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The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland—A Geochemical Window on Early Cambrian Low‐Oxygen Environments The Sirius Passet Lagerstatte of North Greenland-A geochemical window on early Cambrian low-oxygen environments and ecosystems Hammarlund, Emma U.; Smith, M. Paul; Rasmussen, Jan A.; Nielsen, Arne T.; Canfield, Donald E.; Harper, David A. T. Published in: Geobiology DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12315 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Hammarlund, E. U., Smith, M. P., Rasmussen, J. A., Nielsen, A. T., Canfield, D. E., & Harper, D. A. T. (2019). The Sirius Passet Lagerstatte of North Greenland-A geochemical window on early Cambrian low-oxygen environments and ecosystems. Geobiology, 17(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12315 Download date: 01. okt.. 2021 Received: 14 January 2018 | Revised: 17 August 2018 | Accepted: 22 August 2018 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12315 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland—A geochemical window on early Cambrian low- oxygen environments and ecosystems Emma U. Hammarlund1,2 | M. Paul Smith3 | Jan A. Rasmussen4 | Arne T. Nielsen5 | Donald E. Canfield1 | David A. T. Harper6 1Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Abstract Odense M, Denmark The early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of northernmost Greenland (Cambrian Series 2 Department of Laboratory 2, Stage 3) contains exceptionally preserved soft tissues that provide an important Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden window to early animal evolution, while the surrounding sediment holds critical data 3Oxford University Museum of Natural on the palaeodepositional water- column chemistry. The present study combines pal- History, Oxford, UK aeontological data with a multiproxy geochemical approach based on samples col- 4Fossil and Moclay Museum, Museum Mors, Nykøbing Mors, Denmark lected in situ at high stratigraphic resolution from Sirius Passet. After careful 5Department and Geoscience and Natural consideration of chemical alterations during burial, our results demonstrate that fos- Resources, Copenhagen University, sil preservation and biodiversity show significant correlation with iron enrichments Copenhagen K, Denmark (Fe /Fe ), trace metal behaviour (V/Al), and changes in nitrogen cycling ( 15N). These 6Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of HR T δ Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, data, together with Mo/Al and the preservation of organic carbon (TOC), are consist- UK ent with a water column that was transiently low in oxygen concentration, or even Correspondence intermittently anoxic. When compared with the biogeochemical characteristics of Emma U. Hammarlund, Nordic Center modern oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), geochemical and palaeontological data col- for Earth Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, lectively suggest that oxygen concentrations as low as 0.2–0.4 ml/L restricted bio- Denmark. turbation but not the development of a largely nektobenthic community of predators Email: [email protected] and scavengers. We envisage for the Sirius Passet biota a depositional setting where Funding information anoxic water column conditions developed and passed over the depositional site, Villum Fonden, Grant/Award Number: 16518; Geocenter Danmark; Danmarks possibly in association with sea- level change, and where this early Cambrian biota Grundforskningsfond, Grant/Award was established in conditions with very low oxygen. Number: DNRF53; Wenner-Gren Foundation; Agouron Institute; Carlsbergfondet; Leverhulme Trust; The KEYWORDS Swedish Research Council Cambrian explosion, geochemistry, oxygen minimum zone, Sirius Passet, soft-tissue fossil preservation, water-column chemistry 1 | INTRODUCTION in lower Palaeozoic Lagerstätten deposits (Conway Morris, 1989; Knoll & Carroll, 1999). Conditions promoting soft- tissue preserva- Our understanding of the early diversification of animals is largely tion were particularly common during the early and middle Cambrian based on the exceptional preservation of soft- tissue faunas preserved Period (Cambrian series 2 and 3), when, for example, the renowned This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. © 2018 The Authors. Geobiology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 12 | © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gbi Geobiology. 2019;17:12–26. HAMMARLUND ET al. | 13 Burgess Shale- type (BST) preservation mode involved carbonaceous edges of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) (Budd, 1995; Ineson & impressions (Gaines, 2014). Of the exceptionally preserved biotas of Peel, 2011). Finally, a predominantly oxic water column—but with the early Cambrian Period, the Sirius Passet fossil assemblage in North a fluctuating oxycline—was inferred from the absence of iron and Greenland is the most geographically remote and the least well known. molybdenum enrichments that are typical of euxinic settings as The Sirius Passet fauna is dominated by soft- bodied arthro- reported by Boudec et al. (2014). These authors also discussed a pods, and only a single species (the trilobite Buenellus higginsi model where the geochemistry could reflect OMZ- like conditions, Blaker, 1988) had a calcareous exoskeleton (Peel, 2010). The but reasoned that if such conditions facilitated soft- tissue pres- modes of fossil preservation appear variable (Stein, Budd, Peel, ervation, both phenomena should be associated throughout the & Harper, 2013), and the dominant mode is not definitively es- Phanerozoic Eon (Boudec et al., 2014). Since soft- tissue preserva- tablished. Some fossils of mainly biomineralized taxa are pre- tion is not generally associated with OMZs in the Phanerozoic, the served with three- dimensional (3D) relief, while soft- bodied taxa model invoking OMZ- like conditions was rejected. Taken together, are preserved as two- dimensional (2D) impressions coated by neither the macrofossils nor the chemical signatures from Sirius a reflective and—presumably—organic film (Conway Morris & Passet provide unambiguous clues regarding the depositional con- Peel, 1995; Stein, Peel, Siveter, & Williams, 2010; Topper, Greco, ditions. Or conversely, both macrofossils and chemical signatures Hofmann, Beeby, & Harper, 2018; Vinther, Smith, & Harper, 2011). may reflect an ambiguous depositional setting. Such 2D impressions, particularly if coated by reflective film, as- Deciphering water-column chemistry at Sirius Passet must also sociate the Sirius Passet fossils with typical BST preservation consider the extent to which geochemical signals reflect metamor- (Butterfield, 1995) and, thus, with other BST deposits, such as the phic alteration or the rapid influx of sediments from shallower- Chengjiang deposit of the Yangtze platform in South China and water settings. During the Ellesmerian Orogeny in the middle the Burgess Shale of western Canada (Gaines, 2014). The Sirius Palaeozoic, iron- rich chloritoid porphyroblasts formed in the Sirius Passet fauna is apparently of lower diversity than other Cambrian Passet sediments (Ineson & Peel, 2011). This iron- associated alter- BST Lagerstätten (Gaines, 2014) and distinct through its absence ation of the rocks demands care when applying iron as an indica- of macro- algae (a feature only shared with the early Cambrian Emu tor of the depositional setting, and we attempt to evaluate how Bay Lagerstätte) (Ivantsov et al., 2005), which presumably reflects iron was redistributed into silicates during metamorphism (see a deeper, sub- photic zone setting. Methods). With regard to the possible influx of sediments from The inferred age of the Sirius Passet biota is based on the pres- a shallower- water setting, gravity flows of sediments are a com- ence of the abundant trilobite Buenellus higginsi, which most likely mon characteristic in classical BST sites (Gaines, 2014), but have correlates the succession with the Nevadella trilobite Biozone in been less clearly visible at Sirius Passet. Indeed, the apparent lack Laurentia, equated with Stage 3 of the Cambrian Period (521– of features representing transport of fossils (Vidal & Peel, 1993) 514 Ma) (Cohen, Finney, Gibbard, & Fan, 2013). Its age is therefore has in part led to the interpretation of Sirius Passet as one of the similar to the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, also determined as Cambrian deepest- water Cambrian Lagerstätten deposits (Ivantsov et al., Series 2 and Stage 3 in age (Gaines, 2014). The Yangtze platform 2005). Recently, however, lithological observations suggest the provides most of the current geochemical data on early Cambrian presence of sediment gravity flows (e.g., features within the thin environments, from which both recurrent water-column stratifica- laminae, such as grading, scouring and cross- lamination) and for tion (Canfield et al., 2008; Cremonese et al., 2013; Feng, Li, Huang, transport of at least some of the Sirius Passet fauna to their site Chang, & Chu, 2014; Hammarlund et al., 2017; Wen, Fan, Zhang, of deposition (Strang, Armstrong, Harper, & Trabucho- Alexandre, Cloquet, & Carignan, 2015) and oxygenation (Chen et al., 2015) 2016). The preservation of large and non- compressed fossils with are inferred. For Sirius Passet, interpretations of the palaeodep- delicate morphologies at Sirius Passet, such as the 20 cm large ar- ositional water- column chemistry are few, divergent,
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