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2J OCT l~1
t7 AUG t9 ~ J AUG 199 THE KORAN THE KORAN TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH FROM THE ORIGINAL ARABIC
BY GEORGE SALE
~TH EXPLANATORY NOTES FROM THE MOST APP~OVED COMMENTATORS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY SIR EDWARD DENISON ROSS C.I.E., Ph.D., ETC.
LONDON
FREDERICK WARNE AND Co. LTD. AND NEW YORK ~ Q7'( ,- \ F ~7 £-37
PRIlITBD rx GREAT BRlT.t.I1l INTRODUCTION HERE is surely no need to-day to insist on the impor tance of a close study of the Koran for all who would colt:JprehendT the many vital problems connected with the Islamic World; and yet few of us, I imagine, among the many who possess translations of this book have been at pains to read it through. It must, however, be borne in mind that the Koran plays a far greater role among the Muhammadans than does the Bible in Christianity in that it provides not only the canon of their faith, but also the text-book of their ritual and the principles of their Civil Law. It was the Great Crusades that first brought the West into close touch with Islam, but between the years 1096 and 1270 we only hear of one attempt to make known to Europe the Sacred Book of the Moslems, namely, the Latin version made in 1143, by Robert of Retina (who, Sale tells us, was an Englishman), and Hermann of Dalmatia, on the initiative of Petrus Venerabilis, the Abbot of Clugny, which version was ultimately printed by T. Bibliander in Basel in 1543, nearly a hundred years after the fall of Constantinople. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, several translations appeared both in Latin and in French, and one of the latter, by Andre du Ryer, was translated into English by Alexander Ross' in 1649. But by far the most important work on the Koran was that of Luigi Marracci which was published in Padua in 1698. George Sale's translation first appeared in November, 1734, in a quarto volume; in 1764 it was first printed in medium octavo, and the reprint of 1825 contained the sketch of Sale's life by Richard Alfred Davenant which has been utilized in the article on Sale in the Dictianary of N atianal Biography. The Chandos Oassics edition in crown octavo was first issued in 1877. Soon after the death of the Prophet, early Muhammadan theologians began to discuss, not only the correh reading v vi INTHODUCTION of the text itself, but also to work out on the basis of first hand reports the story connected with the revelation of each chapter. As the. book at present stands in its original form the chapters are arranged more or less according to their respective length, beginning with the longest; except in the case of the opening chapter, which holds a place by itself, not only in the sacred book of Islam, corre sponding as it does in a manner to our Pater Koster, but also in its important ceremonial usages. The presumed order in which the various chapters were revealed is given in the tabular list of Contents, but it may be mentioned that neither Muhammadan theologians, nor, in more recent times, European scholars, are in entire agreement upon the exact chronological position of all the chapters. It is well for all who study the Koran to realize that the actual text is never the composition of the .prophet, but is the word of God addressed to the Prophet; and that in quoting the Koran the formula is " He (may he be exalted) said" or some such phrase. The Prophet himself is of course quoted by Muhammadan theologians, but such quota tions refer to his traditional sayings known as "Hadis," which have been handed down from mouth to mouth with the strictest regard to genealogical continuity. It would probably bc impossible for any Arabic scholar to produce a translation of the Koran which would defy criticism, but this much may be said of Salc's version: just as, when it first appeared, it had no rival in the field, it may b~ fairly claimed to-day that it has been superseded by no subsequent translations. Equally remarkable with his translation is the famous Preliminary Discourse which con stitutes a tour de (urce when we consider how little critical work had been done in his day in the field ,?f Islamic research. Practically the only works of first-class importance were Dr. Pocock's SPecimen Historice Arabum, to which, in his original Address to the Reader, Sale acknowledges his great indebtedness, and JllIarracei's Koran. In spite of the vast number of eminent scholars who have worked in the same field since the days of George Sale, his Preliminary Discourse still remains the best Introduction in any European language to the study of the religion pro mulgated by the Prophet of Arabia; but as V,'herry says: "Whilst regarding the Preliminary Discourse as a most masterly, and on the whole reliable, presentation of the pecu liar doctdnes, rites, ceremonies, customs, and institutions IN'rnODUCTION vii of Islam, we recognize the fact that modem research has brought to light many things concerning the history of the ancient Arabs which greatly modify the statements made in the early paragraphs." For many centuries the acquaintance which the majority of Europeans possessed of Muhammadanism was based almost entirely on distorted reports of fanatical Christians which led to the dissemination of a multitude of gros;;, calumnies. \'Vhat was good in Muhammadanism was entirely ignored, and what was not good, in thc eyes of Europe, was exaggerated or misinterpreted. It must not, however, be forgottcn that the central doc trine preached by Muhammad to his contemporaries in Arabia, who worshipped the Stars; to the Persians, who acknowledged Ormuz and Ahriman; the Indians, who wor shipped idols; and the Turks, who had no particular wor ship, was the unity of God, and that the simplicity of his creed was probably a more potent factor in the spread of Islam than the sword of the Ghazis. Islam, although seriously affecting the Christian world, brought a spiritual religion to one half of Asia, and it is an amazing circumstance that the Tpks, who on several oc casions let loose their Central Asian hordes over India, and the Middle East, though irresistible in the onslaught of their arms, were all conquered in their turn by the Faith of Islam, and founded Muhammadan dynasties. The Mongols of the thirteenth century did their best to wipe out all traces of Islam when they sacked Baghdad, but though the Caliphate was relegated to obscurity in Egypt the newly founded Empires quickly became Muhammadan states, until,finally it was a Turk who took the title of Caliph which has been held by the house of Othman ever since. Thus through all the vicissitudes of thirteen hundred years the Koran has remained the sacred book of all the Turks and Persians and of nearly a quarter of U~e population of India. Surely such a book as this deserves to be widely read in the West, more especially in these days when space and time have been almost annihilated by modern invention, and when public interest embraces the whole world. It is difficult to decide to what extent Sale's citations in the notes represent 'first-hand use of the Arabic commentators, but I fear that the result of a close in.quiry only points to very little original research on his part. He savs himself in his Address to the Header: "As I have had no oppor- viii INTRODUCTION tunity of consulting public libraries, the manuscripts of which I have made use throughout the whole work have been such as I had in my own study, except only the Colr. mentary of Al BaidMwi" .. _ which .. belongs to the library of the Dutch Church in Austin Friars." Now with regard to these manuscripts which Sale had in his .. own study" we happen to possess first-hand information, .lor a list of them was printed by the executor of his will under the following title: .. A choice collection of most curious and inestimable manuscripts in the Turkish, Arabic and Persian languages from the library of the late learned and ingenious Mr. George Sale. Which books are now in the possession of Mr. William Hammerton Merchant in Lothbury where they may be seen on Wednesdays and Fridays till either they are sold or sent abroad. N.B. These MSS. are to be sold together and not separately." They were purchased in the first instance by the Rev. Thomas Hunt of Oxford for the Radcliffe Library, and they are now permanently housed in the Bodleian Library. The British Museum possesses a copy of this list which is drawn up in English and French on opposite pages and comprises eighty-six wo!iks in all. The list contains very few Arabic works of first-rate importance, but is rich in Turkish and Persian Histories. What is most significant, however,is the fact that it contains hardly any of the Arabic works and none of the Commentaries which are referred to on every page of Sale's translation of the Koran. I have therefore been forced to the conclusion that with the exception of AI-Baidhawi, Sale's sources were all con sulted at second hand; and an examination of Marracci's great work makes the whole matter perfectly clear. Sale says of Marracci's translation that it is .. generally speaking very exact; but adheres to the Arabic idiom too literally to be easily understood . . • by those who are not versed in the Muhammadan learning. The notes he has added are indeed of great use; but his refutations, which swell the work to a large volume, are of little or none at all, being often unsatisfactory, and sometimes impertinent. The work, however, with all its faults is very valuable, and I should be guilty of ingratitude, did I not acknowledge myself much obliged thereto; but still being in Latin it can be of no use to those who understand not that tongue." Such is. Sale's own confession of his obligation to l\farracci -but it does not go nearly far enough. A comparison of INTRODUCTION ix the two ,'ersions shows that so much had been achieved by MaTTacci that Sale's work might almost have been performed with a knJwledge of Latin alone, as far as regards the quota tions from Arabic authors. I do not wish to imply that Sale did not know Arabic, but I do maintain that his work as it stands gives amisleading estimate of his original researches, and that his tribute to Marracci falls far short of his actual indebtedness. It must be mentioned that Marracci not only reproduced the whole of the Arabic text of the Koran but furthermore gives the original text and the translation of all his quota tions from Arabic writers. It is indeed a profoundly learned work and has never received the recognition it deserves. Marracci had at his disposal rich collections of MSS. belonging to the Libraries of Italy. How he learnt his Arabic we do not know. Voltaire savs he was never in the East. He was confessor to Pope Innocent XI, and his work which appeared in Padua in 1698 is dedicated to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. By way of Introduction to his Koran MaTTacci published a companion folio volume called Prodramus which contains practically all that was known in his day regarding Muhammad and the Religion of Islam. It may in any case be claimed that the present work presents to the Western student all the essentials of a pre liminary study of Islam: for Sale's translation and foot notes will give him as clear an idea as can be obtained, without laborious years of study in Arabic, of what is re garded by so many millions of men from Fez to the Far East as the revealed word of God and the unshakable basis of their faith. George Sale was born about 1697 and died in 1736. Every biography calls attention to the statement made by Voltaire in his Dictionnaire Philosophique to the effect that Sale spent over twenty years among the Arabs. I. think this must have been a tapsus calami on Voltaire's part, because it is unlikely that he would have invented such a story. Sale must also have been well versed in Hebrew, both biblical and post-biblical, as his numerous allusions to Rab binical writings testify. Two years after the publication of his great work Sale died in Surrey Street, Strand, his age being then under forty. In 1720 he had been admitted a student of the Inner Temple -son of Samuel Sale, citizen and merchant ot London and the same year the Patriarch of Antioch had sent 5010- INTRODUCTION mon Negri (Suleiman Alsadi) to London from Damascus to urge the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, then established in the Middle Temple, to issue an Arabic New Testament for the Syrian Christians. It is surmised that Negri was Sale's first instructor in Arabic, though Dadichi, the King's Interpreter, a learned Greek of Aleppo, guided him, we are told, "through the labyrinth of oriental dialects." Whatever Sale may have known before-and he certainly had the gift of languages-it is on the Society's records that on August 30, 1726, he offered his services as one of the correctors of the Arabic New Testament and soon became the chief worker on it, besides being the Society'. solicitor and holding other honorary offices. That translation of the New Testament into Arabic was followed by the transla tion of the Koran into English. In this edition the proper names have been left for the most part as in the original, but the reader must under stand that in Sale's day there was a freedom in regard to oriental orthography that allowed of many variations. In spite, however, of the want of a scientific system, Sale'~ transcription is on the whole clear, and far less confusing than those adopted by contemporary Anglo-Indian scholars, who utterly distorted Muhammadan names-including place names in India-by rendering the short a by II and so forth. As a few examples of names spelled in more than one way, the correct modern way being given first, we have Al-Qor'an, Coran, Koran, etc.; Muhammad, Mohammed. Mahomet, etc.; Al-Baidhciwi, Al-Beidawi; Muttalib. Motalleb, Motaleb, etc. ; JaIaI ud-Din, JalWo'ddin; Anas. Ans; Khalifa, Caliph, Khalif, etc. It is only within quite recent times that scholars have troubled to render each letter of the Arabic alphabet by an equivalent and distinct letter of the Roman alphabet-and although no particular system has been universally adopted by European orientalists, every writer has some system by which any reader with a knowledge of Arabic is able to turn back every name into the original script. The chief advantage of any such system is that a distinction is made between the two varieties of s, k, and t, and the presence of the i,llusive Arabic letter 'aY" is always indicated. E. DENISON ROSS. A TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS OF THE KORAN ACCORDING TO THE ARABIC TEXT WITH THEIR ORDER OF DATE AND NUMBER OF VERSES
Order Num- !'umber of Title of Chapter. of ber of Page. Chapter. Date. Verses. ---
I THE PREFACE OR I~TRO- DUCTION 48 7 r II THE COW. 91 286 Z III THE FAMILY OF bfR.\N • 97 200 4Z IV WOMEN · 100 175 71 V THE TABLE · · IJ4 120 97 VI CATTLE · · · 89 165' II8 VII AL ARAF · 87 206 139 VIII THE SPOILS 96 76 166 IX THE DECLARATIO!'i OF IMMUNITY · · · II3 139 177 X JONAS · 84 109 . 199 XI ROD · 75 123 210 XII JOSEPH 77 III 224- XIII THUNDER go 43 239 XIV ABRAHAM · · · 76 52 24S XV AL HEJR · · 57 99 251 XVI THE BEE · 73 128 256 XVII THE NIGHT·jOURNEY· · 67 IIO 271 ;XVIII THECAYE · 69 III 284- XIX MARY . · · 58 80 296 · xi · · xii A TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS OF TilE KOR.\S
Order Num. 1 Number of Title of Chapter. Chapter. of her of Page. Date. Verses.: ------XX T. H. · · · · · S5 134 305 XXI THE PROPHETS · · 65 lIZ 316 XXII THE PILGRIMAGE. 107 78 326 XXIII tHE TRUE BELIEVERS · 64 u8 335 XXIV LIGHT. · · · lOS 74 343 XXV AL -FORKAN · · 66 77 353 XXVI THE POETS .. · · S6 227 360 XXVII THE ANT · · 68 93 J 68 XXVIII THE STORY · 79 87 377 XXIX THE SPIDER · 81 69 387 XXX THE GREEKS · · · 74 60 393 XXXI LoKMAN · · · · 82 34 399 XXXII ADORATION · · · 70 29 40 4 XXXIII THE CoNFEDERATES • · 103 73 40 6 XXXIV SABA · · · · · · 8S 54 41 9 XXXV THE CREATOR · .. · 86 4S 42 6 XXXVI Y. S. · 60 83 4JO XXXVII THOSE WHO· RANK· THEM-· SELVES IN ORDER. · SO 182 43 6 XXXVIII S. · · · · · S9 86 44 3 XXXIX THE TROOPS · · · · 80 75 44 9 ~L THE TRUE BELIEVER 78 85 45 6 XLI ARE DISTINCTLY Ex- PLAINED 71 54 463 XLII CoNSULTATION · · · · 83 53 468 XLIII THE ORNAMENTS OF· GoLD· · 61 Be) 47 3 XLIV SMOKE • S3 57 47 8 · · · · · I XLV THE KNEELING · · · . 72 36 4B XLVI AI. AKHAF · · · · 88 35 4B 4 XLVII MOHAMMED · · · · 96 38 488 XLVIII THE VICTOEY • · 108 29 492 XLIX THE INNER APARTME!."TS· · II2 18 497 L K. . 54 45 499 · · · · · · 2 LI THE DISPERSING • · · 39 60 .so LII THE MOUNTAIN · · · 40 4B SO S LIlI THE STAll • · · .. · 28 61 S01 A TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS OF THE KORAN xiii ----- Order I Num- I Number of Title of Chapter. of ber of Page. Chapter. Date. Verses. --,----
LIV THE MOON 49 55 510 LV THE MERCIFUL 43 78 513 LVI THE INEVITABLE. 41 99 516 LVII IRON 99 29 520 LVIII THE WOMAN WHO DIS- PUTED 106 22 524 LIX THE EMIGRATION 102 24 527 LX THE WOMAN WHO IS TRIED I IIO 13 530 LXI BATTLE ARRAY 98 14 533 LXII THE ASSEMBLY 94 II 535 LXIII THE HYPOCRITES. 104 II 536 LXIV MUTUAL DECEIT 93 18 538 LXV DIVORCE 101 12 539 LXVI PROHIBITION 109 12 541 LXVII TIlE KINGDOM 63 30 544 LXVIII THE PEN ••• 18 52 546 LXIX THE INFALLIBLE . 38 52 549 LXX THE STEPS 42 44 551 LXXI NOAH 51 28 553 LXXII THE GENII 62 28 555 LXXIII THE WRAPPED Up 23 19 557 LXXIV THE COVERED. 2 55 559 LXXV THE RESURRECTION 36 40 561 LXXVI MAN 52 31 563 LXXVII THOSE WHICH ARE SENT 32 50 565 LXXVIII THE NEWS 33 40 567 LXXIX THOSE WHO TEAR FORTH 31 46 568 LXXX HE FROWNED 17 42 569 LXXXI THE FOLDING Up 27 29 571 LXXXII THE CLEAVING IN SUNDER 29 23 572 LXXXIII THOSE WHO GIVE SHORT MEASURE OR WEIGHT. 37 36 573 LXXXIV THE RENDING IN SUNDER 29 23 574 LXXXV THE CELESTIAL SIGNS 22 22 575 LX,.""{XVI THE STAR WHICH AP- PEARETH BY NIGHT . 15 •17 576 xiv A TABLE OF THE CllAl''fEHS OF THE KOR\~
Number of Order I Num- i Chapter. Title of Chapter. of bn of J>-oIge. ----1------Date. !Venes,,' __ LXXXVII THE MOST HIGH • · · 19 19 577 LXXXVIII THE OVERWHELMISG. · 34 26 578 LXXXIX THE DAYBREAK · 35 JO 579 XC THE TERRITORY • · II 20 581 XCI THE SU:S · · · · · 16 15 58z XCII THE NIGHT · · · 10 21 51lZ XC.III THE BRIGHTSESS · 13 II I 583 XCIV HAVE WE NOT OPENED.· U 8 584 XCV THE FIG · · · · · 20 8 584 XCVI CONGEALED BLOOD · 1 19 585 XCVII AL KADR • · · · · 14 5 586 XCVIII THE EVIDENCE · 9Z 8 586 XCIX THE EARTHQUAKE · · 25 8 587 C THE WAR-HoRSES WHICH· · RUN SWIFTLY. 30 II 588 CI THE STRIKING · .. · 24 10 588 CII THE EMULOUS DESIRE OF MULTIPLYING 8 · I 8 8 5 9 ell I THE AFTER.' NOTE.-The ord~ of date is according to Noldcke. INDEX TO THE KORAN AND THE NOTES THEREON Abda'l1ah Ebn Saad, 129 A Abd'allah Ebn Salam, 92, 95, 267, Aaron, 206, 418 485 and the Golden Calf, 158, SIX Abd'almotalleb, 439 Abb>ls, AI, 81, 176, 180 Abd'alrahman Ebn Awf, 78 taken at Bedr, and obliged to ran- Abel, the story of, 102 . som himself, 176 Abes, 260 professes Islam, 176 Abraha al A.shram, 220 acknowledges a passage of the Abraha Ebn al 5aMh, 590 Koran to be fulfilled in respect Abraham, 126, 300, 319, 363, 389, to himself, 176 408, 438, 447, 469, 474, 531 remarkable for his loud voice, 176 and Nimrod, 38 reproached by Ali, 180 and the angels, 2I 8 Abd Meniif, 589 and the stortes, 47 Abd'allah, father of Mohammed, 439 at Mecca, 57 Abdallah Dhu'lbajiidln, 193 neither a Jew nor a Christian, 53 Abda'llah Ebn J ohair, 63 sacrifices birds, 38 Abdalla Ebn Keliibah, 580 sacrifices his son, 439 Abda'llah Ebn Obba Solul, 60, 64, . the Friend of God, 90 191, 344, 348, 407, 537 the Guests of, 503 admired for his person and elo- the message to, 55 quence, 537 tried by certain words, 19 raises and inflames a scandalous the Chapter of, 245 story of Ayesha, 344 Abu Amer, 194, 195 is present at an interview between Abu Beer, 345, 394, 452, 486 Mohammed and his adversaries,- - attends Mohammed in his dight 407 from Mecca, 185 promises to assist the N adirites bears testimony to the truth of but fails them, 529 Mohammed's journey to heaven, endeavours to debauch Moham- 277 med's men at Ohod, 60 his wager with Obba Ebn Khalf, excused from going on the expedi- 394 tion to Tabuc, 185 strikes a Jew on the face for speak- desires Mohammed's prayers in his ing irreverently of God, 68 last sickness, 191 gives all he has towares the expedi- asks to be buried in the prophet's tion of Tabuc, 190 shirt, 191 purchases BehU, 583 . Abdallah Ebn Omm Mactilrn, 570 compared to Abraham, 176 Abda'llah Ebn Rawiiha, 368 Abu C",b Asaad, 480 597 598 INDEX Abu J ahl, 327, 358, 551, 562, 585, Amru Ebn Lohal, 1)6, 101 592 Angels at the battle of Bedr, 60 Abu Khaithama, 197 and Zacharias, 48 Abu Kobeis, Mount, 329 belief In, accepted, 4. Abu Laheb, Chapter of, 59' Chapter of the, 426 Abu LoMba, 170 different orders of, 426 Abu Mamer, 407 on the last day, 550 Abu Rate aI Koradbi, " the Guardian, 500 Abu Solim, 63, 66, 406, 527, 531 worship Adam, 6, 140, IS), 17' Abu Taleb, 196, 443 290,448 Abu'l Ashadd Ebn Calda, 581 Animals at the resurrection, 121 Abu'l A'war aI Salami, 406 Animals that have died of theJD. Abu'l Jandal, 260 selves forbidden as food, 24 Abu'l JowAdh, 187 Ana Ebn aI Hadar at the battle of Acrema Ebn Abi JahI, 406 Ohod, 62 Ad, the Tribe of, 147, 217, 391, 459, AnsArs, (9), 195, 408, 528 464, 500, 504, 509, 549, 579 Ant, Chapter of the, 368 Adam, 140, 165, 563 referred to, 78 a legend of, 273 Antichrist, 477 and Jesus, 52 Antioch, the Martyr of, 431 at Ceylon, 6 Ants, the valley of, 370 chosen by God, 46 Apes, J eft turned into, 161 names all things, 5 Apostates from IslAm, 107 stature of, 6 Apostles before Mohammed, 62, 68 the Story of, So Jewish and Christian, aclmow. posterity called forth, 162 ledged, ~ Adi Ebn Rabla, 562 of Jesus, the, 50 Adoration, the Chapter of, 404. 463 two at Antioch, 4)1 Adulterers stoned, 104 Apparel !or worship, 141 Adultery, 45, 343 Arabs forsakin, Mohammedi_, 107 evidence required, 74 their acuteness, 1)1 Affinity and marriage, 75 their customl in relation to divorce, Afik, 476 407 Afternoon, Chapter of the, sSg bury their daughten alive, I), AhkM, AI, the Chapter of, 484 their chief idols, 135 Ahmed, the name of, 534 their supentitions ia relation to Ailah, The Jews of, II, 161 eating, 135, )5:r Akhnas Ebn Shoraik, Al, 29, 547, 590 used to worship naked, and why, Akr~ Ebn HAbes, 497 142 Alexander the Great, 294 their injustice to orphans and Ali. 413, 479, 564 women, 90 promulgates the ninth chapter. 178 deem the birth of a daughter a rm. strikes off Okba's head, 356 . fortune, 261 AIIAt, the idol, 37, 89, 279, 452, 508 the reconciliation of. their tri'- Alms, the distribution of, 187 deemed miraculous, 175 Almsgiving, 25, 31, 37, 40, 135. 190 ArM, AI, the Chapter of, 139 Amalek, 148 Aratat, Mount, 28 Amena, Tomb of, 196 Arbad Ebn Rabiah, 141 . Amer Ebn aI Sacan, 195 Ark, the, 213 ·Amer Ebn aI Tofail, 241 Ark of the Covenant, tbe, 3' Amet. Tribe of, 485 As Ebn Wayel AI, 256, 303 Amina and the signet, 446 Asad, the tribe of, 85, 192, 19), 4850 AmmAr Ebn Vases, 260, 268 499 Amru Ebn Awf. 194, 195 Asat, SOD of Barachia, 372, 446 Amru Ebn JahAsh, 99 Ashama, Kin, of Ethiopia, 70. III INDEX 599 Ashath Ebn Kais, 417 Caab Ebn Zeid, 528 Ashja, tribe of, 193 Caaba, the, 57, 1I3, 329, 330 Asia, daughter of MozAhem, wife of Cafur, 563 Pharaoh, 207, 544 Cain, the story of, 102 Aslam, tribe of, 1930 485, 493 Caleb, 100, 101 Asma bint Abu Beer, 532 Calf, the Golden, 8, 15, 158, 311 Asram and Sarim, 293 Call to prayer, the, 107 Assembly, Chapter of the, 535 Camel of Saleh, the, 149 Assistance, Chapter of, 594 Calumny forbidden, 93 Aswad Ebn Abd Yaghiith, AI, 256 Canaan the unbeliever, 214 Aswad Ebn al Motalleb, AI, 256 Cattie, mutilation of, 89 Aws, AI, the Jewish tribe of, 13, 57, the Chapter of, 1I8 58,498 to be eaten, 97 Ayesha, 344, 412, 416, 541, 542 Cave, Chapter of the, 284 Azer (Terah), 126 Cawthar, AI, Chapter of, 593 Azrael, the angel of death, 376, 455 Celestial Signs, Chapter of the, 575 Ceylon, 6 B Charity enjoined, 78 Baalbec, 440 Chess, 112 Babel, the Tower of, 258 Children to be protected, 275 Babel, the twa angels at, 16 Children of Israel, Chapter of the, 271 Bahlra, 114 Christians, 10 Bahman, King of Persia, 272 and the monopoly of paradise, 17 Baker's dream, the, 229 as friends, III Bakthnasr (Nebuchadnezzar), 272 no friendship with, 106 Balaam, 163 Cleaving in Sunder, Chapter of, 572 Balance, the, 522 Colabah, 580 Ballds, Queen of Sheba, visits Solo- Collar, the, 240 man, 371 Confederates, Chapter of the, 406 Bargains to be witnessed, 41 Congealed Blood, Chapter of, 585 Barnabas, the Gospel of, 51, 141 Consultation, Chapter of, 468 Battle Array, the Chapter of, 533 Corsi, the, 37 Becca, otherwise Mecca, 57 Counsel, Chapter of, 468 Bedr, the battle of, 43, 60, 166, 167, Covered, Chapter of the, 559 176 Cow, Chapter of the, 2 Bees inspired, 262 saerifice of the red, II Beida, AI, 175 Creation of man, the, 448 BelaJ, 260, 583 Creator, Chapter of the, 426 Believer, Chapter of the, 456 Crimes, punishments for, 103 Believers encouraged, 63 Crucifixion in Egypt, 155 Benjamin, the story of, 234 Cyrus, 272 Bismillah, the, I, 24 Birds and stories, the, 590 miracle of the, 38 D Blood forbidden, 24 Dahia, the plain of, 162 Bodeil, 115 Damascus, 476 Brightness, Chapter of the, 583 Daughters a misfortune, 261 Burning t>ush, the, 306 David, 110, 444 Butler's dream. the, 229 his and Solomon's judgment, 322 as armourer, 323 C and Goliath, 36, 272 Caab Eb:l. Asad, 4U birds and mountains sing praises Caab Ebn al Ashraf, 54, 80, 81, 244, with him, 444 527 his rep~tance for taking the wife Caab Ebn Malec, 197, 368 of Uriah. 445 GOO INDEX Daybreak, Chapter of tbe, 579. 5C)6 Esop,401 distinguishable by tbe bJack and Eft'. first born, 16, white threads, 26 EYideDce, Chapter of the, 586 Days of Creation, the, 464 Ewe, Parable of the, 444 of commemoration appointed. 329 Ezekiel, 35 Death comes to all, 6z Ezra, 38, 18] Declaration of Immunity, tbe, In Deluge, the, 214 Debtors to be dealt with generously. F 41 Faces white and black at tbe Remr· Debts to be recorded in writing. 41 rection, 58 to be witnessed, 41 Faith and works, 212 Delivering, Chapter of the, 544 Fastin« required, 25 Dhacwan the Ifrit, 372 Htema, !IIohammed'. daughter. 48. Dhu'lhamar aJ Aswad aJ Ansi, IfY'1 4130 544, 564 Dhu'lnUD, 324 Fatihat, AI. I Dhu'lkarnein, 294 Fiddo!, S6t Dhu'lke1l, 324. 447 Fidelity, 179 Dhu Nowas, 576 Fig. Chaptl!l' of tbe, Sa. Dinar, the Jew's, 54 Fight, Chapter of, 488 Discrimination, the, Chapt~ of, 353 Fire from heana, the, 68 Dispersing, Chapter of the, S02 Fire-makin«, 43.5 Disputed, the woman who, 524 Fishin,;, 113 Distinctly explained, Chapter of the, Five thinp ImowIa to God aJoae, the 463 403 Diteb, War of the, 406, 408, 4Il Flies in temples, 334 Divorce, 32, 4fY'1, 415 FoIdin« up, Chapter of the, .5" The Chapter of, 539 Forbiddea fruit, the, 6 Dohya EbB KhoIeifa, 411 Fountain of brass, the, 420 Darah, AI, 50s Fountains of paradise, 563, s64 Dower, Law as to, 415 F orkaa, AI, the Chapter of, 3.53 Dress, Customs as to, 346 Friday as tbe Sabbath, .5]6 Dying. the chapt~ read to the, 431 Frowned, He, Chapla of. s69 Fugitives b the sake of relJgioa, 87. E 333 Earth, the, at its creation, 258 G Earthquake, Chapt~ of the, 587 Eblis, 140, 253, 278, 314. 332, 422, 447 Gabriel, the angel, 15. 44. 9'), 207, Iefuses to worship Adam, 6 208, 218, 220, n6, a81, *)8. 301, and the Genii, 290 ]22. ]16, 3n, 411, ~ 455. 472- Ebo Masaid, 460 507, 5120 Sn,. 5430 ssl>. 5.57, Ebn Omm MaclUm, 86 '59 Eden, z88 Gamin« forbidden, 112 Edris or Enoch, 301, 324. 440 Gaaem Ebn Awl, 194 Egyptian killed by }l0I!IeS0 the, 379 Gardea of palm trees, the, 547 Egyptian MagidaDs. the, 1St em a hill, tbe. 39 Elath, the Jews of, 11, 161 Gardens, Parable of the, 288 Elephant, Chapter of the, 590 (;enii, ljO, 1330 290. 420, 44:z. 487 War of the, 590 Chapt~ of the, 555 Elias, 291, 292, 372, 440 Ghassaa, the tribe of, 42a Elisha, us. 447 Ghatf3D, the tribe of, a,. II)%, 1,3. Emigration, Chapter of the, 527 408. .fD9. 48S Emulous desire, Chapter ~ the, 589 Gbifar, tribe of, 193. .as. 493 EBocb, 3OJ , 3240 440 Ghozia, ..5 INDEX 601 Glass fioar, the, 373 Heavens, the, 336 Gnat mentioned, 4 guarded by angels, 554 God, proofs of existence, 396 upbeld till tbe last day, 334 omnipresence, 525 Heber, 147 omnipotence, 37, 520 Hejr, AI, tbe Chapter of, 251 power and providence, 23, 210, 482 HelM Ebn Omeyya, 197 omniscience, 88, 375, 419, 556 HelM Ebn Owaimar, 85 five tbings known to Him alone, Hell torments described, 328, 518, 566 40 3 tbe portion of unbelievers, 59, 212 goodness set forth, 29, 199, 257, 513 prepared for t bose wbo choose the tbe autbor of all good, 264 pomp of this life, 212 word, laws, and sentence unalter- and hoard up money, 183 able, 132, 501 sball not burt tbe believers, 302 mercy set fortb, 358, 471, 509 will be dragged towards God's tri- promise to tbe righteous, 399 bunal at tbe last day, 580 ruletb tbe beart of man, 170 and will tben be filled, 501 tbrone, 37, 2II Heraclius, 394 attributes, 163 Hira, 527 ougbt not to be frequently sworn Hodeibiya AI, II2, 492, 494, 495. 532 by, 31 Hodbeifa, 189 hatb no issue, 18, 205, 340 Honeifa, the tribe of, 494 rested not tbe seventb day through Honein, the battle of, 181 weariness, S02 Honey, 541 God's Unity, Chapter of, 595 recommended, 263 Gog and Magog, 295 Horses of Solomon, the, 445 Goliatb, 36, 272 Hosein, 413, 563 Gomorrah, 391 Hotam Ebn Zeid, AI, 107 Grain as a sign, 39 Hotama, AI, 590 Greek, tbe marks of a, 313 House, tbe Visited, 505 Greeks, Cbapter of the, 393 Household of the prophet, the, 413 Gudar2,272 Hoyai Ebn Akhtab, 4II Htid, 147, 217, 487 the Chapter of, 210 H Hunting forbidden during tbe pil Habib al Najjar, 357, 431 grimage, 97 Habil (Abel), 102 Hypocrites and their fate, 93 Hadrami, AI, 269 Hypocrites, Cbapter of the, 536 Hatedba, 147 Hafsa, 541, 542 I Halla!, AI, 549 Haman tbe Egyptian, 378, 382, 391, _ Idolaters, intermarriage with for- 458 bidden, 31 Hami, II4 not to be prayed for, 196 Hamyarites, the, 480 to be fought, 27 Hamza, 270, 410 Idols, Arabian, 37 Handba Ebn Safwan, 357 will witness against their worship- Hanifites, tbe, 489 pelS, 202 Haretb Ebn Zeid, AI, 45 IIhiz, 339 Haretba, Banu, 409 IIliyytin, 573 Hartit, tbe Angel, 16 I1yasin, 441 Hasan, 61, 413, 563 Immaculate Conception, the, 298 Hasbem, 592 Immodesty condemned, 347 Hassan Ebn Tbabet, 368 Immunity, the Declaration of, 177 Hateb Ebn Abi Baltaa, 530 Imran, ;ather of the Virgin Mary. H;;wiyat, 453 46, 47 ~02 INDEX Imd.n, Family of, Chapter of the, 42 Jewish transgrassions, the, lI7t IneVitable, Chapter of the, 516 Job, the story of, 321, 446 Infallihle, Chapter of the, 549 Joheina, tribe of, 193. 485, 493 Infidels to be fought, 30 John the Baptist, 48, 297 Inheritance laws, 72, 96 Jonada Ebn Awf, 184 Inner Apartments, Chapter of the Jonah, the story of, 20B, 324 497 J ooal, 20B, 324, 441, 549 Intercalation forbidden, IB4 the Chapter of, 199 lrem, 579 JOOdob Ebn Damra, 87 Iron implements of Adam, 523 Jora§h, 182 Iron, the Chapter of, 520 Joseph, the Chapter o!, 224 Isaac, the God of, 20 Joseph's coat, 226, 237 the message to, 55 coffin, 238 the sacrifice of, 439 Journey, the midnight, In Islam, the true religion, 44 Joshua, 100, 101, 291 Ismael, 249, 301, 3'24, 447 JUdah, 225, 227. 237 the covenant with, 19 Judging the J ew§, 104 the message to, 55 Judgment, day of, .5, 204,355,505. the SaCIifice of, 439 510, 516, 550, 510 Israfll, the angel, 210, 21B, 376, 455 known only to God, 164 Itflr, 227 will come suddenly, 516 Judgment of Solomon, A, 322 J JUdi, AI, 215 Jaafar Ebn Abi Taleb, III J abar the Greek, 267 K jacob, 55, 447 Kabil (Cain), 102 the sons of, 225, 232 Kad4, AI, 496 jadd Ebn Kais, 407 Kadr, AI, Chapter of, 586 J alut, 36, 272 Kaf, the mountain, 499 J assasa, AI, 376 Kail Ebn Ithar, 148 J awwas Ebn Omeyya, 494 Kainok4, the Jews of, 529 jerada, 446 Karlin, 385, 391, 45B jerusalem captured by Gudarz, 272 K4sem, ,.1, 593 captured by Persians, 394 Katmlr, the Dog, 286 Jesus, 40B, 469, 476, 477, 52 3, 534 Kazraj AI, 498 death explained away, 51, 94 Keblah, tbe, 207 in the likeness of Adam, 52 appointed by God, aI speaks in CIadle, 49 Kedar Ebn Salef, 582 strengthened with the Holy Spirit, Kendah, the tribe of, 135 37 Keys' of Knowledge, the, 403 the Birth of, 299 Khabbab, 303, 260 the Divinity of, 100 Khadijah, 544. 559 the message to, 55 Khaibar, 527 the miracles of, 14 Khaibar Expedition, the, 494 and the miracle of the table, 166 Khaled Eho aI WaIld, 63, 452, 49B Jethro, 151,220, 366,3BO,390 Khantala Eho Saf"An, 357 jews and the monopoly of paradise, Khawla bint Hakim, 41, 17 Khawla bint TM.Iaba, ,24 claim to be subject to heD lire for Khazr, AI, the Jewish tribe of, 130 S7 only forty days, .5 Khazraj, AI, the tribe of, 5B cursed for disbelief in the KorAn, 13 Khedr, AI, 291, 292, 37:10 440 appealed to, IB, 53 Khobaib Eho Ada, 268 no friendship with, 106 Khosru Parviz, 394 preferred before aD nati~s, IB KhozAah, the tribe of, 85 turned into apes, n, 161 Ki11in8 by mistake, 85 INDEX 603 King asked for by the Jews, 35 Lote tree, the, 508 Kingdom, the Chapter of the, 544 Lots, 30 Kiresh (Cyrus), 272 forbidden, II2 Kitdda Ebn al Noman, 88 Lydda, 477 Kitftr,227 Kneeling, Chapter of, 481 Koba, the mosque of, 194, 195 M Kodar Ebn Salef, 572 Maan Ebn Addi, 195 Koran. the signific~tion of the word, Madian, 150 224 destroyed, 220 by whom composed, 267 Magicians, the Egyptian, 154, 362 twenty-three years in completing, Magog, 295 356 Mahja, 387 could not be composed by any Maid-servants, the marriage of, 76 besides God, 203 Maimfula, 415 men and genii defied to produce a Malec, the angel, 477 chapter like it, 281 Malec Ebn AI Seif, 53 contains all things necessary, 265 Malec Ebn Dbpr, 226 all differences to be decided by it, Malec Ebn al Dokhshom, 195 81 Malec Ebn Noweirah, 107 its contents partly literal and Man, the Chapter of, 563 partly figurative, 43 the creation of, 335 traduced by the unbelievers, 353 Manah,508 as a piece of sorcery, 199 Manna, miracle of the, 9 as a poetical composition, 435 Marriage and affinity, 75 as fables, 258 laws, 71, 75, 78, g8 the fate of those who believe not in with idolaters forbidden, 31 it, 483 Martyrs, Mohammedan, 268 not liable to corruption, 210 Marut, the angel, 16 not to be touched by the unclean, Mary, the Chapter of, 296 519 Mary the Copt; 541 Koreidha, the tribe of, 13, 58, 99, Mary, the Virgin, 47, 298, 544 106, 4II, 491, 528 Masab Ebn Omair, 4IO Koreish, the, 383, 452, 479, 531 Masher al Haram, Mount, 28 Chapter of the, 592 Masud, the tradition of, 460 Korrah Ebn Salma, 107 Matrimonial disputes, 78 Kosai Ebn Keh'ib, 169, 243 Maturity, age of, 72 KoteiIa bint Abd'al Uzza, 532 Mauz, the, 5 I 7 Meats, forbidden, 24, 97 L Mecca,393 . Abraham at, 57 Labld Ebn Rabia, 368 appointed as a place of resort, I9 Lamech, 554 as the Keblah, 21 Lapwing, the, 370 Men of, appealed to, 4 Last hour, the, 164 pilgrimage, the, 27, 28, 57 Legacies for pious uses, 73 Medina, 409 to relatives, 25 Men, Chapter of, 596 Leith, the tribe of, 352 to have the pre-eminence above Liars, the curse on, 52 women, 77 Light, the Cbapter of, 342 Menat, the idol, 89 Lobeid,596 Merara Ebn Rabi, 197 L:>kman, the Chapter of, 399 Merciful, Chapter of the, 513 Lot, 150, 254, 365, 373, 390, 5IZ Merwa, Mount, 22 and tbe angels, 219 Mestan.345 the Wife of, 543 Michael, the angel, 15, 218, 376, 455 604 INDEX Midianites, The, ISO Mohammed, his mercy to the cfiI. Milk, 262 obedient. 64 Mina, the valley of, 29 hill wiVel! demand a better allow. Miracles demanded, 243 ance, OR which he ollen them a Moattab Ebn Kosheir, 407, 409 divon:e.4U Moawiyah Ebn Beer, 148 the Jews reproach him on account ModIaj, tribe of, 85 of the number of his wives, 244 Mohajerin, 193, 408, 528 his divorced wives or widOWll DOl Mohammed promised to Adam, 7 to marry again, 416 foretold by Christ, S34 his amour with'Mary, an Esrptiaa expected by Jews and Christians.. slave, Soli 586 disputes in a Jewish IyIlqagua, 4' sent at forty years of age, 200 decides a controversy in Inour of complained of by the KOieish to a Jew against a Mohammedan, 81 his uncle, Abu Taleb, 443 reprehended for a rash judjpnent, his revelations ridiculed by the 88 Meccans, 201 no more than lUI apostle, 61 his journey to heaven, 211 blasphemes througb inadvertence, enters into a league with Medina, 332 110 enjoined to admonish his people, cXlnspiracy of the Meccans against 506 his life, 110 demands respect and obedience, gains some proselytes of the seaii 352,525 by reading the Koran, 487 desires aothin, for hi. preacllin.. sent as a mercy to all creatures, 326 358 the iIIiterate prophet, 160, 267 acknowledges himself a sinner, 490 excuses his inability to work mira- commanded to pray by night, 557 cles, 131, 240 refuses the adoration of two Chris- accused of injustice in dividing the tians, 55 spoi1s, 65. 187 refuses to eat witb an infide I, 335 :flight to Medina, I8S prophesies the defeat of the Per. foretells the victory at Bedr, 512 sians by tbe Romans, 393 loses the battle of Ohod, where be speaks by revelat ion, 5Q7 is in danger of his life, 6S his dream at Bedr, 173 lays the fault on his men for dis his dream at Medina, 496 obeying his orders, 63 his doctrine compared with tbat of goes to meet the Koreish at Bedr the other propbets, 485 according to their challenge, 66 is terrified at the approach of his men swear fidelity to him at AI Gabriel, 559 Hodeibiya, 494 is reprebended for his neglect of a his generosity, 495 poor blind man, 569 truce with the Koreish for ten demolishes the idols of Mecca, 280 years, 496 warned to prepare for death, 594 his courage at the battle of Honein. the Chapter of, 488 181 1tfonasticism discouraged, III the expedition to Tabile, 184, 194, Mondar Ebn Omar, AI, Sz4 197, 198, 407 Month, the iotercalary, 184 conspiracy to kill him, 431 Monthl, the four, 178 another attempt on his lile, from Moon. Chapter of the, 510 which he is miraculously pre Mooa worship prohibited, 466 served, 99, 189 MesMer the Maklmunite, 5P almost prevailed on by the Jews to MoseiJama, 268 go into Syria, 279 Moses, 90 1530 206, 222, 291. 301. reproves the hypocritical r osIems, 30S, 361, 369. 377, 408, 418, 469. 82 S04. 512, 569 INDEX 60'> Moses and the Spies, 101 Orwa Ebn Masild, 474 the fast of, 157 Osfan, intended attack at, 99 the finding of, 307 Ostrich's egg, the, 437 the message to, 5S Othman Ebn Alfan, 494 the signs of, 282 Othman Ebn Matlin, 265 the Story of, 8 Othman, Ebn Telha, 81 Most High, Chapter of the, 577 Oven of the Flood, the, 214 Mostalek, AI, the Tribe of, 498 Overwhelming, Chapter of the, 578 Mountain, Chapter of the, 505 Oyeyna Ebn Osein, 497 Mountains, object of, 258 Ozair, 38, 183 Mozeinah, tribe of, 193, 485, 493 Murder penalty, the, 275 P Mutual Deceit, the Chapter of, 538 Paraclete, the, 534 N Paradise, 244, 288, 490, 515 " Nadhlr, AI, the Jewish tribe of, 13,101 for the faithful, 44 Nairn Ebn Amru, 45 monopoly of claimed by Jews and N Toleiha Ebn Khowailecl, 408 Woman who is tried, Chapter of thep Towa, the Vale of, 306 530. Tower of Pharaoh, the, 382 Women, laws regarding, 32, 343, 347. Treaty with the Koreish, the, 496 532 Tribute, the payers of, 182 the ~apter of, 71 Tried, Chapter of the, 530 Worship, Chapter of, 463 e08 I~"DEX Wrangler, Chapter of the. 524 Zacharias, 297 Wrapped uP. Chapter of the. 557 and Mary, 48 and the angels, 48 Zakkum, AI, 277. 438. 481, '18 Y Zamharlr. AI, 131 Yaghftth.554 . Zeid Ebn Amru Ebn Nofail. 84 Yam, the Wlheliever. 214 kid Ebn Hal'etha, 40 7. 413. 414 Yamama. AI, 494 Zeid Ebn al SamIn, 88 Yaman, the towns in, 317 Zeinab. 413. 415, 541 Yathreb (Medina). 409 Zemzem, the wen. 176. 249. 439 Yli.ftk.554 Zenjebil. the fountain of, 564 Zipporah, 380 Z Zodiac. the Signs of the. 2,:11 Zabir, AI, Mount, 157 Zoleikha, 227