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7Th Chapter 1.5 Key Terms 1 7th Chapter 1.5 Key Terms 1. Roman Catholic Church – was based in Rome. The church was led by the very powerful pope. Although, the Western Roman Empire declined, the Christian church of Rome survived. The pope was head of all the Christian churches and looked over the church leaders. Pope claimed religious and political authority over all of Europe. 2. Eastern Orthodox Church – Byzantine Empire created their own Christian church. Their church reflected their Greek heritage. The emperor and the officials of the church worked closely together. They believed that the emperor was God’s representative on Earth. Emperor appointed church leaders and controlled the wealth of the church. He also settled disputes about the church. 3. Icons – a representation of an object of worship like paintings of Jesus, Mary (mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people. They were displayed in people’s home. People believed that the images symbolized the presence of God in their lives. 4. John of Damascus – Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th- century Iconoclastic Controversy. He spoke out in favor of the use of icons or images of holy figures. 5. Emperor Leo III – an emperor of the Byzantine Empire, in 726 C.E. he ordered all icons to be removed from the churches. He believed that idol worship was forbidden by God. 6. Iconoclasts – Government officials who carried out the emperor’s orders; image breakers. Today, it refers to someone who criticizes traditional beliefs or practices of religion. 7. Pope – title given to the bishop of Rome. Head of the Western Christian churches. He claimed to have authority over the church and not an emperor. 8. The Franks – Germanic people that supported the pope as head of the Christian church. They successfully defended Italy from invaders. 9. Charlemagne – was crowned the Frankish king, in 800 C.E., by the pope who was showing his gratitude for defending Italy from invaders. 10. Excommunicated – to declare that a person or group is no longer a member of the church. In 1504 C.E., the patriarch of Constantinople and the pope excommunicated each other. 11. Schism – a separation of division from a church. This was created between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church during the excommunication of the pope and patriarch of Constantinople. This division still exists today. 12. Monasteries – a religious community. Men called monks lived apart from the world. 13. Nuns – Christian women, called nuns, created religious communities called convents. 7th Chapter 1.5 Key Terms 14. Paula – best known nun who was a Roman widow who helped a scholar name Jerome translate the Christian Bible into Latin in the early 400s C.E. 15. Basil – a Greek bishop who created a list of rules for monks and nuns. 16. Basilian Rule – this list of rules told people how to live and pray in the Eastern Orthodox monasteries and convents. 17. Benedict – An Italian monk wrote some rules for the religious communities in the West around 529 C.E. 18. Benedictine Rule – Had to give up material goods; devote their days to work and prayer; had duties to serve as missionaries, who taught their religion to those who were not followers. Monks had to welcome outsiders who were in need of food and shelter. 19. Monks – had important roles in Christian Europe. They helped the poor and ran hospitals and schools with the nuns. They also helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman writings. 20. Cyril and Methodius – brothers who were the two most dedicated Byzantine missionaries. Their mission was to deliver the Christian message to the Slavs (people in Eastern Europe). 21. Cyrillic – an alphabet invented for the Slavic languages by Cyril, who believed that Slavs would be more interested in Christianity if they heard it in their own language. The alphabet is based on Greek letters and is still used today by Russians, Ukrainians, Serbs, and Bulgarians. 22. Anglo-Saxons – in the 400s C.E., Germanic tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark invaded much of Britain. These groups became known as Anglo-Saxons. They built farming villages and founded several small kingdoms. 23. Celts – a group living in Britain that were pushed out by the Anglo-Saxons. They fled to remote mountainous areas of Britain. Some of them accepted the Christian faith and other crossed to Ireland. 24. Patrick – a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland in the 400s C.E. He set up churches and monasteries where monks helped preserve Christian and Roman learning. 25. Pope Gregory I – in 597 C.E., he sent about 40 monks from Rome to bring Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons of Britain. They were able to convert the king of Kent to Christianity. 26. Canterbury – capital city of King Ethelbert of Kent who allowed the missionaries from Rome to build a church there. .
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