How to Keep up with the Commonwealth
The most useful tool is The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. Founded in 1910 by the ‘Round Table Moot’, this quarterly journal published anonymous reports until 1966. It ceased publication briefly between 1981 and 1983. Publishing five issues a year from 2000, its regular features include ‘Commonwealth Update’ by Derek Ingram and ‘Documentation’, which provides the full texts of such material as Chogm Communiqués and C-Mag reports. Leading Commonwealth figures, as well as commentators and academics, con- tribute signed articles. The Round Table is available on line at
The official reference book is The Commonwealth Yearbook (produced since 1996 by Hanson Cooke for the Commonwealth Secretariat). It is the successor to The Colonial Office List and The Commonwealth Relations Office List, which were followed by The Commonwealth Office Year Book in 1967 after the CO and CRO had merged. The Foreign & Commonwealth Office (created by a further merger in 1968) changed the title to The Commonwealth Yearbook in 1987, and in 1993 trans- ferred the title and responsibility to the Commonwealth Secretariat. The format was changed from 1996 in association with the new pub- lishing partner.
The other important official reference book is Commonwealth at the Summit, vol. 1 Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1944–1986 (1987) and vol. 2 Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1987–1995 (1997). The texts from the 1997 and subsequent Chogms were published by the Secretariat in sep- arate pamphlets. Other useful reference works include: The
231 232 A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth
Commonwealth Minister’s Reference Book (from 1989/90 by Kensington Publications); Alan Palmer, Dictionary of the British Empire and Commonwealth (1996), and House of Commons, Session 1995–6, Foreign Affairs Committee First Report The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, Report, together with the Proceedings of the Committee, vol. 2, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (1996), which includes numerous very informative submissions from NGOs.
Academic study of the Commonwealth is catered for by The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (thrice yearly since 1972) and The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (thrice yearly since 1974 as the successor of The Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, started in 1961). Content details of both journals are available at
The main inter-governmental organisations each produce magazines and periodic reports. The Commonwealth Secretariat issues the bi- monthly illustrated magazine Commonwealth Currents and the biennial Report of the Secretary-General. The Secretariat maintains a website, which includes the texts of news releases and speeches as well as descriptive material on the structure and membership of the associa- tion:
For the work of the Secretary-General during the first 35 years of the Secretariat see: Arnold Smith, with Clyde Sanger, Stitches in Time: the How to Keep up with the Commonwealth 233
Commonwealth in World Politics (1981); Shridath Ramphal, One World To Share: Selected Speeches of the Commonwealth Secretary-General, 1975–9 (1979); Ron Sanders (ed.). Inseparable Humanity: An Anthology of Reflections of Shridath Ramphal (1988); Shridath Ramphal (ed.), International Economic Issues: Contributions of the Commonwealth 1975–1990 (1990); Emeka Anyaoku, The Missing Headlines: Selected Speeches (1997); Phyllis Johnson, Eye of Fire: A biography of Chief Emeka Anyaoku, The Man and His Work (2000). Information on the People’s Commonwealth is available from the regular Newsletters and Annual Reports of the numerous NGOs. A selection of pan-Commonwealth websites is included below. Others are available at
Commonwealth Business Council –
For historical background, the classic works are the ‘Chatham House surveys’ by Hancock, Mansergh and Miller. W. K. Hancock, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. I, Problems of Nationality, 1918–1936 (1937); vol. II, Problems of Economic Policy 1918–1939, Part 1 (1940), 234 A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth
Part 2 (1942); Nicholas Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of External Policy, 1931–1932, 2 vols. (1952, 1958) and see the same author’s The Commonwealth Experience (1969); J. D. B. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Expansion and Attrition, 1953–1969 (1974) and see the same author’s The Commonwealth and the World (1965). See also H. Duncan Hall, The British Commonwealth of Nations: A Study of its Past and Future Development (1920) and the same author’s Commonwealth: A History of the British Commonwealth of Nations (1970).
Studies of the Commonwealth have been sparse since the last ‘Chatham House survey’ in 1974. The chief published works were: W. David McIntyre, The Commonwealth of Nations: Origins and Impact 1869–1971 (1977): D. Judd and P. Slinn, The Evolution of the Modern Commonwealth, 1920–80 (1982); A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor (eds.), The Commonwealth in the 1980s (1984); Dennis Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain (1988); Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study of International Action 1965 to 1985 (1988) and Twelve Years of Commonwealth Diplomatic History: Commonwealth Summit Meetings 1979–1991 (1992); Margaret Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (1989); D. A. Low (ed.), Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988); D. Butler and D. A. Low (eds.), Sovereigns and Surrogates: Constitutional Heads of State in the Commonwealth (1990); W. David McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, 1965–90 (1991); Leslie Zines, Constitutional Change in the Commonwealth (1991); R. Bourne, Britain in the Commonwealth (1997); I. M. Cumpston, The Evolution of the Commonwealth of Nations, 1900–1980 (1997); D. Mansergh (ed.), Nationalism and Independence: Selected Irish Papers by Nicholas Mansergh (1997); W. David McIntyre, British Decolonization 1946–1997: Why, When, and How did the British Empire Fall? (1998); G. Mills and J. Stremlau (eds.), The Commonwealth in the 21st Century (1999). Notes
1 Origins and Meanings
1. Speech by British Prime Minister, Mr Tony Blair, at the Chogm Opening Ceremony, 24 October 1997, p. 2. 2. S. R. Mehrotra, ‘On the use of the Term “Commonwealth”’, Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies [JCPS] (1963) 2(1): 1–16. 3. R. Jebb, Studies in Colonial Nationalism (London, 1905), pp. 272–80. 4. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, XII, 1891 to 1900 (Toronto, 1990), p. 1055. 5. British Parliamentary Papers: 1907, Accounts and Papers, IX, 61, Cd 3523, pp. 80–1; K. C. Wheare, The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth (Oxford, 1960), pp. 7–9. 6. See L. Curtis, The Problem of the Commonwealth (London, 1915) and The Commonwealth of Nations (London, 1916). 7. N. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of External Policy 1931–1939 (London, 1952), p. 270.
2 Dominion Status and the 1926 Declaration
1. H. D. Hall, ‘The Genesis of the Balfour Declaration of 1926’, JCPS (1962) 1(3): 169–93; P. Wigley and N. Hillmer, ‘Defining the First British Commonwealth: the Hankey Memorandum on the 1926 Imperial Conference’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History [JICH] (1979) 8(1): 105–16. 2. L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953–5), II, pp. 390–5. 3. Joe [Sir Saville] Garner, The Commonwealth Office 1925–68 (London, 1978), p. 51. 4. The Commonwealth at the Summit: Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1944–86 [Cwlth. Summit, I] (London, 1987), p. 295. 5. Amery, My Political Life, II, p. 395. 6. ‘Document Number Two’, in D. Macardle, The Irish Republic (Dublin, 1951), p. 960. See also N. Mansergh, ‘The implications of Éire’s relationship with the British Commonwealth of Nations’, in Nationalism and Independence: Selected Irish Papers, ed. by D. Mansergh (Cork, 1997), pp. 148–68. 7. For Ireland under Dominion status, see D. W. Harkness, The Restless Dominion: The Irish Free State and the British Commonwealth of Nations 1921–31 (London, 1969). 8. Professor Nicholas Mansergh was told that the affirmative answer about leaving the Commonwealth was elicited by the Tass correspondent. ‘Irish Foreign Policy, 1945–51’ in Ireland in the War Years and After 1939–51, ed. by K. B. Nowlan and T. D. Williams (Dublin, 1969), p. 140. 9. In his 1948 press conference in Ottawa Costello was quoted as implying that: ‘Once partition was ended, the way would be clear for complete and friendly association of the republic of Ireland with Britain in a 235 236 Notes
Commonwealth of Nations.’ Winnipeg Free Press (9 September 1948), p. 17. col. 7. 10. See J. M. Ward, Colonial Self-Government: The British Experience 1759–1856 (London, 1976). 11. McIntyre, ‘The Strange Death of Dominion Status’, JICH (1999), 27(2): 193–212. 12. ‘Canada, the Commonwealth and the World’, address to Canadian Universities Society of Great Britain, 22 March 1965. Arnold Smith Papers, N[ational] A[rchives of] C[anada], MG 31/E47, vol. 81, file 24; address to editors of Christian newspapers of North America, Ottawa, 5 May 1965. MG 31/E47, vol. 72, file 8.
3 Republic Status and the 1949 Declaration
1. P. J. H. Stent, ‘The British Commonwealth and Asia’, January 1948. Copy in P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice]: PREM[IER] 8/735, pp. 25–33. 2. N. Mansergh et al. (eds.), Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power, 1942–1947, 12 vols. [TOPI] (London: 1970–83), vol. X, pp. 609–10. 3. Governor-General of Malaya to Secretary of State for the Colonies (183) 27 June 1947 in CR(47)3, 15 September 1947. PRO: CAB[INET] 134/117. 4. CR(48)2, 21 May 1948; CR(48) 2nd.mtg., 31 May 1948. CAB 134/118. 5. Memo of 31 December 1948, with CR(49)1, 3 January 1949. CAB 134/119. 6. 2nd.mtg. between Fraser and Listowel, 22 March 1949, N[ew] Z[ealand] A[rchives] PM 205/3/4 Part 10, pp. 1–11 in series AAEG 950/3436; mtg. in McIntosh’s room, 22 March 1949, p. 8. 7. Notes on a visit to London, 19–30 April 1949. Lester Pearson Papers, NAC: MG 26, N1, box 34, file India–Canadian Relations 1947–57, p. 5. 8. Mtg. on 22 April 1949. PMM (UK) (49)1, 25 April 1949. CAB 133/91. 9. The best account is in R. J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford, 1987). 10. PMM(49)5, 26 April 1949 and PMM(49) 6th. mtg. 27 April 1949. NAC: MG/26, N1, vol. 23, file Prime Ministers’ Meeting – April 1949. The text of the London Declaration is in Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 29.
4 The Secretariat and the 1971 Declaration
1. McIntyre, ‘Canada and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat, 1965’, International Journal [Toronto] (1998) 53(4): 753–77; ‘Britain and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat’, JICH (2000), (28): 135–58. On earlier proposals, see B. Vivekanandan, ‘The Commonwealth Secretariat’, International Studies [New Delhi], 1968 9(3): 302–8. 2. R. Hyam, ‘Bureaucracy and “Trusteeship” in the Colonial Empire’, in J. M. Brown and W. R. Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire [OHBE], vol. 4, The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), pp. 255–65. 3. H. D. Hall, Commonwealth (London, 1971), p. 588. 4. Phrase used by Sir Charles Jeffries. Jeffries to Sedgwick, 31 March 1953. PRO: Commonwealth Relations Office records, DO 35/5056. Notes 237
5. McIntyre, ‘The Admission of Small States to the Commonwealth’, JICH, 1996 (24)2: 244–77. 6. ‘Patriotism Based on Reality, Not on Dreams?’, The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13. Powell finally admitted to the authorship in 1997. S. Heffer, Like The Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), pp. 350–1. 7. D-Home to Pearson, Menzies and Holyoake, 3 June 1964. Canadian External Affairs archives, NAC: RG 25, box 10662, part 2. 8. Holmes, ‘The Commonwealth Faces 1964’, The Times (7 January 1964), p. 9; ‘Statement on the Commonwealth issued by the Royal Commonwealth Society on the eve of the Prime Minister’s Conference’, embargoed to 2 July 1964. 9. PMM(64) 3rd. mtg., 8 July, 4th. and 5th. mtgs., 9 July, 6th. mtg., 10 July 1964, consulted in series ABHS 950, PM 153/50/4 Part II in NZA and MG 26, N3, box 320, file 812.3 – 1964 in NAC. (CAB 133/253–255 in PRO are inexplicably closed for 50 years). 10. Trend for PM, 11 July 1964. PRO: PREM 11/4637. 11. The Agreed Memorandum, 25 June 1965 in Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 105–11; see also Garner, Commonwealth Office, p. 352. 12. Text of the 1971 Declaration in Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 156–7.
5 Rhodesia’ UDI and the Crisis of the 1960s
1. A. A. Mazrui, The Anglo-African Commonwealth: Political Friction and Cultural Fusion, (Oxford, 1967), pp. 1–2. 2. Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting, September 1966. Record of Restricted Session: 2nd. Mtg., 12 September 1966, Secretary-General 131/66/3. Arnold Smith boxes in ComSec Archives, Marlborough House Library. 3. McIntyre, ‘End of an Era for the Commonwealth: Thoughts on the Hibiscus Summit’, N[ew[ Z[ealand] I[nternational] R[eview] (1990) 15(1): 6. 4. For the background, see A. Verrier, The Road to Zimbabwe 1890–1980 (London, 1986); C. Palley, The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1880–1965 (Oxford, 1966). 5. Discussion on ‘Progress of British Territories towards Independent Membership of the Commonwealth’ 10 July 1964, as reported by Arnold Smith in Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (London, 1981), p. 2. He told his ghost-writer that Pearson’s breaking the ice was a ‘lovely moment’. Record of conversation with Clyde Sanger, 17 October 1979. NAC: MG31/E47, vol. 88, file 23. He also recounted the Banda story, as ‘a healthy breath of fresh air … an intervention I shall never forget’, in his address to the Canadian Universities Society of Great Britain, 22 March 1965. MG 31/E47, vol. 81, file 24, p. 32. The official British record merely summarised Banda as saying: ‘He and Mr Sandys were good friends. Many of the things Mr Sandys had said about the development of the Commonwealth were very true. But he must question Mr Sandys’ claim that Britain had given her colonies independence entirely of their own free will and without pressure. If Britain had indeed done so, he and some of his fellow Prime Ministers would not have spent time in British gaols.’ Meeting 238 Notes
of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, July 1964, Minutes. NAC: MG226, N3, file 812.3–1964. 6. Communiqué, 12 January 1966. Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 119. 7. Ibid., pp. 124–6. The caucus’s views in record of Restricted Session, 1st. mtg., 12 September 1966. Secretary-General 131/66/3 in Arnold Smith boxes, Marlborough House Library. 8. J. Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder and London, 1989); S. Chan, The Commonwealth Observer Group in Zimbabwe; A Personal Memoir (Gwelo, 1985).
6 Apartheid and the Crisis of the 1980s
1. D. Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain, Chatham House Papers, 41 (London, 1988), p. 15. 2. The Round Table (1987), 304: 431. 3. A. Sampson, Black and Gold: Tycoons, Revolutionaries and Apartheid (London, 1987), p. 218. 4. See Okanagan Statement and Programme of action in Southern Africa, 16 October 1987 and Southern Africa: The Way Ahead, the Kuala Lumpur Statement, 22 October 1989. The Commonwealth at the Summit, vol. 2, Communiqués of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1987–1995 [Cwlth. Summit, II] (London, 1997), pp. 8–11, 46–50. 5. J. D. Omer-Cooper, ‘Apartheid’, in Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1987), pp. 916–29; T. R. H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History (London, 1977), pp. 257–327; The Oxford History of South Africa, ed. by M. Wilson and C. Thompson (Oxford, 1971), vol. II, pp. 459–70; S. Dubow, Scientific Racism in South Africa (Cambridge, 1995). 6. A. Sampson, Mandela: The Authorised Biography (London, 1999), pp. 192–4; N. Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (Boston, 1994), pp. 303–69. 7. ‘A Testing Time’, introductory pamphlet to Secretary-General’s Report, 1985, p. 15. 8. Cwlth. Summit I, p. 267. 9. Mission to South Africa: The Commonwealth Report (London, 1986), pp. 23, 103–4. 10. McIntyre, ‘End of an Era’, NZIR (1990) 15(1): 5. 11. P. Johnson, Eye of Fire: Emeka Anyaoku (Trenton, 2000), pp. 50–1. 12. T. Richards, Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and Racism (Wellington, 1999), p. 251. 13. Johnson, Eye of Fire, pp. 53–99.
7 The Head of the Commonwealth
1. See T. McDonald, The Queen and the Commonwealth (London, 1986); McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth 1965–90 (London, 1991), pp. 244–61. 2. W. Dale, The Modern Commonwealth (London, 1983), p. 35. 3. Text in Cwlth. Summit , I, p. 29. Notes 239
4. Dale, Modern Commonwealth, p. 35. 5. Nehru’s telegram in The Times (9 February 1952). 6. Pearson to Sir Alan Lascelles, 3 January 1952. Pearson Papers, NAC: MG 26, N1, vol. 34, Gov-Gen Appt. 7. Ibid., Pearson to J. W. Pickersgill, 12 February 1952. 8. Minute by Churchill, 4 Feb. 1955, submitting Pakistan application to HM Queen as Head of the Commonwealth. PRO: DO35/5134. 9. Ibid., Adeane to Clutterbuck, 26 September 1959 and 3 November 1959. 10. Table of visits in McIntyre, Significance of the Commonwealth, pp. 252–3. 11. Lester Pearson’s report of meeting in No. 10 Downing St., 2 February 1955: ‘This is a silly idea … We must stop this proposal, which no one really wants but the “old man” … ‘ Pearson Papers, NAC: MG 26, N1, vol. 23, Commonwealth PMM 1955. 12. Commonwealth (1986), 28(5): 177. 13. The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13, cols. 5–7. 14. Text in C[ommon]w[ea]lth Currents, February 1984, p. 9. 15. Daily Express, 30 December 1983. 16. The Times, 21 January 1984. 17. Ibid., 26 January 1984 and 6 February 1984. 18. Ibid., letters of 20 February, and 24 February 1984. 19. Ibid., 17 July 1986. 20. Ibid., 21 and 22 July 1986. 21. H. V. Hodson, ‘Crown and Commonwealth’, Round Table (1995), 333: 89–95. 22. Ibid. (1996), 339: 279–86. J. Collinge, ‘Criteria for Commonwealth Membership’. 23. HGM (97)7, Report of the Intergovernmental Group on Criteria for Commonwealth Membership, September 1997. 24. Quoted in V. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution (Oxford, 1995), p. 269. 25. Only two other reporters picked up the significance of this move: John Hibbs: ‘Mr Blair ducked awkward questions about the future role of the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth’, Daily Telegraph (28 October 1997), p. 10, and Derek Ingram: ‘The change in terminology from King (and now Queen) appeared to affirm that the Prince of Wales and his successors would automatically succeed as Head of the Commonwealth … there appears to have been no discussion of the details of the report. It seems doubtful that many countries had understood the subtle but important change that had been quietly effected’ (Round Table [1998], 345: 15).
8 The Logo, the Venue and the Argot
1. Smith, Stitches in Time, p. 18. 2. For Gemini’s Commonwealth role, see R. Bourne, News on a Knife-edge: Gemini Journalism and Global Agenda (London, 1995), pp. 147–64. 3. RCS Newsletter, 1996, 1, pp. 1–2. 4. See McIntyre, ‘Britain and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat’, JICH (2000) 28(1): 138–9. 5. Brook for PM, 29 January 1959. PRO: PREM 11/4102. 240 Notes
6. Cwlth. Currents, 1978, April p. 6. 7. Austin, Commonwealth and Britain, p. 60. 8. C. Ball and L. Dunn, Non-Governmental Organisations: Guidelines for Good Policy and Practice [NGO Guidelines] (London, 1995), pp. 29–30. 9. D. A. Low, ‘Commonwealth Policy Studies: Is there a case for a centre?’. Round Table (1988), 308: 309.
9 Membership
1. D. M. Schreuder, Gladstone and Kruger: Liberal Government and Colonial Home Rule 1880–85 (London, 1969), Foreword, p. vii. 2. On decolonisation, see W. R. Louis, ‘The Dissolution of the British Empire’, OHBE, IV (1999), pp. 329–56; J. Darwin, British Decolonisation: The Retreat of Empire in the Post-War World (London, 1988) and The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); McIntyre, British Decolonization 1946–1997: When, Why, and How did the British Empire Fall? (London, 1998). 3. D. J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, vol. 5, Guidance Towards Self-Government in British Colonies (London, 1980), p. 43. 4. CPC(57)30 (Revise), 6 September 1957. PRO:CAB 134/1556. For a detailed analysis, see Tony Hopkins, ‘Macmillan’s Audit of Empire, 1957’, in P. Clarke and C. Trebilcock (eds.), Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 234–60. 5. See R. Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954–1959 (Oxford, 1998). 6. Note for the record by T. Bligh, 20 July 1960 about mtg. on 13 July ‘No cir- culation’ – as arranged by Sir N. Brook.’ PRO: PREM 11/3649. 7. For the significance of the Cyprus decision see McIntyre, ‘The Admission of Small States to the Commonwealth’, JICH (1996) 24(2): 244–77. 8. Macmillan to Menzies (Secret & Confidential), 8 February 1962. PRO: PREM 11/3649. 9. PM’s comments, 5 August 1964, on minute by Paul Martin, 4 August 1964. NAC: MG 26, N3, vol. 267, file 811/M261; Pearson memo. for Wilson, 25 March 1965. PRO: PREM 13/185. 10. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 160–9. 12. HGM(97), 7 Sep. 1997. Report of the Intergovernmental Group on Criteria for Commonwealth Membership, pp. 2–3; The Edinburgh Communiqué, 1997, pp. 3–4; preliminary explanation by Collinge, in ‘Criteria for Commonwealth Membership’, Round Table (1996), 339: 279–86.
10 At the Summit – Chogms
1. See J. E. Kendle, The Colonial and Imperial Conferences 1887–1911: A Study in Imperial Organisation (London, 1967).
11 Ethos, Values and the 1991 Declaration
1. Cwlth. Summit , I, pp. 156–7. 2. Ibid., pp. 198–9. Notes 241
3. Dale, Modern Commonwealth, pp. 54–5. 4. S. Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study of International Action 1965 to 1985 (London, 1988), p. 50. 6. Chan with A. J. R. Groom, ‘The Future’, in S. Chan, Twelve Years of Commonwealth Diplomatic History: Commonwealth Summit Meetings 1979–1991 (Lampeter, 1992), pp. 123–31. 7. Text dated 20 October 1991 in Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 82–5. 8. McIntyre, ‘The Mandela and Major CHOGM: consensus ninety per cent restored’, NZIR (1992) 17(1): 7. 9. Ibid., p. 9, Chan, ‘Action, issues and instruments in the post-Thatcher Commonwealth’. 10. Text dated 12 November 1995 in Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 156–9.
12 Below the Summit
1. Report on the Commonwealth Ministerial Action group on the Harare Declaration (CMAG) to Heads of Government, September 1997, pp. 26–9; HGM(99)4 (Addendum), November 1999. Report of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group on the Harare Declaration (CMAG) Ministerial Mission to Pakistan, 28–9 October 1999, pp. 11–12. 2. The reports of Ramphal’s expert groups are summarised in International Economic Issues: Contributions by the Commonwealth 1975–1990 (London, 1990). 3. 1997 CMAG Report, pp. ix, x. 4. Ibid., p. xii. 5. J. Mayall, ‘Democratizing the Commonwealth’, International Affairs (1998), 74(2): 389. 6. HGM(99)4, 1 October 1999, ‘The Future Role of CMAG’, in CMAG Report, p. 25. 7. Durban Communiqué, November 1999, p. 11.
13 Rediscovery and the Generation Gap
1. House of Commons, Session 1995–6. Foreign Affairs Committee First Report ‘The Future Role of the Commonwealth’: vol. I, Report together with the Proceedings of the Committee, vol. II, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (London, 1990) [FAC Report]. 2. R. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, Chatham House Discussion Paper 72 (London, 1997). 3. Learning from Each Other: Commonwealth Studies for the 21st Century: Report of the Commission on Commonwealth Studies (London, 1996) [Symons Report]. 4. HGM (97) Commonwealth (2), 1 September 1997. Review of the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Information Programme and Response by Commonwealth Agencies (London, 1997) [Ingram Report]. 5. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia: Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. ‘From Empire to Partnership: Report on a Seminar on the Commonwealth of Nations’ (Canberra, 1997) [Canberra Seminar]. 242 Notes
6. The Royal Commonwealth Society, Ottawa Branch. The Millennium Challenge – A Communiqué from the ‘Commonwealth in the 3rd. Millennium Colloquium’, 15 March 1998 [Ottawa Colloquium]. 7. K. Ford and S. Katwala, Reinventing the Commonwealth (London, 1999). 8. FAC Report, I, pp. lx–lxii. 9. FAC Report, II, pp. 243–8. 10. Canberra Seminar: Fraser’s address, 20 August 1997, pp. 5, 6, 8. 11. Ibid., Prof. Patience, pp. 66–7; Ruth Inall, p. 68. 12. Ottawa Colloquium Communiqué, p. 5. 13. FAC Report, II, pp. 237–9. 14. Ibid., p. 136. 15. Ibid., pp. 127–8. 16. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, pp. 16, 26–9. 17. Canberra Seminar: West, 20 August 1997, pp. 75–9. 18. FAC Report, I, pp. xxi–xxiii. 19. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, p. 56. 20. Ingram Report, p. 47. 21. FAC Report, II, p. 244. 22. Ibid., p. 47. 23. Canberra Seminar, pp. 28, 31. 24. Ingram Report, p. 64. 25. FAC Report, I, pp. xxxiv, lxiv. 26. FAC Report, II, pp. 94–5. 27. Ford and Katwala, Reinventing the Commonwealth, pp. 7, 19–20, 30–1, 60–3.
14 Globalisation, Small States and Regionalism
1. New Zealand Foreign Policy: Statements and Documents 1943–1957 (Wellington, 1972), p. 93. 2. Smith, Stitches in Time, p. 18. 3. Report of the Commonwealth Secretary-General 1977–1979 [S-G Report] (London, 1979), p. 6. 4. Cwlth. Summit, II, p. 159. 5. A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability [Vulnerability II] (London, 1997), pp. 3–4. 6. Promoting Shared Prosperity: Edinburgh Commonwealth Economic Declaration, 26 October 1997; pp. 1, 4, 5. 7. The Fancourt Commonwealth Declaration on Globalisation and People- Centred Development, 14 November 1999, pp. 3, 5. 8. Brook for PM, 26 April 1960. PRO: PREM 11/3220. 9. Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society (London, 1985), p. vi. 10. Ibid., pp. 9–10. 11. Vulnerability, II, list on p. 10. 12. Ibid., pp. 9–13. See J. P. Atkins, S. Mazzi and C. D. Easter, A Commonwealth Vulnerability Index for Developing Countries: The Position of Small States (London, 2000). 13. Durban Communiqué, November 1999 (London, 1999), p. 17. 14. Vulnerability, II, pp. 41–2. Notes 243
15. Pamphlet The International Organisation of the Francophonie (Paris, 2000). 16. Cwlth. Currents, 2000, 1, pp. 2–3. 17. C. van der Donckt, ‘Examining the Commonwealth’s Political Role: Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities’, in G. Mills and J. Stremlau, The Commonwealth in the 21st Century (Johannesburg, 1999), p. 33.
15 The Secretariat and the CFTC
1. Report of the Review Committee on Inter-Commonwealth Organisations (London, 1960). 2. S-G Report, 1975, p. 81. The best work on the Secretariat is M. P. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London, 1989). 3. Smith, Stitches in Time, pp. 108–20. The CFTC biennial reports were titled for many years Commonwealth Skills for Commonwealth Needs, later Skills for Development. 4. To Senior Officials, in Canberra, May 1976 quoted in S-G Report, 1977, p. 15. 5. Introduction to S-G Report, 1985, p. 21. 6. S-G Report, 1979, p. 6. 7. The scope of Ramphal’s interests can be seen in his collections of speeches: S. Ramphal, One World to Share (London, 1979), and R. Sanders (ed.), Inseparable Humanity (London, 1988). 8. S-G Report, 1999, p. 19. For the range of his work, see E. Anyaoku, The Missing Headlines: Selected Speeches (Liverpool, 1997). 9. Report by M. Faber, ‘“Do Different”: Review of the Commonwealth’s “C” Programmes, Wholly or Partly Funded by the CFTC’ (London, 1994), pp. 10, 16, 20. 10. Report by J. Toye, Review of the Economic and Social Programmes: Report to the Commonwealth Secretariat (London, 1995), pp. 25–6, 39, 154, 163, 167, 170. 11. S-G Report, 1997, p. 142. 12. Report by G. M. Draper, Change Management in the Commonwealth Secretariat 1998–1999: Report of the Change Management Officer (London), p. 55. 13. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 156–9.
16 The Commonwealth Foundation
1. J. Chadwick, The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965–1980 (London, 1982), p. 67. 2. Ibid., pp. 53–4. 3. Ibid., p. 76. 4. E. Reid to C. S. A. Ritchie (Canadian High Commissioner in London), 6 February 1968. Arnold Smith Papers, NAC: MG31/E47, vol. 77, file 15. 5. Chadwick, Unofficial Commonwealth, p. 174. 6.From Governments to Grassroots: Report of the advisory committee on relationships between the official and unofficial Commonwealth (London, 1978); Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 215. 244 Notes
7. The Commonwealth Foundation: Aims and Achievements 1966/1981 (London, 1981), p. 7. 8. The Commonwealth Foundation: A Special Report 1966 to 1993 (London, 1993), pp. 5–10. 9. Report of the First Commonwealth NGO Forum on Environmentally Sustainable Development and Collaboration in the Commonwealth, Harare, Zimbabwe 19–23 August 1991 (London, 1991), p. 110. 10. C. Ball and L. Dunn, Non-Governmental Organisations: Guidelines for Good Policy and Practice [NGO Guidelines] (London, 1995); media statement, 8 November 1995. 11. NGO Guidelines, p. 19. 12. Report by H. Acton, Reviewing the Commonwealth Foundation’s Commonwealth Liaison Unit Programme, September 1997, pp. 27–9. 13. Strategic Plan of the Commonwealth Foundation 1997–2001 (London, 1997), p. 5. 14. The Commonwealth Foundation: Citizens and Governance: Civil Society and the New Millennium (London, 1999), p. 20. 15. Ibid., pp. 27–70. 16. Ibid., pp. 72, 92. 17. Outcomes of Durban: The Communiqué of the Third Commonwealth NGO Forum, November 1999, paras. 1–10.
17 The Commonwealth of Learning
1. Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 285–6. 2. Report by A. Briggs, Towards a Commonwealth of Learning: A Proposal to Create the University of the Commonwealth for Co-operation in Distance Education (London, 1987), p. 2. 3. Ibid., p. 50. 4. Ibid., p. v. Foreword by Ramphal. 5. The Commonwealth of Learning [COL]: Information Services Network [COLIS Network] (Vancouver, 1989). 6. The COL: Annual Report 1990 – A Year of Consolidation (Vancouver, 1990), pp. 5–12. 7. The COL: Profile ‘95, p. 3. 8. The COL: Summary Report 1994–1996 (Vancouver, 1997), p. 2. 9. The COL: Report to the Commonwealth Heads of Government, 1997, p. 1. 10. Ibid., pp. 5–6. 11. The COL: Report from the Board of Governors to Commonwealth Heads of Government, (Durban, 1999), pp. 8–9, 16.
18 Outgrowing the Commonwealth – The Case of Cabi
1. For background, see McIntyre, Significance of the Commonwealth, pp. 174–8; T. Scrivenor, CAB – The First 50 Years (Farnham Royal, 1980); E. M. Aichison and D. L. Hawksworth, IMI: Retrospect and Prospect (Wallingford, 1993). 2. S-G interview with Sir Thomas Scrivenor, 16 March 1967; Scrivenor to Smith, 20 March 1967. Arnold Smith Papers: NAC, MG31/E47, vol. 2, file 7. Notes 245
3. CAB International: Eleventh Review Conference, London, 1990, Report of Proceedings (Wallingford, 1990), pp. 40, 77–85; 1995 in Review: Growing Globally (Wallingford, 1995), p. 2. 4. Presenting CAB International: 96 in Review (Wallingford, 1990), p. 47. 5. CAB International: Eleventh Review Conference, 1990, p. 83. 6. CAB International: Twelfth Review Conference, London, 1993 Report of Proceedings (Wallingford, 1993), p. 71. 7. CAB International: Looking Today for Their Tomorrow – 94 in review (Wallingford, 1994), p. 1. 8. R. J. Williams ‘New Strategies, Developments and Special Initiatives for the 2000–2002 Triennium’. CAB International: Fourteenth Review Conference, Report of Proceedings (Wallingford, 1999), p. 35.
19 Professional Associations
1. S.-G. Report, 1999, p. 21; S.-G. Report, 1991, p. 3; S.-G. Report, 1993, p. 10. 2. T. Dormer (Desk Officer for Non-governmental Organisations), ‘Working with Non-governmental Organisations’, February 2000. 3. H. Duncan Hall, The British Commonwealth of Nations: A Study of its Past and Future Development (London, 1920), pp. 372–8; [R. G.] Lord Casey, The Future of the Commonwealth (London, 1963), p. 114; RCS: ‘A Statement of Faith’, 22 June 1964, in ‘How the Links in the Commonwealth May be Strengthened’, Commonwealth Journal (1964) 7(4): 161. 4. M. M. Ball, The ‘Open’ Commonwealth (Durham, N.C., 1971), pp. vi, 201; J. D. B. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Expansion and Attrition, 1953–1969 (London, 1974), p. xiii. 5. RCS: ‘Towards a People’s Commonwealth’, 22 August 85, p. 1. 6. Dormer, ‘Working with Non-governmental Organisations’, pp. 1–2. 7. See H. Brittain, Pilgrims and Pioneers (London, n.d.). 8. See I. Grey, The Parliamentarians: the History of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1911–1985 (London, 1986). 9. A. Donahoe, ‘A Commonwealth of Parliaments’, The Parliamentarian, October 1999: 359–64. 10. Chadwick, Unofficial Commonwealth, p. 16; see also E. Ashley, Community of Universities: An Informal Portrait of the Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth 1913–1963 (Cambridge, 1963) and H. W. Springer, The Commonwealth of Universities: The Story of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (London, 1988). 11. Julius K. Nyerere, Keynote Speech, 16 August 1998, text in ABCD – acu bul- letin of current documentation (1998), 135: 5–7. 12. Put Our World to Rights: Towards a Commonwealth Human Rights Policy (London, 1991), pp. 175–6. 13. Nigeria – Stolen by Generals: Abuja after the Harare Commonwealth Declaration (London, 1995), p. 28. 14. Over a Barrel: Light Weapons & Human Rights in the Commonwealth (New Delhi, 1999); Rights Must Come First: The Commonwealth Human Rights Unit – A Chequered History (New Delhi, 1999). 15. CPA, CMJA, CLEA and CLA: Parliamentary Supremacy, Judicial Independence – Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth, 19 June 1998. 246 Notes
16. Prof. M. Gibbons (ACU), ‘Submission to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Durban, 12–15 November 1999, from 8 Commonwealth Professional Associations’, Typescript 10 November 1999; Press Release, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 12 November 1999. 17. Durban Communiqué, 1999, p. 18.
20 Philanthropic Organisations
1. NGO Guidelines, p. 16. 2. Ibid., p. 19. 3. Ibid., p. 23. 4. Directory of Organisations, in The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1999, pp. 410–11, 422. 5. British Commonwealth League. Report of Conference, ‘The Citizen Rights of Women Within the British Empire’ 9–10 July 1925 (London, 1925), in the Sadd Brown Library, London Guildhall University; G. Davies, ‘A Brief History of the League 1925–39’ (typescript by courtesy of the author). 6. Commonwealth Countries League Education Fund, Annual Report 1998/1999. 7. Managing Education Matters: The Professional Journal of the CCEAM, 1999 (2)1: 10. 8. Working for Common Wealth Series No. WCW1: The International Commonwealth Conference on Local Economic Development, Goa, India, 21–28 September 1998, pp. 6, 7, 8. 9. Ibid., pp. 13–14. 10. Ibid., p. 19. 11. FAC Report, II, p. 219. 12. P. Williams, ‘Can We Avoid a Poverty-focused Aid Programme Impoverishing North–South Relations?’, in Partnership and Poverty in Britain’s and Sweden’s New Aid Policies, Occasional Paper 75, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, May 1998. 13. Z. Daysh, ‘The Commonwealth – Globally to Centre Stage: The Human Ecology Route’. CHEC: Human Ecology (1999), 16/17, p. 6. 14. Ibid., p. 11, C. Liburd, ‘Outcome of the First Meeting of the Commonwealth Consultative Group for Human Settlement (CCGHS)’.
21 Educational and Cultural Endeavours
1. The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1959 (London: 1959), pp. 1099, 1105–6. 2. ACU: Commonwealth Universities Yearbook, 2000, 75th edn (London, 2000), II, pp. 1960–1. 3. T. R. Reese, The History of the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1868–1968 (London, 1968), pp. 255–8. 4. T. A. Barringer, ‘The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of the Royal Commonwealth Society Library’, African Research and Documentation (1994), 64: 4. 5. Ibid., pp. 5–9. 6. Royal Commonwealth Society: Annual Report 1998–9. Notes 247
7. See J. M. Mckenzie, ‘The Imperial Institute’ Round Table (1987), 302: 246–53. 8. ‘British Teenagers Attend Commonwealth Summit’. Commonwealth Institute press release, Limassol, October 1993. 9. Commonwealth Institute – Centenary 1893–1993. Report to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Limassol, 1993. 10. FAC Report, I, p. lxiv; II, pp. 272–8. 11. Commonwealth Institute: Review of 1999, Prospectus for 2000 (London, 1999). 12. The Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Five Hundred Years in the Story of the English-speaking Peoples of the World (Bristol, n.d.), p. 4. 13. Annual Report 96/97,’Exchange Teacher’, p. 25; see also LECT: The Story of the League, 1901–1991 (London, 1991). 14. Pamela Maryfield interview with Jill Dilks, Overseas: Journal of the Royal Over- Seas League, December 1996–February 1997, p. 20. 15. D. N. Dilks, ‘Youth Exchanges in the Commonwealth’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, August 1973: 4; see also, Dilks, ‘Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council – A New Area at Work’, Commonwealth (December 1971), 145–7. 16. L. J. Griffiths during discussion of Dilks’ paper, J. of R. Soc. of Arts, August 1973: 10. 17. Toye, Review of Economic and Social Programmes, p. 163. 18. Youth Experience in the New Millennium: Report of the Third Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Youth Affairs, Kuala Lumpur, 27–30 May 1998 (London, 1998), pp. 11–12. 19. The Commonwealth Office Year Book, 1968 (London, 1968), pp. 681–2. 20. Ashby, Community of Universities, pp. 92–5. 21. Learning from Each Other, p. 21. 22. Ibid., pp. 5, 17. 23. Ibid., pp. 39–43. 24. F. Madden, ‘The Commonwealth, Commonwealth History, and Oxford, 1905–1971’; R. Robinson, ‘Oxford in Imperial Historiography’, in F. Madden and D. K. Fieldhouse, Oxford and the Idea of the Commonwealth: Essays Presented to Sir Edgar Williams (London, 1982), pp. 7–29, 30–48. 25. W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1998, 1999). 26. FAC Report, II, Memo. from University of Cambridge, pp. 224–7. 27. ICS Newsletter: ‘1949–1999 50th. Anniversary’, 1990, issue 20. 28. FAC Report, II, p. 94; see also K. Bourne, ‘Cumberland Lodge: The Influence of a Conference Centre’, Round Table (1997), 342: 231–6. 29. The Commonwealth Foundation, Report 1996–1999 (London, 1999), pp. 13–16.
22 Sport and the Commonwealth Games
1. CHOGM Committee on Co-operation Through Sport [CCCS], 1993 Report (London, 1993), p. 24. 2. Ibid., p. 2. 248 Notes
3. Sir Charles Tennyson, ‘They Taught the World to Play’, Victorian Studies (1959) 2(3): 211–22; J. Arlott (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Sports and Games (London, 1977); J. A. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (London, 1986); McIntyre, Significance of the Commonwealth, pp. 224–43. 4. C. Dheensaw, The Commonwealth Games: The First 60 Years, 1930–1990 (Auckland, 1994). 5. Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly, 1988, Bids for 1994. 6. Cwlth. Summit, II, p. 76. 7. Ibid., p. 105. 8. CCCS, 1993 Report, p. 5. 9. HGM(99) (CW)5. October 1999, CCCS, 1999 Report, p. 1. 10. The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1999 (London, 1999), p. 21. 11. CCCS, 1999 Report, p. 6. 12. Chris Laidlaw, Rights of Passage, (Auckland, 1999), pp. 86–7. 13. CCCS, 1999 Report, pp. 19–22. 14. Ibid., p. 3.
23 Public–Private Partnerships and a Commonwealth Business Culture
1. Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 157; S-G Report, 1975, p. 9. 2. International Economic Issues: Contributions by the Commonwealth 1975–1990 (London, 1990), pp. 6–7. 3. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 66–7. 4. See W. Rendell, The History of the Commonwealth Development Corporation 1948–1971 (London, 1976); Morgan, Official History of Colonial Development, II, pp. 320–82, IV, pp. 92–257. 5. J. Majoribanks, ‘The Intellectual Case for the Public–Private Partnership as a Vehicle to Stimulate Investment in Poorer Countries; The Transformation of the Commonwealth Development Corporation into CDC Group plc’, paper to OECD workshop, Paris, January 2000, p. 1. 6. CPII Financial Statements, xls, as at 31/12/99. 7. Science for Technology for Development: An Expanded Programme of Scientific Co- operation in the Commonwealth (London, 1984). 8. Knowledge Networking for Development – Science and Technology for the Millennium: Report of the CSG Steering Group, Dec. 1998 (London, 1998), p. 15. 9. Ibid., p. 29. 10. Cwlth. Currents, March/April 1995, p. 4. 11. K. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth , Chatham House Discussion Paper 60 (London, 1995), pp. 26–9. 12. FAC Report, I, pp. xxii–xxiii. 13. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 6th series, vol. 280, Session 1995–96, House of Commons, 27 June 1996, col. 479. 14. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, p. 56. 15. The Commonwealth and Europe: Investment and Trade – Opportunities for Partnership (London and Edinburgh, 1997), p. 5. 16. The Edinburgh Communiqué, 1997, para. 6. Notes 249
17. Promoting Shared Prosperity: Edinburgh Commonwealth Economic Declaration, 20 October 1997, paras. 1, 3. 18. CACG: Commonwealth Association for Corporate Governance (Inc.), ‘Promoting Excellence in Corporate Governance in Commonwealth Countries’ – An invitation to participate; CACG: ‘Update on Activities’, 1 May 2000. 19. HGM(99) (CW)1 (Supplement 3), October 1999. Report of the Commonwealth Expert Group on Good Governance and the Elimination of Corruption in Economic Management, para. 5. 20. The Fancourt Commonwealth Declaration on Globalisation, 1999, p. 5. Index
Abacha, General, 98 arms sales to South Africa, 26 ABC members, 129, 134, 156, 159, Armstrong, Lord, 88 180, 193, 206, 207 arts and cultural festivals, 145 ABCD – the a.c.u. bulletin of current Asean (1967), 121 documentation, 167 Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation Abiola, Chief Moshood, 172 (APEC), 116, 125 Acheson, Dean, 23 Asia-Pacific region, 102, 107, 216 acronyms, 63–5 associated states, 75 Acton, Heather, 144 Association for Commonwealth Adeane, Sir Michael, 50, 61 Studies, 109, 197, 199 Advisory Group on the future of Association of Commonwealth small states, 116 Universities, 61, 106, 164, 166, Africa-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) group, 196 95, 125 Attlee, Clement, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, African National Congress, 38, 41, 42 70, 71 Afrikaner Nationalists, 39 Austin, Denis, 38, 63, 65 Agreed Memorandum on Secretariat, Australia 25 Canberra Pact (1944), 121 Agriculture Ministers’ meetings, 94 Canberra seminar (1997), 102, 108 Alexander of Tunis, Lord, 49 C-Mag member, 99 All Blacks, 202, 204, 205, 208 COL contribution, 151, 152 Allam Iqbal Open University of Commonwealth broadcasting Pakistan, 152 conference, 168 Amery, Leo, 12, 13, 15 cricket and rugby, 202 Amory, Heathcoat, D., 60, 61 criteria group member, 76 Angola, 40 Dominion status, 8, 9, 11, 12 Anguilla’s secession from St Kitts, 133 EPG member, 41 Antigua, 115 Governors-General, 50 Anyaoku, Chief Emeka, 42, 43, 82, 96, H-Lag member, 87 133, 137, 163, 182, 184, 199, 224, Macmillan’s visit, 72 233 nation, 8 Anzus Pact, 1952, 121 republicans, 55 Aotea Centre, Auckland, 79 Royal title, 20 apartheid Scholarship and Fellowship Plan, Commonwealth issue, 31, 42 183, 186 EPG report, 41 Secretariat contribution, 129 Front Line States, 122 Secretariat idea, 21 opposition to, 38–43, 89, 133 sports assistance by, 206 policy of, 39 UN founder member, 113 South Africa returns to women’s franchise, 178 Commonwealth, 69, 96 thaw in, 82, 87 Bahamas, 7, 39, 41, 76, 87 Wind of Change, 40 Balfour, Lord, 9, 12, 13, 27
250 Index 251
Ball, Colin, 143, 147, 163, 176, 180 Southern African embarrassments, Banda, Hastings, 34, 237 43 Bangladesh, 122 sports assistance by, 206 Barbados, 8, 56, 98, 99, 106, 118 three spheres of activity, 124 Beit Professors, Oxford, 198 UN founder member, 113 Belgium, 22 Britannia, royal yacht, 51 Belize, 95 Britannic Alliance, 8 Benn, Tony, 55 British Commonwealth League, 178 Bermuda, 76 British Commonwealth of Nations, 9, Bhutan, 122 10, 12, 48, 69, 178 Biafra, 95 British Dominions Suffrage Union, BioNET-International, 159 178 Blair, Tony, 7, 47, 80, 81, 110, 125 British Empire & Commonwealth Blake, Lord, 54 Museum, Bristol, 192 Bolger, Jim, 205 British Empire and Commonwealth Botswana, 40, 98, 99 Games, 203 Bougainville, 137 British Military Advisory and Training Bourne, Richard, 189, 199 Team, Zimbabwe, 37 boycotts of Commonwealth Games British monarch, 47, 56, 77 (1986), 54 British North America Act (1867), 8, Brandt Commission on Development 11 (1986), 133 Brook, Sir Norman, 17, 18, 19, 61, Briggs, Lord, 149 62 Bristol, 1, 192 Brundtland Commission on the Britain Environment (1987), 133 aloof from EEC, 121 Brunei, 150, 151 C-Mag member, 99 Buckingham Palace, 19, 20, 51, 54 COL contribution, 152 Built-Environment Professionals in Commonwealth Development the Commonwealth, 183 Corporation, 212 Buller, Amy, 199 Commonwealth Scholarship and Bureau of Biological Control, 156 Fellowship Plan, 167 Bureau of Mycology, 156 contributes 30 per cent of Burma, 17, 21, 22, 72, 76 Secretrariat budget, 129 contribution to CAB, 157 CABI Bioscience, 159 contribution to Foundation, 147 CABI Information, 160 cost recovery fees for foreign CABI Information Institute, 158 students, 149 CABI Publishing, 160 criteria group member, 76 CAB-International (CABI), 65, 155–60 disenchantment with the Cabot, John, 1, 192 Commonwealth, 31 Cairns, Lord, 218 Imperial War Cabinets (1917–18), Cambridge Commonwealth Trust, 78 148–9, 198 member of C-Mag, 97 Cambridge Compendium of member of H-Lag (1989–91), 87 Commonwealth Studies, 198 Mini-Summit (1986), 41 Cameroon, 51, 69, 76 NGOs in, 176 Canada rediscovery of the Commonwealth, C-Mag member, 91, 97, 99 101 COL contribution, 150, 151, 152 252 Index
Commonwealth broadcasting Chogm Committee on Co-operation conference, 168 Through Sport (CCCS), 65, 83, criteria group member, 76 96, 195, 201, 204, 208–9 Diefenbaker’s enthusiasm for Chogms, 78–85 Commonwealth, 185 (1997 and 1999), 164 Dominion, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 Auckland (1995), 42, 82, 172, 212, EPG member, 41 214 Francophonie member, 126 Brisbane (2001), 147 Governors-General, 49 Delhi (1983), 118 H-Lag member, 87 Durban (1999), 3, 59, 77, 79, 99, Macmillan’s visit, 72 112, 120, 126, 145, 174, 191, nation, 8 215, 219, 227 NGOs, 176 Edinburgh (1997), 2, 47, 49, 56, 59, Royal title, 20 79, 97, 98, 102, 119, 120, 124, Scholarship and Fellowship Plan, 137, 144, 152, 183, 216 183, 185 expansion of, Table, 85 Secretariat contribution, 129 games on agenda, 207 and sport, 96 Harare (1991), 42, 87, 96, 171 sports assistance by, 206 key issues, 82 Trudeau and Chogms, 94 Kuala Lumpur (1989), 41, 87, 150, UN founder member, 113 204, 212 Victoria Day, 62 length of, 80 Canadian Association for Health, Limassol (1993), 52, 119 Physical Education and London (1969), 131 Recreation, 207 London (1977), 141 Canadian citizenship law (1946), Lusaka (1979), 37, 38, 141 48 Melbourne (1981), 79 Canadian International Development Nassau (1985), 40, 149 Agency (Cida), 64, 173 need for revision, 225 Canberra Pact (1944), 121 opening ceremonies, 80 Canberra seminar (1997), 102, 104, Singapore (1971), 26, 51, 75, 79, 94 106, 109 summary of 1990s, 78 Cape Colony, 11, 39 Vancouver (1987), 41, 78, 118, 148, Caricom, 64, 119, 122, 212 150 Casey, Lord, 50 venues (1971, 1977, and 1997), 62 CDC Capital Partners, 213 Christmas Day broadcast, Queen’s, 53 Ceylon, 10, 16, 20, 70, 93 Churchill, Winston, 15, 16, 50, 52, 71 CFTC, 26, 64, 88, 91, 129, 131, 133, Citizens and Governance Programme, 134, 135, 136, 139, 160, 232 147 Chadwick, John, 139, 140, 141 citizenship participation, civil society Chairperson-in-being, 221, 223, project, 146 229 City or Island States, 71 Chalker, Baroness, 108 civil society, 1, 4, 110, 143, 146, 154, Chan, Stephen, 87, 90 166, 171, 209, 227, 228 Charles, Eugenia, 116, 119 Civil Society Advisory Committee, Chemical Research and 147 Environmental Needs (CREN), Civil Society in the New Millennium, 214 145, 224, 225, 229 Chequers, 74, 75, 79 Clarke, Don, 144 Index 253
Clarkson, Adrienne, 50 Commonwealth Association for C-Mag, 91–2, 93, 96–100, 110, 137, Public Administration and 172–3, 189, 215, 225 Management (CAPAM), 64, 134 Code of Conduct on Good Corporate Commonwealth Association of Governance, 219 Architects (CAA), 168 Code of Good Conduct on Integrity Commonwealth Association of in Public Office, 219 Indigenous Peoples (CAIP), 173 COL, see Commonwealth of Learning Commonwealth Association of COL International, 153 Professional Centres (CAPC), 104, Colombo Plan, 93 168 Colonial Conferences, 11, 78 Commonwealth at the Summit, 84, Colonial Office, 16, 21, 23, 60, 155, see Chogms 156 Commonwealth Broadcasting Committee of Foreign Ministers on Association, 168 Southern Africa (CFMSA), 96 Commonwealth Business Council, Committee of Imperial Defence, 22 164, 184, 192, 211, 217, 227, 228, Committee of the Whole (CoW), 64, 233 82, 83 Commonwealth business culture, 1, common allegiance to the Crown, 10, 4, 107, 216 12, 22, 48 Commonwealth Business Forum, 2, Common Market for Eastern and 82, 112, 217, 219, 227 Southern Africa (Comesa), 122 Commonwealth Business Network Commonwealth (Combinet), 64, 214 expansion of membership, 70 Commonwealth Centre, Edinburgh meaning of, 7 (1997), see Commonwealth negative views on, 105 People’s Centre Commonwealth Aeronautical Commonwealth Conference on Advisory Research Council Physical Education, 207 (CAARC), 130 Commonwealth Consensus on Light Commonwealth Africa Investment Weapons, 173 Fund Ltd (COMAFIN CPII), 213 Commonwealth Council for Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Educational Administration and 65, 130, 155, 156, 232 Management (CCEAM), 179 Commonwealth Air Transport Commonwealth Countries’ League Council (CATC), 131 (CCL), 178 Commonwealth Association of Commonwealth Currents, 108, 216, Paediatric Gastroenterology and 232 Nutrition (CAPGAN), 174 Commonwealth Day message, Commonwealth Association for Queen’s, 54, 63, 208 Corporate Governance (CACG), Commonwealth Defence Science 219 Organisation (CDSO), 131 Commonwealth Association for Local Commonwealth Dental Association Action and Economic (CDA), 174 Development (COMMACT), Commonwealth Development 180 Corporation (CDC), 212 Commonwealth Association for Commonwealth Economic Advisory Mental Handicap and Council, 23, 60, 130 Developmental Disabilities Commonwealth Economic (CAMHADD), 174 Committee (CEC), 61, 130 254 Index
Commonwealth Economic Commonwealth Games Federation Conference, Montreal (1958), 23, (CGF), 59, 204, 207 60, 185 Commonwealth Higher Education Commonwealth Education Management Service (CHEMS), Conference, 181 167 Commonwealth Education Liaison Commonwealth House idea, 23, 60, Committee (CELC), 130, 188 186 Commonwealth House, Lion Yard, Commonwealth Education Liaison Clapham, 193, 194 Unit (CELU), 61, 130, 186 Commonwealth Human Ecology Commonwealth Electronic Networks Council (CHEC), 59, 164, 183, for Schools and Education 233 (CENSE), 64 Commonwealth Human Rights Commonwealth Engineers Council, Initiative (CHRI), 103, 106, 164, 168 171, 227 Commonwealth Equity Fund, 212 Commonwealth Institute, 60, 83, Commonwealth Finance Ministers’ 130, 186, 190, 200, 233 meetings, 93 Commonwealth Jewish Council, Commonwealth Foreign Ministers’ 164 meetings (1950), 93 Commonwealth Journalists Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Association (CJA), 103, 171 131 Commonwealth Kite-mark, 110 Commonwealth Forests, Standing Commonwealth Knowledge Network Committee on, 130 (CKN), 215 Commonwealth Forum Commonwealth Lawyers Association Durban (1999), 173 (CLA), 164, 171, 233 Edinburgh (1997), 2, 84, 144 Commonwealth Lectures, 200 Commonwealth Foundation, 139–47 Commonwealth Legal Education arts and culture, 200 Association (CLEA), 171 creation (1966), 163 Commonwealth Liaison Committee Edinburgh Commonwealth Centre (CLC), 130 (1997), 189 Commonwealth Liaison Units (Clu), enlarged mandate (1980), 176 64, 142, 144 Marlborough House West Wing, Commonwealth Linking Trust (CLT), 139 193 minuscule budget, 139 Commonwealth Local Government original mandate, 165 Forum (CLGF), 134 professional linkages, 186 Commonwealth Mace, 52 proposal for, 24 Commonwealth Media Exchange small staff, 153 Fund, 165 strategic plan (1997–2001), 144, Commonwealth Medical Association 171 (CMA), 164, 168 Commonwealth Fund for Technical Commonwealth Ministerial Action Co-operation. See CFTC Group (CMAG). See C-Mag Commonwealth Games, 1, 31, 40, 47, Commonwealth Network of 51–2, 54, 59, 96, 109, 145, 164, Information Technology 200–3, 207, 210, 233 (Comnet-IT), 64, 214 Commonwealth Games Code of Commonwealth norms and Conduct (1982), 40 conventions, 47, 77 Index 255
Commonwealth Nurses Federation Science and Technology Division, (CNF), 164, 174 213 Commonwealth Observer Group, small size, 4 Rhodesian elections, 37 Small States Division, 118 Commonwealth of Independent use of NGOs, 141 States, ex-USSR, 7 Commonwealth State, 73 Commonwealth of Learning (COL), Commonwealth Studies, 3, 109, 186, 64, 83, 91, 94, 125, 148–54, 196, 197, 200, 233 226 Commonwealth Telecommunications Commonwealth Office for NGOs in Board (CTB), 131 South Africa and Mozambique Commonwealth Trades Union (Congosam), 64 Council (CTUC), 171 Commonwealth Organisation for Commonwealth Trust, 106, 109, 188, Social Work (COSW), 174 189 Commonwealth Parliamentary Commonwealth Universities Year Book, Association (CPA), 106, 165 167 Commonwealth Partnership for Commonwealth Yearbook, 155, 231 Technology Management Commonwealth Youth Affairs (CPTM), 59, 214, 227 Council, 194 Commonwealth People’s Centres, 84, Commonwealth Youth Credit 164, 189, 227 Initiative (CYCI), 195 Commonwealth Pharmaceutical Commonwealth Youth Exchange Association (CPA), 174 Council, 164, 193, 233 Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit, Commonwealth Youth Forums, 2, 84, 199 194 Commonwealth Press Union (CPU), Commonwealth Youth Games, 165, 168 Edinburgh (2000), 206, 210 Commonwealth Private Investment Commonwealth Youth Programme, Initiative (CPII), 125, 212 125, 136, 150, 194 Commonwealth Professional Commonwealth, Royal Agricultural Associations (CPAs), 170 Society of, 168 Commonwealth Relations Office communiqués (CRO), 16, 18, 21 Chogm public records, 84 Commonwealth Scholarship and Durban (1999), 146, 175 Fellowship Plan (CSFP), 95, 109, Edinburgh (1997), 47, 77, 218 149, 167, 185 Kuala Lumpur (1989), 31, 41 Commonwealth Science Council PMM (1964), 25 (CSC), 131, 213 PMM (1965), 35 Commonwealth Secretariat, 129–38 references to small states, 118 beginnings of, 25 Vancouver (1987), 31, 41 criticised, 105 ComSec-Speak, 64 Desk Officer for NGOs, 164 consensus building, 86, 91, 116, 223, Human Rights Unit, 172 224 in Marlborough House, 153 Consultative Group on Small States origins, 21 (CGSS), 119 origins and structure of, 129 Cook Islands, 75, 119 programme-driven structure (1997), Cook, Robin, 110, 191 136 Corporate Commonwealth, 228 restructuring, 134 Costello, John A., 14, 18 256 Index
Council for Education in the democracy, 86, 89, 116 Commonwealth, 164, 181, 186 Dhanarajan, Gajaraj, 151, 153 Cowan, Sir Zelman, 50 Dilks, David, 193, 194, 216 Craft, Hugh, 108 Dilks, Jill, 193 credibility gap, 222 distance education, 149 cricket, 202 Ditchley Foundation, 23 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 20, 48 Dominica, 7, 116, 119, 126 Crown, basic link through, 18 Dominion Day, 11 Cumberland Lodge, 106, 109, 199, Dominion, meaning of, 8 222 Dominion status, 11–16, 18, 33, Curtis, Lionel, 9 70–72, 78 Cust Memorial Lectures, Nottingham, Dominions beyond the Seas, 8, 11, 200 14, 20 Cyprus, 23, 32, 73, 76, 84, 95, 117 Dominions Office, 12, 16, 21 Dominions, Asian, 10 Dale, Sir William, 48, 56, 87 Dormer, Terence, 164 Dalhousie conference (1976), 141, Dorneywood, 79 164 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Lord Home), Daysh, Zena, 183 23, 24, 25, 33, 60, 73 de Klerk, President F. W., 42 Duke of Edinburgh, 52, 60, 81, 206 de l’Isle, Lord, 50 Dunn, Leith, 143, 176 de Valera, Eamon, 3, 13, 14, 17, 18, Durban International Convention 48, 49 Centre, 79 Deakin, Alfred, 8 dyarchy, 15 Deane, Sir William, 50 Declarations East and Central Africa, 22 (1949) and (1971), 27 eCommonwealth, 192 Balfour on status (1926), 12, 26, Economic Community of West 86 African States (Ecowas), 1975, Commonwealth Principles (1971), 121 10, 211 Economic Community of West Edinburgh Economic (1997), 117, African States’ Monitoring Group 218 (ECOMOG), 112 Fancourt (1999), 117, 220 Edinburgh Games boycotts (1986), Gleneagles Agreement (1977), 87 204 Goa (1983), 86 Edinburgh International Conference Harare (1991), 76, 86, 89, 223 Centre, 62, 79 London (1949), 17, 26, 48, 56 education, 185 Lyford Cay (1985), 39 Education conferences, 94 Nassau (1985), 86 education, Foundation and, 141 on Southern Africa (1985, 1987, Education Ministers’ meetings, 94, and 1989), 87 145, 152, 186, 196 Singapore principles (1971), 21, 26, educational exchanges, 88 86, 87 Edward VII, 78 decolonisation, 22, 23, 70, 113 Éire, 13–14, 18, 78 British disappointments, 43 Elizabeth II Gold Coast, 71 addresses Chogms (1997 and 1999), rapid in 1960s, 79 81 withdrawal from east of Suez, 74 Commonwealth day services, 63 Index 257
Elizabeth II (continued) Federated States of Micronesia, 122 future as Head of the Federation of Commonwealth Open Commonwealth, 239 and Distance Learning India, Pakistan visit (1997), 2 Associations (FOCODLA), 153 opens RCS Club, 189 Fiji, 2, 16, 69, 75, 92, 95, 157, 194, patron of Commonwealth Games, 225 206 Finance Ministers’ meetings, 94, 212 proclaimed, 11 football, 202 provision of Marlborough House, Foreign Affairs Committee, British 61 House of Commons, Report question about headship, 55 (1996). See FAC Report role as Head of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office Commonwealth, 47 (FCO), 21, 84, 106, 108, 173, 189, succeeds to headship (1952), 48 191, 216 symbolic head, 3 Foreign Office, 21 Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 41, Foreign Policy Centre, British, 102, 96 110 Empire Day, 62 France, 22 Empire Games, 203 franchise, Southern Rhodesia (1961), English language, use of, 88, 107, 33 196, 203, 216 Francophone Community, 126 Enosis, 73 Fraser, Malcolm, 37, 41, 104, 200 Environment Ministers’ meetings, Fraser, Peter, 19, 113 94 free association, 75 environmental degradation, 143 free trade, 86, 116, 211, 223, 228 EOKA, 73 Freyberg, General, 49 equal opportunities, 86, 116, 143, From governments to grassroots, 141, 172, 223 164 equality of status, 12–14 Front Line States, 40, 41, 122 errant states, 98 fundamental political values, 86–7, European Coal and Steel Community, 89–90, 98 121 European Community, 41 Gambia, 96 European Economic Community games enrich English language, 203 (EEC), 22, 121 Gandhi, Indira, 53 European Union (EU), 4, 107, 116, Gandhi, Mahatma, 40 125, 217 Gandhi, Rajiv, 39, 87 Evatt, Herbert, 113 Garner, Sir Saville, 12, 25 Expert Groups, 95, 219 Gemini News Agency, 58, 103 external association, 13, 14, 18 generation gap, 106, 109, 221, 223 External Relations Act (1936), Irish, George VI, 19, 20, 48, 199 13–14 Ghana, 22, 50, 72, 97, 98 Gibraltar, 36, 71 Faber, Mike, 134, 137 Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 75 FAC Report, 101–2, 105–9, 191, 198, Gleneagles Agreement (1977), 40, 215–16 87 Faletau, Inoke, 142, 180 Global Humanitarian Order, 82, 224 Fancourt Commonwealth Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP), Declaration, 220 64, 152 258 Index globalisation, 82, 88, 112–17, 119–21, Hibiscus Issue, 212 125–6, 143, 146, 155, 166, 177, High Level Appraisal Group (H-Lag), 180–1, 218 87, 89–90 Goa Declaration on International High Level Review Group, 99, 221, Security (1983), 86 222 good governance, 76, 86, 107, 110, Hillmer, Anne, 204 116, 125, 134, 145, 154, 171, 173, HIV/AIDS, 88, 91, 143, 171, 174, 175, 212, 215–19, 220, 223–4, 229 209, 227 Gordon Walker, Patrick, 18 hockey, 202, 207 governors-general, 49 Hodson, H. V., 54, 55, 56 Grenada crisis, 119 Holland, Rob, 105 Group of Developing Nations (G77), Holmes, John W., 24 95, 126 Holyoake, Sir Keith, 49 Group of Industrialised Nations (G8), Home Rule, Ireland, 9 125 Hong Kong, 2, 166 Guidelines for Good Policy and Hossain, Dr Kamal, 172 Practice for NGOs, 64 Howell, David, 107, 216 guiding norms, 86 Human Resources Development, Guyana, 125 Secretariat, 206 human rights, 76, 86, 88–90, 98–9, Habitat Agenda, 183 110, 116, 117, 125, 145, 171–3, Hancock, W. K., 197, 198 177, 212, 218, 223–5 Hankey, Sir Maurice, 22 Human Rights Unit, 173 Harare Declaration (1991), 76, 89–91 Harare International Conference ICT, see information and Centre, 79 communications technology Harare principles, 97, 99 IDI (Illegal Declaration of Hasluck, Sir Paul, 50 Independence), 35 Hayden, Bill, 50 Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, 156 Head of State, Queen in 16 countries, Imperial Agricultural Research 50 Conference, 156 Head of the association, 13, 17 Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 156 Head of the Commonwealth, 1, 2, 3, Imperial Bureau of Phytopathology, 10–11, 18–20, 47–57, 61, 77, 156 80–1, 208, 225 Imperial Conferences Heads of Government Meetings, (1911), 78, 155 Commonwealth. See Chogms Rhodesian observer, 32 Heads of Government Regional series (1911–37), 78 Meetings (Chogrms), 104 War Conference (1917), 12 Headship of the Commonwealth, War Conference (1918), 156 47–57 imperial federalists, 9 conventions of advice, 55 Imperial Institute, 190 future of, 239 Imperial Parasite Service, 156 symbolic position of, 2 Imperial War Cabinets (1917–18), 78 health, 164, 174 Inall, Ruth, 104 Health conferences, 94 India Health Ministers’ meetings, 94, 145 COL contribution, 150, 151, 152 health, the Foundation and, 141 Commonwealth broadcasting Heath, Edward, 51 conference, 168 Index 259
India (continued) Irish Free State, 9, 11–14, 78 cricket and hockey, 202 Irish model, 17 criteria group member, 76 Isaacs, Sir Isaac, 49 Dominion, 10, 16, 23 Island or City State, 73 EPG member, 41 Israel, 76 HIV/AIDS, 174 H-Lag member, 87 Jamaica, 74, 97 Macmillan’s visit, 72 Joint Office for Small States in New NGOs, 176 York, 118 opposition to apartheid, 40, 42 Queen’s visit (1997), 2 Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan, 97 Regional Youth Centre, 125, 194 Kashmir, 95 representative legislatures, 15 Kaunda, Kenneth, 26, 31, 35, 37 republic, 2, 3, 14, 17, 18, 19 Kendrew, Sir John FRS, 214 Scholarship and Fellowship Plan, Kenya, 132, 159, 174 185 Kenyatta, Jomo, 51 Secretariat contribution, 129 Kerr, Sir John, 50 UN founder member, 113 Khan, Humayun, 143 India Office, 21 Kingdom of Canada, 8 Indian Independence Act (1947), 16 Kiribati, 75 Indian Ocean Rim Association for Kirkman, Bill, 198 Regional Co-operation (IORARC), Kula Fund Ltd (KULA CPII), 213 124 Indira Gandhi National Open L’Agence de Co-opération Culturelle University, Delhi, 149 et Technique (ACCT), 126 Indirect Rule, 70 L’Organisation Internationale de La information and communications Francophonie (OIF), 126 technology (ICT), 64, 113, 116, Labour Ministers’ meetings, 94 212, 214 Lancaster House Chogms (1969 and Ingram Report, 102, 103, 106, 108–9, 1977), 62 222, 223 Lancaster House Conference on Ingram, Derek, 58, 102, 103, 106, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (1979), 37 108, 196, 231 Latimer House Guidelines, 173 Institute of Biological Control, 158 Laurier, Wilfred, 8, 9 Institute of Commonwealth Studies Law conferences, 94 (ICS), London, 101, 165, 173, Law Ministers’ meetings, 94 198 League for the Exchange of Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Commonwealth Teachers (LECT), Oxford, 198 193 Inter-governmental Group on Criteria League of Nations Mandates, 76 for Membership, 47, 56, 76, 93 Learning From Each Other, 197 internal settlement, Zimbabwe- Leeward and Windward Islands, 76 Rhodesia (1978), 36 Lesotho, 119, 196 international commissions, Listowel, Lord, 19 Ramphal’s contribution, 133 logo, Commonwealth, 58 Inter-University Council for Higher Lomé Conventions, 95, 125 Education Overseas, 196 London Declaration (1949), 2, 17, 20, Ireland, 3, 9, 11–14, 18, 19, 23, 57, 27, 48, 56 71, 76, 157 Lyon, Peter, 105 260 Index
Macdonald, Ian, 151, 153 Sierra Leone suspended from MacDonald, Malcolm, 17 councils, 101 Machel, Gracia, 147 total of 54, 2 Macleod, Iain, 22, 74 Menzies, Robert, 24, 35, 74 Macmillan, Harold, 22–3, 40, 50, Meridian Hotel, Limassol, 79 61–2, 72–4 mezzanine status, 16, 22, 72 Mahathir bin Mohamad, 87 micro-states, 118, 119 Major, John, 42, 89, 90 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Makarios, Archbishop, 73 Programme (MCAP), 91, 96, 105, Malan, Daniel, 20 116, 137, 172, 223 Malawi, 33 mini-states, 118, 119 Malaya, 22, 72 Ministerial Group on Small States Malaysia, 97, 98 (CMGSS), 112, 119 Maldives, 122 Mini-Summit, 1986, 41 Malta, 72, 74, 157 Mont Tremblant, Quebec, 79 Mandela, Nelson, 40–3, 56, 76, 82, Morris, Jan, 188, 192 96, 178, 205 Mozambique, 36, 40, 51, 69 Manila Pact (1954), 121 Mugabe, Robert, 37, 42, 83 Manley, Michael, 37 Mulroney, Brian, 39 Maraj, James, 150, 151 Mururoa Atoll, 82 market economy, 86, 89, 223 Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 36 market principles, 218 Myanmar (Burma), 76, 157 Marlborough House, 96, 108, 129, 137, 153, 186, 222 Namibia, 40, 41, 76 as Commonwealth venue, 60 Nassau Declaration on World Order conferences outgrow, 79 (1985), 86 PMM venue (1964), 24 Natal, 11, 39 Queen allows use of, 23 National Curriculum, English, 109 royal palace, 61 Nauru, 77, 119 Secretariat outgrows, 62 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 14, 20, 34, 48, Senior Officials’ Meetings (1965), 49 25 Nepal, 122 Marshall Islands, 122 network NGOs, 144 Massey, Vincent, 50 neutrality, Irish, 13 Mathare Youth Sports Association, New Hebrides, 75 209 New International Economic Order, Mauritius, 122 95, 116 McIntosh, Alister, 19 new members, Cameroon and McKinnon, Don, 137, 166, 192 Mozambique, 56 McMurtry, Roy, 204 new regionalism, 121, 125 Media Centres, 83 New Zealand membership, 69–77 Canberra Pact (1944), 121 Fiji suspended from councils, 93, Chogm host, 80, 91 101 C-Mag member, 91, 97 growth of, 69 COL contribution, 152 limitation of, 16 Commonwealth broadcasting Nigeria suspended, 82, 172 conference, 168 Pakistan suspended from councils, criteria group member, 56, 76 93, 101 Dominion status, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 Index 261
Governors-General, 49 North American Free Trade Area independence of, 2 (NAFTA), 116, 125 Macmillan’s visit, 72 North/South dialogue, 95, 132, 211 nation, 8 Northern Cameroons, 76 NGOs, 64 Northern Rhodesia, 32 Pacific Islands, 75, 122 Nova Scotia, 14 quits Cabi, 158 Nunavut, 165 regional organisations, 121 Nyasaland, 32 republicans, 55 Nyerere Commission on South Co- Royal title, 20 operation (1990), 133 rugby, 43, 202, 204 Nyerere, Julius, 35, 43, 167 Secretariat contribution, 129 UN founder member, 113 Obasanjo, General, 41, 97, 98, 172 women’s franchise, 178, 179 Obote, Milton, 24, 58 Newfoundland, 1, 11, 13, 78 Olympic Games, 40, 42, 96 NGOs, 163–210 open learning, 149 British liaison unit, 189 Open University, British, 149 Commonwealth accreditation, 83 Orange Free State, 11 definition of, 64, 143, 177 Organisation of African Unity (OAU), First NGO Forum, Harare (1991), 121 142, 181, 227 Organisation of American States government relations, 110 (OAS), 121 liaison desk idea, 141, 164 Organisation of Commonwealth liaison unit idea, 142 Associations (OCA), 170, 227 NGO Advisory Committee, 144 Organisation of East Caribbean States Second NGO Forum, Wellington (OECS), 122 (1995), 143 Ottawa, 14, 102, 104, 106, 167, 222 Secretariat NGO Liaison Officer, 84, Oxford History of the British Empire, 142, 163, 206 198 Third NGO Forum, Durban (1999), 145, 146 Pacific Island Producers’ Association, Nibmar, 33, 35, 36 122 Nigeria, 22, 31, 72, 151 Pacific Islands Association of NGOs human rights abuses, 90 (Piango), 64 military dictatorship, 172 Pacific Islands Forum. See South return to civilian rule, 98 Pacific Forum suspension, 2, 91 Pakistan Niue, 119 Cabi membership, 157 Nkomo, Joshua, 37 Dominion, 10, 16 Nkrumah, Kwame, 24, 50, 71–2, 74 hockey, 202 No. 10 Downing Street, 19, 22, 73, 75, military coup (1999), 92, 99, 225 79 Queen’s visit (1997), 2 Non-Aligned Movement, 95, 126 regional organisations, 121 non-governmental organisations. See republic, 50 NGOs Royal title, 20 Non-Governmental Organisations: Secretariat contribution, 129 Guidelines For Good Policy and suspended from councils, 79, 82, Practice, 143, 176 93, 101, 112 North American Colonies, 8 view on Indian republic, 20 262 Index
Palau, 122 profit and loss account, 1957, 73 Palestine, 12, 32, 70, 76, 77 public-private partnerships, 1, 91, Palestinian Authority, 2, 76 211–20 Palme Commission on Disarmament (1982), 133 quasi-Dominion, Rhodesia as, 32 Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Queen’s baton relay, Commonwealth Learning, Brunei (1999), 152 Games, 51 Pan-Commonwealth professional associations, 171 racial descrimination, 26 Papua New Guinea, 75, 137 Raj, British, 2, 81, 122 Parliamentary Conferences of Small Ramphal, Shridath (Sonny), 37, 38, States, 166 40, 95, 104, 113, 115–16, 118, partition of India, 122 132–3, 149–50, 166, 192, 199, partition of Ireland, 14 204, 211–12, 223, 233 Pearson, Lester, 19, 20, 34, 36, 49, Reddy, G. Ram, 149 74 rediscovery of Commonwealth by People’s Commonwealth, 1, 4, 84, Britain, 101, 215 104–5, 163–4, 181, 185, 187, Reeves, Sir Paul, 49 209–10, 227–8 Regional Investment Funds, 227 Pindling, Lynden, 42 regional organisations PMMs (Prime Ministers’ Meetings) and globalisation, 116 (1948), 18, 71 Commonwealth members in, Table, (1961), 23 123–4 (1962), 61, 74 NGO colloquia, 118 (1964 and 1965), 139 South Asia, 122 (1964), 24, 34 Regional Youth Centres, 125, 226 expansion of, Table, 85 Reid, Escott, 140 Lagos (1966), 35 Reinventing the Commonwealth, 3, Marlborough House, 94 102, 110 Rhodesian observers (1944–62), 32 Remote Sensing and Geographical too large for 10 Downing Street, Information Systems, 214 61 representative legislatures, Indian, 15 Porritt, Sir Arthur, 49 Republic of Ireland, 14 Portuguese revolution (1974), 36 republican constitutions, 17–20 Powell, Enoch, 23, 52, 53, 54 Australian debate, 20 Prime Ministers’ Meetings (1944–69). Danzig and Lübeck, 19 See PMMs debate about, 17 Prince Charles, 55, 56, 57, 81, 188 Éire (1937), 13 Prince Edward, 206 India, 17, 18, 48 Prince of the Commonwealth, 52 Transvaal, 18 private business sector, 1, 211, 227, responsible government 228 conventions of, 49 private investment, 211, 212 definitions of, 15 prizes for fiction and poetry, 145 in Dominions, 8 professional associations, 164 Indian demands, 15 professional associations, growth of, restructuring of Secretariat, 134 Table, 169–70 Retreats, 79, 80, 83, 89, 225 Professional Centres, 140, 168 Rhodes House Library, 198 professional linkages, 140, 142 Rhodes Scholarships, 148, 198 Index 263
Rideau Hall, Ottawa, 50 Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Rivonia trials, 40 Australian Studies, 199 Robben Island, 43 Six Principles for Rhodesian Round Table, The, 9, 39, 55, 56, 78, settlement, 36 231 Small Island Water Information Royal Colonial Institute, 187, 189 Networks (SI-WIN), 214 Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS), small states, 76, 90, 118, 221, 223 24, 59, 102–3, 106, 108, 109, 110, characteristics of, 119 141, 163, 164, 170, 186, 187–9, populations, table of, 120 198, 233 vulnerability of, 118 Royal Empire Society, 187 Small States Exposition, Vancouver, Royal title, (1949), 20 118 Royal Titles Bill (1953), 52 Small States Office for the UN, New rugby, 202 York, 226 rule of law, 76, 86, 89, 99, 110, 116, Smaller Territories Committee 1951, 117, 125, 173, 209, 212, 218, 219, 72 220, 223–4 Smith, Arnold, 16, 25, 32, 35, 58, 103, Rwanda, 2, 76, 77, 82 113, 129–32, 133, 137, 139, 157, 166, 194, 211, 232 Samoa, see Western Samoa Smith, Ian, 33, 34, 35, 36 Sandys, Duncan, 34 Smuts Professorship, Cambridge, Sauvé, Jeanne, 50 198 Scarlett, Prunella, 109, 200 Smuts, General Jan, 9, 39, 113 Scholarship and Fellowship Plan soccer, 202, 209 (CSFP), 61 social welfare, the Foundation and, Science and Technology Ministers’ 142 meetings, 94 Solomon Islands, 95, 109 Scottish Parliament, 165 Somalia, 76, 82 Scrivener, Sir Thomas, 157 Sound Seekers – the Commonwealth Second World War, 3, 10, 14, 22, 32, Society for the Deaf, 164, 168, 39, 41, 49, 69, 70, 121, 156, 179, 178 196, 203 South Africa, 38–43 Secretary-General of the arms sales to, 26 Commonwealth British attitude, 39 Anyaoku, Emeka, 90 C-Mag member, 91, 97 in Marlborough House, 129 Commonwealth broadcasting McKinnon, Don, 137, 225 conference, 168 press conferences by, 84 Dominion status, 9 Ramphal, Shridath (Sonny), 132 issues at Singapore Chogm, 94 Smith, Arnold, 16 nation, 8 Senior Officials’ Meetings (SOM), 94 quits Commonwealth (1961), 23, separate Crowns, 48 74, 79 Seychelles, 118 returns to Commonwealth (1994), Sharpeville, 40 42, 69, 90 Sherfield Report, 130, 131, 156 Royal title, 20 Sierra Leone, 74, 95, 97, 98, 101, 225 rugby, 202 Sight-Savers International, 155, 164, UN founder member, 113 168, 177 South African National NGO Singapore, 26, 121, 152, 217, 224 Coalition (Sangoco), 64, 145 264 Index
South Asia Regional Fund Ltd (SARF Symons Report, 101, 102, 106, 109, CPII), 213 186, 196–7, 198, 200, 223 South Asian Association for Regional Symons, Professor Tom, 101, 106, 196 Co-operation (Saarc), 122 South Pacific Forum (Pacific Islands Tambo, Oliver, 38 Forum), 119, 122 Tamil separatism, 95 Southern Africa Tanganyika, 74 HIV/AIDS epidemic, 174 Tanzania, 36, 40 issues, 31 Technical Assistance Group, 132, 134, sport, 206 135 Southern African Development technical co-operation between Community (SADC), 122 developing countries (TCDC), 64, Southern African Development Co- 132 ordination Conference (SADCC), technology transfer, 212, 213, 215 122 Temple Meads Railway Station, Southern Cameroons, 76 Commonwealth museum in, 192 Southern Rhodesia, 24, see Zimbabwe Ten Wise Men, 95 Southern Rhodesian constitution Thatcher, Margaret, 31, 36–9, 41–2, (1961), 33 53, 88, 133, 198, 204, 215 sovereign, independent, republic, The Commonwealth Today, 58 India as, 48 Third Commonwealth, 31 Soviet Union, 7, 113 Thorne, Sir David, 109, 188, 189, 192 sports, 201–10 Tilley, Leonard, 8 sports boycotts, 31, 40, 96 Tiona Fund Ltd (TIONA CPII), 213 Springbok rugby tour of New Zealand Tizard, Dame Cath, 49 (1981), 43 Tonga, 75 Springboks, 202, 208 Toye, John, 135, 194 Sri Lanka, 95, 122, 225 transfers of power, South Asia, 16 St Kitts, 133 Transvaal, 11, 18 St Lucia, 106 Treaty of Rome (1957), 22, 121 St Vincent, 115 Trend, Sir Burke, 25 Statehood, 72, 73 Trinidad, 8, 24, 74, 159 Status declaration (1926), 11 Trudeau, Pierre, 63, 79, 94 Statute of Westminster (1931), 9, Tuvalu, 75, 77, 79 12–16 Steering Committee of UDI, Rhodesia, 32 Commonwealth Senior Officials Uganda, 74 (Scoso), 94, 134 Ulster, 12 Stent, P. J. H., 17 UN Membership, Commonwealth Stephen, Sir Vivian, 50 percentage, Table, 114–15 Sterling Area, 211 under-development, 212 Student mobility, 149 Union of South Africa, 11, 32 Sudan, 21, 22, 72, 76, 82, 196 United Nations, 4, 11, 14, 22, 35–6, Suez crisis (1956), 22, 72 40, 42, 74, 75, 79, 85, 95, 97, 98, sustainable development, 86, 89, 91, 106, 113–15, 118, 120–1, 124, 116, 135, 159, 176, 212, 218, 223, 126, 129, 132, 157, 183, 221, 224, 228 222 Swaziland, 40 University Colleges of London symbol of free association, 19, 48 University, 196 Index 265
University of the Commonwealth for West, Katherine, 106–7, 216 Co-operation in Distance Western Samoa (Samoa), 74, 75 Education, 148, 153 Westminster Abbey for Unwin, Peter, 105 Commonwealth Day services, 63 Williams, Eric, 24 Vancouver BC, COL venue in, 150 Williams, Peter, 183 Vanuatu, 75 Wilson, Harold, 31, 34, 35, 36, 41, 74, Verwoerd, Dr H., 61 75, 194 Victoria (Queen-Empress), 2, 53, 55, Wind of Change, 23, 40, 72, 74 62, 78, 190 Withdrawal from East of Suez, 74 Victoria League for Commonwealth women, 88, 90, 95, 116, 178, 224 Friendship, 188 Women’s Affairs Ministers’ meetings, Vippsos, 65, 110, 126, 185, 199, 201, 94, 145 220, 221, 223, 227, 228 World Bank, 4, 94, 120, 135, 152, Visitor Centre, proposed for 219 Marlborough House, 222 World Trade Organisation (WTO), voluntary organisations, 105, 163–84 121, 126, 228 Vulnerability: Small States in the Global writer’s prizes, 200 Society, 118 Vulnerability II, 119 Year of the Commonwealth (1997), 189 Wallabies, 202 Yemen, 2, 76, 77 Ward, Sir Joseph, 8 Youth Affairs Ministers’ meetings, 94, Way Ahead, 24, 25, 33, 139, 148 145, 195 Welsh Assembly, 165 West African Community, 98 Zambia, 33, 36, 40, 41 West Indies Zimbabwe, 37, 40, 41, 76, 95, 97 cricket, 202 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, 36, 38 Federation, 74, 118 Zimmern, Alfred, 9