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Total-Metals.Pdf Extra slides are added to the original powerpoint Younes Ataiiyan Chapter 11- Part I History of metals You are not responsible for part I Chapter 11- Gold, Silver, Copper Earliest known metals, Why? •They can be found in metallic state in nature (not necessarily pure) •They are malleable Chapter 11- Copper History The name originates from the Latin word cyprium, after the island of Cyprus. Copper was associated with the goddess named Aphroditehttp://www.facts- about.org.uk/science/ Venus in- elementGreek-copper.htm and Roman mythology. There are reports of copper beads dating back to 9000BC found in Iraq. Methods for refining copper from its ores were discovered around 5000BC and a 1000 or so years later it was being used in pottery in North Africa. around 5000 years ago it was discovered that when copper is mixed with other metals the resulting alloys are harder than copper itself (BRONZE IS COPPER AND TIN) http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/copper/history.html Chapter 11- Copper Properties • Malleable + Durable • High Electrical/Thermal conductivity • High corrosion resistance • Non-Magnetic Chapter 11- Copper Properties Electrical/Thermal conductivity • Highest electrical conductivity (after Silver) • Used in electrical wiring, pipes, roofing, Culinary. Chapter 11- Copper Colors and alloying elements German Silver Chapter 11- Copper Minerals • Turquoise • Dioptase • Cuprite • Copper pyrite • Azurite Chapter 11- Copper Mines Chapter 11- Copper Mines Chapter 11- Copper Mines Chapter 11- Copper Mines Chapter 11- Copper Odd Facts • Excessive consumption of foods high in copper, such as organ meats and oysters can cause Wilson's disease . • The average home today contains about 400 pounds of copper for electrical wiring, water pipes and appliances. • Your refrigerator, dishwasher, microwave, washing machine and clothes dryer are just a few of the laborsaving devices in your home that contain copper. Chapter 11- Copper Odd Facts • The Statue of Liberty contains 179,000 pounds of copper. • One of copper’s major advantages is that it is recyclable. In North America alone, approximately one half of the copper consumed annually comes from recycled material. • Copper’s recycle value is so great that premium- grade scrap has at least 95% of the value of primary copper from newly mined ore. • http://www.nwma.org/Education/copper_facts.htm Chapter 11- GOLD • Around 6000 BC • Main usage was for jewelry • The name originates from the Old English Anglo-Saxon word 'geolo' meaning yellow. The Symbol (Au) Origin is from the Latin word 'aurum' meaning gold. Chapter 11- Gold Properties • It is extremely malleable Used in electronic for wiring of the circuits Chapter 11- Gold Properties • Has high Thermal/Electrical conductivity Chapter 11- Gold Properties • Corrosion Resistance - Used in coins and jewelry - Gold plating to protect against environment - Dentistry Chapter 11- Gold Properties • High reflectivity (Infra red) Chapter 11- Gold Properties • Medicine Medieval times: gold leaf in water Now: Goldwasser (Goldwater) liquor implantable insulin pump rheumatoid arthritis Chapter 11- FAKE GOLD HOW? Alloying: All started with Archimedes! Plating: Thick plating on heavy metal Mineral: Fool’s Gold, Pyrite (Iron Chapter 11- Sulfide) Gold supply • Gold is so dense in volume that the total amount ever mined could be contained in a cube measuring 62 feet on each side. The total amount of gold ever mined is 4.2 billion ounces (since 1996). • Source:http://www.nwma.org/Education/Gold_Facts.htm Chapter 11- Silver History • 4000 BC The area of Anatolia (modern Turkey) is considered the first major source of mined silver. Names: English: Silver French: Argent German: Silber Italian: Argento Latin: Argentum Spanish: Plata Argentina is named after Silver Chapter 11- Source:http://www.silverinstitute.org Silver Properties Reflectivity The most reflective metal (specially UV) – Used in manufacturing of mirrors – Used for coating telescope mirrors – Do you remember “silver screen”? Chapter 11- Silver Properties Electrical/Thermal conductivity • Highest electrical conductivity • 2nd highest thermal conductivity (can you guess what is the 1st?) Used in electronic circuits Chapter 11- Silver Properties Antibacterial properties The ancient Phoenicians carried wine in silver containers to keep it fresh. A number of food and beverage makers use silver in food preparation to keep equipment free from bacteria Colloidal soap bar is being sold . Silver based cleaner are used in swimming pools. Silver based water filter is used to remove water born disease agents. Commercial air conditioners utilize silver to prevent the buildup of bacteria that cause legionnaires' disease and other airborne illnesses. Source: http://www.mincosilver.ca/s/Home.aspChapter 11- Silver Applications • Electronics • Medicine • Jewelry • Currency • Explosive materials • Photography • Sterling silver:92.5% silver and rest other metals (usually copper). Chapter 11- Silver Odd Facts • In India, food can be found decorated with a thin layer of silver, known as Varak. • Silver is the whitest color of any metal. • 1/3 of silver goes to photographic film. • More than 2/3 of the silver produced worldwide is a by product of lead, copper and zinc mining. • Silver iodide is often used in cloud seeding. A pound of silver iodide is enough to seed many cubic miles of clouds. Chapter 11- Silver Odd Facts • When miners struck gold in Nevada (The Comstock Lode), the were really slowed down by the huge amounts of gray clay. It wasn't until later they found out it was silver in the mud! • There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with orange, purple and SILVER. • The Olympic gold medal is mostly made of Silver Chapter 11- IRON Timeline • Source of Iron in pre-historical time was meteorite. • Earliest production around 2000BC in Anatolia or the Caucasus using bloomeries. • Cast iron was first produced in China about 550 BC using blast furnace. Chapter 11- Time line • late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process. • In the 1860s, a rival appeared on the scene: the open-hearth process, developed primarily by the German engineer Karl Wilhelm Siemens. Use of these furnaces ended in US around 1992. • basic oxygen steelmaking, developed in the 1950s and being used today. Chapter 11- Some definitions • Iron Ore: Raw material containing Iron • Pig Iron: Immediate product of smelting containing very high C (3 to 5%) • Cast Iron: by product of re-melting Pig Iron with scrap iron (2 to 4% C) • Steel: Low C Iron (up to 1.7%C) • Wrought Iron: Commercially pure iron (up to 0.15%C) • Stainless Steel: Contains at least 10.5 Chromium. Chapter 11- Damascus sword • You can buy plank Chapter 11- Practical thermomete r •White heat •Light Yellow heat •Yellow heat. •Bright red or Light red (Orange) heat. •Full Red heat. •Dark Red or Dull Red heat. •Black heat or Dark Blood Red heat. Chapter 11- How expensive is Iron? • Gold is about $23 per grams. • How expensive IRON can be? Chapter 11- Pure Iron is very expensive! That is $1600 per grams! Gold is $38/grams Chapter 11- The Iron Pillar from Delhi 7.3 m tall, with one meter below the ground; the diameter is 48 centimeters at the foot, tapering to 29 cm at the top, just below the base of the wonderfully crafted capital; it weighs approximately 6.5 tones, and was manufactured by forged welding. http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_ironpillar.htm Chapter 11- Steel making Video Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l7JqonyoChapter 11- KA Iron Alloys Steel (carbon) (category:steels) Iron Stainless steel (chromium, nickel) Anthracite iron (carbon) AL-6XN Cast iron (carbon) Alloy 20 Pig iron (carbon) Celestrium Wrought iron (carbon) Marine grade stainless Fernico (nickel, cobalt) Martensitic stainless steel Surgical stainless steel (chromium, molybdenum, nickel) Elinvar (nickel, chromium) Silicon steel (silicon) Invar (nickel) Tool steel (tungsten or manganese) Kovar (cobalt) Bulat steel Spiegeleisen (manganese, carbon, Chromoly (chromium, molybdenum) silicon) Crucible steel Ferroalloys (category:Ferroalloys) Damascus steel Ferroboron HSLA steel Ferrochrome High speed steel Ferromagnesium Maraging steel Ferromanganese Reynolds 531 Ferromolybdenum Wootz steel Ferronickel Ferrophosphorus Ferrotitanium Ferrovanadium Ferrosilicon Chapter 11- Steel producing countries Chapter 11- Aluminum (or Aluminum!) •Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust (8%), although it is not found free in nature. •Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminum salts as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds . •Hans Christian Ørsted created impure metal in 1825 and in 1827 Friedrich Wöhler isolating aluminum by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium. Chapter 11- Aluminum pyramid in Washington memorial •When Frishmuth submitted his bill for the aluminum pyramid it was for $256.10 •His original quote was $75 for the aluminum pyramid •The final price of $225 was agreed upon and was paid. •Millions of people who had never before even heard about aluminum now knew what it was. Chapter 11- Why Aluminum does not corrode? • Forms a strong, thin protective oxide layer. Some other metals (for example Ti, Cr) have the same protective layer. Chapter 11- Electrical/Thermal conductivity • has 63% of the electrical conductance of Copper, but less than half the weight. • It Is used for electrical wires. • Aluminum wires are not recommended (and banned in some places) for house wiring. WHY? Chapter 11- Aluminum Applications • Aluminum is now the most used metal (2nd is steel) in cars today. Chapter 11- Aluminum Applications • 15% of global consumption of Aluminum is beverage cans. • Used extensively in aircrafts (Up to 80%, 777 has 50% Aluminum and 80 percent of the airframe structure of the F-16 is made from Aluminum). Chapter 11- Aluminum Applications • The Space Shuttle itself burns twice as much aluminum (in the solid rocket booster SRBs) as it does hydrogen (total of the elemental hydrogen in the external tank and the chemically combined hydrogen in the SRB fuel). • Once the solid fuel has been ignited, there is no stopping the reaction until the fuel is spent; solid booster rockets can't be stopped and restarted like liquid fueled ones.
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