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The Indian Map Trade in Colonial Oaxaca

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The Indian Map Trade in Colonial Oaxaca Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hidalgo, Alexander Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 07:06:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301765 THE INDIAN MAP TRADE IN COLONIAL OAXACA By Alexander Hidalgo A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 2 As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Alexander Hidalgo entitled The Indian Map Trade in Colonial Oaxaca and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 06/13/13 Martha Few ____________________________________________________________Date: 06/13/13 Bert Barickman ____________________________________________________________Date: 06/13/13 Stacie Widdifield Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ____________________________________________________________Date: 06/13/13 Dissertation Director: Kevin Gosner 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author SIGNED: Alexander Hidalgo 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not be possible without the support of Alan Sweedler. Stephen Colston, Paul Ganster, Jim Gerber, Pat Huckle, Matthew Kuefler, and especially Ramona Pérez at San Diego State University provided critical guidance that led me to Arizona. At the University of Arizona (UA), I wish to acknowledge financial support from the Group for Early Modern Studies, the Medieval, Renaissance, and Reformation Committee, the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, the Graduate College, and the History Department. I also wish to thank the Fulbright Commission, the Library of Congress, the American Historical Association, and the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and US Universities for support to carry out extended research. My appreciation to the Centro de Investigaciones Históricas at El Colegio de México for hosting me, and to Juan Pedro Viqueira for serving as my sponsor while I conducted research in Mexico City. Funding from the Ford Foundation and from the UA’s Confluencenter for Creative Inquiry allowed me to prepare my results. I owe the most to my professors who have consistently demonstrated a dedication to their students I can only hope to emulate. Bert Barickman’s incisive questions and detailed commentary have always pushed me in new directions. Stacie Widdifield played a key role in this project providing critical guidance and feedback. Martha Few has been a fierce ally, an encouraging mentor, and a great role model. I am fortunate to have worked with Kevin Gosner, my advisor, whose dedication, support, and disposition have made my doctoral work a truly remarkable experience. I would also like to thank Helen Nader, Linda Darling, Dale Brenneman, and Michael Brescia for their support. Thanks to Dana Leibsohn, Stephanie Wood, Barbara Mundy, Emily Umberger, and John F. López with whom I have bonded over all things cartographic. My appreciation to Ramón Gutiérrez and David Robinson for their generous support. Matt Furlong, Cory Schott, Rob Scott, and especially Ryan Kashanipour, Max Mangraviti, and Ignacio Martinez have made this journey invigorating on so many levels. My thanks to the Guzmán and the Vallejo families for hosting me in Mexico City, and to Anthony Mullan, Richard Headly-Soto, Mary Lou Reker, and Aleksander Mesa for their hospitality while I researched in Washington, DC. My appreciation to Enrique, Socorro, and Carlos Carrillo who have shown me there are no limits to the kindness one can offer others. Thanks also to Enrique Carrillo, Jr. and Gaby Alvarez for their support. My family, José Luis and Guadalupe Sánchez, John and Lety Focareta, Bella Floridia, Alexis and Eric Villegas, and Bianka León, has carried me during the rough patches. Juan Carlos and Lidia Rodríguez, Alfonso and Sandy Carrillo, Clemente Villegas, Asela Castaños, Pato and Faride Gómez, and Fausto Castañeda have enriched my life in countless ways. I would have never followed this path had it not been for the encouragement of my mother, Mariza Sánchez, who taught me to dream, to work hard, and to pay attention to the universal language that binds us. My daughters, Alys, Siena, and Chiara, inspire me every day with their joy and their laughter. Finally, I want to share credit of this project with Gabriela Carrillo, my partner in life, with whom I hold the strongest bond of all. 5 In memory of Emma 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . 7 ABSTRACT . 9 INTRODUCTION: MAPS, AUTHORITY, AND HISTORIOGRAPHY. .10 CHAPTER 1: THE TRAIL OF FOOTSTEPS . 35 CHAPTER 2: CARTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS. 88 CHAPTER 3: AUTHENTICATION . 134 CHAPTER 4: A TRUE AND FAITHFUL COPY . .166 CONCLUSION: A FINAL REMARK . 205 APPENDIX A: THE MAP OF SANTA CRUZ XOXOCOTLÁN (1686) . 212 APPENDIX B: FIGURES . 213 REFERENCES . 263 7 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, 18th century . .213 2. Diagram of Maps located in Mexican and US archives (1570s-1600s) . .214 3. Diagram of Maps located in Mexican and US archives (1610s-1740s) . .214 4. The Valley of Oaxaca . .215 5. Map of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, 1686 . .216 6. Painter-scribe (detail), Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I (aka Codex Vienna), c. 15th century, f. 48 . .217 7. Relación Geográfica Map of Teozacoalco,1580 . 218 8. Ordered pair detail, Relación Geográfica Map of Teozacoalco, 1580 . .219 9. Large/great altar logograph, Relación Geográfica Map of Teozacoalco, 1580. .219 10. Coming of age scene, Codex Mendoza, f. 60, c. 1541 . 220 11. Folio 3v, Codex Yanhuitlán, c. 1550s . .221 12. Map of San Miguel Cuestlahuaca, 1582 . .222 13. Albrecht Dürer, “The Holy Family with Two Angels,” c. 1503 . .223 14. Map of Guaxilotitlán, 1586 . .224 15. Map of Santa María Guelacé, San Jerónimo Tlacochaguaya, and Santa Cruz Papalutla, 1778 [1690] . 225 16. Detail, Map of Santa María Guelacé, San Jerónimo Tlacochaguaya, and Santa Cruz Papalutla, 1778 [1690] . .226 17. Map of Santo Domingo Tepenene, 1617 . 227 18. Relación Geográfica Map of Tehuantepec, 1580 . .228 19. Map of Tzanaltepec, Tonaltepec, and Oztutlán, 1580 . 229 20. Map of Tlapanaltepeque, 1585 . .230 21. Map of Tlapanaltepeque, 1586 . .231 22. Map of Ixtepec and Zixitlán,1598 . 232 23. Map of Santo Domingo Tepenene and Cuestlahuaca,1590 . 233 24. Map of Tepenene, 1600 . 234 25. Map of Tolcayuca, c. late 17th/early 18th century . .235 26. Map of Teposcolula, 1590 . 236 27. Paper detail, Relación Geográfica Map of Teozacoalco,1580 . 237 28. Map of Cuquila, 1599 . .238 29. Patch of paper detail, Map of Cuquila, 1599 . 239 30. Map of Mistepec, Chicaguastla, and Cuquila,1595 . 240 31. Map of Santa Ana and Santa Cruz, 1591 . 241 32. Detail, Map of Santa Ana and Santa Cruz, 1591 . 242 33. Map of Teotitlán, 1583 . .243 34. Ink detail, Map of Teotitlán, 1583 . 244 35. Verso, Map of Santo Domingo Tepenene, 1617 . .245 36. Key, Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, 18th century.246 37. Town detail, Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, 18th century . .247 8 LIST OF FIGURES – continued. 38. Father Crespo’s Hacienda, Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, c. 18th century . 247 39. San Lorenzo Cacaotepec, Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, c. 18th century . 248 40. Map of Miltepec, 1617 . 249 41. Map of Justlaguaca, 1609 . .250 42. Map of Tlaxiaco and Cuquila, 1588 . .251 43. Map of Cuscatlan, 1607 . 252 44. Map of Zimatlán and Ocotlán, 1686 [1639] . .253 45. “Ojo” detail, 1686 . .254 46. Relación Geográfica Map of Amoltepeque, 1580 . 255 47. Cataloguing inscription no. 1, Relación Geográfica map of Amoltepeque, 1580 . 256 48. Cataloguing inscription no. 2, Relación Geográfica map of Amoltepeque, 1580 . 256 49. Céspedes annotations, Relación de Teozacoalco y Amoltepeque,1580 . .257 50. Disputed land near Xoxocotlán, 1686 . .258 51. Map of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán with interpretive key, 1686 . 259 52. Certifying gloss no. 1, Map of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, 1686 . 260 53. Certifying gloss no. 2, Map of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, 1686 . 260 54. Map of Xoxocotlán, 1718 . .261 55. Cut piece, Map of Nuestra Madre del Rosario, Santa María Atzompa, c. 18th century . .262 9 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the practice of making indigenous maps and their circulation in Oaxaca from the late sixteenth to the early eighteenth century. Indian maps functioned as visual aids to distribute land for agriculture, ranching, subsistence farming,.
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  • Mineralogy and Origin of the Titanium

    Mineralogy and Origin of the Titanium

    MINERALOGY AND ORIGIN OF THE TITANIUM DEPOSIT AT PLUMA HIDALGO, OAXACA, MEXICO by EDWIN G. PAULSON S. B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1961) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 18, 1962 Signature of At r . Depardnent of loggand Geophysics, May 18, 1962 Certified by Thesis Supervisor Ab Accepted by ...... Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students M Abstract Mineralogy and Origin of the Titanium Deposit at Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico by Edwin G. Paulson "Submitted to the Department of Geology and Geophysics on May 18, 1962 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." The Pluma Hidalgo titanium deposits are located in the southern part of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in an area noted for its rugged terrain, dense vegetation and high rainfall. Little is known of the general and structural geology of the region. The country rocks in the area are a series of gneisses containing quartz, feldspar, and ferromagnesians as the dominant minerals. These gneisses bear some resemblance to granulites as described in the literature. Titanium minerals, ilmenite and rutile, occur as disseminated crystals in the country rock, which seems to grade into more massive and large replacement bodies, in places controlled by faulting and fracturing. Propylitization is the main type of alteration. The mineralogy of the area is considered in some detail. It is remarkably similar to that found at the Nelson County, Virginia, titanium deposits. The main minerals are oligoclase - andesine antiperthite, oligoclase- andesine, microcline, quartz, augite, amphibole, chlorite, sericite, clinozoi- site, ilmenite, rutile, and apatite.