and Linux. VIII and IX classes. SPb.: BHV-St. Petersburg publishing house, 2011. 16. The doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of Russia of December 5, 2016 No. 646). URL: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/ prime/doc/71456224/. 17. The plan of transition in 2016–2018 of federal executive authorities and state non-budgetary funds into use of domestic office software approved by the RF Governmental Order No. 1588-r of July 26, 2016. URL: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71353164/. 18. Updates of cores of a system are released. URL: https://www.basealt.ru/about/news/archive/ view/vypushcheny-obnovlenija-jader-sistemy/. 19. Volkov V.B. Linux Junior: the book for the teacher. M.: ALT Linux; DMK-press, 2009. URL https://www.altlinux.org/Books:Junior.

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20. Zadorozhny S.S., Martynov N. N. Computer network of an office of information science on the base of Alt Linux 5 School Server/Junior. M.: BINOMIAL. Laboratory of knowledge, 2010.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Fedosov, A.Yu. & Markushevich, M.V. (2019) The Topical Issues of Application of the Domestic Software in the Educational Process of the Russian School, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 59–67. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-59-67 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Fedosov Alexander Yurˋevich Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Professor of the Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Markushevich Michael Vladimirovich Teacher of Information Technology of State Budget Education Institution of Moscow “School No. 1352” Postgraduate Student Baikalskaia str., 44 107497 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Ivoeva A.V., Chief Specialist-Expert of the Fund for Support of Children in Difficult Life Situations, Moscow; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-5940 UDC 37.091.214.18 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-68-75 Perspective Directions of Formation of Deontological Culture of Experts on Work with Youth in the Course of Their Training at University

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: this article deals with the issues related to: the formation of deontological culture in future professionals to work with young people in the process of their professional training at the University: the definition of promising areas in the organization of this process. In the course of writing the author concluded that despite the wide spread of deontological ideas in the training of specialists of various profiles, this direction is given insufficient attention in the training of bachelors of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people”. Also, the article defines and scientifically substantiated promising directions of formation of deontological culture of specialists working with young people in the process of their training at the University. Key words: deontology, deontological culture, specialist on work with youth, work with youth, professional training of students. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction The development of the idea of forming a deontological culture of the individual is now reflected in many professional fields. Scientific works on this subject are published in the field of medicine, pedagogy, psychology, law, social work and now represent a whole array of publications presented in the form of monographs, manuals, scientific articles, etc. The relevance of the scientific consideration of the problem of formation of deontological culture in the process of professional training of specialists of various profiles is justified by the objective need to revise the spiritual, moral and professional foundations laid in the period of formation of a person as a person and a specialist. The formation of deontological culture involves the actualization of all forms of work with students, providing a comprehensive impact on the personality of future professionals, which together should lead to a conscious attitude to their professional activities. The question of the formation of deontological culture among students of different profiles of education in recent years is increasingly widely used and distributed in the scientific environment. In particular, I would like to mention research and development in this area the following researchers: V.T. Abisheva, I.G. Aksenov, K.S. Harutyunyan, N.M. Blokhina, E.K. Veselova, V.M. Grebennikova, O.N. Grigorieva, I.I. Zasursky, A.V. Isaevoj, B.D. Kairbekova, G.V. Kertaeva, J.V. Kondratieva, Z.I. Selimovi etc.

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Consideration of the issue of formation of deontological culture among specialists of different profiles served as the basis for determining promising directions in the formation of deontological culture of specialists working with young people in the process of their training at the University. Work with young people in the last decade has been distinguished and strengthened as a separate area of social and pedagogical activity, which differs in forms, methods and technologies of work from social work and pedagogy. At its core, work with young people is an integrative direction in the work, the specificity of which is determined by the socio-demographic group in respect of which the practical activities of a specialist in youth work are implemented. It follows that the employee in this area must possess a variety of practical skills in the field of pedagogy, psychology, sociology, political science, social work, management, as well as have a high level of spiritual and moral development, which together should allow to educate a decent young generation. As the main ideas underlying the ethical culture of the future experts on work with youth, is the understanding of necessity of formation of personal responsibility of an employee of the youth sector to society and the state, profession and professional group, with ourselves and with young people. A specialist in working with young people should not only be competent in his professional field, but also act as an example for young people, be a model of spiritual and moral behavior. Method In order to identify promising areas in the formation of deontological culture of specialists working with young people in the process of their training at the University were used research methods such as analysis, comparison, deduction, induction, observation. The study was conducted on the basis of FSBEI HPE Russian state social University (RSSU) among students of 1–4 courses enrolled in the field of training “Organization of work with young people”. The total number of participants in the study – 140 people. The experts were the teaching staff of the Department – 6 people. Research Identifying promising areas in the formation of deontology professionals working with young people in their learning process in higher school is impossible without the analysis of the existing state of training of specialists, the considered profile. As noted by a number of research scientists (E.P. Agapov, Yu.A. Zubok, E.V. Korzhueva, T.K. Rostovskaya, N.L. Smakotina, S.N. Fomina et al.) professional workers of this profile began relatively recently. However, a short period of time there was a certain trend in the training of future professionals, developed the basic approaches to the implementation of educational and educational activities in relation to students. The development of the system of professional training of specialists in youth work, both within the University and refresher courses, educational forums, conferences, etc. has led to the updating of forms, methods and technologies of work with young people, the development of new, modern approaches that meet the interests and basic needs of young people. As noted N.D. Bobkova: “Work with young people can consist in individual work of a specialist with a young man, and can be focused on large groups of young people or groups with common features, for example, psychocorrectional, consultative” [7, p. 14]. Thus, a wide range of tasks solved by a specialist in youth work, as well as a list of categories of young people in respect of which professional activities are implemented, determines the requirements for the process of training of specialists in this field, including those related to the formation of deontological culture. The need for the formation of deontological culture among students of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people” is caused by a number of reasons, among which we can note:  high requirements of employers to specialists of the profile we consider;

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 the need of society to educate a new young generation with high moral, spiritual and moral qualities, as well as being competent in their professional field;  the need to train students in the field of training «Organization of work with young people» in accordance with the basic educational standard, according to which a graduate should not only master a number of competencies, but also have a whole set of professional and personal competencies;  the need to ensure the process of education, training and development of young people on the basis of high spiritual and moral qualities. As it was noted earlier, the issue of formation of deontological culture among students of diverse profiles of education is reflected in various professional fields. So, considering the peculiarities of formation of deontological culture among teachers, G.A. Karakhanova writes: “the Variety of approaches to the explanation of the phenomenon of deontological culture allows us to present it as an integral education of a professional teacher, as a condition and prerequisite for effective pedagogical activity, as a generalized indicator of professional competence of a teacher and as a goal of systematic professional and moral self-improvement” [14, p. 67]. Projecting the above on specialists in youth work, it can be noted that the professional training of students of the relevant profile involves the provision of multi-faceted development of the student’s personality, covering both the spiritual and moral qualities of the future specialist and his professionalism, the ability to adequately respond to changing realities and approaches in working with young people. Deontological culture for a specialist in work with young people is the most important component of professional behavior of employees, the sphere we consider, which allows us to evaluate the results of the work of a specialist from the position of proper behavior. The specificity of the professional activity of a specialist in working with young people assumes that the employees of this profile have such personal qualities as responsiveness, humanity, virtue, the desire to help and benefit others, high morality, civic responsibility, and generosity. The above human qualities are the basis for the deontological culture of a specialist in working with young people. It is high spiritual and moral guidelines that allow a person to carry out his professional activity at a qualitatively new, higher level. However, the deontological culture of a specialist in work with young people includes not only certain moral qualities, but also offers professional compliance with the position, devotion to the chosen profession, professional and social activity. Having considered the features of formation of ethical culture at students of the Russian state social University, specializing in training “Organization of work with young people”, were made the following conclusions:  currently building an ethical culture among students of specialty «Organization of work with youth» insufficient attention is paid;  in the curriculum there is no special discipline aimed at studying the basics of deontological culture of a specialist in working with young people;  in the process of studying the main disciplines, the teaching staff of the University does not pay the necessary attention to the issue of professional and spiritual and moral behavior of a specialist in working with young people;  there is no continuity between the ongoing educational and educational work with students;  there is a discrepancy between the need for the formation of deontological culture among students studying in the field of training «Organization of work with young people» and the willingness of the teaching staff to build this work;  in the educational standard of the bachelor of the corresponding profile approved in the last edition (FSES IN the direction of preparation «The Organization of work with youth» approved

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according to the Order of the Ministry of education of 05.02.2018 No. 7) [18] in comparison with the previous editions the positions connected with personal responsibility of the expert for the activity carried out by it are excluded; need of the tolerant attitude to representatives of various categories of youth; orientation in the labor activity on moral and legal norms of behavior and the generally recognized values and so forth. That is why there is a need to update the work carried out in relation to students, finding new, promising areas of formation of deontological culture of future professionals to work with young people in the process of their training at the University. As such opportunities can be:  inclusion in the curriculum of students of the direction of training «Organization of work with youth» special course on deontology;  the formation of the specific pedagogical environment for student learning;  assistance in getting students training direction «Organization of work with young people» professional experience in the process of their professional training at the University. Consider in more detail, each of the proposed areas of work with students. 1. Inclusion in the curriculum of training student’s areas of training “Organization of work with young people” special course on deontology. The research of prospects of introduction of deontological bases in process of professional training of specialists on work with youth in the conditions of higher education allowed to define need of inclusion in the curriculum of training of students of the direction of preparation “the Organization of work with youth” of a special course on deontology. This need arises due to the specifics of the socio-demographic group of young people and their needs. Work with young people is included in the group of specialties related to the “man-man”system. According to G.M. Kertayeva and L.V. Mardakhayev, “the selected sphere of activity, where the moral aspect of interactions prevails, is associated with the well-being and moral health of people, especially the younger generation – the future of the country” [15, p. 39]. The introduction of the special course “Fundamentals of deontological culture of the organizer of work with youth” involves the development of students the following topics: “the Origins and development of deontology as a science”, “the Meaning and content of the professional duty of the organizer of work with young people”, “Ethical standards and principles of professional behavior of the youth sphere”, “Professional duty and responsibility of the organizer of work with young people to society and the state, the profession of a professional group, to themselves and young people», “Professional development of the organizer of work with youth as the basis of their deontological culture” and “Formation of deontological culture of the organizer of work with youth”. Studying the course will enable a significant expansion of available knowledge on moral and spiritual foundations of professional conduct, to study the basic components of ethical culture expert on youth work, forming ideas about their professional duties in this professional field. In addition, the introduction of a special course in the educational process, will contribute to the intensive development of bachelor training “Organization of work with young people” deontological knowledge that will develop students a new strategy of professional behavior, to realize personal responsibility for the development of youth and spiritual, creative, intellectual, professional, sports education of youth. Introduction to the educational process of deontology allows students to form a responsible (due) attitude to their professional activities, to master the norms of spiritual, moral and professional behavior of youth workers, to realize their personal responsibility for the successful development of Russian society and youth. 2. Formation of a special pedagogical environment for teaching students. The pedagogical environment in professional training of students acts as one of the main factors determining the success of professional training of students. It includes both the history of formation and development of scientific schools on the basis of the institution, and the existing approaches,

71 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK traditions of the form of work with students. As noted E.V. Pavlova, and G.F. Islamgulova: “the educational environment of the University is designed to actualize the process of personal development and growth of students, the acquisition of an active cognitive and then life- activity position of the individual” [20, p. 25]. This understanding of the role of the educational and pedagogical environment of the University allows us to identify the conditions of training and education created in the University as the determining factors in the formation of deontological culture among bachelors of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people”. It follows that for the effective development of deontological culture of students of the relevant profile of training, it is necessary to ensure the following conditions:  to engage with students highly qualified faculty with in-depth knowledge in the field of ethics and youth work;  to turn the deontological education of students in the field of training «Organization of work with young people» into a part of the system of professional education of students of the University;  to ensure the unity and continuity between the educational and educational work carried out by the University aimed at the formation of deontological culture among future specialists in working with young people;  to create a favorable deontological environment in the departments of the educational institution and existing student associations;  consider the possibility of creating a deontological code of the University, which provides professional training for students in the field of training «Organization of work with young people», which would allow to regulate the requirements for future professionals, as well as the teaching staff. training them. A separate issue in the formation of a special pedagogical environment that contributes to the formation of deontological culture among students of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people” is carried out in the educational institution educational work with students. It should be focused on the disclosure of creative, intellectual, sports potential of students, the disclosure of their best spiritual, moral and personal qualities. Educational work carried out in the educational institution, involves the formation of deontological culture of students by means of:  involvement of students in volunteer activities;  formation of a close-knit team and strengthening of interpersonal relationships, which will be based on friendly and professional relations;  creation of conditions for professional and creative self-realization of students;  development of the traditions of the institution, the professional and moral standards of conduct of employees of the youth sector, study traditions and customs of different peoples of Russia;  familiarizing students with the cultural and spiritual values of Russian society;  visiting historical monuments, theaters, art galleries and other cultural and leisure places;  creating conditions for self-realization of students, situations of success. 3. Assistance in getting students training direction “Organization of work with young people” professional experience in the process of their professional training at the University. This proposal stands out as a separate promising direction in the formation of deontological culture of specialists working with young people in view of the need to obtain professional experience in the period of study at the University, as well as the understanding that the formation of a specialist working with young people and the completion of the process of formation of its deontological culture is possible only in the course of obtaining practical experience working with young people. Discussing the role of practice in the training of future specialists M.N. Arkhipova notes that: “the practice of students Provided by the Federal state educational standard has now

72 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 become not only an integral part of the educational process, but also a period when students can apply their knowledge, skills in institutions or organizations” [5, p. 14]. This opportunity allows to complete the process of formation of deontological culture among students of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people”, fixing in practice the existing knowledge of deontological character. Higher education institution in the face of the faculty of the Department should act as a link between students studying in the field of training “Organization of work with young people” and the leadership of organizations and institutions whose competence includes work with young people. University teachers should monitor the process of inclusion of students in the workforce, to ensure control over the passage of their practical training. Building a three-way model of interaction between the participants of the labor process, including the work of the student, the teaching staff of the Department and the employer (or its responsible representative) involves constant monitoring and adjustment of professional behavior of students, assisting them in the application of knowledge of a deontological nature in practice. Discussion Analyzing the perspective directions of formation of deontological culture of specialists on work with youth in the process of their training at the University, the following points of growth can be identified: the inclusion in the curriculum of students of the direction of training “Organization of work with youth” of a special course on deontology; the formation of a special pedagogical environment for training students; assistance in obtaining students of the direction of training “Organization of work with youth” professional experience in the process of their professional training at the University. These proposals were discussed at the Department of social pedagogy and organization of work with young people IN RSSU and received support from the faculty of the Department. Conclusion Summarizing all the above in this article allows us to assert that the formation of deontological culture among students of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people” is a promising direction in the organization of educational and educational work, implemented in relation to students of the relevant profile. The formation of deontological culture among future youth workers in the process of their training at the University will further improve the professionalism of specialists in working with young people, to ensure the proper implementation of its tasks. Unfortunately, to date, the issue of formation of deontological culture among students of the direction of training “Organization of work with young people” is given insufficient attention, which cannot but negatively affect the overall level of professional and moral readiness of graduates of the University, we consider the profile of training. All this served as the basis for determining promising ways of forming a deontological culture of specialists in working with young people at the University, which, in our opinion, are:  inclusion in the curriculum of students of the direction of training «Organization of work with youth» special course on deontology;  the formation of the specific pedagogical environment for student learning;  assistance in getting students training direction «Organization of work with young people» professional experience in the process of their professional training at the University. Thus, the formation of a deontological culture among future specialists in working with young people will not only contribute to the overall humanization of society, but will also provide an intellectual and educational rise in the professional training of specialists in working with young people, will contribute to their spiritual and moral enrichment, which is one of the strategically important directions in the modernization of Russian society and education of young people.

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References 1. Abisheva T.V. About the professionalism from the position of journalistic ethics // The Age of information. Vol. 1. 2017. No. 2. P. 199–200. 2. Agapov E.P. Organization of work with youth: introduction to the specialty: studies. benefit. Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2014. 446 p. 3. Aksenov I.G. Medical ethical and deontological text in the aspect of complex linguistic and cultural analysis Text.: autoref. dis. ... kand. phil. sciences. M., 2006. 16 p. 4. Alikhanov R.A., Karakhanova G.A. Deontological culture of the modern teacher. Grozny, 2018. 157 p. 5. Arkhipova M.N. The role of educational and industrial practices in the process of professional development of students // Electronic Scientific and Methodological Journal of Omsk State University. 2017. No. 1 (8). 6. Blokhin N.N. Deontology in Oncology. M.: Medicine, 1977. 7. Bobkova N. D., Bobkov D.N. On the issue of professional training of specialists working with young people at the University // Innovative approaches to working with young people / Ed. by N.D. Bobkova. Kurgan, 2015. P. 13–19. 8. Egorychev A.M. Socio-cultural aspects in the system of national education (socio- philosophical reflections) // Scientific notes. 2014. No. 4. Vol. 1. P. 6–11. 9. Grebennikova V.M., Nikitina N.S. Deontological culture of education Manager: the context of development // Scientific support of the system of professional development. Chelyabinsk. 2014. P. 12–22. 10. Grigorieva O.N. Development of deontological culture of the teacher in the system of additional education of adults // Scientific works of the Republican Institute of higher education. 2017. No. 17-2. P. 145–152. 11. Harutyunyan K.S. Prospects of development of social work deontology // Historical, philosophical, political and legal Sciences, cultural studies and art history. Issues of theory and practice. Tambov: Gramota, 2015. No. 10 (60). P. 23–25. 12. Isaeva A.V. To the question of the training of organizers of youth work: ethical aspect // Scientific Notes of Russian State Social University. Vol. 16. 2017. No. 6 (145). P. 142–150. 13. Kairbekova B.D. Theory and practice of formation of deontological readiness of the future teacher of rural school / abstract ... d-ra ped. sciences’. Karaganda, 2010. 45 p. 14. Karakhanova G.A. Model of formation of deontological culture of the future bachelor of education // Bulletin of the Adyghe state University. Series 3: Pedagogy and psychology. 2017. No. 4 (208). P. 65–72. 15. Kertayeva G.M. Fundamentals of pedagogical deontology. M., 2007. 175 p. 16. Kondratieva Ya.V. Deontology of social work // St. Petersburg UN-t UPR. and Economics, In-t e-learning. SPb.: Sprawia, 2012. 17. Korzhueva E.V. Formation of professional culture of the future specialist on work with youth in the process of training at the University: dis. ... kand. ped. sciences. Kaluga, 2010. 202 p. 18. Order No. 77 of the Ministry of education and science of 05.02.2018 “On approval of the Federal state educational standard of higher education – bachelor’s degree in the field of training 39.03.03 Organization of work with young people». 19. Organization of work with youth: methods, forms, technologies in modern conditions: collective monograph / Avanesov S.A., Bobkova N.D., Luneva E.V., Polyarush A.A., Fomichev A.K., Khripunova G.O., Stepkina I.O. / under the ed. K.A. Fomichev. Kurgan, 2017. 20. Pavlova E.V., Islamgulova G.F. Educational environment of the University as a factor of professional development of students // Successes of modern science and education. Vol. 1. 2016. No. 5. P. 26–28. 21. Selimova Z.I. Formation of teacher’s deontological culture in the aspect of professional education. Nalchik: DSPU, 2013. P. 80–83. 22. Social pedagogy: theoretical and methodological foundations and perspectives of development: collective monograph / under the ed. L.V. Mardahaev. M.: Perspective, 2019. 304 p. 23. Veselova E.K. About prospects of development of psychological deontology // Bulletin of Leningrad State University of A.S. Pushkin. Vol. 5. 2012. No. 1. P. 27–35. 24. Zasursky I.N. Deontology of journalism. Freedom, Economics, these. spacecraft // Vestnik of Moscow State University. Episode 10. Journalism. M.: Moscow State University Publ., 2002. No. 4.

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25. Zubok Yu.A., Rostovskaya T.K., Smakotina N.L. Youth and youth policy in modern Russian society. M.: Perspective, 2016. 166 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Ivoeva, A.V. (2019) Perspective Directions of Formation of Deontological Culture of Experts on Work with Youth in the Course of Their Training at University, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 68–75. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-68-75 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Ivоeva Alla Vladimirovna Chief Specialist-Expert Fund for Support of Children in Difficult Life Situation Postgraduate Student GSP-6, Zemlyanoy Val str., 34, p. 1 107996, Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Leontyeva T.V., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-2896 UDC 316.4 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-76-83 Family Values in the Animated Content of Internet Space

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 25.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the article considered family values that are most often found in animated films based on statistics of Internet requests. Theoretical approaches to the analysis of family values are analyzed, definitions of the basic concepts are given, variables, indicators and indicators for studying of family values are selected. Application of a method content – analysis for studying of this problem. Author’s tools are developed for carrying out an empirical research on a research problem. The condition of parameters of family values in animated content of Internet space taking into account a modern situation in Russia is empirically established and described. The main phenomena which meet a certain frequency in animated content the Internet – spaces are listed: uselessness of family, representation of uniparous or incomplete family as norms, devaluation of traditional family roles, such as mother, father, primogenitors, the changed image of the young man/girl, man/woman. Key words: values, family values, animated movies, Internet. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The family, as a basic institution for the reproduction of human generations, their primary socialization, has a great influence on the development of each individual, provides a qualitative variety of forms of communication, human interactions in various spheres of society [3]. Disorganization of this social institution is a real threat to the welfare of society. According to the UN forecast, with the persisting trends in the decline in the birth rate, the population of the Russian Federation will decrease to approximately 111 million by 2050. This suggests that in our country is the process of depopulation, or the extinction of the country. The demographic crisis is the result of the warped social priorities of the state and the individual. Our country is experiencing a transitional period of social development, with its instability, dramatic social changes, disorientation and personality disidentification. All this is reflected in the process of reassessing values, which leads to changes in orientations and attitudes transmitted to the next generations, including on family relations. In a family,

76 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 a person acquires the first interaction skills, masters the first social roles, interprets norms and values [5]. The family also performs a number of other important functions: reproduction of the social structure through the provision of social status to family members, concern for the health and well-being of family members, the creation of a microclimate conducive to stress relief and self-preservation, etc. [9]. Successful implementation of these functions depends on the moral, moral atmosphere in the family, understanding, love and respect that every family member should receive. In modern Russia, postponing the creation of a family and the birth of a child, the preference for an actual rather than a legal marriage, a crisis in relations between family members, a crisis in the distribution of family roles, the implementation of family functions are symptoms of external socio-economic distress. And this, on the one hand, led to the hidden destruction of norms and patterns of behavior, which deformed the existing mechanism of intergenerational transfer of traditional values [17]. It is necessary to notice the changed role of mass media, and the Internet as in everyday life of certain individuals, and societies in general. According to the analytical agency We Are Social Global Digital 2018 today around the world more than 4 billion people use the Internet, that is it is more than a half of the population of the globe now online. Available smartphones and inexpensive tariffs for the mobile Internet became one of key factors of growth of Internet audience that year. Nearly a half (47%) of the population of Russia is registered on social networks and actively uses them. At the same time all the average Russian is nearly 6.5 hours a day in the Internet. It should be noted that 85% of people in Russia leave in online every day. From 2006 to 2010 the number of the teenagers who are carrying out at the computer not less than three hours every day increased four times (from 5.7% to 21.7%). By 2018 already 56% of children constantly are in Network. The Russian children will see off on the Internet much more time, than representatives of the younger generation in many countries of Europe and the USA, according to Kaspersky Lab as a result of the research “We Raise Children during an Era of the Internet”. One of enough noticeable search subjects – animated movies. 4.5 million inquiries a day are devoted to them. People are interested in various animated characters, songs, subject details, instructions how to draw some hero. However most often look for concrete animated films which want to look. Such inquiries are about 22.6 million a week. They are set by more than 6.3 million different users – that is nearly 10% of week audience of search look for animated films. Considering current trends, the relevance of a research of family values in content of Internet space is defined by importance of a problem of formation of outlook of individuals, disorganization of ideas of family can lead to total disappearance of the social institution of the family. This, in turn, will lead to the fact that society will become fully individualized, education, transmission of values, socialization will be carried out exclusively through the media and other institutions. The disappearance of the family as the strongest connection between people can lead to the collapse of society. The author set the following tasks for himself: to prove the theoretical approach allowing to describe a state and the nature of family values in animated content of Internet space. To prove the system of indicators for assessment of a condition of family values in animated content of Internet space. To define a condition of parameters of family values in animated content of Internet space. Many researchers have their own definition of values and value orientations, but there is still no generally accepted one. The German economist and sociologist M. Weber coined the term into science [20]. The study of values involved such researchers as J. Dewey, Hans Lenk, A.M. Korshunov, Milton Rokich [16], S. Schwartz [7], C. Morris [13]. M.S. Kagan wrote about objective and subjective values in his work. V.N. Myasishchev considers values from the point of view of the psychology of relationships. Drummers B.A. highlights the organization levels of value orientations.

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F.E. Vasilyuk notices that the values acquire the qualities of really acting motives, thus being the mechanism of personal growth and self-development. W. Thomas and F. Znanetsky in the work “The Polish Peasant in Europe and America” write: “we understand any subject having empirical content, to available members of social group as social value and also value owing to which it is or can be subject to action”. T. Parsons emphasized that the main task of sociology is the analysis of the institutionalization of samples of value orientations in the social system [15]. A. Adler believed that the issue of the ability of values to influence people’s behavior is controversial [1]. M. Williams focused his attention on the fact that values have such a property as variability [2]. N. Smelser believes that values are the basis of moral principles of man. L.B. Schneider mentions the great role of family values [13]. L.I. Bozovic, M.I. Lisina, the parishioners believed that in every society a certain culture of relationships and interactions between family members took shape, social stereotypes, certain attitudes and attitudes arise [21]. A.V. Sharikov, V.P. Chudinova [19], A.Yu. Drozdov [6], Ch.A. Shakeeva [18], A.F. Burukhina [4], A.G. Kogotko [8], O.A. Nemova, T.V. Svadbina [14] estimated the general condition of children’s television and its influence on generation of children. Methods To develop a research toolkit, it is necessary to identify variables, social indicators and indicators, for this we present a list of values in the marriage and family sphere that exist in modern Russian society: recognition of each family member as the closest environment, acceptance of each family member with all its advantages and disadvantages, to feel loved, needed and to have the opportunity to express your feelings towards loved ones; sexual and intimate relations of spouses, duration of family and marriage relations, economic support, psychological protection, emotional discharge; joint ownership of property, increase in family budget revenues, expectation of help from children in the future, the value of equality of spouses / the value of domination of one of them, the value of different sex roles in the family, the value of having children, the value of educating and socializing children in the family, the value of interaction and mutual assistance between relatives. The variable importance of an opportunity to feel like darling. Observed manifestations of this variable in our research will be the number of manifestation of care in relation to the individual, the number of manifestation of emotional support in relation to the individual, the number of manifestation of trust in relation to the individual, the number of joint carrying out rest and leisure. Variable importance of economic support. Ensuring daily material needs of family, cash security of family holiday, lack of housing problems, existence of joint property with the spouse will be observed manifestations of this variable in our research. Variable significance of the birth and upbringing of children. Observed manifestations of this variable in our study will be the birth of a certain number of children, the possibility of keeping children, the possibility of good parenting, the presence of common views among spouses on the upbringing of children. Variable observed in the family rules of conduct in matrimonial life. The observable manifestations of this variable in our study will be the respectful attitude between parents, the presence of parents ‘support for each other in difficult situations, the manifestation of parents’ care for each other. Indicators for these indicators will be the decision of parents of difficult life situations together, the manifestation of parents’ affection for each other, holding joint leisure time for parents. Variable methods of punishment in the course of education. Observed manifestations of this variable in our study will be the presence of corporal punishment, the presence of verbal punishment, the presence of conviction as a way of education, the use of a personal

78 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 example as a method of education. Indicators for these indicators will be the presence of such types of punishment as flogging, cuffs, the presence of such types of punishment as threats, humiliation, the presence of such types of punishment as housework, the presence of such types of punishment as deprivation of entertainment, the presence of such types of punishment as deprivation of attention, instructive conversations. Variable degree of goodwill in the relations between parents and children. Degree of the paid attention parents to children, degree of confidence of the relations between parents and children, extent of respect between parents and children, extent of control by parents of behavior of children will be observed manifestations of this variable in our research. Manifestation of interest in school affairs of the respondent, manifestation of interest in the personal relations of the respondent, existence of joint carrying out rest and leisure, existence of trust of secrets to parents, manifestation of interest in opinion of the respondent at a solution of family questions, existence of feeling of safety, existence of feeling of support will be indicators for these indicators. Content analysis (content analysis) is the most significant method of collecting and processing documentary information and is a formalized method of research, which involves analyzing the statistical patterns of the frequency distribution of semantic units in the text. In sociology, content analysis is aimed at an objective study of texts in order to study the social processes (objects, phenomena) that these texts represent. Analyzing documents, and animated films are also documents, texts in the broad sense of the word, a researcher can concentrate on the content of specific messages, interpreting words, phrases, and images in a certain way. On the basis of this, it is possible to reveal, for example, general tendencies that manifest the mass media in their attitude to a particular social phenomenon. Document analysis can be used both independently and in combination with other methods. Thus, the analysis of documents allows you to come to important meaningful conclusions about the social phenomena and processes reflected in the documents, as well as about changes in the attitude of society to these phenomena and processes. Results The author conducted a content analysis of the animated content of the Internet country, the most popular animated films based on the statistics of queries on the Internet. We list the main phenomena that occur at regular intervals in the multiplexing content of the Internet space: the futility of the family, the representation of having small, one-child or incomplete families as norms, an aversion to parenthood, the devaluation of traditional family roles (mom, dad, grandparents), a modified image of a boy / girl , men / women [12]. The phenomenon of the formation of aversion to parenthood as such. There are a number of shortcomings that can lead to the formation of a distorted view of motherhood. A full- fledged image of motherhood is far from being found in every cartoon, but these are images of people, prototypes of animals (Barboskins) or fictional characters (Fixies) living like people. The image of a woman, mother is often endowed with masculine traits, especially of character – courage, courage, cruelty, ability to fight back not only with the help of wit or wisdom, but also physical strength. Often the heroines are physically stronger than the male heroes, which distorts the traditional sex – role ideas. Or vice versa, an excessive underlining of secondary sexual characteristics in women. Mothers, as a rule, combine their duties in relation to children with an active social position – they work, build a successful career, have a hobby, actively express political views, that is, along with the reproductive function, they also perform an economic, household, leisure, primary social control function [10]. In some animated films, the image of motherhood manifests itself positively – mothers in large families who are involved in raising their children, show care and attention to all family members, while their visual image, gestures and facial expressions also contribute to a favorable perception. These are images of motherhood and family images in historical cartoon films (Kniyz Vladimir, Volga and the Sultan’s wife, Peresvet and Oslyablya).

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Devaluation of traditional family roles (mom, dad, grandparents). The author revealed that the image of the grandmother is much more common than the image of the grandfather, and the couple of grandparents are found only in the film version of Russian folk tales, with the exception of the cartoon “Luntik”. The image of the grandfather is depicted rather contradictory, that is, the moral and educational function in the images of these characters, the authors do not invest, but on the contrary show the absurdity, inability to bear responsibility and the lack of understanding between them and their grandchildren, and sometimes others around. In the animated series “Masha and the Bear” it seems that the girl lives alone, without parents, brothers and sisters. The bear becomes a kind of grandfather for Masha – economic, prudent, although the child brings a lot of trouble to the bear, and sometimes showing disrespect towards him, she does not empathize with him, does not sympathize, prevents him from sleeping, requires constant games and entertainment from him, showing no respect or help. Bear himself, does not make any attempt to suppress such behavior, and goes on about the child. The cartoon “Grandpa and Granddaughters” also shows the obvious advantages of disobedience towards grandpa. In the animated cycle “Three Heroes”, the image of the grandfather is embodied in the hero Tikhon, uncle and mentor of the hero Alyosha Popovich. The hero is presented in a comical form, a coward, a liar, deprived of physical strength. The main object for jokes are the older generation: ridicule is senile distraction and forgetfulness using the example of the aged hero Svyatogor. And the images of grandmothers in animated films that were released before 2000, on the contrary, are presented positively from the point of view of their fulfillment of the moral and educational function, namely, resolving conflict situations that inevitably arise in any family, establishing warm relations of mutual care and support, teaching the child politeness and accuracy, independence, as they can sing a song and tell a fairy tale before bedtime. In animated movies for the last fifteen years the image of the grandmother, so in “Three Heroes “ considerably changed, this image is allocated with such qualities as peevishness, physical ugliness, possession of force not peculiar to a female image. In one of fights instead of weapon in general the old woman is used [11]. The changed image of the young man/girl, man/woman. In general heroes of many animated films are singles whose meaning of life of entertainment and adventures. The image of the woman is shown on the one hand – in the form of silent, modest, everything suffering for the sake of the beloved husband, the woman who applies physical forces inappropriate to her visual image for the solution of the problems and the spouse; and on the other hand – images of externally beautiful and whimsical women which dominate in the family relations apply physical force, deception and blackmail for the solution of the problems. Feminization of men and a maskulization of women is available that distorts ideas of gender identity at children. Discussion As shown by the statistics of requests on the Internet, the three largest groups of animated films search are full-length Disney and Pixar cartoons, Soviet cartoons and anime. Analysis of search queries showed that those people who are interested in anime have very little interest in other cartoons. The same people who are looking for Soviet cartoons are interested in new serials for younger people, both Russian and foreign – Masha and the Bear or Peppa Pig. The full-length American cartoons are closer to the series for adult and teenage audience – “The Simpsons”, “Futurama”, “Adventure Time”, “South Park” and so on. Most of the popular cartoons are American, Japan is in second place, and third and fourth in Soviet and Russian cartoons, respectively. However, if you look not at the number of cartoons, but at their audience, the picture changes a little: Russian cartoons rise to second place – first of all thanks to the TV series about “Masha and the Bear”, and Canada and the United Kingdom increase their shares due to the “Puppy Patrol” and “Peppa Pig”.

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Most often, people are looking for TV shows. The most popular cartoon is the Russian TV series “Masha and the Bear”. They ask about him almost twice as much as about the next most popular “Puppy Patrol”. Among the Soviet cartoons leading “Well, wait a minute”, among the anime – “Fairy Tail”. The popularity of full-length cartoons is changing quite quickly – as a rule, they are looking more for what goes to the movies. In order to determine family values in this content multiplication, which presuppose an individual choice of generally accepted beliefs regarding goals, ideals, rules, norms and expectations, it is necessary to list the values in the marriage and family sphere that exist in modern Russian society. Zritneva E.I. believes that different families have their own set of values, but many of them are repeated. It depends on a number of factors: the needs and goals of family members, the length of marriage, the importance of certain values, national and religious peculiarities, etc. Taking as a basis the characteristic needs of the individual, and correlating them with family life, Zitneva E.I. proposes to highlight the following values of the modern family: – associated with self-affirmation of the individual: the social significance of the family, the traditional personality of the family man, the recognition of each family member by the closest environment, the acquisition of a certain status in society; – satisfying the need for love and recognition: the acceptance of each family member with all its strengths and weaknesses, the ability to feel loved, needed, and to have the opportunity to express their feelings towards loved ones; sexual and intimate relationships of spouses; – the ability to feel relative stability and security: the duration of family and marriage relations, the constancy of control, economic support, psychological protection, emotional discharge; – giving the opportunity to meet pragmatic needs: joint ownership of property, an increase in the income part of the family budget, waiting for help from children in the future, etc. [23]. Sharing family values according to communication elements within the family, Trubochkina I.S. identifies three groups of family values: values associated with marriage; values related to parenthood and values related to kinship. Among the diversity of marital values one can identify such core values as the value of marriage, the value of equality of spouses / the value of domination of one of them, the values of different sex roles in the family, the value of interpersonal communication between spouses, the relationship of mutual support and mutual understanding of spouses. The core values of parenthood include the value of children, which includes the value of having many children or having few children, as well as the value of raising and socializing children in the family. The values of kinship include the value of having relatives (for example, brothers and sisters), the value of interaction and mutual assistance between relatives, the value of an extended or nuclear family. In traditional culture, family values include the unity of parenthood, kinship, and marriage. Orientation to parenthood is central in family values – on accepting the social roles of mother and father, on having children. On the basis of these data, we have allocated variables, indicators and indicators for studying family values in the animated content of the Internet space. Conclusion The author has analyzed the family values of the animated content of the Internet space. Theoretical approaches to the analysis of family values are analyzed, definitions of basic concepts are given, variables, indicators and indicators for studying family values are highlighted. The application of the method of content analysis for the study of this issue is substantiated. The author’s tools for empirical research on the problem of research work were developed. The state of the parameters of family values in the animated content of the Internet space is empirically established and described taking into account the current situation in Russia. There are a number of shortcomings that can lead to the formation of a distorted view of motherhood. The image of a woman, mother is often endowed with masculine traits,

81 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK especially of character – courage, courage, cruelty, ability to fight back not only with the help of wit or wisdom, but also physical strength. Often the heroines are physically stronger than the male heroes, which distorts the traditional sex – role ideas. Or vice versa, an excessive underlining of secondary sexual characteristics in women. Mothers, as a rule, combine their duties in relation to children with an active social position. In some animated films, the image of motherhood manifests itself positively – mothers in large families who are involved in raising their children, show care and attention to all family members, while their visual image, gestures and facial expressions also contribute to a favorable perception. The author has revealed that the image of the grandmother is much more common than the image of the grandfather, while the couple of grandparents are found only in the film version of Russian folk tales. The image of the grandfather is depicted rather contradictory, that is, the moral and educational function in the images of these characters, the authors do not invest, but on the contrary show the absurdity, inability to bear responsibility and the lack of understanding between them and their grandchildren, and sometimes others around. The main object for jokes are the older generation: ridiculed senile distraction and forgetfulness. The image of the grandmother, so endowed with such qualities as grumbling, physical ugliness, possession of strength, not peculiar to the female image. In general, the characters of many cartoons are loners, the meaning of life is entertainment and adventure. The image of a woman is shown on the one hand – in the form of a quiet, modest, all tolerant for the sake of her beloved husband, a woman who applies physical forces that are inappropriate to her visual image in order to solve the problems of her and her spouse; and on the other hand, images of externally beautiful and capricious women who dominate family relationships, apply physical strength, deception and blackmail to solve their problems. There is a feminization of men and the masculization of women, which distorts the idea of gender identity in children.

References 1. Adler A. Raising children, gender interaction. Rostov on/D, 1998. P. 12–255. 2. Bandura A. Social learning theory. SPb., 2000. P. 261–301. 3. Bozhovich L.I. Personality and its formation in childhood. M.: Enlightenment, 1968. P. 66–78. 4. Buruhina A.F. Attention! Cartoon! A book for parents and educators: the technique of using cartoons for the education and training of children of preschool age. Chelyabinsk, 2011. P. 78–83. 5. Chuprina A. A. Family as a sphere of spiritual and moral formation of the personality of a teenager: author. dis. … candidate of philosophy. Stavropol, 2005. P. 17–30. 6. Drozdov A.Ju. Aggressive television: a socio-psychological analysis of the phenomenon // SOCIS. 1999. No. 8. P. 62–67. 7. Karandashev V.N. Schwartz Method for Studying Personality Values: Concept and Methodological Guide. 2004. P. 35–63. 8. Kogatko A.G. Television for children: theory, history, perspective model of functioning: author. dis. ... cand. filol. sciences. M., 2007. P. 5–24. 9. Lebed O.B. Sociological portrait of the modern family (on the basis of oral folk culture): author. dis. ... cand. sociol. sciences. M., 2000. P. 88–91. 10. Leontyeva T.V. The image of motherhood in Russian animated films // Materials Ivanovo readings. 2015. No. 5. P. 169–171. 11. Leontyeva T.V. The formation of the image of the family in modern Russian animated films // Strategies for the social development of modern society: Russian and world trends: Collection of materials of the XIV International Social Congress. 2015. P. 250–251. 12. Mescherkina-Rozhdestvensky E. Visual Turn: Analysis and Interpretation of Images // Sat scientific Art. Saratov: Scientific Book, 2007. P. 45–54. 13. Maurice H. Variety of Human Values. 1958. P. 7–8. 14. Nemova O.A, Svadbina T.V. Family education in a consumer society // Sociology. Journal of the Russian Sociological Association. 2012. No. 3. P. 35–42.

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15. Parsons T. The place of ultimate value in sociological theory // International Journal of Ethics. 1935. No. 45.3. P. 218–250. 16. Rokych M. The Nature of Human Values. 1973. P. 8–10. 17. Sinelnikov A.B. Family Transformation and Community Development: textbook. M., 2008. P. 12–15. 18. Shakeeva Ch.A. Socio-psychological aspects of the influence of modern cinema on the value orientations of modern youth: author’s abstract dis. ... cand. of psychol. sciences. L., 1983. P. 30–67. 19. Sharikov A.V., Chudinova V.P. Children’s TV. View of a sociologist // Children and Culture / ed. B.Yu. Sorochkin. M., 2007. P. 32–52. 20. Weber M. Selected Works / trans. from english. M.: Progress, 1990. 21. Zimbardo F., Laype M. Social influence. SPb., 2000. P. 64–69. 22. Zritneva E.I. Modern family as the main factor in preparing young people for marriage and family relations. М., 2006. P. 45–56.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Leontyeva, T.V. (2019) Family Values in the Animated Content of Internet Space, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 76–83. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-76- 83 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Leontyeva Taisiya Viktorovna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Loshkarev I.O., Assistant Professor of the Department of State Law Disciplines of the Law Faculty; Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-839X UDC 316; 342 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-84-91 International Law and State Sovereignty: Issues of Correlation

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 18.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: this article is devoted to the study of the influence of international law on the sovereignty of various countries. It has been established that the concept of sovereignty is complex and has no unified definition. The purpose of this article is to consider the impact of international law on state sovereignty. During the study, both specific scientific and general scientific methods of inquiry were used. As a result, it was concluded that modern researchers view state sovereignty as a concept with four aspects. An interrelation between state sovereignty and international law was discovered. The essence of sovereignty in the framework of international law was defined. The findings obtained as a result of this work can be used as a basis for scientific research of certain legal aspects of the impact of international law on the sovereignty of modern states. Key words: state sovereignty, international law, supremacy of power, equality of states, public power. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction International law refuses to perceive sovereignty as complete freedom of action of the state. This position leads to the limitation of the powers and interests of the state from the point of view of one subject. This is reasonable since, without limitation, the very existence of international law is in question. There is no sense in opposing international law and sovereignty. The fact is that both phenomena are necessary for each other and coexist quite peacefully in the realities of the modern world. Studies of international interaction suggest that the intensity of the economic, social and political influence of states on each other is constantly increasing. But this fact does not provoke thoughts about the potential elimination of the phenomenon of sovereignty. Conducting a study of the impact of international law on state sovereignty is of great importance for understanding the essence, role, direction of development of international law and state sovereignty in the modern world. Due to the lack of a unified definition of sovereignty at present, there are different points of view on its essence. Despite the obvious urgency of conducting a study on the impact of international law on state sovereignty, the necessary attention to this issue was not paid in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, various authors have carried out research on some aspects of the issue of studying the influence of international law on the sovereignty of various countries. Some ways to solve this problem were disclosed in fundamental research: Sergeeva S.G. (2012), Lazareva V.V. (2009), Palienko N.I. (2012), Dobrynina N.M. (2016), Maklakova V.V. (2012), Mishina A.A. (2013).

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Some aspects of the impact of international law on state sovereignty were investigated in the following scientific articles: Abdrakhmanov D.V. (2017), Aznagulova G.M. (2014), Byrdin E.V. (2016), Verbitskaya T.V. (2017), Voronkova M.L. (2017), Gadisov S.R. (2015), Grachev N.I. (2012), Zoloeva Z.T., Koibaev B.G. (2017), Kazakov V.N. (2016), Karnaushenko L.V. (2016), Konurov A.I. (2012), Leonov A.S. (2013), Myslivsky P.P. (2015), Romanova Yu.V. (2009), Smirnov S.V. (2016), Timofeev I.N. (2016), Tynyanova O.N. (2010), Sharifov M.Sh. (2016), Sherstoboev O.N. (2016), Shestopal S.S. (2017). Methods In the process of writing this scientific article, both general scientific and specific scientific methods of inquiry were used. The analytical method of inquiry allowed to conduct a comparative analysis of the concepts of “international law” and “state sovereignty”, initially in respect of their individual aspects, then in the form of a single and integral phenomenon. With the help of the statistical method various statistical data that had a connection with the essence of sovereignty under international law was analyzed. On the basis of the systemic and structural method of inquiry, structural links were established between different points of view on the essence of state sovereignty. With the help of a formal legal method, international legal acts and constitutional legal norms that consolidate state sovereignty were investigated and analyzed. Results The study found that the concept of sovereignty is multidimensional and has no unified definition. Sovereignty can mean both the independence of state power throughout the country and the impossibility of the influence of other states on the domestic and international policy of the country. It was determined that the prerequisites for the emergence of the international legal concept of state sovereignty appeared in 1555, after the conclusion of the Augsburg Settlement which stated that the power of the German princes was independent of the Catholic Church. The idea of state sovereignty was first consolidated on a contractual basis at the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It was discovered that state sovereignty and international law are not incompatible concepts, since international law does not exclude sovereignty, but, on the contrary, gives it specific qualities (sovereignty is a principle in international law that applies to all countries and governs relations between all states). In view of this, international law is the cause of the emergence of sovereignty as a phenomenon. It has been established that state sovereignty is considered by modern researchers in four aspects: a) sovereignty within the state; b) sovereignty of interdependence; c) international legal sovereignty; d) Westphalian sovereignty. It has been determined that the existing doctrine of international law refuses to interpret state sovereignty as an absolute and unlimited freedom of action. Along with this, there are inadequate approaches to the understanding of state sovereignty. In the case of their practical application, the development of international relations will lead to the interdependence of countries, their subordination to the general world legal system, which will cause contradictions between state sovereignty and international law. Discussion Yu.V. Romanova notes that the theory of the Russian state and law and international law differently interpret the concept of “sovereignty”. In the first case, sovereignty means the sovereignty of the state throughout its territory. It can be noted that these are only internal

85 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK manifestations of independence and autonomy. External manifestation lies in the impossibility of the influence of other states on internal and external affairs [11, p. 49]. In the latter case, sovereignty is more limited, but not encroached upon to the non-operating state. Independence of the country, inviolability of borders and non-interference remain, but give way to integration in all spheres [6, p. 41]. As early as the 16th century, there was an understanding of sovereignty as a requirement of an interstate system of relations. Within its borders (which should be clearly defined and recognized by other countries), the state has the right to pursue its policy, which it considers expedient, to pass the necessary laws, and no one – neither individuals, nor groups, nor internal structures – have the right to refuse to follow them. According to S.S. Shestopal, sovereignty in the framework of international relations suggests that no state has the right to claim the authority of a sovereign state, if they exist within its own borders, even an attempt to violate this rule means a threat to sovereignty. From the point of view of international law, sovereignty needs to recognize the legitimacy of the mutual requirements of all countries in the interstate system on the part of other states [14, p. 376]. On the territory of a country, sovereignty means the obligation of the state to maintain civil peace. Beyond the borders of the state, sovereignty implies, inter alia, the right to wage war beyond the limits of the sovereignty. Whereas in the political system the basic goal of sovereignty is the prohibition of private wars and peaceful settlement of conflicts between citizens, in the external relations the state is responsible for military actions with other countries. As a result, a sovereign becomes the person who can decide who becomes an enemy and who can be a friend. Prerequisites for the emergence of the international legal concept of the country’s sovereignty appeared in 1555, after the conclusion of the Augsburg Settlement, which stated that the power of the German princes was independent of the Catholic Church. A.S. Leonov notes that the idea of state sovereignty from the point of view of international law first occurred on a contractual basis at the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which marked the end of the Thirty Years War [9, p. 216–217]. According to this agreement, the German sovereign princes received full and inalienable rights over the territories under their control. Independence from any power existing at that time was established. Thus, about 300 different subjects of international relations emerged on the territory of Germany, and all of them got the right to interact with other countries [17, p. 96–97]. After defining the borders of the states of Europe, the World of Westphalia became the starting point for all further treatises and treaties before the French Revolution. The legal norms laid down in these documents are still relevant. From a methodological point of view, the most important is the question of the position of sovereignty in international law. How compatible are these two phenomena? Given that international law is a law that is above sovereignty, that enforces obligations on a sovereign state, the question arises – is the essence of sovereignty as an independent state not lost in this case? In the search for answers to these questions, some scientists (A. Ferdros, G. Kelsen, J. Brierly) came to deny the importance of sovereignty and concluded that this concept has lost its power, that it should be abandoned in favor of a more acceptable concept – internal country competence. G. Kelsen said that sovereignty from the point of view of international law means the power or competence of a state, which can only be limited by one thing, international law. Other scientists (Zorn, Shershenevich, Willoughby), also believing that sovereignty cannot exist together with international law, on the contrary, denied international law. In some cases, the concept of international law would be replaced by the concept of international morality. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the opinion declaring sovereignty and international law incompatible concepts is quite vulnerable. So, sovereignty implies autonomy and

86 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 independence of the state from other states. This interpretation suggests the fact of the presence and recognition of other countries, the existence of relations between different countries. Relations between states are objectively built according to specific rules. In relations between countries, such rules may be either the harmonization of personal interests or their imposition by some countries on others. In the first situation, we will talk about the emergence of a certain regulator which was the result of harmonization of the personal interests of various independent states – that is, international law. In the second situation, international law does not appear and, moreover, one country is directly or indirectly dependent on another state – the absence of sovereignty is manifested. International law in practice does not exclude sovereignty, but on the contrary, gives it specific qualities – for example, sovereignty is a principle in international law that applies to all countries and governs relations between all states. International law, therefore, becomes one of the reasons for the emergence of sovereignty as a phenomenon. At the same time, on the basis of the principle of sovereignty, the specificity of international law is manifested in comparison with the law in the territory of one state. The coexistence of international law and sovereignty is proved in practice in world history – international law emerged as a systemic formation associated with the emergence of many sovereign states in Europe and the strengthening of interconnections between them. So, the sovereignty of states within the framework of international law does not exclude regulation by international law, but at the same time gives rise to a number of characteristics of such regulation, as well as its limits [13, p. 22]. In determining these characteristics, supporters of different concepts in their own way resolve the issue of the subject establishing these characteristics and limits. Thus, from the point of view of the supremacy of prevalence over international law, an independent and autonomous state independently determines the limits of regulation of its activities by international law. From the standpoint of the prevalence of international law, the state law is part of the world legal system. Within the limits of the whole, and not of the part, the determination of the powers of the state is carried out, as a result, its sovereignty is limited [5, p. 24]. I.N. Timofeev argues that the interrelation between international and national law, as well as the limits of regulation by international law and sovereignty, are dictated by the nature of the relationship, objectives and goals of such regulation [16, p. 32]. Under international law, at the moment there are several fairly popular interpretations of the sovereignty of the state. Modern researchers put forward a proposal to consider the sovereignty of the state in four aspects: a) sovereignty within the state as a principle of the realization of public authority in the country and society’s control over it [12, p. 54]; b) sovereignty of interdependence that allows control of cross-border migration; c) international legal sovereignty that affirms the equality of states in relations with each other; d) Westphalian sovereignty, according to V.N. Kazakova, suggesting a ban on external forces in any way influencing the distribution of power competencies in the state [7, p. 92–93]. The definition of these four points of view, for the most part, does not mean the coexistence of all varieties of sovereignty, but recognition of it as a multifaceted phenomenon. This interrelation of the above points of view on state sovereignty is variable, which can be observed in world history. Sovereignty within the state characterizes the peculiarities of power relations in the country and comes from the ideas of J. Boden and T. Hobbes. Their goal was the emergence of a legal basis for centralization of power from a political point of view. In the conditions of the modern

87 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK world in international law, the basic elements of “sovereignty within the state” are tolerance, the right of people to self-determination and the choice of the form of governance. The sovereignty of interdependence focuses on the ability and the right of the country to control the monetary, labor and commodity flows that pass through the country’s border. For international law, such an understanding of the sovereignty of the state is important because the inability of the authorities to exercise control over their borders does not affect its sovereignty. It turns out that it is impossible to force countries to implement effective control over their borders. If we talk about the practical application of these provisions, it threatens to exacerbate some problems, for example, the weakening of the nuclear non- proliferation regime, the increase in the number of terrorist acts with the connivance of nation states. State sovereignty in all its senses and manifestations implies that a sovereign subject is recognized as such by other sovereign subjects. The recognition of the state defacto means the recognition of its equality with respect to other countries. International recognition does not affect the attainment by the political community of the quality of the state, i.e. this community may even be a country in case of its complete absence. But international recognition entails the emergence of specific rights of the state – for example, the right to uphold their interests in the courts of other countries, guarantee the integrity of diplomatic persons of a recognized state, immunity from prosecution of officials. The Westphalian model of sovereignty entails the absolutization of the principle of non- interference in all affairs of the state, carried out on its territory. In this concept, independence and autonomy is considered as a universal value. A country must exclude or maximize restrictions on its rights as a sovereign. Thus, the state should be provided with reliable guarantees of non- interference in internal affairs on its territory, even if internal political processes in it cause a conflict of interests of other participants of interstate relations. According to D.V. Abdrakhmanov, in parallel with the structural study of the sovereignty of the state in the framework of international law, there are attempts to define its new qualities, which in the realities of the modern world take on special significance in the context of international relations [1, p. 96–97]. Z.T. Zoloev, B.G. Koibaev note that the emergence of different points of view and new legally and socio-politically significant characteristics of a country’s sovereignty under international law contributes to the fact that the country’s sovereignty provides the national state with a certain level of freedom politically and protects the state from outside interference by international law [20, p. 134]. International law is based on the independence of sovereigns. A sovereign has the right to refer to its sovereignty, but not to challenge the obligations of international law in general, but to challenge any claims that do not correspond to these features of state regulation by international law. The development of the basis of state responsibility in the system of international law does not lead to the destruction of the principle of sovereignty. On the contrary, it is international law that today can effectively provide mechanisms for the protection of state sovereignty. G.M. Aznagulova argues that among the factors that suggest a possible sovereignty crisis include globalization, the disintegration of sovereign countries and the formation of quasi- states (Kosovo, South Ossetia, Abkhazia), the growing power of international organizations (NATO, Security Council, UN) [2, p. 15]. S.R. Gadisov believes that in the past century, within the framework of international law, existed the concepts of “limited”, “relative”, “functional” sovereignty, the idea of a crisis of autonomy and independence of states [4, p. 123–124]. Agreeing that the system of international relations at this stage requires correction of the scope of application of the powers of national and international legal systems, it is nevertheless

88 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 almost impossible to support the opinion that, in spite of the absence of legal grounds, is an excuse for significant interference in the sovereign domestic political situation [10, p. 126–127]. In this situation, an opinion arises that the question of the possibility of limiting sovereignty can be answered positively, if only based on the possibility of its self-limitation. According to E.V. Byrdin, the problem lies in who and how exactly sovereignty can generally be limited [3, p. 119]. M.L. Voronkova believes that the sovereignty’s self-restriction of its own will is possible if two or more sovereign states create a common space for any purpose – an alliance, a military bloc, a union – and at the same time transfer some of their sovereign powers to supranational authorities, define the system and the limits of mutual interference in each other’s internal affairs. An example of this is the European Union [19, p. 56]. Restriction of sovereignty against the will of the state, in accordance with international law, is possible when interference in the internal affairs of a sovereign is carried out, for example, to resolve its internal conflicts that lead to the abuse of sovereignty (for example, intervention in the process of UN peacekeeping operations in Somalia) [18, p. 205–206]. The doctrine of international law reveals some changes in the territory of distribution of state sovereignty. Thus, the theorists of globalization suggest that territoriality and sovereignty soon will stop being the organizing principles of social, cultural and political life [8, p. 6]. According to the data of theorists, the state in the modern world exists in the context of globalization – the process of strengthening the interconnection and interdependence of subjects in the economic, cultural, state and political, legal, social, environmental spheres of human activity on a global scale [15, p. 62]. A similar interpretation of territoriality is irrelevant at the moment, besides, the practice, on the contrary, suggests that the assertion of the sovereign rights of the state nowadays occurs with reference to the belonging of its territory to this sovereign. Conclusion For a long time and until today, sovereignty remains an important quality of the state as a subject of legal relations in the international arena. The essence of sovereignty under international law has several elements: 1) the equality of each state before other countries, which implies that all states should enjoy the same rights and have the same responsibilities in mutual relations, they are equal subjects, regardless of differences of any nature; 2) respect for each other’s legal personality and the sovereignty of countries in their relations, as well as non-interference in their internal affairs; 3) territorial integrity and political independence of countries; 4) the right of a country to freely choose and implement its objects in the absence of discrimination in any of its manifestations in international relations; 5) honest fulfillment by countries of their obligations to other states and country associations; 6) supremacy of power over all citizens within its territory; 7) sovereignty, implying the possession of all sovereign rights without external restrictions; 8) the immunity of the country, implying that it is not brought to justice in another country as a defendant. The existing doctrine of international law refuses to interpret sovereignty as an absolute and unlimited freedom of action. Restrictions on sovereignty should exist, they are a consequence of the existence of international law as a necessary form of interaction between states, as well as a consequence of a country’s right to self-restriction of sovereign rights. Of course, in this situation, a causal link is clearly manifested between the absence of a unified definition of sovereignty at present and the presence of different points of view on its essence.

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Within the framework of international law, there are inadequate approaches. If you follow them, the development of international relations leads to a system of interdependence of countries, their subordination to the general world legal system, which causes contradictions of state sovereignty and international law; according to this theory, the sovereignty of countries is transformed into the sovereignty of a community of countries. In some situations, this leads to denial of the principle of sovereignty, to discussions about its elimination. At the same time, recognizing the inexpediency of the concepts of absolute sovereignty, it is almost impossible to agree with its denial, it remains significant in international relations. The limitation of the powers of the sovereigns, the transformation of the spheres of competence of the international and national legal systems actualize not the denial of sovereignty, but its new understanding. Restricting the autonomy and independence of a country is both a consequence of its sovereignty and recognition of the sovereignty of other countries. Based on the results of the research, it becomes possible to update the current Russian legislation, eliminate legal gaps in regulating the impact of international regulatory acts on state sovereignty, and create a system of public bodies ensuring the practical implementation of these changes. Although these questions were not raised in the framework of the study, they may become the ground for further research.

References 1. Abdrakhmanov D.V. Global information society as a challenge to state sovereignty: constitutional and legal aspect // Issues of Current Law. 2017. No. 3-4 (65). P. 95–103. 2. Aznagulova G.M. Transformation of the legal policy of the national state in the context of globalization // Constitutional State: Theory and Practice. 2014. No. 4 (38). P. 14–18. 3. Byrdin E.V. International legal regulation and the boundaries of state sovereignty // LEX RUSSICA. 2016. No. 10 (119). P. 116–125. 4. Gadisov S.R. Threats to state sovereignty in the context of globalization // Bulletin of Povolzhsky Institute of Management. 2015. No. 6 (51). P. 123–127. 5. Grachev N.I. Political globalization and state sovereignty // Bulletin of Volgograd State University. Series 5: Jurisprudence. 2012. No. 1 (16). P. 20–26. 6. Karnaushenko L.V. “Global village” as a new form of social organization of post-industrial society and a factor of threat to state sovereignty // Philosophy of Law. 2016. No. 2 (75). P. 38–41. 7. Kazakov V.N. Control over the performance of management functions as a mechanism to ensure state sovereignty and state security // Bulletin of Ekaterinburg Institute. 2016. No. 4 (36). P. 92–96. 8. Konurov A.I. Threats to state sovereignty in the global political system // Electronic scientific journal “Security Problems”. 2012. No. 2 (16). P. 6–7. 9. Leonov A.S. State sovereignty and human rights: the problem of compatibility and mutual influence (theoretical and applied aspect) // Legal science and practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2013. No. 21. P. 216–219. 10. Myslivsky P.P. The interrelation of the competence of the Eurasian Economic Union and state sovereignty // Theory and practice of social development. 2015. No. 11. P. 126–128. 11. Romanova Yu.V. National Sovereignty and International Order // Journal of Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Law. 2009. No. 15 (153). P. 47–50. 12. Sharifov M.Sh. Control over the execution of functions of state administration as a mechanism for ensuring state sovereignty // Science. Thought. 2016. No. 2. P. 54–60. 13. Sherstoboev O.N. Acts of state administration in the immigration sphere in the light of the doctrine of state sovereignty // Legal problems of strengthening Russian statehood: Collection of articles on the results of the All-Russian scientific practical conference. Tomsk: National Research Tomsk State University, 2016. P. 22–23. 14. Shestopal S.S. The interrelation of state sovereignty and the extraterritoriality of law in the context of globalization // Azimuth of Scientific Research: Economics and Management. 2017. No. 4 (21). P. 375–380.

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15. Smirnov S.V. “Color Revolution” as a threat to state sovereignty in the context of globalization // Legal thought. 2016. No. 4 (96). P. 62–66. 16. Timofeev I.N. State dilemmas in the modern world order // Journal of MGIMO University. 2016. No. 1 (46). P. 29–41. 17. Tynyanova O.N. National sovereignty and state borders in the globalization age // Age of Globalization. 2010. No. 1 (5). P. 89–105. 18. Verbitskaya T.V. Problems of ensuring national security by eliminating internal and external threats to the sovereignty of the state // Development of political institutions and processes: foreign and domestic experience: Materials of the VIII All-Russian Scientific Practical Conference. Omsk: Dostoevsky Omsk State University, 2017. P. 203–209. 19. Voronkova M.L. The imposition of new European values as a way to destroy state sovereignty (on the example of Greece – a country with a state religion) // International and national mechanisms for ensuring sovereignty: Materials of the VIII International Constitutional Forum, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Saratov region. Saratov: Saratov Source, 2017. P. 56–60. 20. Zoloeva Z.T., Koibaev B.G. Globalization of international relations and its impact on the development of international law // Humanitarian and Legal Studies. 2017. No. 4. P. 133– 137.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Loshkarev, I.O. (2019) International Law and State Sovereignty: Issues of Correlation, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 84–91. DOI 10.17922/2412- 5466-2019-5-1-84-91 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Loshkarev Igor Olegovich Assistant Professor of the Department of State Law Disciplines of the Law Faculty Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Mikhoparov N.I., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-5163 UDC 316 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-92-99 Peculiarities of the State Tourism Policy in the Chuvash Republic: Regional Experience and Methods of Its Improvement

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 30.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the article is aimed at studying and analyzing the activities of state and municipal authorities of the Chuvash Republic in the development of the tourism sphere in the region. The article reflects the topical problems in the regional tourism policy and substantiates the necessity of active policy of the regional and municipal authorities of Chuvashia in the development of the tourism industry, suggests recommendations and measures to improve the efficiency of state regulation of tourism in Chuvashia, which are aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Republican tourist product in the domestic and international tourist markets. Key words: tourism sphere, Chuvash Republic, regional tourism policy. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction Today, the tourism industry is one of the largest high-yielding sectors of the world economy. At present, tourism accounts for 10% of the world’s gross product, 7% of world trade, and every 10th workplace. The tourism sector closely intertwines the interests of the hotels, retail business, transport services, catering, etc. [20]. From the point of view of state interests tourism industry is an important economic and social component in the economy of the state. Tourism is considered as a source of financial income of budgets of all levels. In addition, the tourism sector strengthens and expands the sources of investment, increases the tax base, etc. The tourism industry serves as a means of creating new jobs and increasing the level of employment: one workplace in the tourism sector creates up to five new jobs in related sectors of the economy; the growth of employment in the tourism sector is 1.5 times higher than in the manufacturing sector of the economy [15]. To date, almost in all the regions of the Russian Federation there is a high potential for the development of the domestic tourism market. The variety of types of tourism destinations allows the regions of Russia to create absolutely unique tourism products that can compete with well-known foreign analogues. In our country various climatic, historical and cultural areas are available to create attractive tourism products, which are affordable for a potential tourist both in price and quality. Russian tourist opportunities are clearly manifested at the level of the Chuvash Republic. Thus, in accordance with the relevant data of the sociological study of the current state of tourism in Chuvashia, the Chuvash Republic currently has favorable conditions and significant tourism potential for the development of the regional tourism industry [19]. However, despite

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all the above, today the regional tourism is poorly represented in the regional, national and international tourism markets. According to the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Chuvash Republic (Chuvashstat), in 2017 the tourism sector took up only 0.3% of the gross regional product of Chuvashia [2]. In modern conditions, the level of development of the tourism industry in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is mainly determined by the activities of the regional governing bodies. It is the targeted regional tourism policy that has a significant impact on the formation of the level of competitiveness of the local tourism product in the tourism market and on the creation of a favorable investment climate for the regional tourism industry. Based on the above, the current poor presentation of the Chuvash tourism product in the domestic and inbound tourism markets can be explained by the absence of an active republican policy for the development of the regional tourism industry, which, in turn, makes it very urgent to improve the efficiency of the state regulation of the tourism industry in the Chuvash Republic. Methodology The information basis of the scientific work consists of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic, statistical data and materials of foreign and Russian researches. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research comprises the following scientific methods: analytical-synthetic method, system-approach method, study of primary sources, statistical data analysis, comparison, secondary data analysis, etc. Results In the Chuvash Republic the tourism sphere is recognized as one of the priority spheres of the regional economy in accordance with the Chuvash Law “On Tourism” [13]. Under this law, currently the state regulation of the tourism industry in the region is carried out by the State Council of the Chuvash Republic; the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic; the authorized body of the executive power of Chuvash Republic carrying out the state policy in the sphere of tourism and by the local self-government bodies of the Chuvash Republic. In accordance with the Decree of the Head of the Chuvash Republic of December 21, 2013 No. 134, in 2013 the powers of the executive authorities of the Chuvash Republic carrying out the state policy in the field of tourism of the region were transferred to the Ministry of Culture, Nationality Affairs and Archives of the Chuvash Republic [8]. To date, the state tourism policy of the region is implemented on the basis of the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2014–2020 [5]. The purpose of the Subprogram is to increase the level of competitiveness of the tourism market of the Chuvash Republic to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in quality tourism services. In the years 2014–2018, 249.9 million rubles or 4.8% of the total funding of the Program, which amounted to 5.1 billion rubles, were allocated from the regional budget of the Chuvash Republic for the implementation of the main activities of the subprogram “Tourism” [6]. Since 2013, the federal program aimed at the development of tourism in Russia is the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013– 2020, which includes the subprogram “Tourism” [7]. The total amount of the financial support for the Subprogram from the Federal budget for the years 2013–2018 is amounted to 2.8 billion rubles (figure 1). Only once in 2014 the Chuvash Republic received 8.6 million rubles from the federal budget under the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013–2020 to organize actions of event tourism within the framework of the Year of Culture in the Russian Federation [10]. The main part of these funds was spent to organize on June 18–19, 2014 in Cheboksary a visiting district conference of the Ministry of Culture of Russia which purpose was to identify and promote the best experience

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800 000,0 728 550,6 700 000,0 600 000,0 533 763,3 526 084,0 500 000,0 469 722,3 466 878,9 400 000,0 300 000,0 200 000,0 120 528,1 100 000,0 0,0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Funding of the subprogram "Tourism" from the federal budget (thousand rubles)

Figure 1. Funding of the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013–2020 from the federal budget for the years 2013–2018

of the subjects of the Volga Federal district in arranging the Year of Culture. Thematic round tables were organized within the framework of the Conference program. The round table “Development of event tourism in the subjects of the Volga Federal district” was devoted to the tourism industry. Also on December 16, 2014 in Cheboksary the Ministry of Culture of Chuvashia held the Forum of cultural workers of the Chuvash Republic, as part of which the round table “Event tourism” dedicated to the tourism industry was held [17]. Discussion 1. Regional program. While analyzing the financial policy of the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic in the field of tourism, it was found out that 249.9 million rubles allocated from the regional budget for the years 2014–2018 for the implementation of the main activities of the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2014–2020 were distributed as follows: 243.3 million rubles or 97% of the total amount allocated by the regional authorities were directed to the implementation of the event “Creation of a complex providing the infrastructure of the tourism and recreation cluster “Ethnic Chuvashia” of the Chuvash Republic”; 6.6 million rubles or 3% of the funds – for the event “Formation and promotion of the tourism product of the Chuvash Republic”. Almost every year, the republican funds for the second event of the Subprogram were mainly spent on the organization of the exhibition of the tourism potential of the Chuvash Republic at such international, all-Russian and interregional tourism exhibitions as “Intourmarket”, “MITT”, “KITS”, etc. [12]. Here, a very important point is that one of the tasks of the subprogram “Tourism” is “promotion of the tourism product of the Chuvash Republic in the world and domestic tourism markets.” Analyzing the actual amount of the funds to arrange the activities for the implementation of this Task allocated from the budget of Chuvashia for the designated five years, it is almost impossible to assert that the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic were concerned in conducting a regional policy aimed at bringing the Chuvash tourism product to a new quality level in the domestic and international tourism markets, because the amount of the budget funds allocated by the regional authorities for these purposes is negligible. 94 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019

In this regard, the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic should pay special attention to this problem, as their current activities reflect a deviation from the implementation of one of the main objectives of the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2014–2020. The only solution to this problem is a significant increase in funding from the regional budget the event “Formation and promotion of the tourism product of the Chuvash Republic” of the subprogram “Tourism” of the regional program. 2. Federal program. As it was already mentioned, for the years 2013–2018 the total amount of the financial support of the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013–2020 from the federal budget amounted to 2.8 billion rubles. For example, in 2014 the state allocated 728.5 million rubles to finance the Subprogram. If we divide this amount equally between 83 regions of the country (without taking into account the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol), it turns out that each region would receive about 8.7 million rubles. Comparing the derived conditional figure with the actual amount of money received by the Chuvash Republic (8.6 million rubles) in 2014, it turns out that the amounts are relatively the same, which allows us to adopt the designed formula for determining the principle of distribution of the federal funds between the regions of the country as approximately objective. After consideration on this principle the allocated amounts of budgetary funds for the subprogram “Tourism” in 2013 and the years 2015–2018, it turns out that each Russian region received on average 1.4 million rubles in 2013 and 23.4 million annually in the years 2015–2018 (taking into account the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal importance Sevastopol), and totally for the years 2013–2018 – approximately 33.5 million The presented analysis forms an unambiguous conclusion that for 6 years from 2013 to 2018 the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic did not receive about 25 million rubles potentially provided for Chuvashia in the federal budget under the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013–2020. These federal budget funds could be successfully invested by the regional authorities, for example, in the implementation of the Concept of development of rural and ecological tourism in the Chuvash Republic for the years 2015–2020 [3]. 3. Regional concept of tourism development. Pursuant to the Decree of the Head of the Chuvash Republic of June 16, 2014 No. 86 [9], in 2014 the Ministry of Culture, Nationality Affairs and Archives of the Chuvash Republic developed the Concept of development of rural and ecological tourism in the Chuvash Republic for the years 2015–2020, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic. According to the approved plan of the implementation of this Concept the following costly measures are to be implemented:  introduction of a tourism navigation system on roads in rural areas of the republic;  organization of tourism «branding» in the rural areas of the region;  development and introduction of the mechanisms of financial support for small and medium-sized business dealing with rural and ecological tourism in the republic. At the end of 2018, the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic hardly implemented any of the listed measures of the Concept, except for the installation of the navigation signs to five cultural heritage sites on roads in the rural areas. The indicated example of ineffective work of the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic has its justification. The matter is that in accordance with the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Chuvashia dated August 29, 2014 No. 513-r [3] the financial support for the implementation of the Concept is realized within the budget allocations of the Chuvash Republic, provided for the implementation of the subprogram “Tourism” of the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2014–2020, without allocating additional funds from the regional budget for the direct implementation of the Concept. This negative reality raises the question – why, after 2014, have the regional authorities of Chuvashia never profited federal financing under the subprogram “Tourism” of the state

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program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013– 2020, when there was a serious necessity for this and, moreover, by this time the republic had experience working with this Subprogram? In this regard, the following explanations can be given. Firstly, in 2014, the Chuvash Republic received federal financing under the subprogram “Tourism” not on its own, but due to the “distribution” of finance from the federal center to the regions of the country for the effective arrangement of the Year of Culture in the Russian Federation. Because of this, the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic have not developed practical mechanisms for independent interaction with the federal center to obtain federal financing for the Subprogram. Secondly, from 2013 to 2018, the Chuvash Republic took part in the federal targeted program “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011–2018)” [11], part of which was the tourism investment project “Ethnic Chuvashia” [14]. Due to the fact that financing from the federal budget under the targeted program was provided to the Chuvash Republic in a strict order, the main focus and attention of the state authorities of the region were directed to this federal program, because the republic received huge financing – on average more than 200 million rubles a year. Thirdly, in the authorized regional executive body implementing the state policy in the sphere of tourism, which in Chuvashia is the Ministry of Culture, Nationality Affairs and Archives of the Chuvash Republic, from 2014 to the present day there is a shortage of civil servants who are in charge of the tourism industry (at the end of 2018 only 3 civil servants including the Deputy Minister). This shortage to a greater extent was the main reason of neglecting potential 23.4 million rubles for the subprogram “Tourism”, for the Ministry did not have enough resources for the subprogram. And the worst consequence was the fact that by 2018 the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic had forgotten about the Subprogram. 4. Municipal programs. Unfavorable financial policy in the tourism sector is also observed at the municipal level of the region. Thus, the current poor situation in the districts of the republic is most clearly reflected in the Krasnye Chetai district of the Chuvash Republic. According to the official website of the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic, [16] in this district the tourism policy is implemented on the basis of the subprogram “Tourism” of the municipal program of the Krasnye Chetai district “Development of culture and tourism in the Krasnye Chetai district of the Chuvash Republic” for the years 2014–2020 [4], purpose of which is creation of the tourism product providing the positive image of the Krasnye Chetai district in the tourism market. In this case, the “tragedy” of the situation is that financing of the Subprogram is mainly provided by attracting the extra-budgetary funds for the years 2014 to 2020 in the amount of 120 thousand rubles (an average of 17 thousand rubles each year). As for financing from the municipal budget, the allocation of the municipal funds for the subprogram “Tourism” was not included in the Program for the years 2014 to 2016. Hence it is not difficult to guess that while approving this program, municipal officials of the Krasnye Chetai district did not want to burden themselves with the problems of finding the missing funds from the district budget for direct funding of the tourism industry. They deliberately relegated solutions to the problems with financing of the subprogram “Tourism” to the later stages of the Program. This conclusion is justified by the fact that in accordance with the initially approved financial plan of the Program, the subprogram “Tourism” was to be financed annually from 2017 on average for 65 thousand rubles (the total planned amount for the years 2017– 2020 is 260 thousand rubles). However, at the end of 2018, according to the official website of the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic, for the implementation of the subprogram “Tourism” of the municipal program of the Krasnye Chetai district “Development of culture and tourism in the Krasnye Chetai district of the Chuvash Republic” for the years 2014–2020, the authorities of the district did not gain money, both from the municipal budget and from private business, as it was evidenced by the post on this website [16].

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Based on the above, it should be noted that such a negative situation is observed in almost all the districts of the Chuvash Republic, with some exception (city of Cheboksary, Kozlovka district and Cheboksary district). The analysis of the financial policy of the districts of the Chuvash Republic in the tourism industry allows to bring out another problem of the municipal authorities of the region – supervision of the local tourism sector by inefficient officials. The remark is directed not only to the ordinary municipal specialists in charge of tourism, but also, to a greater extent, to the heads of the administrations of the districts, because they finally determine whether to finance the tourism industry or not, if so, then formally or reasonably? Unfortunately, at present, as we can see, most of the districts of the Chuvash Republic are headed by formalists and non- initiative people, it is evidenced by the lack of initiatives and actions for the development of the local tourism industry on the part of municipal authorities of the district. Conclusion Thus, in order to bring the Chuvash tourism product to a new quality level in the Russian and international tourism markets as soon as possible, the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic are to start the regular distribution of the republic’s budget funds allocated for the development of tourism among the districts. Regular distribution of these republic’s funds among the districts could be established through proportional co-financing of the municipal programs including the subprogram “Tourism”. Unfortunately, in the Chuvash Republic the regional budget funds allocated for the development of tourism are directed only to the development of the tourism infrastructure of Cheboksary and its suburbs. In fact, at present, the tourism potential of Chuvashia is concentrated not only in the capital of the region, but also in the municipal districts of the republic. It is in the province that the historical national identity of the Chuvash (Suvar) people is still preserved. It is something that is undoubtedly of great interest to a potential inbound tourist in the Chuvash region. Therefore, if the republic’s authorities really pursue the goal of bringing the Chuvash tourism product to a new quality level in the Russian and international tourism markets in the near future, then today the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic are to see that the republican budget funds are also directed to the development of the tourism infrastructure in the districts of Chuvashia. In order for the region to implement a more productive systematized state policy in the tourism industry, it would be appropriate if every year the state and municipal authorities of the Chuvash Republic with the joint participation of the interested regional organizations of the tourism industry, developed a Program of joint actions for the development of domestic tourism in the Chuvash Republic for the upcoming year. The development and implementation of such a plan for the arrangement of tourism events in the region during the year would create new conditions for the frequent interaction of the authorities with business on the matters of the development of the regional tourism sector. The authorities of the Chuvash Republic need to involve the business community into the regional tourism market on the principles of public-private partnership. Such an approach to the cooperation between business and government predisposes the opportunity to establish a constructive relationship and a lasting dialogue between them, which, in turn, will contribute to a significant acceleration of the process of formation and promotion of the Chuvash tourism product in the domestic and inbound tourism markets. Currently, in the Chuvash Republic it is popular and essential among the state and municipal authorities of the region to apply social engineering in the implementation of the tourism policy in the region. According to the definition of O.A. Urzha, social engineering is a chain of interrelated consecutive procedures aimed at the transformation of the social facilities with a view to their improvement. This is a diagnosis of the state of a social object, forecasting its future state, modeling a new modernized state, conducting an experiment of a social model,

97 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK and in the case of a successful result – creating a social project of a new state of the object, developing social technologies for the project implementation, planning this work and building effective links in the management of the project realization [18]. Based on this, it is surely can be asserted that if the authorities of Chuvashia apply and implement a socio-engineering approach in the implementation of tourism policy in the region it would steadily increase the efficiency of management in the field of tourism of the republic. In conclusion, I would like to note that in 2015 on the order of the authorities of the city of Cheboksary an independent Austrian consulting company “Kohl & Partner” has conducted a full analysis of the tourism potential of the capital of the Chuvash Republic and as a final report presented the master plan for the development of tourism in Cheboksary. In their research the Austrian experts, in addition to the existing main problems in the tourism industry of the city, gave the drawbacks of the work of the administration of Cheboksary in regulating the development of tourism. They are:  the authorities of the city do not have an annual budget for the tourism marketing activities;  necessity to increase the number of specialists involved in the tourism issues in the city administration staff (altogether 2 people in 2015) [1]. Taking into account the data of “Kohl & Partner” it should be said that the indicated problems, unfortunately, exist not only in the capital of the region but also in all the districts of Chuvashia as a whole. In this regard, at present, the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic face an urgent task to encourage the local governments to conduct a targeted policy for the development of the local tourism potential. Only after observing such a serious approach to tourism at the municipal level, it will be possible to co-finance the municipal budgets from the regional budget for the development of the local tourism industry. In addition, the interest in the development of tourism shown by the public authorities will create a favorable background for the establishment of public-private partnership at the municipal level, which, in turn, will contribute to attract private investment in the development of the local tourism infrastructure.

References 1. Cheboksary. The master plan of tourism development. The final report of the Austrian company “Kohl & Partner”. Retrieved January 31, 2019. URL: http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap. aspx?gov_id=81&id=2128792. 2. Chuvashia in numbers. 2018: Short statistical compilation / Chuvashstat. Cheboksary, 2018. 210 p. 3. Concept of development of rural and ecological tourism in the Chuvash Republic for the years 2015–2020. Approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on August 29, 2014. No. 513-r. 4. Decree of the authorities of the Krasnye Chetai district of the Chuvash Republic of January 28, 2014 No. 36 “On approval of the municipal program of the Krasnye Chetai district “Development of culture and tourism in the Krasnye Chetai district of the Chuvash Republic” for the years 2014–2020”. 5. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic of December 31, 2013 No. 570 “On approval of the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2014–2020 and recognition as invalid some decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic”. 6. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic of December 29, 2017 No. 555 “On amendments in the state program of the Chuvash Republic “Development of culture and tourism””. 7. Decree of the government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2014 No. 317 “On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for the years 2013–2020”. 8. Decree of the Head of the Chuvash Republic of December 21, 2013 No. 134 “On measures aimed at improvement of the state regulation in the Chuvash Republic”.

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9. Decree of the Head of the Chuvash Republic of June 16, 2014 No. 86 “On additional measures aimed at improvement of the state policy in the spheres of culture and tourism in the Chuvash Republic”. 10. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 22, 2013 No. 375 “On arranging the Year of Culture in the Russian Federation”. 11. Federal targeted program “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (years 2011–2018)”. Approved by the Decree of the government of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2011 No. 644. 12. Implementation of the initiatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the Chuvash Republic. Culture and tourism for everyone. Cheboksary, 2018. 16 p. 13. Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 13, 1997 No. 16 “On tourism”. 14. Master plan of the tourism and recreation cluster “Ethnic Chuvashia” of the Chuvash Republic. Cheboksary, 2013. 132 p. 15. Mikhoparov N.I. Fundamentals of International and Domestic Tourism Development: Models, Norms and Methods // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 4. 2018. No. 2 (14). P. 80– 87. 16. Official website of the public authorities of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved January 27, 2019. URL: http://www.cap.ru. 17. Report on the work of the Ministry of Culture, Nationality Affairs and Archives of the Chuvash Republic. Cheboksary, 2014. 150 p. 18. Urzha O.A. Social engineering as methodology of management // Sociological Studies. 2017. No. 10. P. 87–96. 19. Urzha O.A., Mikhoparov N.I., Kryukova E.M., Shalashnikova V.Yu., Sulyagina Yu.O. Sociological analysis of domestic tourism in the Chuvash Republic: current status, existing problems and solutions // Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. Vol. 8. 2017. No. 8 (24). P. 1504–1517. 20. World Tourism Organization (2018), UNWTO Annual Report 2017, UNWTO, Madrid. Retrieved January 29, 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419807.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Mikhoparov, N.I. (2019) Peculiarities of the State Tourism Policy in the Chuvash Republic: Regional Experience and Methods of Its Improvement, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 92–99. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-92-99 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Mikhoparov Nikolay Ivanovich Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Zanina K.D., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-8383 UDC 316.7 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-100-105 Fashion As a Way of Cultural Identity of Young People in Modern Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 29.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: in conditions of modern socio-cultural situation of the apparent involvement of fashion the development of taste, perception of values and the adoption of certain standards of conduct. Youth fashion can be viewed as a kind of invariant, a certain set of norms of social behavior that dominate in a certain spatial and temporal framework. Consideration of youth fashion in the context of cultural identification is of great interest to researchers, because it involves the identification of elements of streamlining, formalization, standardization and constancy in it. After all, if to absolutize the changeable nature of fashion, which requires ever new and exceeding all expectations of updates, always focused on novelty and surprise, then we can assume that institutionalization contradicts the very essence of fashion. Key words: fashion, style, young people, culture, social space, cultural identity, stereotype. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The attitude of young people to fashion rather contradictory a question requiring further research. In this issue, the youth again confirms the paradox and the duality of their cultural identity. On the other hand, young people view fashion in a negative light, as a means pressure and manipulation, on the other hand, in a positive way – as decoration of life. The unfolding processes of globalization have an impact on all aspects of life in Russian society [19]. One of these influences is the development of the main fashion trends in the youth society, which has an increasing influence on the cultural identity of the representatives of this social age group. This process is quite contradictory. On the one hand, the presence of various types of informational influence on the cultural identity of young people, including fashion, greatly simplifies the implementation of socialization mechanisms and the entry of young people into the global information space [13]. On the other hand, the influence of fashion on these mechanisms can also have the opposite effect – lead to leveling of individuality, standardization of thinking, primitivization of aesthetic tastes, susceptibility to suggestion from producers of cultural products while weakening their own reflection and selectivity in relation to a particular informational impact. In the context of the ongoing information wars, the struggle for the minds and feelings of young people at the global level, special studies are needed to form youth fashion in Russia, which is becoming one of the most important resources for influencing the inner world of young people and their lifestyle [1]. Of particular importance in this process belongs to the Internet space, which for many young people becomes a virtual reality, able to reformat the entire daily existence of young people, to influence basic value and life orientations, creating a peculiar

100 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 effect of parallel social reality replacing real life activity and social and cultural activity young people. It should be noted that at present the very phenomenon of fashion as a cultural phenomenon, often presented not only in the form of certain models of clothing, but also in the nature of leisure hobbies, lifestyle, type of thinking, aesthetic demands, interpersonal communication [14]. Fashion, in one way or another, through the most diverse cultural artifacts and informational influences, is capable of shaping the image of a modern young person, his thinking, which cannot always be presented in a visual form in various visual images. This feature of modern youth fashion presupposes the existence of special research procedures that allow studying its functioning and impact even in latent forms, manifested indirectly in the socio-cultural activity of young people [5]. The inclusion of young people in society is bilateral in nature: it perceives sociocultural norms and, assimilating them, introduces changes and newness. The process of youth participation in fashion is, at the same time, a process of personal adaptation to the existing environmental conditions and personal transformation of generally accepted norms and rules in accordance with the socio-cultural situation and the individual values and interests of the young person. In this regard, the study of youth fashion in the conditions of social transformation of the Russian society is particularly relevant. Methods The phenomenon of youth fashion in clothes has not yet become the subject of purposeful scientific study. Most of the studies address certain aspects and elements of this phenomenon [2]. Consequently, the concept of youth fashion requires further theoretical development and empirical research. The study of scientific literature related to the topic of research allowed us to identify several relatively independent areas in the study of fashion. Among researchers, it is advisable to divide into groups, focusing on the study and analysis of a particular aspect of this phenomenon of youth fashion. The development of a methodology for studying the influence of youth fashion on the process of the formation of cultural identity implies the existence of a preliminary morphological model of the existence of fashion as a process of socialization and inculturation of the individual [21]. This model should include the basic morphological units of culture that stand out in cultural studies: “things”, “symbols” and “people”. “Things” means the presence of object-material artifacts, the entire sphere of the material life of society, cultural products in the domestic sphere and in the process of satisfying physiological needs. Considering that at present Russia is experiencing a deficit in the development of its own production, it is compensated by foreign products imported into the domestic market of material goods and services together with the corresponding models of fashionable consumption, ranging from targeting certain models of clothing to visiting places of prestigious catering for young people (for example, “McDonalds” [6]). It should be noted that the fashion for certain goods and personal services at the same time forms the corresponding youth patterns of behavior. For example, the acquisition of new models of “iPhones” forms a demonstration by a certain part of young people of their superiority over their peers and orientation towards the corresponding “prestigious” social groups. Moreover, consumerism itself as a way of life is becoming increasingly popular among young people, displacing the desire for creative work [11]. The next morphological unit of youth fashion is “people”, which are interpreted by cultural scientists as a system of cultural norms in the field of social interactions and interpersonal relationships. Here, behavioral models are formed, largely borrowed from foreign (mostly Western European and American culture) social practices. Thanks to the rapidly developing contacts in the electronic “networks”, a new communicative space is being formed, in which

101 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK requests for individual self-expression and endorsements from other users of the network (for example, “likes”) are fancifully combined [18]. The study of this qualitatively new youth society is also extremely relevant for the study of the phenomenon of youth fashion in Russian society and involves a specialized study of the emerging information-linguistic thesaurus, the content of communications, the phenomenon of blogging and other characteristic manifestations of fashion in social interactions. Finally, the next of the morphological units of the cultural space of fashion selected above, “symbols”, is the most meaningfully capacious formation, which embodies the essential features of those cultures that invade Russian youth society along with the process of globalization. In the phenomenon of youth fashion, this invasion is manifested in the fact that the symbolic-symbolic function of fashion is becoming more often more significant than some of its aesthetic criteria. Moreover, it is precisely the symbolism and symbolism of one or another manifestation of fashion that often becomes pointedly out-of-aesthetic, in a more nude form to present the internal psychological meaning and social significance of this demonstration. The study of all these morphological units of modern youth fashion in Russian society is particularly relevant in the context of the influence of fashion on the cultural identity of young people [4]. This study seems to be productive on the basis of using the categorical opposition “own” – “alien”, interpreted as the degree of organicity of “own” and “alien” culture, generating their bizarre symbiosis and combination. According to preliminary observations, all these morphological elements of the youth fashion are mastered by the mass consciousness with different intensity and speed [16]. At a faster pace, symbolic structures are spreading, which are present, above all, in the Internet space as some cultural patterns of thinking and communication. The world of “people” is less developed, which is less susceptible to fashion due to a significant reduction in the diversity of youth subcultures (“small” social environments) and even slower – the world of “things” largely due to the low solvency of the majority of young people in Russian society [20]. The proposed research hypothetical approaches to the study of the phenomenon of fashion allowed us to develop a model understanding of this phenomenon as the first stage of the study, to consider the results of which we turn. Results The morphology of youth fashion considered above formed the basis of a hypothetical model of its functioning, which needs further study [3]. Consider the main characteristics of this model. During the study, the following tasks were solved: the concept of “youth fashion in clothes” was clarified; revealed the main essential characteristics of fashion as a social phenomenon and features of the manifestation of these characteristics in the youth fashion in clothes; The influence of the main objective and subjective factors influencing the development and trends of the youth fashion in clothes in Russia is investigated. The process of fashion functioning is considered to have taken place only then, subject to the adoption of new products offered by it by various people, the mastering of fashion models and standards [22]. The defining role in the fashion process is played by the behavior of the participants. The adoption of fashionable innovations is due to the different orientations and focus on fashion, which form a certain position in relation to fashion in the general stream of individuals. Modern youth fashion in the Russian society under the influence of globalization is, above all, a virtual space, which only a smaller part of it is represented in physical reality. The space of fashion is becoming increasingly extraterritorial in nature due to the minimization of national-cultural and ethnic differences. If the latter are present, then more often as separate sign attributes-things than the demonstrated completed style of national clothes (for example, headdresses for young Muslims and Jews).

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Sign-and-symbolic fashion fixation intrudes even into the life of the body and those parts of it that are not always publicly demonstrated (for example, “tattoo”), also in the form of piercing, hair coloring, etc.). By virtue of this, one can even talk about the dictates of the semiosis of youth fashion as a compensation for the absence of a variety of forms of personal self-expression, one’s own individuality – it’s much easier to decorate one’s own body with a fancy pattern than to find oneself in the space of creative self-expression [17]. At the same time, of course, this very bizarre image on the body is also often reproduced through repeated clichés and does not require much imagination from both the producers of this service and its consumers. The dominance of the symbolic-symbolic function of fashion over its aesthetic component is also manifested in the fashion for this or that clothing among the youth [7]. Short pants, exposing the ankles, shirts for release in the presence of a jacket with short sleeves do not fit into any aesthetic canons and are some cultural “text”, demonstrating, above all, a protest against aesthetics as such. It can be assumed that in this case there is a challenge to the “correctness” of the world of respectable “adults” who impose on those living standards and values that do not leave room for their own initiative and independence in solving these or other significant problems. This “protest”, implanted through global information processes, is also manifested through coarse sexuality in clothing, which replaces a particular aesthetic style of erotic culture. It is enough to give an example of the prevalence of lowered pants showing underwear in both girls and boys. This phenomenon can also be assessed as some sign of the simplicity of manners implanted through globalism in order to support the demand for sexuality as a product of mass culture. It is important to note that young people, being the bearer in their appearance of a “cultural text” as a challenge to public decency, are not fully aware of the meaning of the demonstration of the norms of youth fashion. Replacing the aesthetic sign-symbolic element in the minds of young people is rather a symbol of belonging to the youth society as such and nothing more [9]. At the same time, the conveyor itself and the mass character of models of youth fashion devalues the desire for originality, own fiction, individual imagination and leads to the standardization of tastes and preferences; It turns many young people into complacent mediocrity as one of the consequences of popular culture, about which José Ortega y Gasset wrote. Under these conditions, the cultural identity of young people is tied mainly through imitation mechanisms to generally accepted fashion patterns not only in appearance, but also in behavior, in communication, in lifestyle. “Being like everyone else” is the main sign of finding this identity under the influence of globalism [12]. As noted above, the processes of the spread of youth fashion, broadcast through the processes of globalization, have a significant impact on modern Internet space [15]. Being fashionable means not just maintaining communication in social networks, but also participating in a variety of self-presentations, ranging from exchanging “selfies” to the frank display of events from your personal life. Under the influence of globalization, the set of sign-expressive means of interpersonal communications of contemporary Russian youth is significantly changing. The speech of a modern young person, as a rule, is saturated with Americanisms, and the style of communication is increasingly pragmatic, with limited vocabulary and semantics. So-called bloggers, which support the general trend of modern fashion as a confrontation between “fathers” and “children”, involve young people in various “wrong”, often absurd actions and acts as a challenge to one or another “normality”. In this regard, it should be noted that the popularity of many bloggers is the satisfaction for many young people of the need to have their own idols, who are able to find a common language with the youth, set unambiguous models for imitation that do not require intellectual and creative efforts [8]. Of particular note is the phenomenon of youth fashion as a passion for mobile communication, which is able to replace the real world in any space and at any time of the day. Along with

103 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK the popularity of using headphones in public places, this hobby is an obvious manifestation of escapism, demonstrating the lack of interest of young people in the real environment, the real society, and often even in direct interpersonal interaction. Manifestations of youth fashion captured the attitude of young people to literature and art. There is a massive and standardized demand of young people, primarily in relation to the art of music [10]. Passion for various musical performers and authors, mainly from the world of popular culture, is also a sign of a young person’s belonging to a youth society. Moreover, there is also a kind of escapism here – an interest in music, leading young people to mystical reality or to the sphere of the unconscious (this can be combined). The same reason explains the underlined interest of young people in the fantasy genre and foreign detectives of modern authors. Conclusion The analysis of the main trends in the formation of youth fashion in modern Russian society as a factor of cultural identity shows the existence of real research problems that need additional study and solution of cultural and design tools. The concept of youth fashion is defined as a specific form of interaction between social subjects on the basis of values and orientation, ensuring social identification and external self- affirmation through constant updating. Identified the leading role of the media in the approval of the orientation and attitudes of young people to different types of fashionable clothes. Emphasizes the special role of specific youth publications, acting as the leading means of encouraging young people to constantly update the attributes of their style. Further research is needed on intercultural communications and interactions in the dialogue between Russia and the West as the formation of youth fashion, taking into account both national traditions and the best foreign experience. A special role in this process should belong to the field of education, which allows the younger generation to expand their cultural horizons, aesthetic needs and interests in the process of studying domestic and foreign achievements of artistic culture. It is necessary to develop a state long-term youth cultural policy that contributes to the spiritual, moral and cultural development of young people using the national and world cultural heritage, which will have an impact on the formation of youth fashion as a factor in the cultural identity of this age group. Special research and design projects are needed in the field of information technologies aimed at creating models of youth fashion using both the best achievements of globalization and the national-cultural experience of previous generations. The most specific features of youth fashion can be called the prevalence of a mixed style – unisex; tender differentiation in the assessment of fashion and focus on fashionable innovations; active response to various types of advertising fashion gadgets; the contradictory combination of moderation and rationality with the desire to stand out at the expense of demonstrative types of youth devices. In the future, youth fashion can become a means of preserving cultural traditions. The function of fashion includes the underlining of social status; in addition, this phenomenon regulates behavior and defines the limits of what is permitted and desired, and also, among other things, acts as a way to achieve public recognition. Volatility and fragility is considered the main feature underlying fashion in modern consumer society.

References 1. Akhtyan A.G., Zanina K.D. The Gender Aspect of Fashion as an Object of Pedagogical Research // Scientific Notes of the Russian State Social University. Vol. 16. 2017. No. 3 (142). P. 140–147. 2. Babakaev S.V., Vinogradova M.V., Vishnyakova V.A., Zanina K.D., Ermilova A.N. The influence of personal characteristics on the formation of consumer preferences for goods and services // International Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 8. 2018. No. 1. P. 108–119.

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3. Barthes R. Syst me de la mode. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1967. 328 p. 4. Bensma a R. The Barthes Effect: The Essay as Reflective Text. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. 122 p. 5. Blumer H. Fashion: from Class Differentiation to Collective Selection // The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 10. 1969. No. 3. 6. Bourdieu P. Haute Couture – Haute Culture // Sociology in Questions. L.: SAGE Publications, 1993. 7. Bourdieu P., Delsaut Y. Le couturier et sa griffe: contribution a une theorie de la magie // Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. 1975. No. 1. P. 7–36. 8. Chaudhuri & Majumdar. Of diamonds & desires: Understanding conspicuous consumption from a contemporary marketing perspective // Academy of marketing science review. 2006. No. 11. 9. Cumming V. Understanding Fashion History // Costume & Fashion Press. 2004. 10. Davis F. Fashion, Culture and Identity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. 11. Gil M. Roland Barthes: Au lieu de la vie. P.: Flammarion, 2012. 562 p. 12. Holgate M. How Anthony Vaccarello Is Making Saint Laurent His Own // Vogue. 2018. March. URL: https://www.vogue.com/article/anthony-vaccarello-interview-vogue-march-2018- issue. 13. Jordan F. Character As Seen in Body and Parentage: With a Chapter on Education, Career, Morals, and Progress. Kessinger Publishing, 1890. 120 p. URL: https://books.google.ru/ books?id=CA_gNwAACAAJ&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 14. Laver J. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History (1968). L.: Thames & Hudson, 2003. 304 p. 15. Lavers A. Roland Barthes: Structuralism and After. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1982. 314 p. 16. Lurie A. The Language of Clothes. Random House: 1981. 272 p. 17. McCormack M. Contextualizing Homophobic Language in Sport // Routledge Handbook of Sport, Gender and Sexuality / eds. J. Hargreaves, E. Anderson. L., 2014. 18. Newman, Scarlett L. (2017). Black Models Matter: Challenging the Racism of Aesthetics and the Facade of Inclusion in the Fashion Industry. CUNY Academic Works. 19. Papkova N.E., Bagrova N.V. Adaptation and Socialization of First-Year Students in a Modern College // Scientific Notes of Russian State Social University. Vol. 16. 2017. No. 3 (142). P. 157–165. 20. Roche D. The Culture of Clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 184–191. 21. Sorikhina V.P. Integration of research activities in training students in the direction «Organization of work with youth». Topical issues in science and practice // Collection of articles based on the materials of the III international scientific-practical conference (4 November 2017, Kazan). Ufa: Dendra, 2017. P. 145–148. 22. Volkov D.V. Transformation of national monetary systems: Monograph. M.: Dashkov and Co, 2017. 109 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Zanina, K.D. (2019) Fashion As a Way of Cultural Identity of Young People in Modern Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 100–105. DOI 10.17922/2412- 5466-2019-5-1-100-105 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Zanina Kseniya Dmitrievna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Skorohodova E.Yu., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Head of the Department of Russian Language and Literature, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-3730 Borodyanskaya E.A., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-4992 UDC 159.964.21; 316.77 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-106-112 Affecting the Viewer: Verbal and Non-Verbal Aspects

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 21.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: everything is constantly changing in the media world, so transformation of media product and methods of affecting the audience is inevitable. This paper will give explanations how text and visual context help to manipulate mass consciousness. Key words: verbal manipulation; mass consciousness manipulation; television; non-verbal means of affection; suggestion; expressive means; emotion; media psychology. JEL classification: А130, А230.

Introduction As a mass media, television has the strongest suggestive effect in comparison to other media such as periodicals and radio; it is rightly called the alloy of newspaper and radio because it features text, visuals, and sound. Moreover, television provides “participation effect” by demonstration of the incident scene, comments of the witnesses, etc. All of these give the viewer the opportunity to witness the event, to “dive into the issue” and make a certain decision. Media persons see television as an opportunity to gain popularity and prefer to take part in a talk show or give an interview on TV rather than provide a long and thorough newspaper interview. This is also because it is hard to give the camera interview another edge, especially in an on-air interview; the person appears on screen him/herself, with his/her own message, speaking in his/

106 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 her own manner, and dressed for the occasion. The image makers of public persons never give up such an opportunity. Certain stereotypes are formed when we see someone on the screen too often; these stereotypes “are brought into mass consciousness via different methods and ways” [18]. These same stereotypes make it possible to manipulate mass consciousness in future in order to form this or that image of a media person. This paper is a review of the most popular methods of affecting the viewer used in modern Russian television industry, both verbal and non-verbal, such as appearances, manner of speaking, cameraman’s practices or graphic design of the media materials we use to provide more of suggestive effect to TV projects. This research is relevant as manipulation of mass consciousness through mass media is growing. The viewers often do not realize they are being influenced while watching TV. This problem is widely discussed in books and publications by S. Kara-Murza, A.D. Vasilyev, V.P. Sheynov, Yu. N. Lubchenkov, G.A. Kopnin, et al. It is important to note that manipulation is included in the field of work of psychologists, linguists and other specialists, as “effectiveness of verbal influence depends on many language, psychological and social factors, without which it is impossible to achieve goals set by communicants” [2]. Moreover, it is also important to make sure that TV message was delivered to the viewer in its primary, ungarbled sense. Methods Analysis, synthesis and analogy methods were used in the present research. Results Television has a greater suggestive effect than radio, press, or internet due to verbal methods like figures of speech of the newspersons and hosts, and non-verbal like mimic, plastics, gestures, and voice. There are fewer opportunities to post fake news on television unlike on the internet; thus, the consumer’s trust to the information from the global network is much lower. Television is far more accessible than the internet in some of the localities and regions of Russia, as well. Discussion The goal of modern mass media is not only to inform of world and local news, but to form public opinion. There are cases when media companies in different countries become the instruments of influence on mass consciousness in the hands of persons who want to gain power. This is how information wars arise, and there have been lots of similar episodes in the history of different countries since mass media were invented. Moreover, market relations imply a tough impact on the materials of the modern mass media. Speaking about Russia, television companies and newspaper editors have had hard times without the support of the state, and in time workers of mass media learned how to make marketing texts. “The aim to stay on the market under conditions of intense competition impels to seek for new ways to attract readers’ attention…” [13], so the approach to production of media materials changed respectively. Mass media now have to attract advertisers, but to be interesting for the advertiser a TV channel or a newspaper has to become popular first. Thus, a simple trend was formed – the higher the rate of a TV channel or the larger the circulation of a newspaper, the more advertisers would want to cooperate. In accordance with the above-mentioned facts, the editors began to study various ways of affecting the audience, and “by the beginning of XXI century mass media in Russia became an active instrument of influence on mass consciousness” [13]. Under the suggestion refers to the phenomenon of latent human exposure [11]. In this research we follow the idea that television has maximum suggestive effect, because, first of all, the viewer trusts the information seen with his/her eyes a lot more. Of course photographs in a newspaper are trustworthy evidence, and one can see a video of the accident on the internet, but here we have some finer points we would like to reveal.

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If we compare television with the global network, it is obvious that “now that we have the internet, practically any person with access to it can produce, distribute and get any information…” [15]. Thus, any person can deceive an internet user, and that is why the internet contains so much fake news. The level of trust to the internet is much lower than that of conventional mass media. Moreover, “mass internetization of Russian population is a long way off, because for now television is most common and universal mass media for population of regions” [1]. We should note, though, that popularity of the internet has noteworthily increased in the past decades. If we compare television with newspapers or radio, we shall note that all the types of materials of radio and newspapers are included in the materials produced by television companies, i.e. text, sound and visual part. From the abovementioned we can draw a conclusion that television has maximum suggestive effect due to availability of the information, its trustworthiness as a mass media, and verbal and non-verbal influence on the viewer. There are of course other factors, but they are out of scope of these paper. So, the influence of television on the viewer is classified as verbal and non-verbal. The verbal influence is the persuasion by speech, that is “optional or spontaneous transfer of the information between the speaker and the recipient (or a group of recipients) in the process of communication in oral and written form, made by linguistic, paralinguistic and non-linguistic symbols, and is determined by the conscious and unconscious intentions of the addressing party as well as the goals of communication – either objective, communicative or informational – and by backgrounds and the situation itself” [1]. This information is addressed, “directly and/or indirectly to the rational and critical, as well as the unconscious, perception” [12]. Illocution, locution and perlocution are important aspects of verbal influence; and the main methods of verbal influence we can specificate persuasion, suggestion and inducement. Figures of speech promote verbal influence; let us consider some examples from Russian TV programs. In the news about Fedor Koniukhov’s world tour on Channel 1 (“Perviy kanal”) the reporter compares the waves of the southern seas with a high-storey building, informing us that “the waves there are as high as a 10-storey building, and the icebergs are, just think of it, they are 200 meters long, and there is not a soul around for thousands and thousands of miles”. Such comparisons affect the viewer’s imagination, they are scary. The viewer is now alone, facing nature’s wild power, which scares the resident of a megalopolis (the 10 storey building). Imagine how scary they would seem to an ordinary man way out in the ocean. This example can be classified as a trope, a comparison. Another example is the use of periphrasis, which is “substitution of a word with description that may characterize the features of the subject” [2]. NTV channel, “Segodnya” (“Today”) program of February 6, 2018: the reporter calls the new road an artery in which trains with metal and coal circulate. This comparison is chosen for a good reason, for a railroad has much in common with an artery: the al-time non-stop circulation of trains remind us of blood circulation. Moreover, the same episode features one more periphrasis, “velvet way”, which characterizes a good and smooth road. Periphrasis is often used in reporters’ materials because TV journalists try to avoid tautology. Periphrasis also helps to add expression to the materials, but we should note that “periphrasis is a sort of conventional pictorial cliché used only and exclusively in mass media communication” [3]. Reporters and TV hosts often use irony in their speech. The example of irony in the speech of Kirill Kleymenov, “Vremya” (“Time”) program: “Well, this is time for some emotion. There are moments in life when even reporters of “Vremya” cannot suppress their excitement, and, as we all know, they can keep their calm even at their own wedding. After all, we make the

108 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 oldest news program in the country, don’t we? But now we are excited all right, it’s even hard for me to speak. But you understand, of course. You understood it, but you do not have to speak about it, I do. One for all! Well, to cut it short, it’s Theresa, its Mrs. May, right in this moment, right when I’m trying to fill this awkward pause… so, she’s being decommissioned, and she will be, probably. Most of all I fear she can be forced…closer to Skripals. Deeply intrusively. If this happens and we will not see each other again, our dear Mrs. May, our dear Theresa, we shall keep our memories about you (visuals, music). Until then, you are welcome to see the material of Timur Siraziyev on how Great Britain is trying to say farewell to their Prime Minister”. As we can see, the whole speech of the reporter is built upon the irony and wordplay. The irony is completed by the visuals on a TV screed behind Kirill Kleymenov. To understand what he is talking about we need to understand the context. “The irony is often seen as humor, but it has a wider scale because irony reflects dialectical thinking of people, providing synthesis of opposites” [17]. Here is an example of metaphor from a news program on “Channel 1”: “Wow, it’s our local global warming! Weather contrasts in Central Russia. The forecasters predict we’ll have temperature see-saw” (January 11, 2019). This example is taken from a digest of the program where tropes and figures of speech are used most often. The reporters try to put all the content in one or two sentences of the announcement, and it is important that these will “catch” the viewer so that he stays with the channel and sees the program. Pictorial expressive means are widely used, they evoke the most emotional response, and “emotionally loaded words are used to express various feelings and emotions” [9]. The most widely used are metaphors, comparisons, anaphors, descriptions, litotes, syntax parallelism, etc. We should understand though that a reporter or a TV host is aiming to manipulate mass consciousness. It depends on many factors, one of which is “the text/speech is considered suggestive if the audience perceive the suggestions of the text/speech on the subconscious level and start to act in accordance with it” [8]. Beside verbal influence, television provides non-verbal influence on the viewers, which is often more important. Television workers say, “no picture – no story”. So, the video of a burning house or a massive traffic accident attracts attention attracts viewer’s attention and casts the text message aside. The viewer now is in a kind of a trance and only receives separate phrases from the material of the reporter, getting the full information and details only after playback. And if the visual material is supported with intersound (sounds of a tractor working, shouts, etc.) or music, the emotional impact is added. Recently TV channels use more and more visual graphics and technical tricks. For example on Channel 1 the news program studio was changed and now the viewers can see the off-screen things – telecuers, cameras, tripods, etc. Modern computer technologies can make miracles now, and nowadays we can see people coming out of the screen behind the reporter, for example. This effect we conld see in one of the December’s news programs when, after a talk with Kirill Kleymenov, Valdis Pelss joined the car rally simply by stepping on the screen out of the studio. Of course this is not a real journey in space and time, but a technical trick. Nowadays news reporters do not just read the announcements, but they are TV hosts that use graphics, move about the studio and talk to guests. Moreover, television kitchen always seemed interesting to the viewers, many of them dreamed of visiting the studio and seeing the journalists at work. The new studio shows scenes with telecuers, cameras, and camera cranes, computers, so that viewers now see everything that was hidden off screen. Thus television workers attract attention to their channel; they increase the outreach due to movement in picture. Mosaic thinking “as a way of perception of reality through instantaneous accentuation of the main point” [19] often becomes the main factor for the viewers when choosing a TV channel. At present, it is a fact of life that not all of the people can perceive the information provided for a long time period by one person and not supported by visuals.

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Non-verbal ways of influence are considered when TV reporters are chosen. If a person has to appear as a trustworthy professional, he/she will speak calmly, in a low voice with relevant intonations. In the daily evening news programs of federal Russian TV channels the reporters use the abovementioned methods. Ekaterina Andreeva, Ernest Mackevi ius, Vitaliy Yeliseyev tell about latest events in their usual manner of speech – correct logical accents, slow information delivery, etc. Moreover, euphony factor is considered in verbal influence, which promotes understanding of the text and its perception by the audience. News program reporters are often dressed in formal style; they wear suits or suit coats, shirts, formal monochrome dresses, their body language and gestures are confident and persuasive. This is only natural, because “when on television, your message is yourself. Truck in and the viewers will see the perspiration on your forehead. Or are your hands shaking? Nostrils flared? This evidence will be in every house, every kitchen…” [7]. The voice of a reporter or TV host and his manner of speaking has a powerful emotional impact on the viewer. To show the message is urgent, the reporters on the ground in an on air broadcasts speak very quickly, some of them make a lot of gestures. For example, Irada Zeynalova always speaks quickly and distinctly, she is confident and has her very own intonations. On the contrary, Kirill Kleymenov makes a lot of pauses, letting the viewers think, he speaks slowly and in confident manner. Some researches state that the main thing is that” the voice of a reporter should be pleasant, melodic and not repulsive. The communicator himself shall be a good journalist and an actor, not only providing a message, but making it aesthetically pleasant” [6]. There are cases nowadays when a TV program was produced on the basis of the personality of its host, but more often a journalist is chosen for a program. For example, in already existing news programs the reporters are changed sometimes, but daily news never produced to match this or that media person. Several years ago there used to be many static pictures in TV programs, but nowadays we try not to use them, even the reporters in the studio are filmed with moving cameras. If the camera is static, the movement will be on the screen behind the reporter. Static pictures are now used to illustrate conferences or, for example, a meeting of the President with the founder of a hospice aid fund (December 13, 2018). However, the material about the meeting of the President and the fund founder contains a lot of panoramic pictures (from hospices), panning, close-ups and zoom-outs. The material contains details, such as medicine dropper, a hand of a pensioner holding a hand of a social care worker, etc. detail shots in such materials provide powerful suggestive effect. The implication is send through these images. The viewer understands the person is ill when the medicine dropper appears, the image of a hand in hand is saying the pensioner is not left alone. Let us now analyze the work of cameras in the program “Ty ne poverish!” (“You won’t believe it!”) on NTV channel. For example, the program of December 9, 2018 starts from a close up of N. Bandurin’s eyes. The cameramen of this program film the eyes of the main persons of the program very often (as they reflect the feelings and emotions); if a person touches something during the program, a close-up of this will definitely be shown. This program has static pictures only during the interviews, maybe, and they are rare. They use lots of close-ups and zoom-outs, panning, dynamic pictures. The program features non-professional video materials (burning house of N. Bandurin and other), “hidden camera” episodes. Often “instantaneous gaining of attention” is used on television, which is “sensation, shock, violation of moral and ethical taboos, etc” [5], and this is a good example of what we described in the previous paragraph. As we can see, mass media try to influence the consciousness of the audience more and more often, through feelings and emotions. “With the help of language, sound and visuals mass media can evoke the feeling that the events shown are very real and close to the viewer” [20]. The emotions aroused by the information provided by television can be much stronger than

110 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 these in real life. Thus, such sciences as media psychology are being developed nowadays in the media world. Media psychology “studies the correlation of individual and collective mentality, individual and mass consciousness and unconscious, autocommunication (inner monologue, self-identity, self-communication), and mass communication (broadcasting speech, we-identity, we-communication)” [14]. Psycholinguistics also is being developed. Now it is clear that more and more journalists’ attention is paid to the psychological processes between the recipient and the sender of the information. Conclusion In the present research an attempt was made to analyze verbal and non-verbal aspects of influence upon the viewer on the examples of the programs produced by Russian TV channels. It is quite obvious that television as a mass media has the most of the ways to influence the viewer in comparison with the periodic press, radio or even internet. This is due to the availability of the information, trust of the audience and psychological factors of TV communication. Addressing the audience, reporters and TV hosts use expressive means that give more expression to the message, and as a result, their materials become convincing and recognizable. Workers of TV companies thoroughly plan their image on the basis of non-verbal means of influence and they act to correspond it. The recipient of such information “interprets the text message not only through his own conception of the world, but receives it through the prism of the linguistic world image and based on ideal constructs of the consciousness” [10]. All of this has a great impact on how the sender and the recipient understand the information. Cameraman’s skills, editing, sound effects can also be used to influence the audience. For now, most of the influence is made by the emotional part of the television materials.

References 1. Abramov V.G. Television in the Russian media space: history, features and prospects of development. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article the/in/TV-in-Russia-media-story- features-and-prospects-development (date of access: 18.02.2019). 2. Balahonsky L.V., Sergeeva V.E. Linguistics of speech influence and manipulation : proc. benefit. M.: Flinta : Nauka, 2016. 352 p. 3. Basco N.V. Phraseological units in the language of modern Russian media: lexicographical description: monograph. M.: KDU, University book, 2016. 192 p. 4. Borodyanskaya E.A. The use of tropes for speech influence in information programs of modern television // Philological Sciences. Theory and practice. Tambov: Diploma, 2019. Vol. 12. No. 4. 5. Konyashin S.S. Stereotypes in information and news management of public opinion (on the example of television media) / pr. V.L. Artemov. M.: LENAND, 2018. 200 p. 6. Kraslavsky D.V. Methods of effective influence of the presenter on the audience. URL: https:// cyberleninka.ru/article/in/methods-effective-vozdeystviya-televeduschej-on-audience (date of access: 20.02.2019). 7. Kuzin S., Ilyin O. Media man: Technologies of flawless performance in the press, on radio and television. M.: Alpina Publishers, 2011. 258 p. 8. Lubchenkov Yu.N. Suggestion and charisma. M.: Center for humanitarian studies, center for political campaigns and electoral technologies, 1998. 42 p. 9. Lytkina O.I., Selezneva L.V., Skorokhodova E.Yu. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: studies benefit. M.: Flinta : Nauka, 2009. 208 p. 10. Margieva L.A. Virtual reality: verbal and non-verbal representations of images of visual behavior in the media. Kazan: Fatherland, 2015. 278 p. 11. Modern media text: studies textbook / ed. N.A. Kuzmin. 2 ed., rev. M.: Flinta : Nauka, 2013. 416 p. 12. Negryshev A.A. Aspects of speech influence in the news media: studies benefit. Vladimir: VGGU, 2009. 144 p. 13. Petrova N.E., Raciborska L.V. The Language of contemporary media: the means of verbal aggression: proc. benefit. 3 ed. M.: Flinta : Science, 2014. 160 p.

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14. Pronin E.I., Pronina E.E. Media psychology: the latest information technologies and human phenomenon. URL: https://docplayer.ru/34969280-metapsychology-latest-information- technology-and-phenomenon-of-man.html (date of access: 19.02.2018). 15. Raspopova S.S., Bogdan E.N. Fake news: Information hoax: studies the manual for high schools. M.: Aspect Press, 2018. 112 p. 16. Shelestyuk E.V. Speech influence: ontology and research methodology: monograph. 2 ed., rev. and additional. M.: Flinta : Nauka, 2014. 344 p. 17. Skorokhodova E.Yu. Language as a factor of structuring the social space of the epoch: monograph. M.: Globe, 2008. 190 p. 18. Universities and media: from the newspaper to the 360-degree multimedia newsroom: proceedings of the seminar of the Educational and methodical Council on journalism 28– 29 October 2015 / resp. ed. E.L. Vartanova, L.P. Shesterkin. Chelyabinsk: Publishing center SUSU, 2016. P. 71–72. 19. Visual turn in mass communications: collective monograph / ed. E.I. Simakova. Chelyabinsk: publishing house of Chelyabinsk state un-ty, 2017. 112 p. 20. Winterhoff-Spurk P. Media Psychology. Basic principles. 2 ed., rev., rev. and add. / tr. from nem. A.V. Kochergin, O.A. Shipilova. H.: Humanitarian Center, 2016. 268 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Skorohodova, E.Yu. & Borodyanskaya E.A. (2019) Affecting the Viewer: Verbal and Non- Verbal Aspects, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 106–112. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-106-112 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Skorohodova Elena Yurievna Doctor of Philological Sciences Head of the Department of Russian Language and Literature Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Borodyanskaya Ekaterina Andreevna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Sorokina A.A., Methodologist of the 1st Category Directorate Natural Territory “The Silver Pine Forest” GPBU “Mospriroda”; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-4716 Zubkova V.M., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Technosphere Safety and Ecology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-7646 UDC 331.45; 574 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-1-113-121 The Specific Features of the Monument of Nature of Regional Significance «Serebryanny Bor» and the Assessment of Its Assimilation Potential

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 14.01.2019 28.02.2019 29.03.2019

Annotation: the article describes the floristic composition of tree vegetation in the park and presents the results of calculations of the assimilation potential of tree vegetation for carbon dioxide absorption. In 2017, the assimilation potential was 636. tons, or 7.65% of the amount of carbon monoxide emissions in Moscow. Key words: assimilation potential, carbon dioxide, anthropogenic impact, Nature Monument “Serebryanny Bor”, protected areas. JEL classification: J190, J280.

Introduction Fundamental environmental changes associated with the incorporation of new territories into Moscow, environmental pollution, and the intensive development of the industrial complex of the metropolis have a negative impact on the state of natural resources, which leads to their degradation and loss of the unique properties of ecosystems, reducing its ability to self- restore . The main elements of the implementation of environmental policy aimed at improving the environmental situation of large urban agglomerations is the formation of protected areas.

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Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) – land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are removed by decisions of state authorities partly from economic use and for which special protection is established [5]. PAs play a huge role in large and densely populated cities, where the anthropogenic impact on natural areas is especially large. Such objects have a special protection regime, which allows them to be saved more efficiently, while using some protected areas as recreational. Monument of nature – (one of the protected areas) is a unique, irreplaceable, valuable in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic relations natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin, which determines certain rules of behavior on its territory. Within its borders, all economic activities that threaten the preservation and state of protected natural complexes and certain species of flora and fauna, including: – withdrawal and unauthorized occupation of land for any type of use; – carrying out logging (except for sanitary); – construction of roads, power lines and other communications, as well as the construction and operation of economic and residential facilities; – parking and passage of vehicles outside existing roads; – travel and parking autotractor transport; – a breakdown of tourist camps and camps, making fires outside the designated places; – exploration and exploration, mining and blasting; – excavation, violation of the soil and vegetation layer; – burning of meadow vegetation; – placement of industrial and household waste, wastewater; – storage of fuel, storage of garbage, storage and use of fertilizers and toxic chemicals; – grazing and running livestock, the extraction of objects of the animal world; – harvesting and gathering non-timber forest products on an industrial scale (medicinal plants, pine nuts, picking mushrooms and berries, other); – other activities that pose a threat to the safety of the monument of nature [5]. In total, more than 120 PAs, including individual natural objects and large natural territories, are located on the territory of Moscow; their total area is more than 270 km2. The total area of the city is 2561.5 km2. The area of all PAs occupies about 10.5% of the total area of the city, which indicates that natural areas need particularly careful protection, since their area is quite small, but they play a huge role in the life of the city [4]. The object of the study was the Monument of nature of regional importance “Silver Forest”. The subject of the research is the floristic composition of the park’s woody vegetation and its assimilation potential for CO2 absorption. Methodology The methodological basis of the study was the general scientific methods of cognition; methods of empirical and theoretical scientific knowledge; special research methods, due to the essence of the object and subject of study. The information base of the research was the passport of the nature monument, cartographic and statistical material of the protected areas. Assessment of the assimilation potential was carried out on the basis of the methodology developed by Mekush G.Ye. [11] and Unruh E.A. [19]. The assimilation potential (AP) of woody vegetation of Silver Pine was determined by the formula 1: AP forest = AP con. (C – C ripe and overripe)*Vn*0,5) + AP dec. (D – D ripe and overripe)*Vn*0,3) (1) where AP con. – assimilation potential of coniferous forests,

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AP dec. – assimilation potential of deciduous forests, C – growing stock with a predominance of conifers, C ripe and overripe – stock of ripe and overripe conifers, D – growing stock with a predominance of hardwood, D ripe and overripe – stock of ripe and overripe hardwood, Vn is the volume of carbon dioxide absorption by a certain breed from 1 ha of forest belt per year, kg, 0.3 – absorption coefficient, carbon dioxide assimilation for hardwood, 0.5 is the absorption coefficient, the assimilation of carbon dioxide for conifers [11]. Results The Monument of Nature of regional importance “Serebryanny Bor” is located in the north- west of Moscow in the North-Western administrative district in the Khoroshevo-Mnevniki district and is a specially protected natural area (hereinafter referred to as SPNT). Silver Bor was established by the decision of the Presidium of the Moscow Council in 1991 No. 201 “On State Natural Monuments of Local Importance in the City of Moscow” and Decree of the Government of Moscow dated September 19, 1995 No. 783 “On the Integrated Development and Management System of the Silver Bor Area” Silver Forest is an artificial island, which was formed as a result of the construction of the channel “Khoroshevskoe straightening” in 1937 [15]. The entrance to the island is through the Khoroshevsky bridge, through the entire Serebryanny Bor there is a road about 2.5 km long with branches inland to various buildings. The entry of road transport into Serebryanny Bor is through the Checkpoint and is allowed only for certain categories of citizens, which drastically reduces the number of cars. By public transport – trolley buses, buses and taxis, anyone can get into the interior of the island. The total area of the Monument of Nature “Serebryanny Bor” is 328.6 hectares, of which 202 hectares is a PA. Green areas on protected areas (forests, meadows, glades, etc.) occupy 144.18 ha (71%), water bodies (lake, marsh, pond) occupy an area of 18.68 ha (9%), land not occupied by vegetation (infrastructure of the territory) 9.44 hectares (5%), disturbed land 29.7 hectares (15%). The remaining 126.6 hectares (about 39% of the total area of the island) are owned by third-party land users, recreational, recreational, administrative, and other objects that are not related to protected areas [4]. The landscape structure of the Monument of Nature “Serebryanny Bor” is of great importance in the process of recreational use of the protected areas. The relief of the territory is ancient alluvilous-water-ice with accumulative forms, represented by hilly-like and ridge-like rises with steep and steeply sloping slopes, sometimes terraced. The steepness of the slopes of hills and ridges from 6-10 to 25 degrees. The elevation difference is about 10 m within the second terrace above the floodplain. Within the first terrace above the floodplain, there are hollows, hollow depressions, partially swampy. The floodplain is modified by bulk soils. A factor in the differentiation of the soil cover of a territory is a variety of lithological- geomorphological and hydrological conditions. The imposition of anthropogenic effects of different times on the initial diversity of soils and factors of soil formation enhances the heterogeneity of the soil cover. A significant part of the territory of the monument (floodplain) is blocked by sand, is technologically disturbed (artificial ramparts, embankments, pits), the other is planning- organized (beaches, sports facilities, parks, squares). Within the first and second floodplain terraces (park complexes) the soils are sod-weakly podzolic, undisturbed, with low reserves of humus. Weakly acidic or acidic reaction, insufficient saturation of bases and poor supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium [18]. Sod-alluvial anthropogenically deeply transformed floodplain soils have a more anthropogenic horizon of 0.5 m and an undisturbed lower part of the soil profile. There are several foci of severe soil pollution in the same number and household character.

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The territory is composed of ancient alluvial-water-glacial and alluvial sediments of the Moscow River. Indigenous deposits are represented by Upper Jurassic sediments – the upper Jurassic tier (base at a height of 7 m above the Moscow river): – sand is greenish-gray, glauconitic, fine-grained, micaceous with interlayers of dark gray, strongly clay sand, with remnants of the ammonite fauna. Lower Volga tier (outsole at a height of 1 m above the Moscow river) – black clay with a greenish tint, glauconitic, strongly sandy, micaceous, with remnants of ammonites, belemnites, pelecypod. Oxford tier (the base is 12, 5 m below the level of the Moscow River). – Clay is black and dark gray, mica, dense, with remnants of the ammonite and belemnite fauna. Fluvioglacial deposits of the Dnieper-Moscow epoch (base at a height of 12.2 m above the Moscow river). – sand is yellow, fine and medium-grained, dense, – brown sand of various grained, gravelly, with pebbles, and in separate layers with rubble of flint and silicified limestone, dense, ferro-interbedded. Fluvioglacial deposits of the Oka-Dnieper era (base at an altitude of 9.5 m above the Moscow river). – sand is yellowish-gray, medium-grained, with gravel and pebbles, aquiferous, dense. The alluvial deposits of the floodplain are different-grained sands from silty to medium- grained, sometimes clay, with the inclusion of lenses and layers of sandy loam, silted and ground loam. Currently, part of the floodplain terraces spread deeply transformed soils (dug up from including construction and household waste, in some places water-saturated). The power of anthropogenically transformed soils is 1.0–1.5 m, maximum 5.5 m. The ancient alluvial water-glacial deposits of the first and second floodplain terraces are represented by fine-grained and medium-grained sands, with interlayers of coarse-grained sands, clays, wet and water-saturated loams, in lozhine-shaped depressions, 5–12 m thick. Locally within the second terrace of the floodplain, fluvioglacial deposits of the Oka- Dnieper interglacial are widespread, represented by silty and gravel sands, saturated with lenses and interlayers of sandy loam and loam. The prevailing sediment thickness is about 5 m [4]. Among soil types, soddy shallow and deep podzolic small and extremely small light loamy on the covering loams of the soil, as well as deeply gleyed small and extremely small light loamy soils on cover loams predominate – they occupy 27.8% of the total soil area. Sod-shallow podzolite, deeply glean small and extremely small light-dredged soils on cover loams, as well as gley small and very small light-loamy soils with humus-gley medium-small and weakly thin sediments. povrovnye loam soil make up 7.1% of the total area. About 6% of the area is occupied by soddy (gray-humus) me – licky and low-power lightly and у medium-soy soils on loamy degradation, which is covered with fluvial depositional deposits, together with sod (serogumu owls) with low-capacity ravines and blocks with eroded surface slopes. There are also small replantozems, ekranozems, urbanozems, humus-gley and alluvial gray- humus (sod) soils, carbonate-containing soils, light deep-sea sandy loamy agrozems, and light- loamy soils for alluvium, which were used in general, were good enough for allmeas, which in general would be good. Such a composition of the soil causes the predominance of conifers. The distribution of tree species by area and age classes is shown in Table 1 [4]. Pine remains the predominant species, which is a bedrock in the area and occupies 61.67% of the total forest area. Other breeds were distributed as follows: Willow – 22.28%, Lipa – 3.62%,

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Table 1 Distribution of tree species by area and age classes Predominant Age groups (area, ha) Total % breed Young- Middle Sleeves Ripe Overripe sters Pine 14.858 21.3868 9.5143 9.5168 11.5665 66.8388 61.67 Larch 1.0429 1.0429 0.96 Oak 2.0033 2.0033 1.86 Red oak 0.0202 0.0202 0.01 Norway maple 0.4775 0.2952 0.7727 0.71 Alpine maple 0.3088 1.5392 1.848 1.67 Elm 1.2409 0.2418 1.4827 1.37 Birch tree 5.4685 5.4685 5.04 Alder is gray 0.1362 0.2941 0.4303 0.4 Linden 0.0399 3.8902 3.9301 3.62 Poplar 0.2526 0.2526 0.23 Tree willow 0.6623 0.6623 0.61 White willow 0.1232 3.4696 3.5625 15.0444 1.2924 23.4921 21.67 Manchurian Walnut 0.1951 0.1951 0.18 Total: 15.825 40.5317 13.4538 25.7702 12.8589 108.439 100

Birch – 5.04%. Indigenous natural plantings are pine, and planting – larch, red oak, linden, ash, Manchurian nut, elm – artificial. The forests of the monument of nature include plantations located on the former floodplain and the 1st above-flood plain terraces of the Moscow River covered with sand. Plantings are represented mainly by willows and massive young plantings of Scots pine. The forest lands of the nature monument due to the accession of a part of the floodplain terrace of the Moscow River valley are represented by a heterogeneous breed structure and constitute 122.39 (37.2%) hectares. Of these, the land covered with forest vegetation is only 108.44 (33%) hectares. These are mainly pine plantations of floodplain terraces and mixed stands. The age structure of the stands of the nature monument is distinguished by diversity only in pine plantations. The main part of pine plantations is represented by ages from 90 to 260 years old, there are specimens that have crossed the three hundred year boundary. The average age of a pine tree in a nature monument is 187 years [4]. Forest distribution by age group: young stock – 15.8%; middle-aged – 40.5%; adapters – 13.4%; ripe and overmature – 38.63%. The plantations of the monument of nature are represented by different classes of bonitet (1a-5), but to the greatest extent they are characterized by the second class of bonitet, which include 41.6% of all breeds. Coniferous and deciduous species are assigned to classes 1a and 1. The average quality class for all breeds of the nature monument is 1.9. In the group of low-grade stands there are 24.7% of the stands; 43.8% characterize the group of medium-full (0.5–0.6); the group of stands with high fullness accounts for the bulk of the stands – 31.5%. with completeness 0.7–0.8. The average fullness of all breeds is 0.68. The average completeness of pine plantations – 0,69. Taking into account that a fullness of 0.5 is the borderline for the transition to the group of low-full, almost half of the tree stands (45.8%) of the nature monument can be combined (0.3–0.5) and referred to as a progressive low-density indicator.

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An important element in the composition of plantations is undergrowth – the younger generation of woody plants under the forest canopy, glade, capable of reaching the first tier of the plantation, replacing the parent tree stand. The growth on the territory of the monument of nature is present on an area of 97.39 hectares (90% of the territory). The undergrowth on the territory is represented by pine, maple and ash-leaved maple, linden, elm, ash, poplar, white willow, brittle and goat, gray alder, Manchurian nut, pedunculate oak and red. Pine undergrowth in different land categories is present in limited quantities on an area of 7.8577 hectares. Unfavorable conditions for the renewal of pine are actively renewed maple and ash-leaved maple, the appearance of high undergrowth, trampling of grass cover. Distribution of undergrate maple undergrowth across the territory of the nature monument is revealed on a total area of 50.8405 ha. The growth and increase in the area under the maple and Norway-maple maple contributes to the deterioration of the growth of grass cover and its complete disappearance [4]. The species composition and density of the undergrowth is determined by forest conditions. In the monument of nature grow different types of shrubs of natural origin and artificial. Shrubs grow throughout the territory of the natural monument on the areas of different categories – 141.3836 ha (43% of the total area of the island). The composition of the rocks is varied and represented by more than 30 shrub species. In addition to forest species directly (hazel, euonymus, honeysuckle, buckthorn, mountain ash, etc.), there are decorative (lilacs, cotoneaster, barberry, snowberry, chubushnik, etc.), fruit and berry (chokeberry, chokeberry, sea buckthorn, cherry, currant and others). In a nature monument in conditions overloaded with recreation, the preservation of the undergrowth is crucial in protecting the habitat from ground digression [4]. On the territory of the monument of nature there is an ash-leaved maple practically throughout the territory (on an area of 24,0195 ha) from a single representative in the allotment to dense thickets. When this species grows in wastelands, abandoned, uncultivated lands, etc., its appearance is permissible, since other species cannot grow there. Appearing in plantations on developed lands, it quickly turns into an aggressive breed, displacing native species and contributing to the extinction of grassy species. On the territory of the monument of nature, Svidina offspring spreads well on an area of 7,0155 hectares, which has the property of significantly increasing the soil moisture and completely replacing the growth of herbaceous plants. The main attraction of the regional nature reserve “Silver Forest” is pine plantations (61%), among which are groups of old-growing pine forests aged 160–240 years old, preserved from the end of XYIII – early XIX centuries, and also black oak, which is located on Lemeshevskaya glade . Its diameter at a height of 1.3 m is 108.3 cm, height is 23.5 m, and is about 300 years old. There are two more old-growing pedunculate oaks of 270 and 330 years old on the PA territory. In general, due to the increasing recreational load every year, there is observed a digression of the PA protected forest environment. In summer, the number of visitors to the Monument of Nature «Serebryanny Bor» reaches 40,000 people. on the day [4]. In addition, unorganized recreation (walks under the canopy of pine stands, construction of cycling jumps on sand dunes), leads to 4–5 stages of recreational digression, which contributes to the rapid disintegration of old-aged pine stands and the destruction of grass cover. Passive recreation (walks under the canopy of pine stands) increases the protopes in forest plantations and leads to rapid degradation of the forest environment [18]. In addition to the recreational function, the Monument of Nature «Serebryanny Bor» also performs a protective function, which is manifested in the capture of harmful substances and reducing the adverse effects on humans of man-made and other harmful factors. In particular,

118 VOLUME 5, No. 1 (17), 2019 woody vegetation on the territory of protected areas assimilates carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide, which is found in large quantities in the air of large cities and megalopolises, in particular, in Moscow because of the large number of vehicles. According to the Open Data Portal of the Government of Moscow, in 2017, the emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from road transport amounted to 845.1 thousand tons [14]. The assimilation potential of woody vegetation for CO2 absorption was calculated using the following data on the Silver Forest Monument: 1) the total area of the forest fund covered with woody vegetation is 112.27 ha, of which the area with a predominance of coniferous species is 74.21 ha, the area with the prevalence of deciduous species is 38.06 ha. 2) the total timber stock is 3264 m3, of which stand stock with a predominance of coniferous species is 1292 m3 (including ripe – 205 m3 and overmature – 279 m3), stand stock with a predominance of hardwood – 1972 m3 (including ripe 412 m3 and over-mature 447 m3) [4]. When calculating, it is necessary to take into account that the forest ecosystem binds carbon by increasing the biomass of trees, which occurs annually, and also by adding fallen leaves to the forest soil. Young trees absorb more carbon dioxide, thus increasing their biomass during growth and development. With increasing age of the ecosystem and trees in it, the amount of organic matter in the soil increases and the amount of carbon dioxide absorption increases. But as an ecosystem reaches maturity, its ability to absorb carbon dioxide decreases. Thus, we can conclude that ripe and overmature forest stands no longer absorb carbon dioxide and they are not taken into account in the calculation of the assimilation potential of forest stands of the Monument of Nature “Silver Forest” [11]. Data on the absorptive capacity of forest-forming rocks are taken from the method of Mekush G.Е. [11]. The data presented in table 2.

Table 2 The volume of carbon dioxide absorption by forest-forming rocks Suitable breed CO2 absorption volume, kg / m3 Pine 750 Spruce 700 Fir 700 Larch 700 Cedar 750 Birch tree 1600 Aspen 880 Poplar 880 Willow 880

The absorption volumes in table 2 are presented for the whole life of the tree. Using the data on the age of wood cutting, one can calculate the average amount of carbon dioxide absorption by forest-forming rocks per year. The average age of cuttings used in the calculations [13]: – Pine – 110 years; – Spruce – 110 years; – Larch – 110 years; – English oak tall – 130 years; – Ash – 130 years; – Birch – 75 years; – Black alder – 75 years;

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– Linden – 75 years; – Short-stemmed oak – 75 years; – Poplar – 55 years; – Aspen – 55 years; – Gray alder – 55 years. Thus, during the calculations it was revealed that the ability of carbon dioxide absorption by coniferous trees was 330 tons per year, deciduous trees – 306 tons per year, which in total gives 636 tons of assimilation potential of woody vegetation in the Monument of Nature «Silver Forest». According to the Open Data Portal of the Government of Moscow, in 2017, 8,308 tons of carbon monoxide were emitted into the atmosphere of the city. Using data on the assimilation potential of woody vegetation of Serebryany Bor, which is 636 tons per year, it was calculated that this forest assimilates 7.65% of the urban amount of carbon monoxide emissions per year, occupying about 0.7% (3.286 km2) from the area of the entire city of Moscow, which confirms the value of this specially protected natural area and its importance in a large metropolis [14]. Conclusion The Monument of Nature “Serebryanny Bor” is a specially protected natural area, unique for the city of Moscow, primarily because of its location and structure, where rare and protected animals and birds live, endangered plants grow, which represent not only the diversity of flora and fauna, but also a value that must be preserved and protected. In addition, Serebryanny Bor is a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites; it has an important historical, cultural and recreational significance. A comprehensive and integrated study of the recreational potential of this territory will make it possible to make environmental protection measures more effective, as well as to minimize the degradation of forest ecosystems. The assessment of the assimilation potential of Serebryanny Bor forest plantations has significant practical value for shaping a further strategy for the ecological development of the city of Moscow and stimulating the implementation of projects for the preservation and development of specially protected natural areas and other natural objects in the metropolis.

References 1. Anisimova L.A., Zubkova V.M. The use of woody vegetation in the quality control of the environment on the example of the natural-historical park “Bitsevsky Forest”. M .: From- RhYThM, 2017. P. 5–11. 2. Balabanova B., Stafilov T., Šajn R., Tănăselia C. Bioindication abbility of Hypnum cupressiforme and Homolothecium lutescens for determination of arsenic distribution in environment // Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences, JAPS. Vol. 15. 2017. No. 1/2. P. 15–26. 3. Barinova S. Essential and Practical Bioindication Methods and Systems for the Water Quality Assessment. Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel, 2017. P. 1–11. 4. Department of Nature Management and Environmental Protection: Monument of Nature of regional significance “Serebryanny Bor”. URL: http://www.dpioos.ru/eco/ru/ oopt/o_795 (date of access: 12.02.2018). 5. Federal Law of March 14, 1995 No. 33-FL “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”. 6. Ivanov A.S. Assessment of the environmental sustainability of the territory of the Russian Federation based on the measurement of its economic capacity. Novosibirsk: Association of Researchers “Siberian Academic Book”, 2017. P. 22–25. 7. Kashin V.I. Natural resources as part of the national wealth of Russia // Use and protection of natural resources in Russia. 2009. No. 5. P. 3–7. 8. Kongsager R., Napier J., Mertz. O. The carbon sequestration potential of tree crop plantations // Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2013. P. 1197–1213. 9. Krasutsky B.V. Integration of approaches to the study of the assimilation capacity of forest ecosystems with respect to carbon dioxide and its assessment for the Chelyabinsk region. Chelyabinsk: Kray Ra Ltd., 2018. P. 221–228. 10. Kuzmichev V.V. Laws of the dynamics of forest stands: principles and models. Novosibirsk: Science, 2013. 208 p.

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11. Mekush G.E. Experience in assessing the assimilation potential of the forests of the Kemerovo Region // On the Path to Sustainable Development of Russia: Bull. 2010. No. 51. P. 43–48. 12. Morozov G.F. Teaching about the forest. M.-L.: Gosizdat, 1928. 368 p. 13. On the establishment of felling ages: Order of the Federal Forestry Agency No. 105 of April 9, 2015. URL: http://www.rosleshoz.gov.ru/docs/leshoz/333 (date of access: 13.02.2018). 14. Portal of open data of the Government of Moscow: Dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the air from road transport. URL: https://data.mos.ru/opendata/7704221753-vybrosy-naibolee- rasprostranennyh-zagryaznyayushchih-atmosferu-veshchestv/row/889001880 (date of access: 13.02.2018). 15. Resolution of the Government of Moscow of September 19, 1995 No. 783 “On the integrated development and management system of the Silver Bor territory”. 16. Rysin S.L. Dynamics and sustainability of recreational forests. M.: From the scientific publications KMK, 2006. 165 p. 17. Sauter M.B., Stockdale Ch.B., Ausick P. The World’s Most Resource-Rich Countries. URL: http://247wallst.com/2012/04/18/the-worlds-most-resource-rich-countries. 18. Serebryakov A.G. et al. Educational-methodical manual on environmental protection and use of natural resources. MP Rover, 1999. 218 p. 19. Unru E.A. Economic assessment of the assimilation potential of forests in the Chelyabinsk region on carbon dioxide absorption. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State University, 2013. 20. Vanina K.S. Comparative assessment of the assimilation potential of the natural environment of the regions. N. Novgorod: Because of Inconsult K LLC, 2017. P. 13–15. 21. Volyak L. Monitoring of Developing Regional Agrosphere Assimilation Potential // Accounting and Finance, Institute of Accounting and Finance. 2014. P. 109–114.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Sorokina, A.A. & Zubkova, V.M. (2019) The Specific Features of the Monument of Nature of Regional Significance “Serebryanny Bor” and the Assessment of Its Assimilation Potential, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 1 (17). P. 113–121. DOI 10.17922/2412- 5466-2019-5-1-113-121 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Sorokina Anna Alimjanovna Methodologist of the 1st Category Directorate Natural Territory “The Silver Pine Forest” GPBU «Mospriroda» Postgraduate Student Michurinsky prosp., 13 119192 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Zubkova Valentina Mikhailovna Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor of the Department of Technosphere Safety and Ecology Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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