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Weapons of WWI

Weapons of WWI

• Bayonets • Flamethrowers • Machine Guns • Pistols • Poison Gas • • Tanks • Trench Mortars

Machine Gun

• The , which so came to dominate and even to personify the battlefields of World War One, was a fairly primitive device when general war began in August 1914. • Machine guns of all armies were largely of the heavy variety and decidedly ill-suited to portability for use by rapidly advancing infantry troops. • Each weighed somewhere in the 30kg-60kg range - often without their mountings, carriages and supplies.

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Machine Gun Machine Gun in 1914

• The Machine Gun in 1914 • The reality however was that these early • The 1914 machine gun, usually positioned on a flat tripod, would require a gun crew of four to six operators. machine guns would rapidly overheat and • In theory they could fire 400-600 small-caliber rounds per become inoperative without the aid of minute, a figure that was to more than double by the cooling mechanisms; they were war's end, with rounds fed via a fabric belt or a metal strip. consequently fired in short rather than • The reality however was that these early machine guns sustained bursts. would rapidly overheat and become inoperative without the aid of cooling mechanisms; they were consequently fired in short rather than sustained bursts.

Machine Guns Machine Guns

• Whether air or water cooled, machine • Estimates of their equivalent, accurate, guns still jammed frequently, especially in firepower varied, with some estimating hot conditions or when used by a single machine gun to be worth as many inexperienced operators. as 60-100 rifles: a more consensual figure • Consequently machine guns would often is around 80, still an impressively high be grouped together to maintain a figure. constant defensive position.

Machine Guns

• By 1918 however one-man portable machine guns (including the formidable Bergman MP 18 ) were put to some use (each weighing 9-14kg), although maintaining sufficient ammunition supplies remained a difficulty. • Although often not truly portable light machine guns were more readily transported on roads or flat ground by armored cars.

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Machine Guns Machine Guns

• As the war developed machine guns were • In response to the increasing success of adapted for use on tanks on broken ground, machine guns mounted on aircraft it was particularly on the Western Front (where the perhaps inevitable that machine guns should majority of machine guns were deployed). similarly be developed as anti-aircraft devices (in • Light machine guns were adopted too for France and Italy), sometimes mounted on incorporation into aircraft from 1915 onwards, for vehicles. Similarly machine guns began to be example the Vickers, particularly with the added to warships as a useful addition to naval German adoption of interrupter equipment, armaments. which enabled the pilot to fire the gun through the aircraft's propeller blades.

Bayonets Bayonets

• According to tradition the bayonet was • Perfect for close combat fighting developed in Bayonne, France, in the • Nevertheless, while it was seldom early 17th century. actually used, • The bayonet was used by all sides from – experienced soldiers generally preferring 1914-18, even if its use was more other methods, carrying improvised psychological than practical. – clubs, blades or knuckledusters. • Bayonets continued to be commonly issued in the Second World War.

Flamethrowers

• Invented by the Germans • The basic idea of a flamethrower is to spread fire by launching burning fuel. • The earliest flamethrowers date as far back as the 5th century B.C.

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Flamethrowers Flamethrowers

• 2 types of Flamethrowers developed by • Fielder's second the Germans • larger model – The smaller, lighter – the Grossflammenwerfer – Flammenwerfer (the Kleinflammenwerfer) • designed for portable use, – not suitable for transport by a single person • carried by a single man. • but whose maximum range was twice that of the smaller model; – Used pressurized air and carbon dioxide or nitrogen • it could also sustain flames for a (then) impressive forty seconds, although it was decidedly expensive – it belched forth a stream of burning oil for as in its use of fuel. much as 18 meters.

Flamethrower

• It was put to initial wartime use against the French in the south-eastern sector of the Western Front from October 1914,

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Flamethrower Flamethrowers

• The first notable use of the • At first, the British were freaked out Flammenwerfer came in a surprise attack – Lost a little bit of their position. launched by the Germans upon the British • Able to re-gain it by nightfall at Hooge in Flanders • In two days of severe fighting the British lost 31 officers and 751 other ranks during the attack.

Flamethrowers

• Dangerous Job – The tanks would often blow up – The French and British aimed for the tanks. • Their life expectancy was therefore short. – During the war the Germans launched in excess of 650 flamethrower attacks – By the close of the war flamethrower use had been extended to use on tanks.

Grenades

• As with most things at the start of the war in August 1914, the Germans were ahead of the pack in terms of development. • Even as war began the Germans had 70,000 hand in readiness – along with a further 106,000 rifle grenades.

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German Grenades

• – (stick bomb) • Diskushandgranate – (disc grenade) • Eierhandgranate – (hand grenade) • Kugelhandgranate – (ball grenade, which included the grenade referred to by the British as the 'pineapple grenade').

German Grenades

• The Eierhandgranate – – egg grenade - was also popular given its great throwing range, up to 50 yards.

Grenades Grenades

• The use of bombing parties • As an attack or raid reached an enemy – The British bombing team usually consisted of trench nine men at a time: • the grenadiers would be responsible for • an NCO, racing down the trench and throwing • two throwers, grenades into each dugout they passed • two carriers, • two bayonet-men to defend the team – this invariably succeeded in purging dugouts • two 'spare' men for use when casualties were of their human occupants in an attempt at incurred. surrender (often not accepted as they were promptly shot or stabbed).

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Grenades

• 2 types of Grenades – • either hand or rifle driven – were detonated in one of two ways. • impact (percussion) or via a timed fuse.

Grenad

Greatest Grenade Battle of the Grenades ’ War (Don t write) • Undoubtedly the greatest grenade battle of the war • Most infantry preferred time fuses instead occurred on the Pozieres Heights on the night of 26-27 of impact July 1916.

– Afraid of accidents in the fox hole • Lasting for twelve-and-a-half hours without. a break the Australians, with British support, exchanged grenades

with their German foes (who threw multiple types of grenade: sticks, cricket balls, egg bombs and rifle grenades).

• The allied contingent alone threw some 15,000 Mills bombs during the night. • Many grenadiers were killed that night, while many others simply fell down due to complete exhaustion.

Grenades

• With the conclusion of World War One the grenade continued to hold its place firmly within the armory of every nation's army. • During World War Two the US alone manufactured some 50 million fragmentation grenades.

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Pistols Pistols

• Traditionally issued to officers of all armies • 3 main types of pistols the pistol was also issued to military • Revolvers police, airmen and tank operators. • Clip-loaded automatics – Men in tight quarters needed smaller weapons • ‘Blow-back' models

– (where expanding propellant gas caused the gun to reload by forcing the bolt back when fired).

Poison Gas Poison Gas

• First used by the French • The debut of the first poison gas – In the first month of the war, August 1914, however - in this instance, chlorine - they fired tear-gas grenades (xylyl bromide) came on 22 April 1915, at the start of against the Germans. the . – Within seconds of inhaling its vapor it destroyed the victim's respiratory organs, bringing on choking attacks.

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Poison Gas Poison Gas

• Germans begin using it a lot • After chlorine, • Neutral countries begin to get nervous – Phosgene • The United States and Britain start – more potent than chlorine researching own chemicals • it caused the victim to violently cough and choke.

Poison Gas

• Mustard Gas • Germany unveiled an enhanced form of gas weaponry against the Russians at Riga in September 1917: – mustard gas contained in shells. – AKA: Yperite

Poison Gas Poison Gas

• Mustard gas, • The use of mustard gas - sometimes – an almost odorless chemical, referred to as Yperite - also proved to • Caused serious blisters it caused both have mixed benefits. While inflicting internally and externally serious injury upon the enemy the • brought on several hours after exposure. chemical remained potent in soil for • Protection against mustard gas proved more difficult than against either chlorine or weeks after release: making capture of phosgene gas. infected trenches a dangerous undertaking.

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Diminishing Effectiveness of Gas

• Although gas claimed a notable number of casualties during its early use, – once the crucial element of surprise had been lost • the overall number of casualties quickly diminished. Indeed, deaths from gas after about May 1915 were relatively rare.

Poison Gas Rifles

Casualties From Gas - The Numbers • The Number One Infantry Weapon

– Easy to carry Total Casualties Death Country – Rifles were for Infantry and pistols were Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000 for officers 188,706 8,109 – a greater impact was dependent upon the France 190,000 8,000 training and skill of the rifle operator Germany 200,000 9,000 himself Italy 60,000 4,627 • snipers Russia 419,340 56,000 USA 72,807 1,462 Others 10,000 1,000

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Snipers

• Worked day and night – trained marksmen would function essentially as assassins, • often targeting any moving object behind enemy lines, – even if they were engaged in peaceable tasks (which meant that if a sniper was taken prisoner he could expect no mercy, on either side).

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Snipers Snipers

• Although the overall number of • Soldiers knew that they could not walk casualties claimed by snipers were about freely along exposed trenches small – anyone unwise enough to peep above the – (although many snipers kept count of their front line parapet could expect a well- number of 'kills', often reaching triple aimed bullet in the head figures), they played an important role in • as often happened. sapping enemy morale.

Snipers

• The types of rifles used by snipers varied, and included • Lee-Enfield on the British side • German, wide usage of the rifle – whose fitted optical sight rendered it ideal for the purpose.

Tanks…You’re Welcome!! Tanks

• Early Use of the Tank • Tank Successes – Initially the Royal Navy supplied the crews for the tank. • The entire British Tank Corps • on 15 September 1916 when Captain H. W. – (consisting of 474 tanks) Mortimore guided a D1 tank into at the • saw action at the Battle of Cambari on 20 notorious Delville Wood. November 1917

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Tanks Tanks

• An Aid to the Infantry • An Aid to the Infantry – On 4 July 1918. – Monash saw no point in attempting to gain – General John Monash, commander of the ground by using infantry to storm enemy Australian Corps, launched an attack at Le machine gun positions. Hamel • believed in using technology to facilitate a relatively uneventful infantry advance, with tanks at – unleashed a co-ordinated of tanks, their head. artillery and warplanes, all designed to clear a path for advancing infantry.

Tanks Tank Production 1916-18 • However tank deployment on the grand scale was reached on 8 August 1918, when 604 Allied tanks assisted an

Allied 20 mile advance on the Western UK France Ger. Italy USA Year Front. 1916 150 - - - - 1917 1,277 800 - - - 1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84

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Its Advantages Over Artillery The

• The Mortar: A Definition • The chief advantage of the mortar was that it could be fired from the (relative) safety of the • A mortar is essentially a short, stumpy trench, tube designed to fire a projectile at a – avoiding exposure of the mortar crews to the steep angle enemy. – (by definition higher than 45 degrees) so – it was notably lighter and more mobile than other, that it falls straight down on the enemy. larger artillery pieces. – the very fact that the mortar bomb fell almost straight down meant that it would (with luck) land smack in the enemy trench.

Mortars Mortar Tactics

• Germans way ahead of everybody • Soldiers would often strain their ears to catch the "plop!" sound that indicated the firing of an enemy • British are close behind mortar, and consequently hasten into cover. • Inevitably, mortar positions rapidly came under fire from enemy artillery once their presence was detected. – For this reason they were unpopular when sited among a given group of infantrymen, for it almost guaranteed a busy time along the trench. • Mortars were variously used to take out enemy machine gun posts, suspected sniper posts or other designated features. Larger mortars were occasionally used to cut enemy barbed wire, generally in situations were could not be used.

Mortar Tactics Results

• Mortars were variously used • By the war's end both sides possessed a – to take out enemy machine gun posts full range of mortar bombs, each roughly – suspected sniper posts or other designated equivalent in effectiveness to that features. designed by their enemy – Larger mortars were occasionally used to cut – and all potentially highly deadly. enemy barbed wire

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