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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
ANTHRACITE Downloaded from COAL CANALS and the ROOTS of AMERICAN FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE, 1820–1860 Envhis.Oxfordjournals.Org
CHRISTOPHER F. JONES a landscape of energy abundance: ANTHRACITE Downloaded from COAL CANALS AND THE ROOTS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE, 1820–1860 envhis.oxfordjournals.org ABSTRACT Between 1820 and 1860, the construction of a network of coal-carrying canals transformed the society, economy, and environment of the eastern mid- Atlantic. Artificial waterways created a new built environment for the region, an energy landscape in which anthracite coal could be transported cheaply, reliably, at Harvard University Library on October 26, 2010 and in ever-increasing quantities. Flush with fossil fuel energy for the first time, mid-Atlantic residents experimented with new uses of coal in homes, iron forges, steam engines, and factories. Their efforts exceeded practically all expec- tations. Over the course of four decades, shipments of anthracite coal increased exponentially, helping turn a rural and commercial economy into an urban and industrial one. This article examines the development of coal canals in the ante- bellum period to provide new insights into how and why Americans came to adopt fossil fuels, when and where this happened, and the social consequences of these developments. IN THE FIRST DECADES of the nineteenth century, Philadelphians had little use for anthracite coal.1 It was expensive, difficult to light, and considered more trouble than it was worth. When William Turnbull sold a few tons of anthracite to the city’s waterworks in 1806, the coal was tossed into the streets to be used as gravel because it would not ignite.2 In 1820, the delivery © 2010 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Environmental History and the Forest History Society. -
The History of Modern Iron Manufacture
Drew Beinhaker Anthropology 377 5/19/94 The History of Modern Iron Manufacture To Virginia, the first of the English settlements in America, belongs the honor of inaugurating within their limits as a colony that most important industry, iron manufacture. -R.A. Brock, 18851 Among the vast spectrum of metallic elements found in the earth’s crust, iron ore, because of its abundance and accessibility, has proved to be nature’s greatest gift to mankind. Although rarely found in a pure state, the presence of iron makes up nearly one-fifth of the earth’s total mass. Due to its solubility in water, iron is much more prevalent deep in the earth’s core than it is in the surface layers. Limestone is the… 1 Robert Alonzo Brock, “Early Iron Manufacture in Virginia: 1619-1776,” in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1885, 8(Washington, 1886): 77. quoted in A History of Metals in Colonial America, (p.55). most common agent attributed to the deposits of iron in water. The available nature of this metal and the many uses of its finished product has lead to the development of one of the most fundamental industries known to man, iron manufacture. The beginning of modern iron making can be traced back to sixteenth century Europe with the operation of the Catalan forge in Catalonia, Spain. The forge contained an air blast system which was triggered by the pressure of a waterfall through the use of a device known as a trompe. Water and air bubbles would flow through a pipe into an airtight receptacle allowing for the necessary pressure to accumulate in order to initiate the process. -
Chapter 1, the Nature of Ironmaking
Chapter 1 The Nature of Ironmaking D. H. Wakelin, Manager-Development Engineering, Primary, LTV Steel Co. J. A. Ricketts, Senior Staff Engineer, Ironmaking Technology, Ispat-Inland Inc. 1.1 Introduction The term ironmaking inevitably conjures a picture of man wresting glowing liquid hot metal from a giant reactor using methods steeped in history, more art than science. Understanding of the processes taking place, however, has expanded dramatically over the past few decades, bringing science to the operation, while retaining some of the art for future explanation. Our knowledge has increased significantly even since the publication of the 10th edition of The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel in 1985, and it is the intention of this volume to present this information, together with the previous understanding of the process.1 While the production of molten iron from the blast furnace has held the predominant position to the present day as the method of supplying virgin iron units for oxygen steelmaking, it remains dependent on the availability of suitable coals for making coke. Alternative processes have prolif- erated in recent years to take advantage of lower cost raw materials and lower capital cost for smaller scale equipment. Some are coal-based, some are gas-based. Some use lump iron ore, some use iron ore fines. All are properly included in this volume on ironmaking, which presents the basic principles, operating practices and equipment used in separating iron from its naturally occurring oxide state. 1.2 Structure of this Volume This introductory chapter is largely devoted to the history of ironmaking, bringing the reader from the earliest records to present day developments in blast furnace technology and equipment. -
Printmgr File
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 20-F ‘ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ‘ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission file number 001-32328 MECHEL OAO (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Krasnoarmeyskaya Street 1, Moscow 125993, Russian Federation (Address of principal executive offices) Vladislav Zlenko, tel.: +7-495-221-8888, e-mail: [email protected] (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered COMMON AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES, EACH COMMON NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE ADS REPRESENTING ONE COMMON SHARE COMMON SHARES, PAR VALUE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE(1) 10 RUSSIAN RUBLES PER SHARE PREFERRED AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES, EACH PREFERRED ADS NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE REPRESENTING ONE-HALF OF A PREFERRED SHARE PREFERRED SHARES, PAR VALUE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE(2) 10 RUSSIAN RUBLES PER SHARE Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. -
WO 2016/193753 A2 8 December 2016 (08.12.2016) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization I International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/193753 A2 8 December 2016 (08.12.2016) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agent: BOULT WADE TENNANT; Verulam Gardens, A61B 90/00 (2016.01) 70 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8BT (GB). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/GB20 16/05 1649 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (22) International Filing Date: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, 3 June 2016 (03.06.2016) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (25) Filing Language: English HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, (26) Publication Language: English MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (30) Priority Data: PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, 62/170,768 4 June 2015 (04.06.2015) US SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (71) Applicant: ENDOMAGNETICS LTD. [GB/GB]; Jef freys Building, St John's Innovation Park, Cowley Road, (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB4 0WS (GB). -
Blast Furnaces in Song–Yuan China
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (EASTM - Universität Tübingen) EASTM 18 (2001): 41-74 Blast Furnaces in Song–Yuan China Donald B. Wagner [Donald B. Wagner is an independent scholar, presently based at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies in Copenhagen, Denmark. His research has in recent years focused on the history of ferrous metallurgy in China, his most recent book being The State and the Iron Industry in Han China (2001). He is also engaged in preparing a series of textbooks in Classical Chinese.1] * * * The Chinese "commercial revolution" of the eleventh century was accompanied by a number of important technical developments. In the iron industry, the last major advances in blast furnace design were made. Water power was widely used for the blast, and coal and coke began to take the place of charcoal for the fuel. New blast furnace structures came into use, in some cases foreshadowing early European designs and those known from the traditional Chinese iron industry of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article reviews the available evidence on the construction and operation of iron blast furnaces in the Song and Yuan periods, with special reference to the use of mineral fuel Blast Furnace Excavations Excavations of ironworks sites of the Song and Yuan periods have been reported in seven Chinese provinces.2 Of these a few are reported in sufficient detail to give us some idea of how blast furnaces in this period were built, and how they differed from what is known from periods before and after.3 1 E-mail address: [email protected]; web-site: http://staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner. -
Redevelopment of the Bethlehem Steel Site : a Public History Perspective Amey J
Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 2008 Redevelopment of the Bethlehem Steel site : a public history perspective Amey J. Senape Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Recommended Citation Senape, Amey J., "Redevelopment of the Bethlehem Steel site : a public history perspective" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1008. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Senape, Arney J. Redevelopment of the Bethlehem .Steel Site: A Public History Perspective I May 2008 Redevelopment ofthe Bethlehem Steel Site: A Public History Perspective by Arney 1. Senape A Thesis Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee OfLehigh University In Candidacy for the Degree of Master ofArts In Department ofHistory Lehigh University April 2008 Table ofContents Abstract 1 How Public History Can Add Value to the Redevelopment ofthe Steel Site .. ...... 3 Investment, Innovation and Industry 12 Community 38 Education 51 Health Care 63 Conclusion 73 Bibliography 74 Appendix A. List ofComparable Sites - Charts 81 B. Stock House - Photo 83 C. Bethlehem Iron Company 84 D. Bessemer Building - Photo 85 E. Machine Shop No.2 - Photo 86 F. Bethlehem Steel Logo : 87 G. Economic Impact ofHistoric Preservation - Chart 88 H. Lehigh Valley Industrial Heritage Coalition Interpretive Plan 89 1. "Homestead: From Mill to Mall" Documentary 99 J. "Vision and Vitality: Bethlehem After the Steel" - Report 100 K. Lehigh Valley Industrial Heritage Coalition Member List 106 L. -
Wealth, Waste, and Alienation: Growth and Decline in the Connellsville Coke Industry
1 The Foundations of the Industry The Nature, Use, and Early Development of Coke in the United States Coke is the residue produced when great heat is applied to coal kept out of direct contact with air. The process is conducted either by cov- ering the coal with a more or less impermeable layer or, more effec- tively, by enclosing it in an oven. Volatiles are driven off, leaving a product that is largely carbon. There are various types of coke. That made as a byproduct of gas production is derived from coals fairly high in volatiles and is rapidly processed in retorts at relatively low temperatures. The resulting coke is dull, spongy, and burns readily. In contrast, low-volatile coals produce insufficient gas to complete the coking process. Between these extremes are the so-called caking coals. “Burned” at higher temperature and with a long continued heat, the best caking coals—which should also have only a low ash and sulfur content—produce a coke much harder and denser than gas coke, a coke that is strong, fibrous, and silver-gray in color and has a semi- metallic luster. Its hardness means it is resistant to abrasion and therefore free from fine particles. This kind of coke is porous, its structure vesicular—that is, having minute holes formed by the release of the gases that it once contained. Because it is admirably suited for use as a fuel in furnaces provided with a strong draught, this product of a limited, special group of coals with these highly distinc- tive properties and striking appearance is known as metallurgical coke. -
Sustainable Lunar In-Situ Resource Utilisation = Long-Term Planning
Sustainable Lunar In-Situ Resource Utilisation = Long-Term Planning Alex Ellery Canada Research Professor (Space Robotics) Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, CANADA Water + Volatile Mining . Sustainability requires consideration of future ISRU requirements . Water mining by heating regolith – higher temperatures yield highly valuable volatiles at 700oC releasing 90% of volatiles esp from smaller ilmenite particles: H2, He, CO, CO2, CH4, N2, NH3, H2S, SO2, Ar, etc . Carbon compounds = very valuable resource . Fractional distillation for well-separated fractions: He (4.2 K), H2 (20 K), N2 (77 K), CO (81 K), CH4 (109 K), CO2 (194 K) and H2O (373 K) Any Old Iron . Hydrogen reduction of ilmenite at ~1000oC to create oxygen, iron and rutile FeTiO3 + H2 → Fe + TiO2 + H2O and 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 . Wrought iron is tough & malleable for tensile structures . TuNiCo metals + W from nickel-iron meteorite impact craters (Mond process) . Tool steel (<2% C + 9-18% W) for milling tools . Silicon (electrical) steel/ferrite (<3% Si and >97% Fe) for electromagnets and motor cores . Kovar (53.5% Fe, 29% Ni, 17% Co, 0.3% Mn, 0.2% Si and <0.01% C) – type of fernico alloy with high-temp electrical conductivity . Permalloy (20% Fe + 80% Ni) for magnetic shielding Functionality Lunar Material Tensile structures Wrought iron – Aluminium Minimal Demandite Compressive structures Cast iron – Aluminium Elastic structures Steel/Al springs/flexures Silicone elastomers Thermal conductor straps Iron/Nickel/Cobalt/Aluminium Tungsten Thermal insulation Glass (silica fibre) Ceramics such as SiO2 and Al2O3 Demandite for generic High thermal tolerance Tungsten, Al2O3 Thermal sources Fresnel lenses/mirrors (optical structures) robot/spacecraft Electrical heating (iron/nickel/tungsten) Electrical conduction Fernico (e.g. -
Making ^Anthracite Iron N the Eighteenth Century Charcoal Was the Principal Fuel Used for Smelting Iron
discovery of the ^Process for (^Making ^Anthracite Iron N THE eighteenth century charcoal was the principal fuel used for smelting iron. When in the course of time the demand for I iron increased and the hardwood forests used for making charcoal became smaller, ironmasters looked for other fuels. In Britain and continental Europe they turned to soft coal, which was generally located near deposits of iron ore and from which coke could be made. Anthracite deposits were more scarce. Only a few of the many blast furnaces in Europe—those located near the veins of anthracite—would benefit if a way could be found to use this "stone coal/' as anthracite was then commonly called.1 The situation in the United States was far different, with the development of an entire industry at stake. Deposits of bituminous coal lay for the most part beyond the mountains, far from the centers of population and the extant means of transportation. The iron-rich ridges and valleys of eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, however, lay near extensive fields of anthracite. The canals which penetrated into the anthracite regions in the second quarter of the nineteenth century linked cities, towns, and deposits of iron ore, limestone, and anthracite like beads on a chain, 1 The first description of the discovery of the anthracite process appeared in 1841 in the form of a book and may have helped to advertise the process among ironmasters: Walter R. Johnson, Notes on the Use of Anthracite in the Manufacture of Iron with Some Remarks on Its Evaporating Power (Boston, 1841). -
Nickel and Its Alloys
National Bureau of Standards Library, E-01 Admin. Bldg. IHW 9 1 50CO NBS MONOGRAPH 106 Nickel and Its Alloys U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards^ provides measurement and technical information services essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . provides the central basis within the United States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coordinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. This Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic Physics—Physical Chemistry—Radiation Physics—Laboratory Astrophysics^—Radio Standards Laboratory,^ which includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Refer- ence Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . conducts materials research and provides associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of ma- terials. Beyond its direct interest to the Nation's scientists and engineers, this Institute yields services which are essential to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce.