Index

A Acute renal tubular necrosis, 629 Abdominal actinomycosis, 477, 478 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 358, 359 Abdominal organ transplant recipients, 545 Acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARN) Abelcet prophylaxis, 1113 causes, 320 Abortive poliomyelitis, 715 clinical examination, 320 Acanthamoeba spp., 384, 788 definition, 320 Acetazolamide, 1084 diagnosis, 320 Acetyltransferases (AAC), 866 differential diagnosis, 320 Achromobacter, 465 dosing, 322 Acinetobacter spp., 462 etiology, 320 A. baumannii, 465 late complications, 322 Acneiform hypersensitivity drug eruptions, 398, 399 molecular testing, 321 Acneiform papulopustular eruption, 398 onset of, 320 Acquired drug resistance, 1003, 1004 prognosis, 322 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 42, 322, 323, 591, progression, 321 600, 630, 826, 827 symptoms, 320 Acremonium, 379 treatment, 321, 322 Acridine orange cytospin test, 252 Acute skin and skin structure (ASSSI), 861 Acridine orange leukocyte cytospin (AOLC) test, 252 Acyclovir, 627, 628, 652, 653, 955, 956 Actinomycosis clinical indications, 956 clinical syndromes, 477, 478 dosing and drug interactions, 979 cure rates/prognosis, 479 drug resistance mechanisms, 956 diagnosis, 478, 479 mechanism of action and resistance, 977 epidemiology, 477 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 979 control, 479 pharmacokinetics, 977, 979 microbiology, 477 pharmacology, 956 prevention/prophylaxis, 479 prophylaxis, 309 risk factors, 477 Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus, 373 treatment, 479 , 686 Activating killer Ig-like receptor (aKIR), 612 Adaptive antitumor immunity, 3 Active drug efflux, 871, 876 Adaptive cellular immunotherapy, 629, 632, 634 Acute bacterial sinusitis, 340 Adaptive immunity, 155, 156, 232, 233, 613 Acute bronchitis, 341 Adefovir (ADV), 632, 699, 970 Acute cardiac complications, 235, 236 dosing and drug interactions, 989 Acute cellular rejection (ACR), 47, 359 mechanism of action and resistance, 989 Acute cholangitis, 303–306 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 989 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), 398, 399 pharmacokinetics, 989 Acute graft pyelonephritis, 98 Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporters, 904 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 716 Adenovirus (ADV), 126, 127, 215, 805–807 Acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM), 645, 656, 657 Adenylyltransferases (ANT), 866 Acute kidney injury (AKI), 231 Adipose tissue, lesions Acute liver failure (ALF), 41, 698 cold panniculitis, 406 Acute lung injury, 353 nodular vasculitis, 405 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 160 pancreatic panniculitis, 406, 407 Acute miliary tuberculosis, 371 sclerosing panniculitis, 407 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 160, 240, 1123 septal panniculitis, 407 Acute neutrophilic febrile dermatosis, 398 traumatic panniculitis, 407 Acute pulmonary infections, 236 Adjunctive corticosteroids, 486 Acute pulmonary syndrome, 237 Adjunctive therapies, 570, 571 Acute renal failure, 231 Adjusted body weight (ABW), 910

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 1137 A. Safdar (ed.), Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4 1138 Index

Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, 633, 634, 656 PCP, 218 adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies, 1021 preventative strategies, 218, 219 after alogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 1020 risk factors CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell transfer, 1020 conditioning regimen, 210 limitation, 1020 graft and closeness of match, 210 polyclonal donor-derived T-cell, 1020 graft-versus host disease, 211 safety and efficacy, 1021 underlying host disease, 209 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 353, 606 Strongyloides stercoralis, 218 Adult T cell leukemia (ATL), 757 toxoplasmosis, 218 Advanced diagnostic assays viral infections clinical perspective, 804 adenovirus, 215 ADV, 806, 807 cytomegalovirus, 213, 214 BKV, 806 Epstein-Barr virus, 214 CMV, 805 hepatitis B virus, 215 diagnostic assays, 804 herpes simplex virus, 214 GVHD immunosuppressive agents, 804 human herpesvirus 6, 214 HHV-6, 807 human herpesvirus 7, 215 infectious complications, 807 human herpesvirus 8, 215 IPA, 808 polyoma viruses (BK and JC), 215 prediction of risk, 804, 805 respiratory viruses, 215 therapeutic monitoring, 808, 809 VZV, 214 viral infections, 807 Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 3 new generation diagnostic assays Allogeneic graft, 14 genomic assays, 798–802 Allograft, 3 MALDI-TOF MS, 803 Allograft rejection, 359, 360 metabolic assays, 803, 804 Allograft stem cell transplants, 614, 615 proteomic assays, 802, 803 Alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, 204 transcriptomic assays, 802 Alphaviruses, 766 traditional diagnostic assays Altered orointestinal microbiota, 4 antigens and antibody assays, 796, 797 , 686, 687, 964 culture based assays, 795, 796 dosing and drug interactions, 987 Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, 461 mechanism of action and resistance, 986 Aerobic nocardiaform actinomycetes, 473 pharmacokinetics, 986, 987 Aeromonas spp., 53, 370 AmBiLoad trial, 934 A. hydrophila, 52, 53 Amebic liver disease, 311 Aerosolized amikacin, 917 Amenamevir, 960 Aerosolized amphotericin B (AMB), 1128, 1129 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation formulations, 1115 (ASBMT), 571 Aerosolized amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd), 1115 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), 1045 Aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), 1115 American Thoracic Society, 1056 Aerosolized delivery, antimicrobials, see Antimicrobials Amikacin, 506, 509–511, 865, 866, 917 Aerosolized (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-­ Aminoglycosides, 367, 462, 479, 865, 906 carboximide), 680, 681 activity spectrum, 865–867 Agammaglobulinemia, 714, 716 adverse reactions, 866–868 Air supply systems, 1073 antimicrobials, aerosolized delivery of, 915 Alcaligenes spp., 465 mechanisms of resistance, 866 Alemtuzumab, 474, 592, 622, 623, 717 oxazolidinones, 867 Allergic contact dermatitis, 408 resistance, 867, 868 Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation transplant patients, 867, 868 (allo-HSCT), 7–11, 409 Amoxicillin, 410 bacterial infections Amphotericin B, 522, 569, 570, 572, 595, 602, 607, 928, 934, 1113 Clostridium difficile, 213 Aspergillus, 377 early post-engraftment period, 213 blastomycosis, 382 late period, 213 Candida infections, 551 pre-engraftment period, 212 candidiasis, 380 fungal infections coccidioidomycosis, 382, 604 Candida spp., 215, 216 cryptococcosis, 381 Fusarium spp., 218 Cryptococcus infection, 595 invasive aspergillosis, 216, 217 endophthalmitis, 553 Mucor and Rhizopus spp., 217 histoplasmosis, 382 Scedosporium apiospermum, 218 hyalohyphomycoses, 379 Scedosporium prolificans, 218 IFI, 531, 532 host immune defects and infections, 209–211 immunomodulatory effects, 943–945 opportunistic infections mucormycosis, 379 early post-engraftment period, 211 mucosal candidiasis, 553 late post-engraftment period, 211 phaeohyphomycosis, 379 pre-engraftment period, 211 sporotrichosis, 382 Index 1139

superficial mycoses, 383 resistance and reduced susceptibility, 869 Amphotericin B (AmB), 584 in transplant patients, 869, 870 Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD), 568, 927 fidaxomicin, 886 Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD), 532, 567, 568, activity spectrum, 886 570, 572, 582, 927 adverse events, 887 endophthalmitis, 553 resistance, 886, 887 urinary tract infections, 552 transplant patients, 887 Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), 532, 566 fosfomycin, 885 Ampicillin, 410, 450, 486 activity, spectrum of, 885 Anaerobic bacteria, 466–468 transplant patients, 885, 886 Anaerobic Gram negative bacterial infections, 466 fusidic acid, 886 Anemia, 725, 727, 728, 740, 908 immunomodulation, 917 ABO incompatibility, 199 dapsone and sulfonamides, 919 drugs, 199, 200 fluoroquinolone, 918 frequency and severity, 199 macrolide antibiotics, 917, 918 graft vs. host disease, 200, 201 tetracycline antibiotics, 918 hemolysis, 199 macrolides and streptogramins, 871 hemophagocytic syndrome, 201 activity spectrum, 872 infections, 200 adverse reactions, 872 iron deficiency, 200 resistance, 871 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 200 streptogramins, 872, 873 pre-transplant, 199 transplant patients, use in, 873 prevalence, 199 metronidazole, 877, 878 Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1083 activity spectrum, 878 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 412 adverse reactions, 879 Anidulafungin, 563, 566, 569, 584, 928 resistance, 878, 879 Anidulafungin prophylaxis, 1114 transplant recipients, use in, 879, 880 Anogenital disease, 668 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics primer, 904, 905 Anorexia, 229 polymyxins, 884 Anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis, 1127, 1128 transplant infections, use in, 884, 885 Antibacterial agents, 903 populations host-fungal pathogen interplay, 946, 947 critical illness, 905, 906 Antibacterial prophylaxis, 175–177 cystic fibrosis, 908, 909 Antibiotic(s) elderly, 908 aminoglycosides, 865 HSCT and neutropenia, 906, 907 activity spectrum, 865–867 obesity, 909, 910 adverse reactions, 866–868 quinolones, 874, 875 mechanisms of resistance, 866 activity spectrum, 875 oxazolidinones, 867 adverse reactions, 876, 877 resistance, 867, 868 resistance, 875, 876 transplant patient, use in, 867 transplantation, role of, 877 transplant patients, 868 rifamycins, 880 antimicrobials, aerosolized delivery of, 914, 915 activity spectrum, 880 aminoglycosides, 915 adverse reactions, 880, 881 aztreonam and beta lactams, 916 resistance and decreased susceptibility, 880 chronic suppressive therapy, 916 transplant patients, use in, 881 colistin, 916 solid organ transplantation, drug interactions in HAP, 916, 917 antimetabolites, 911, 913 inhalation, investigational therapies for, 917 CNI and PSI, 910, 911 non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infection, 917 corticosteroids, 913 beta-lactams immunosuppressive agents, 913, 914 allergy and adverse reactions, 861, 862 sulfonamides, 881, 882 β-lactamase inhibitors, 858, 859 activity spectrum, 882 carbapenems and monobactams, 860, 861 adverse reactions, 882, 883 cephalosporin, 859 resistance, 882 mechanism of action, 855, 856 transplant patients, use in, 883 mechanism of resistance, 856–858 tetracyclines, 870 with MRSA activity, 861 activity spectrum, 870 penicillins, 858 tigecycline, in transplant recipients, 870 clindamycin, 873 in transplant recipients, 871 activity spectrum, 873 vancomycin, 862 adverse reactions, 873, 874 activity spectrum, 862, 863 resistance, 873 adverse reactions, 863–865 transplantation, use in, 874 resistance and reduced susceptibility, 863 daptomycin, 868, 869 in transplant patient, 865 activity spectrum, 869 Antibiotic resistance, 55 adverse reactions, 869 Antibody-mediated rejection, 46, 359 1140 Index

Anti-CD20 antibody therapy, 623 mechanism of action and resistance, 991 Antifungal agents, 173, 545, 546, 569, 595, 601, 602 pharmacokinetics, 991 activity spectrum, 928, 929 for aspergillosis dosing and drug interactions, 996 duration of, 570 mechanism of action and resistance, 995 for primary treatment, 569 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 996 classes of, 927, 928 pharmacokinetics, 995, 996 clinical efficacy lamivudine HSCT recipients, primary antifungal prophylaxis, 931–933 dosing and drug interactions, 992 invasive fungal infections, treatment of, 933 mechanism of action and resistance, 992 invasive aspergillosis, 935 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 992 invasive candidiasis, 934 pharmacokinetics, 992 SOT recipients, primary antifungal prophylaxis, 933 ribavirin hepatosplenic candidiasis, 552 dosing and drug interactions, 995 host-fungal pathogen interplay, 941, 942 mechanism of action and resistance, 994, 995 amphotericin B formulations, immunomodulatory pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 995 effects of, 943–945 pharmacokinetics, 995 antibacterial agents on antifungal activity, immunomodulatory TDF effects of, 946, 947 dosing and drug interactions, 993 antifungal drug-induced effects, 942, 943 mechanism of action and resistance, 992 azoles, immunomodulatory effects of, 945 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 993 echinocandins, immunomodulatory effects of, 945, 946 pharmacokinetics, 992, 993 phagocytes activity, modulation of, 947 invasive fungal infections, treatment of, 933 dosing and drug interactions, 993 invasive aspergillosis, 934, 935 mechanism of action and resistance, 993 invasive candidiasis, 934 pharmacokinetics, 993 invasive mold diseases, 936 Anti-herpes virus agents zygomycosis, 935, 936 acyclovir mechanism of action, 928 dosing and drug interactions, 979 mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis) mechanism of action and resistance, 977 phagocytes immune gene expression, 944 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 979 phagocytes, pattern recognition receptors, 943 pharmacokinetics, 977, 979 resistance, 929, 930 cidofovir toxicities, 930, 931 dosing and drug interactions, 985 Antifungal prophylaxis, 174–175, 177, 178, 530, 553, mechanism of action and resistance, 985 571, 572, 1111, 1112 pharmacokinetics, 985 IFI famciclovir amphotericin B, 532 dosing and drug interactions, 986 echinocandins, 531, 532 mechanism of action and resistance, 985, 986 fluconazole, 531, 532 pharmacokinetics, 986 genetic determinants of fungal risk, 530 foscarnet immunosuppression, 532 dosing and drug interactions, 985 itraconazole, 533 mechanism of action and resistance, 984 non-pharmacologic strategies, 533 pharmacokinetics, 984, 985 posaconazole, 531, 532 ganciclovir primary, 531 dosing and drug interactions, 983, 984 secondary, 531 mechanism of action and resistance, 982, 983 TLR, 530 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 983 voriconazole, 531 pharmacokinetics, 983 Antifungal resistance, 570 valacyclovir Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 155, 232 dosing and drug interactions, 982 Anti-GVHD therapy, 3 mechanism of action and resistance, 979 Anti-hepatitis virus agents pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 979 adefovir dipivoxil pharmacokinetics, 979 dosing and drug interactions, 989 valganciclovir mechanism of action and resistance, 989 dosing and drug interactions, 984 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 989 mechanism of action and resistance, 984 pharmacokinetics, 989 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 984 pharmacokinetics, 984 dosing and drug interactions, 994 Anti-infective lock solutions, 257 mechanism of action and resistance, 994 Anti-infective Luer-activated devices, 257, 258 pharmacokinetics, 994 Anti-infective therapy, 185 entecavir Anti- agents dosing and drug interactions, 991 amantadine Index 1141

dosing and drug interactions, 987 anti-bacterial prophylaxis, 1125, 1126 mechanism of action and resistance, 986 antifungal prophylaxis, 1128, 1129 pharmacokinetics, 986, 987 antiviral prophylaxis, 1131, 1132 TMP-SMX, 100, 101 dosing and drug interactions, 989 tuberculosis prophylaxis, 101 mechanism of action and resistance, 988 UTI prophylaxis, 101 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 988 Antimicrobial resistance, 251 pharmacokinetics, 988 Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), 194, 462, 463 for adult HCT, 1046 dosing and drug interactions, 988 for adult SOT, 1046 mechanism of action and resistance, 987 advantages, 1041 pharmacokinetics, 987, 988 antifungal drugs, 1046 computer-generated screening, 1045 dosing and drug interactions, 989 core elements, 1041 mechanism of action and resistance, 989 definition, 1041 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 989 evidence-based guidelines, 1041, 1046 pharmacokinetics, 989 hospital culture, 1045 Antimetabolites, pharmacokinetic alterations of, 911, 913 HUP findings, 1045 Antimicrobial(s) invasive fungal infections, 1042 aerosolized delivery of, 914, 915 multicenter trial, 1045 aminoglycosides, 915 multidisciplinary approach aztreonam and beta lactams, 916 administrative backing, 1042 chronic suppressive therapy, 916 antibiotic management, 1042 colistin, 916 antifungal susceptibility testing, 1043 HAP, 916, 917 clinical pharmacists, 1042 inhalation, investigational therapies for, 917 computer-based infrastructure, 1042 non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infection, 917 evidence-based national guidelines, 1043 for pathogens, 335, 336 extended interval dosing, 1043 Antimicrobial drug prophylaxis, 332, 333 FDA-cleared platforms, 1044 anti-bacterial prophylaxis, HSCT hospital infection control, 1045 AML, 1124 immunosuppression, 1043 CDAD, 1124 infectious disease physician, 1042 fluoroquinolones, 1124 location-specific antibiograms, 1043 GVHD, 1123–1125 MALDI-TOF MS, 1044 hypogammaglobulinemia, 1125 microbiology laboratory, 1043 immune deficits, 1125 nucleic acid microarrays, 1044 immunization, 1125 patient safety, 1042 neutropenia, 1123 PCR testing, 1044 neutropenic fever and bacteremia, 1124 PNA FISH, 1045 Stenotrophomonas, 1124 rapid molecular testing, 1043 antifungal prophylaxis, HSCT RT-PCR, 1044 anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis, 1127, 1128 Septifast™ test, 1044 fluconazole, 1126, 1127 T2Candida Panel, 1044 galactomannan monitoring, 1127 multidisciplinary team, 1041 IFD, 1126 one-on-one instruction, 1046 itraconazole, 1127 for pediatric HCT, 1046 posaconazole, 1126, 1127 for pediatric SOT, 1046 antiviral prophylaxis, HSCT practice guidelines, 1042 cellular immunotherapy, 1130 pre-authorization, 1045 CMV, 1129, 1130 streamlining, 1046 DNA vaccine, 1130 supplemental strategies, 1046 EBV, 1131 2016 IDSA/SHEA guideline, 1045–1047 glycoprotein B vaccines, 1130 Antimycobacterial drugs, 512 HHV6, 1131 Antirejection drugs, 3, 512 innate immune response genes, 1130 Antistaphylococcal penicillins, 862 letermovir, 1130 Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), 18, 355, 359, 495, 592 lymphoma therapy, 1131 Anti-Toxoplasma therapy, 780 maribavir, 1130 Antituberculous therapy, 498 atovaquone, 101 α-1 Antitrypsin deficiency, 380 CMV prophylaxis, 102 Antiviral agents cost-effectiveness, 100 herpesviruses, 954–955 oral and esophageal Candida prophylaxis, 101 respiratory viral infections, 962–963 perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, 101 Antiviral chemoprophylaxis, 688 SOT Antiviral prophylaxis, 177, 178, 332, 699 1142 Index

Antiviral resistance, 632, 633 antifungal agents for, 566–567 Antiviral therapy, 633, 655, 686, 687, 705, 953 Aspergillus fumigatus, 559 anti-hepatitis viruses agents clinical manifestations, 561 adefovir dipivoxil, 989 diagnosis boceprevir, 994 direct examination and culture, 562–563 entecavir, 991 histopathology, 563 , 995, 996 imaging, 564 lamivudine, 992 serologic markers, 563, 564 ribavirin, 994, 995 epidemiology, 560–561 TDF, 992, 993 pathogenesis and host defenses, 559–560 telaprevir, 993, 994 prevention anti-herpes virus agents antifungal prophylaxis, 571, 572 acyclovir, 977, 979 limiting exposures, 572 cidofovir, 985 prognosis, 572 famciclovir, 985, 986 treatment famcivlovir, 986 adjunctive therapies, 570–571 foscarnet, 984, 985 antifungal resistance, 570 ganciclovir, 982–984 antifungal therapy, duration of, 570 valacyclovir, 979, 982 combination antifungal therapy for primary treatment, 569 valganciclovir, 984 extrapulmonary aspergillosis, 570 anti-influenza agents primary antifungal therapy, 564–568 amantadine, 986, 987 second-line antifungal therapy, 568–569 oseltamivir, 988, 989 Aspergillosis fungal infections, 129, 130 rimantadine, 987, 988 Aspergillus spp., 376, 377, 524, 526, 527, 532, 533, 717 zanamivir, 989 conidia, 561 development, 953 endocarditis, 571 dose of, 980–981 A. fumigatus, 345, 559, 562, 570, 942, 1033 drug-drug interactions, pharmacokinetic, 981–982 galactomannan assay, 601 HBV, 968, 969 infection, 1073, 1115 adefovir dipovoxil, 970 Aspiration, 343 entecavir, 970 Aspiration pneumonia, 51 lamivudine, 968, 970 Asplenia, 339 pegylated interferon, 968 Asymptomatic bacteriuria, 98, 453 TAF, 970 Atovaquone, 781 TDF, 970 Autoimmune bullous diseases, 410, 411 telbivudine, 970 Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction, 239 HCV, 965–967 Autologous stem cell transplantation, 153, 185, 615, 616 drug resistance testing, 968 Autosensitization dermatitis, 408 HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, 966, 967 Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), 762 NS5A inhibitors, 967 Avibactam, 859 NS5B inhibitors, 967, 968 Azathioprine, 399, 495 hepatitis viruses, 990, 991 Azithromycin, 506, 509–513, 871 herpes virus antivirals, 953 Azole(s), 528, 532, 549, 551, 552, 928, 930, 945 acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir and famciclovir, 955, 956 azole-based antifungal drugs, 927 cidofovir, 958, 959 azole-polyene therapy, 584 drug resistance, incidence and clinical diagnosis of, 959, 960 Azotemia, 930 drug resistance, management of, 960 Aztreonam, 452, 453, 861, 916 foscarnet, 957, 958 Aztreonam lysine (Cayston®), 916 ganciclovir and valganciclovir, 957 letermovir, 961 maribavir, 960, 961 B pritelivir and amenamevir, 960 Bacillary angiomatosis, 371 host factors, 953 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 1090 influenza viruses, 987 Bacillus spp., 367 pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions, 982–983 B. cereus, 367 pharmacokinetic, 978, 987 Bacteremia, 422, 450, 461, 482–485 respiratory viruses, 988 Bacteremic pneumonia, 432 RNA respiratory viruses, 961 Bacterial sepsis, 405 amantadine and rimantadine, 964 Bacterial antigen tests, 797 oseltamivir, and zanamivir, 961, 963, 964 Bacterial endophthalmitis, 325 presatovir, 965 Bacterial infections, 855 ribavirin, 964, 965 allo-HSCT Aplastic anemia, 160 Clostridium difficile, 213 ArboNET, 736 early post-engraftment period, 213 Area under the concentration curve (AUC), 905 late period, 213 Artesunate, 631–633 pre-engraftment period, 212 Aspergillosis risk factors for, 855 Index 1143

in variety of transplant population, 855 Bone marrow transplant (BMT), 291, 475, 700, 705, 706 Bacterial meningitis, 430, 483 Bone metabolism, 238 Bacterial pneumonia, 449 Bordetella bronchiseptica, 1102 Balamuthia spp., 788 Bowel-bypass syndrome, 398 Bartonella spp., 371 Bradyzoites, 775, 776 Basal cell carcinomas, 413 Brain abscesses, 474, 478, 484 Basiliximab, 623, 624 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 352 Bayesian latent class models (LCM), 796 Brain stem encephalitis, 483, 484 Behcet’s disease, 397, 398 Brain-heart infusion (BHI), 821 Benzodiazepines, 408 Branched DNA (b-DNA) signal amplification, 798 Beta-D-glucan assay, 310, 563 Brincidofovir, 631, 633, 634, 1130 Beta-lactam(s), 424, 427, 916 Bronchial anastomotic strictures, 343 allergy and adverse reactions, 861, 862 Bronchial obstruction, 343 β-lactamase inhibitors, 858, 859 Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP), 357 carbapenems and monobactams, 860, 861 Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), 13, 237, 341, 621, 625, 679, cephalosporin, 859 845, 916 mechanism of action, 855, 856 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 172, 562, 563, 600, 784, 821 mechanism of resistance, 856–858 Bronchospasm, 916 with MRSA activity, 861 Brun-Buisson vortex method, 279 penicillins, 858 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 45 Beta-lactamases, 857 Bullosis diabeticorum, 408 Bilateral lymphocytic alveolitis, 355 Bullous drug eruptions, 409 Bilateral nodular zygomycosis, 12 Bullous graft vs. host disease, 409 Bile duct anastomosis, 311 Bullous insect bite reaction, 411 Biliary complications, 46 Bunyaviridae, 766 Biliary dilatation, 306 Bunyaviruses, 755, 766 Biliary stents, 546 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 465 Bioavailability (F), 904 Busulfan, 355, 401 Biofilm, 946 Biofilm formation, 276 BK polyoma virus (BKV), 91, 92, 94, 805, 806, 841, 844, 845 C BKV DNA testing, 844, 845 Calcineurin, 528 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 382, 605 Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), 3, 46, 203, 476, 498, 511, 523, 560, 572, Blastomycosis, 382, 523, 527, 599 592, 595, 596, 620, 621, 633, 703, 909–912 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 605 Calciphylaxis, 404, 405 clinical manifestations, 605, 606 Campath, 622, 623 diagnosis, 606 Campylobacter disease, 7 epidemiology, 605 Cancer, nocardiosis, 475 pathogenesis, 605 Candida spp., 530–532, 946, 1112, 1113 prevention, 606 C. albicans, 380, 526, 528, 545–549, 552 treatment, 606 candidemia, 543 Bleomycin, 354 C. glabrata, 545–547, 549–552 Blood products, 1075, 1076 C. krusei, 546, 548, 549, 551, 552 Bloodstream infection (BSI), 29 clinical manifestations antimicrobial therapy, 280 candidemia, 546 Candida spp., 276 endophthalmitis, 547 catheter-related, 276 hepatosplenic candidiasis, 546 clinical signs, 279 intra-abdominal infections, 546, 547 definitions, 273 less common invasive Candida infections, 548 empiric therapy, 280 mucosal candidiasis, 548 frequency of, 186 pulmonary candidiasis, 547 after HSCT, 275 urinary tract infections, 547 management, 280 clinical signs, 543 mucositis, 278 C. neoformans var grubii, 520 nosocomial, 275–278 C. parapsilosis, 530 pathogenesis, 281 C.vaginitis, 548 prevention, 281 diagnosis primary, 280 cultures, 549, 550 recurrence, 280 histopathology, 550 risk factors, 275 imaging techniques, 550, 551 Staphylococcus aureus, 276 non-cultures based techniques, 550 Bloodstream infections (BSIs), 33, 420, 450 skin lesions, 549 B lymphocyte deficiency, 339 epidemiology, 544–546 Boceprevir fungal infections, 129 dosing and drug interactions, 994 invasive candidiasis, MSG/EORTC definitions for, 543, 544 mechanism of action and resistance, 994 meningitis, 548 pharmacokinetics, 994 outcomes, 548, 549 1144 Index

Candida spp. (cont.) brain stem encephalitis, 483, 484 pathogenesis, 543, 544 febrile gastroenteritis, 484 risk factors, 543, 544 meningitis, 483 treatment, 551 Central venous catheters, 463, 552 amphotericin B, 551 Cephalexin, 410, 479 candidemia, 551, 552 Cephalosporins, 428, 450–452, 463, 465, 486, 859, 862 echinocandins, 551 classification of, 860 endophthalmitis, 553 Enterobacteriaceae, 453 hepatosplenic candidiasis, 552 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 821 intra-abdominal candidiasis, 552 Chagas cardiomyopathy, 22 mucosal candidiasis, 553 Chagas’ disease, 88, 786, 787 prophylaxis in immunocompromised hosts, 553, 554 Chemokines, 738 urinary tract infections, 552 Chemotherapeutic agents, characterization of, 354 Candidemia, 543, 548, 549 Chemotherapy, 492, 570 clinical manifestations, 546 Chemotherapy-induced mucositis, 18 treatment Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 766 antifungal agents, choice of, 551 Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, 41 central venous catheters, 552 Chloramphenicol, 486 duration, 551 Chlorhexidine (CHG)-impregnated sponge dressing, 256 measurement, 552 Cholangiocarcinoma, 42 Candidiasis, 310, 311, 380, 543, 545, 554 Cholangitis, 304 Candiduria, 98, 547 Cholecystitis, 306, 307 Capsid protein (C), 735 Choledochocholedochostomy, 449 Carbapenem, 453 Cholelithiasis, 306 Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), 56 Cholera vaccine, 1090 Carbapenemase, 856 Cholestatic hepatitis, 697 Carbapenemase-producing organisms, 450 Chorioretinitis, 319, 553 Carbapenems, 367, 428, 430, 453, 463–466, 855, 860, 861 Chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (CIHHV-6), 671, 672 Carbenicillin, 462 Chronic disseminated candidiasis. See Hepatosplenic candidiasis Cardiovascular system, 235 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 473, 942 Caroli disease, 304 Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 698, 968 Caroli syndrome, 304 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 74, 231, 232 Caspofungin, 566, 569, 928, 935 Chronic liver disease Catheter securement, 258 Aeromonas spp., 53 Catheter-associated bacteremia, 173, 178 Aspergillus fumigatus, 53 Catheter-related infections, 507, 508 complications, 47 Cavitary pneumonia, 12 Listeria monocytogenes, 53 Cavitary squamous cell carcinoma, 361 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 53 CD4+ T-cell immunity, 647, 648 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 53 CD8+ T-cell immunity, 647 Rhizopus spp., 53 Cefadroxil, 410 Vibrio spp., 52 Cefazolin, 453 Yersinia spp., 53 Cefepime, 453, 464, 465, 859 Chronic lung disease, 507 Cefotaxime, 453 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 160 Cefotetan, 453 Chronic meningoencephalitis, 719 Cefoxitin, 453, 506, 509–511 Chronic myeloid leukemia, 160 Ceftaroline, 424, 861 Chronic rejection (CR), 47 Ceftazidime, 453, 464, 465 Chronic suppressive therapy, 916 Ceftizoxime, 453 Chronic ulcers, 375 Ceftolozane, 859 Chrysobacterium species, 466 Ceftriaxone, 453, 859 Cidofovir, 627, 629–632, 958 Ceftriaxone calcium complex, 862 clinical indications, 958, 959 Cefuroxime, 453 dosing and drug interactions, 985 Cell culture, 718 drug resistance mechanisms, 959 Cell-mediated immunity, 600 mechanism of action and resistance, 985 Cellular immune defects, 5 pharmacokinetics, 985 Cellulitis, 366, 369, 401, 404, 408–412 pharmacology, 958 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ciprofloxacin, 410, 464, 512, 918 736, 848, 1041, 1096 Cirrhosis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Aeromonas spp., 53 Safety Network (NHSN), 265 Aspergillus fumigatus, 53 Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), aspiration pneumonia, 51 116, 117, 1074 bloodstream infections, 51, 52 Central nervous system (CNS), 234, 335, 336 community acquired pneumonia, 51 disease, 475, 496 health-care acquired pneumonia, 51 infection hepatic hydrothorax, 52 brain abscesses, 484 immunologic dysfunction, 48, 50 Index 1145

infectious complication, 47 Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), 179 Listeria monocytogenes, 53 G-CSF Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 53 antibacterial and antifungal activities, 1021 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 53 biological actions, 1021 Rhizopus spp., 53 ex vivo studies, 1021 skin and soft tissue infections, 52 neutrophil production, 1021 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 51 non-neutropenic patient therapy, 1024 UTIs, 51 prophylaxis during neutropenia, 1023, 1024 Vibrio spp., 52 GM-CSF Yersinia spp., 53 ASCO guidelines, 1024 Cirrhosis associated immune dysfunction (CAID), 50 augmented adaptive immune response, 1021 Citrobacter spp., 370 clinical studies, 1024, 1025 C. freundii, 450 clinical use of, 1024 Cladophialophora bantiana, 131 gene-array technology, 1022 Clarithromycin, 506, 508, 509, 511–513, 1009 pre-clinical findings, 1022 Clavulanic acid, 858 safety and efficacy, 1025 Clearance (CL), 905 Salmonella typhimurium infection, 1022 Clindamycin, 424, 428, 430, 479, 873 M-CSF, 1023, 1025 activity spectrum, 873 toxicity and adverse events, 1025, 1026 adverse reactions, 873, 874 Coma blisters, 408 resistance, 873 Common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), 232 transplantation, use in, 874 Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) syndrome, 716 Clofazimine, 506, 509–512 Community acquired pneumonia (CAP), 51 Clostridial myonecrosis, 366 Community respiratory viruses (CRV), 841, 845 Clostridium spp., 366, 367 Community-acquired bacterial meningitis, 432 C. difficile, 213 Community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD), 436, 1124 (CA-MRSA), 419, 422 Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), 865, 877, 1041 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 342, 861, 918 BMT patients, 294 Community-onset pneumonia, 430 clinical features, 295 Congestive heart failure, 352 diagnosis, 295, 296 Continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL), 1036 epidemiology, 292 Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, 862 history, 291 Cord blood stem cell transplantation (CBT), 16, 616 host immune response, 293, 294 Cordblood stem cells, 12 hypervirulent or BI/ 027 /NAP1 toxinotype III strain, 294 Corticosteroid, 432, 484, 487, 544–546, 552, 560, 570, 579, 620, 681, immunosuppressive agents, 291 685, 686, 913 multiple pre-disposing factors, 291 Corticosteroid immunosuppression, 483, 486 pathogenicity, 293 Corynebacterium spp., 367 preventive and control measures, 296 C. jeikeium, 367 recurrence rate, 296 Cotrimoxazole, 454 risk factors, 291, 292 Coxsackievirus proteases, 713 route of transmision, 292 Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR), 713 route of transmission, 293 Coxsackieviruses (CVA), 712 SOT patients, 294, 295 C-polysaccharide (BINAX-NOW), 433 surface layer proteins, 293 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 908 treatment, 296 Crohn’s disease, 477 Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) Crusted scabies, 385 clinical manifestations, 426 Cryptococcal cellulitis, 381 diagnosis, 426 Cryptococcal infections, 527 disease pathogensis, 425, 426 Cryptococcal meningitis, 131, 593, 595 epidemiology, 425 Cryptococcal peritonitis, 593 HSCT recipients, 425 Cryptococcosis, 380, 381 SOT recipients, 425 Cryptococcus treatment, 426, 427 C. gattii, 591, 593, 594 Coccidioides, 529, 603, 604 C. neoformans, 380, 591–594, 596 C. immitis, 381 C. neoformans var grubii, 591 Coccidioidomycosis, 381, 382, 521, 523, 527, 532, 533, 599 infection of, 936 clinical manifestation, 603 clinical disease and manifestations, 592, 593 hyphae, 603 clinical manifestations of Cryptococcosis, 593 pathogenesis, 603 Cryptococcosis epidemiology, after transplantation, 591 prevention, 605 Cryptococcal IRIS, 595, 596 treatment, 604 diagnosis, 593, 594 Cold panniculitis, 406 pathogenesis, 592 Colistimethate sodium, 916 prognosis, transplant recipients, 596 Colistin, 453, 465, 584, 884, 916 risk factors, 592 Colitis, 620 transmission and patterns, after transplantation, 592 Colonic disease, 496 treatment in transplant recipients, 594, 595 1146 Index

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP), 357 and hematopoiesis, 613 Cryptosporidium spp., 311, 789, 1077 immune evasion, 613 Culex mosquitoes, 737 innate anti-CMV immunity, 612, 613 Culture based assays, 795, 796 intermediate post-SOT/early post-engraftment 10-kDa Culture filtrate protein (CFP-10), 494 periods, 1075 Cutaneous antisepsis, 254 management Cutaneous aspergillosis, 376, 561 gastrointestinal disease, 626 Cutaneous histoplasmosis, 382 organ disease, 627 Cutaneous lesions pneumonitis, 626, 627 adipose tissue, lesions of (see Adipose tissue, lesions of) retinitis, 627 erythematous lesions (see Erythematous lesions) monoclonal antibody MSL-109, 632 hair and scalp lesions (see Hair and scalp lesions) pneumonitis, 169 papulosquamous lesions prevention cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 403 drug prophylaxis, 624, 625 dermatitis, 401 immunoprophylaxis, 625 pityriasis rosea, 402 risk reduction, 624 pityriasis rubra pilaris, 402 risk factors psoriasis, 401 autologous stem cell transplantation, 615, 616 purpuric and petechial lesions (see Purpuric lesions) cord blood stem cell transplantation, 616 pustular lesions (see Pustular lesions) late infections, 615 skin tumors, 413 nonmyeloablative transplants, 615 ulcerative lesions, 413 in solid organ allograft recipients, 611 vesiculobullous lesions (see Vesiculobullous lesions) structure, 612 Cutaneous mucormycosis, 378, 580 syndrome, 843 Cutaneous nocardiosis, 367 vaccines, 634, 635 Cutaneous sporotrichosis, 382 Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 366, 374, 403 clinical presentation, 323 CXCR4-antagonist plerixafor, 1036 definition, 323 Cyclophosphamide, 355 differential diagnosis, 323 Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP), 656 incidence, 323 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 789 risk factors, 323 Cyclosporine, 3, 4, 399, 911, 1009 source of infection, 323 Cyclosporine A (CsA), 495 treatment, 324 CYP3A inhibitors, 910 visual prognosis, 324 CYP3A4 inhibition, 913 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 655, 656 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 340, 421, 908, 909 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), 613 Cytarabine, 355 Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathway, 904 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 94–96, 123–125, 202, 213, 214, 307, 308, D 345, 346, 374, 375, 474, 485, 795, 801, 805, 841–843, Daclizumab, 529 1071, 1129, 1130 Dalbavancin, 430 acquired infection, 611 Dalfopristin, 437 adoptive immunotherapy, 633, 634 Dandenong virus, 760 anti-CMV prophylaxis, 611 Dapsone, 919 anti viral disease Daptomycin, 424, 427, 434, 437, 868, 869 acyclovir, 627, 628 activity spectrum, 869 artesunate, 631, 632 adverse reactions, 869 brincidofovir, 631 enterococcus, 438 cidofovir, 629, 630 resistance and reduced susceptibility, 869 foscarnet, 629 in transplant patients, 869, 870 ganciclovir, 628 DAS181, 682 leflunomide, 631 Dasatinib, 355, 406 letermovir, 630 Decompensated cirrhosis, 41 maribavir, 630 Deep sequencing, 756 valacyclovir, 628 Deferasirox, 585, 936 valganciclovir, 628, 629 Deferoxamine, 582, 585 antiviral resistance, 632, 633 Dehydropeptidase 1 (DHP-1), 860 biologics and risk of Delafloxacin, 875 alemtuzumab, 622, 623 Delayed cardiac complications, 236 basiliximab, 624 Delayed neurologic complications, 235 rituximab, 623 Delayed onset chronic leukoencephalopathy, 233 cell entry, 612 Delayed type hypersensitivity, 862 diagnosis and viral surveillance, 613, 614 Delbavancin, 427 higher risk for, 611 Dendritic cell immunotherapy, 1032 immunity Dendritic cell vaccines, 635 adaptive immunity, 613 Dengue fever (DF), 735, 764 Index 1147

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 764, 765 Drug interactions Dengue shock syndrome (DSS), 764 nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, 511, 512 Dengue virus (DENV), 764 solid organ transplantation, drug interactions in Deoxycholate, 942, 943 antimetabolites, 911, 913 Deoxycholate amphotericin B (DAMB), 943 CNI and PSI, 910, 911 Dermatitis, 401 corticosteroids, 913 acute, 408 immunosuppressive agents, 913, 914 Dermatitis herpetiformis, 410, 411 Drug modification, 866 Dermatomal varicella zoster virus, 373 Drug-drug interactions, 981–983 Dermatophytosis, 383 Drug-induced immune modulation, 903 Dexamethasone, 622 Drug-induced lung injury (DILI), 354, 355 Diabetes mellitus, 267 D test, 874 Diabetic blisters, 408 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 578 Diagnostic clues, 403 E Diarrhea, 230, 455 Early antigen (EA) complex, 649 diagnosis, 455 Early secreted antigen target-6 (ESAT-6), 494 epidemiology, 454, 455 Ebola, 756, 767 treatment, 455 Echinocandin, 930, 931, 935 Dicloxacillin, 479 Echinocandins, 310, 380, 528, 531, 532, 566, 569, Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), 353 570, 572, 584, 601, 928, 929, 1117 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), 237, 353 blastomycosis, 606 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 645, 654 Candida infections, 551 Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), 917 host-fungal pathogen interplay, 945, 946 Direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, 702 intra-abdominal candidiasis, 552 in post-transplant setting, 703 mucosal candidiasis, 553 in pre-transplant setting, 703 urinary tract infections, 552 timing of, 702, 703 Echinococcosis, 1083 Direct antiviral therapy, 697 Echinococcus spp. Direct fluorescent antibody testing (DFA), 668, 670, 686, 845 E. granulosus, 1083 Discitis, 334 E. multilocularis, 1083 Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, 414 Ecthyma, 366, 408, 411 Disseminated candidiasis, 380 Ecthyma gangrenosum, 370, 404 Disseminated coccidioidomycosis, 382 Eczema herpeticum, 373 Disseminated cryptococcosis, 381 Edema, 409 Disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex virus, 373 Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, 466 Disseminated disease, 474, 496, 507, 508 Emesis, 229 Disseminated fusariosis, 377 Empiric antibiotic therapy, 424 Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection, 373 Empiric antifungal therapy, 173 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 405, 406 Empiric therapy, 310, 625 Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis, 379 Empyema, 33 Disseminated zoster, 374 Encephalitis, 715 Disulfiram reaction, 862 Endemic mycoses, 599, 601 DNA gyrase, 874, 875 blastomycosis (see Blastomycosis) DNA polymerase, 957 coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis) DNA vaccine, 748 histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis) Donation after brain death (DBD), 43 paracoccidioidomycosis, 606 Donation after circulatory death (DCD), 43 Endobronchial tuberculosis, 11 Donor liver transplantation (DDLT), 43 Endocarditis, 548 Donor-derived Enterobacteriaceae infections, 451, 452 Endocrine complications Donor-derived fungal infections, 527 bone metabolism, 238 Donor-derived infections growth hormone dysfunction, 238 HTLV-1, 88 osteoporosis, 238 latent Strongyloides infection, 88 thyroid dysfunction, 238, 239 lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 88 Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, 324, 325 opportunistic fungal infections, Histoplasma Endophthalmitis, 319, 549, 552, 593 capsulatum, 89 bacterial endophthalmitis, 325 viral hepatitis and HIV, 87 clinical manifestations, 547 West Nile virus, 88 endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, 324, 325 Donor-specific antibody (DSA), 1098 risk factors, 324 Doripenem, 860 treatment, 553 Double sandwich ELISA system, 172 End-organ disease, 611, 622, 625, 634 Double-stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA), 805 End-stage kidney disease, 703, 704 Doxorubicin, 523, 622 Energy dependent phase (EDP1), 865 Doxycycline, 479, 510, 511, 918 Engraftment syndrome (ES), 353 Drug efflux, 871 Entamoeba histolytica, 311 1148 Index

Entecavir (ETV), 699, 970 epidemiology, 714, 715 dosing and drug interactions, 991 immune response, 714 mechanism of action and resistance, 991 mild upper respiratory tract illness, 711 pharmacokinetics, 991 mouth disease, 711 Enterobacter spp., 369, 448, 449 nomenclature of, 711, 712 Enterobacteriaceae, 468, 876 pathogenesis, 712, 713 diarrhea (see Diarrhea) prevention, 718, 719 donor-derived infections, 451, 452 treatment, 719, 720 emerging pathogens, 455, 456 virology, 711 epidemiology and risk factors, 447 Entomophthorales, 577 bloodstream infections, 450 Entomophthoromycosis, 577 HSCT, 448 Entomophthoromycotina, 577 intra-abdominal infections, 448 Envelope protein (E), 735 kidney transplant, 448 Enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA), 600, 821 liver transplant, 448, 449 Enzyme-linked immunoblot (ELISPOT) assay, 823 LRTI, 449 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 563, 649 lung transplantation, 449 Eosinophilic folliculitis, 399, 400 urinary tract infections, 448 Epithelial barriers, 232 wound/surgical site infections, 449, 450 Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA), 844 infection diagnosis, 452, 453 Epstein-Barr nuclear antibody, 844 MDRE (see Multidrug resistant Epstein Barr nuclear antigens, 645, 646 Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE)) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 96, 97, 125, 126, 145, 203, organisms in, 447 214, 308, 801, 841, 844 prevention diagnosis infection control, 454 heterophile antibody testing, 648 prophylaxis, 454 latent cycle antigens, antibodies to, 649 treatment, 453 lytic cycle antigens, antibodies to, 649 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 453 viral load testing, 649, 650 carbapenems, 453 virus specific antibodies, 649 cephalosporins, 453 epidemiology, 648 febrile neutropenia, 453 genome, 643, 644 penicillins, 453 host immune response, 647 tigecycline, 453 CD4+ T-cell immunity, 647, 648 Enterococcus CD8+ T-cell immunity, 647 E. faecium, 858 humoral immunity, 648 diagnosis, 437 innate immunity, 647 epidemiology, 434 pre-transplant screening and post-transplant surveillance, 652 HSCT, 435, 436 diagnosis, 653 SOT, 436, 437 EBV-associated disease, prevention of, 652, 653 treatment, 437, 438 MHC I, 652 Enterovirus 71 (EV 71), 712, 717 preemptive therapy, 653 Enterovirus CNS infections, 715 PTLD (see Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)) Enterovirus D-68 (EV-D68), 761 serologic testing, 844 Enterovirus infection structure, 643, 644 classification of, 712 taxonomy, 643, 644 clinical syndromes, 718 vaccine development, 656, 657 acute viral hepatitis, 716 viral life cycle antineoplastic chemotherapy, 717 latent infection, 644, 645 conjunctivitis, 717 lytic infection, 644 diffuse skin rash, 716 oncogenesis, 645–647 gastroenteritis, 717 ERCP-associated pancreatitis, 304 hemophagocytic syndrome, 717 Ertapenem, 453, 464, 476 hypogammaglobulinemia, 716 Erythema induratum. See Nodular vasculitis lymphopenia, 717 Erythema infectiosum, 727 nephritis, 717 Erythema multiforme (EM), 412 non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma, 717 Erythema nodosum, 407 non-poliovirus, 715, 716 Erythematous lesions PCR testing, 717 EM, 412 persistent diarrhea, 717 granuloma anulare, 413 poliovirus, 715 gyrate erythema, 412, 413 stable chronic enterovirus meningitis, 717 SJS, 412 vaccine-derived poliovirus, 716 TEN, 412 viral myocarditis, 717 urticaria, 411, 412 X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 716 Erythromycin, 371, 479, 871 diagnosis, 718 ESAT-6 system 1 (Esx-1), 494 epidemic hand foot, 711 Escherichia coli, 368, 369, 447–452, 455 Index 1149

Esophageal variceal ligation (EVL), 52 FilmArray® assay, 1044 Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy (EVS), 52 FilmArray respiratory viral panel (FA RVP), 801 Esophagitis, 548, 553 Filoviridae, 767 Etanercept, 482, 493 Flaccid paralysis, 716 Ethambutol, 506, 509, 510, 1004 Flavivirus, 735 Etoposide, 354 Flouroquinolones, 510, 511 Euthyroid sick syndrome (ETS), 239 Fluconazole, 380–383, 553, 563, 583, 595, 601, 930, 933 Everolimus, 620, 621, 633 Candida infections, 545 Exanthem subitum, 671 candiduria, 547 Exanthematous morbilliform eruptions, 375 Cryptococcus infection, 594, 595 Exogenous sources, 268 endophthalmitis, 553 Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), 448, 450, 856 histoplasmosis, 602 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, 1042 host-fungal pathogen interplay, 945 Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), 1004, 1011 IFI, 532 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 906 invasive candidiasis, 553 Extragenital ulcerations, 398 mucosal candidiasis, 553 Extrapulmonary aspergillosis, 570 5-Flucytosine (5-FC), 523, 553, 594, 595 Extrapulmonary disease, 496–498, 509, 512, 513 Fludarabine, 484, 492, 622 Fluorinated quinolone prophylaxis, 465 Fluoroquinolone F immunomodulation, 918 Face transplant, 622 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 463 Famciclovir, 669, 955, 956 Fluoroquinolone(s), 450, 464–466, 506, 510–512, clinical indications, 956 874, 876, 910, 947, 1124 dosing and drug interactions, 986 Enterobacteriaceae, 454 drug resistance mechanisms, 956 Enterococcus, 437 mechanism of action and resistance, 985, 986 MDRE, 451 pharmacokinetics, 986 VGS, 428 pharmacology, 956 Stenotrophonomas maltophilia, 464 Fanconi’s anemia, 156 Fluoroquinolone monotherapy, 193, 1008 Fanconi’s syndrome, 866 Follicular non Hodgkin lymphoma, 332 Fatal transtentorial herniation, 234 Folliculitis, 365 Febrile gastroenteritis, 484 Fomivirsen, 627 Febrile neutropenia, 453 Foscarnet, 309, 627–633, 669, 957, 1132 administration, 185 clinical indications, 958 anaerobic infections, 190 dosing and drug interactions, 985 antimicrobial stewardship programs, 194 drug resistance mechanisms, 958 bacterial infections, 187, 188 mechanism of action and resistance, 984 definition, 185 pharmacokinetics, 984, 985 duration of therapy, 194 pharmacology, 958 empiric therapy, 193, 194 Fosfomycin, 453, 885, 917 febrile episodes, 186 activity, spectrum of, 885 fungal infections, 190, 191 transplant patients, 885, 886 gram negative organisms, 188–190 Fosfomycin plus tobramycin for inhalation (FTI), 917 gram positive organisms, 188, 189 Frosted branch angiitis, 323 infection control, 194 Fulminant necrotizing process, 168 initial evaluation, 192 Functional hyposplenism, 6 intermediate to high risk patients, 194 Fungal conidia, 942 low risk patients, 193, 194 Fungal infection management, 192 allo-HSCT myeloablative or non-myeloablative, 185 Candida spp., 215, 216 periodic surveillance, 185 Fusarium spp., 218 polymicrobial infections, 192 invasive aspergillosis, 216, 217 sites of infection, 186, 187 Mucor and Rhizopus spp., 217 viral infections, 191 Scedosporium prolificans, 218 Febrile neutropenic episodes, 186 Scedosporium apiospermum, 218 Fecal decolonization, 189 alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, 1031 Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), 296 antifungal therapies, 1031, 1032 Federation for Accreditation of Cellular Therapies (FACT), 804 causes, 1031 Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis, 62, 703 dendritic cell immunotherapy, 1032 Fidaxomicin, 886 incidence, 1031 activity spectrum, 886 IFN-γ activation adverse events, 887 clinical use, 1033 resistance, 886, 887 FDA approval, 1033 transplant patients, 887 immune cell activation, 1032 Fifth disease, 727 lysosomal activity, 1032 1150 Index

Fungal infection (cont.) Escherichia coli, 368, 369 MHC class I expression, 1032 Helicobacter, 369, 370

TH1 cell stimulation, 1032 Klebsiella, 369 mortality, 1031 Legionella, 369 normal donor granulocyte transfusion Morganella, 369 candidemia, 1035 Pseudomonas, 370 CFCL, 1036 Salmonella, 369 CXCR4-antagonist plerixafor, 1036 Serratia, 369 in HSCT populations, 1035 Stenotrophomonas, 370 IFN-gamma1b therapy, 1036 Vibrio, 370, 371 mortality rate, 1035 Gram positive bacteria, 419 mycoses management, 1035 Bacillus, 367 neutropenia, 1035, 1036 Clostridium, 366, 367 placebo-controlled trials, 1034 Corynebacterium, 367 post-infection mortality, 1035 Nocardia, 367, 368 recombinant myeloid growth factors, 1033, 1034 Staphylococcus spp., 365, 366 Fungal myositis, 335 Streptococcus, 366 Fungal sepsis, 405 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), 367, 570, 571, 1034 Fungemia, 520 antibacterial and antifungal activities, 1021 Fungitell assay, 563 biological actions, 1021 Fusarium, 377, 527, 530 ex vivo studies, 1021 Fusidic acid, 886 neutrophil production, 1021 non-neutropenic patient therapy, 1024 prophylaxis during neutropenia, 1023, 1024 G Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized granulocyte Galactomannan (GM), 796, 824 transfusions, 584, 585 Ganciclovir, 618, 626–629, 632, 633, 653, 669, 672, 957 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor clinical indications, 957 (GM-CSF), 179, 1034 dosing and drug interactions, 983, 984 ASCO guidelines, 1024 drug resistance mechanisms, 957 augmented adaptive immune response, 1021 mechanism of action and resistance, 982, 983 clinical studies, 1024, 1025 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 983 clinical use of, 1024 pharmacokinetics, 983 gene-array technology, 1022 pharmacology, 957 pre-clinical findings, 1022 Gastroenteritis, 717 safety and efficacy, 1025 Gastrointestinal disease, 496, 626 Salmonella typhimurium infection, 1022 Gastrointestinal infections, 1074, 1075 Granulocyte transfusions, 570 cytomegalovirus infection, 297 Granulocytopenia, 5, 1035 fungal infections, 297 Granuloma, 492 herpes simplex virus infection, 297 Granuloma annulare, 413 non-Clostridium difficile, 297 Griseofulvin, 383 Gastrointestinal mucormycosis, 580 Grocott-Gomori’s methanamine silver (GMS), 820 Gastrointestinal tract disease, 620 Group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GAS), 429, 430 GB virus C, 756 Group B β-hemolytic streptococci (GBS), 429 Genitourinary reactions, 879 Group milleri streptococci (GMS), 428 Genomic assays, 798, 800–802 Grover’s disease, 400 Gentamicin, 866 Growth hormone dysfunction, 238 Gentifinib, 401 Guanarito virus, 760 Germ cell tumors, 160 Guillain-Barré-like syndrome, 739 Giant molluscum, 376 Gut microbiota, 48 Glucocorticoids, 560 Gyrate erythema, 412, 413 Glycycline, 464 GOLD criteria, 1056 Gomori methenamine silver (GMS), 562, 594 H gp350 vaccination, 657 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), 1103, 1104 Graft pyelonephritis, 422 Hair and scalp lesions Graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), 3, 4, 200, 201, 211, 340, 351, 375, plaques and pustules, 413, 414 409, 419, 421, 431, 432, 435, 448, 450, 467, 559, 560, 571, tumors, 413

578, 611, 615, 616, 618–620, 623, 626, 631, 633–635, 777, Half-life (t1/2), 905 795, 1073, 1123 Halo sign, 360, 474, 564 Graft vs. tumor effect (GVT), 153, 227 Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), 712, 716 Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), 419, 461–462, 468 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), 755, 766 Aeromonas, 370 Haploidentical donor, 157 Bartonella spp., 371 Health care workers (HCW), 1072 Citrobacter, 370 Healthcare associated pneumonia (HCAP), 51, 55, 341 enterobacter, 369 Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), 273 Index 1151

Heart transplantation, 361, 504, 528, 621, 700, 705, 1116 H. cinaedi, 369 bronchitis and soft tissue infections, 22 Helminths, 384, 385 causes of death, 22 Hemagglutinins (HA), 684 epidemiology, 22 Hematogenous dissemination of mucormycosis, 580 global incidence, 22 Hematologic complications, 237, 238 infecting microbial agents Hematologic malignancies, 185 bacterial, 27 Hematopoiesis, 613 fungal, 27–28 Hematopoietic stem cell graft failure, 619 parasitic, 28–29 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 291, 504, 505, 679, viral, 28 680, 682, 684–687, 700, 705, 706, 717, 741, 754, 755, 782, latent parasitic infections, 22 795, 819, 823, 903, 906–908 monitoring acquisition, 157–158 drug-drug interactions, 27 adaptive immunity, 155, 156, 232, 233 infections, 26 anti-bacterial prophylaxis pretransplant evaluation AML, 1124 donors, 24 CDAD, 1124 recipients, 23, 24 fluoroquinolones, 1124 prevention of infections GVHD, 1123–1125 avoidance of exposure, 24, 25 hypogammaglobulinemia, 1125 immunization, 24, 25 immune deficits, 1125 prophylaxis, 25, 26 immunization, 1125 pulmonary and CNS infections, 22 neutropenia, 1123 risk of infection posttransplantation neutropenic fever and bacteremia, 1124 < 1 Month, 26 Stenotrophomonas, 1124 > 6 Months, 26 antifungal prophylaxis 1-6 Months, 26 anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis, 1127, 1128 sites and types of infection fluconazole, 1126, 1127 abdominal/genitourinary, 30 galactomannan monitoring, 1127 blood stream infections, 29 IFD, 1126 central nervous system, 30 itraconazole, 1127 chest, 30 posaconazole, 1126, 1127 skin, soft tissue and bone, 29 antiviral prophylaxis toxoplasmosis, 22 cellular immunotherapy, 1130 Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote, 29 CMV, 1129, 1130 Heartland virus, 756, 766 DNA vaccine, 1130 Heart-lung transplantation, 23 EBV, 1131 epidemiology, 22 glycoprotein B vaccines, 1130 infecting microbial agents HHV6, 1131 bacterial, 31 innate immune response genes, 1130 fungal, 31 letermovir, 1130 parasitic, 32 lymphoma therapy, 1131 viral, 32 maribavir, 1130 monitoring aspergillosis, 560, 561, 563, 564, 568–571 drug-drug interactions, 27 CMV infections, 26 allograft stem cell transplants, 614, 615 pretransplant evaluation CNS disease, 617 donors, 24 gastrointestinal tract disease, 620 recipients, 23, 24 hepatitis, 618 prevention of infections hosts’ immunologic susceptibility, 616 avoidance of exposure, 24, 25 myelosuppression, 619, 620 immunization, 24, 25 pneumonia, 617, 618 prophylaxis, 25, 26 retinitis, 618, 619 risk of infection posttransplantation solid organ transplantation, 620–622 < 1 Month, 26 viral encephalitis, 619 > 6 Months, 26 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 425 1-6 Months, 26 complications, 159 sites and types of infection conditioning regimens, 227–229 abdominal/genitourinary, 33, 34 conditioning-induced liver complications, 230 bloodstream infections, 33 conditioning-induced renal complications central nervous system, 34 acute renal failure, 231 chest, 33 chronic renal failure, 231, 232 skin, soft tissue and bone, 32, 33 COP, 357 Heat shock proteins (HPSs), 397 Cryptococcus infection, 592, 596 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts, 1073 DILI, 354, 355 Helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), 798 due to delayed immune reconstitution, 154 Helicobacter, 369, 370 endocrine complications 1152 Index

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (cont.) myelodysplastic syndrome, 240 bone metabolism, 238 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 240 growth hormone dysfunction, 238 solid tumors, 239 osteoporosis, 238 serologic assays, 156 thyroid dysfunction, 238, 239 sites of bacterial infection, 462 Engraftment Syndrome (ES), 353 Staphylococcus aureus, 421 Enterobacteriaceae, 448, 451, 454 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 431, 432 enterococcus, 435, 436 umbilical cord blood donor, 156, 157 factors, 227 VZV, 670 graft versus tumor effect, 153 Hemodialysis, 76, 77 haploidentical donor, 157 Hemoglobinopathies, 160 hematologic complications, 237, 238 Hemolysis, 199 HHV-6, 671 β-Hemolytic streptococci history, 154 clinical manifestation, 429 HSV, 667–669 diagnosis, 429, 430 human leukocyte antigen system, 156 epidemiology, 429 IFI GAS, 429 fungal pathogens in, 519–521 GBS, 429 incidence and types of, 522, 523 treatment, 430 primary fungal pathogens, 522, 524 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), 160, 201, 202, 485, 717 risk factors, 523, 524 Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 755, 766 timelines and outcomes for, 524, 525 Hemorrhagic necrotic bullae, 369 immunobiology, 154, 155 Henipavirus, 763 indications, 160 Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 204 benign disorders, 160 Hepatic abscesses, 307 malignant disorders, 159, 160 Hepatic amebiasis, 311 influenza, 688 Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), 45 innate immune system, 155 Hepatic hydrothorax, 52 innate immunity, 232 Hepatic steatosis, 44 IPS, 353, 354 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, 907 matched donor, 156 Hepatitis, 618 matched unrelated donor, 156 Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 63, 711, 1087, 1088, 1103 MHC alleles, 156 acute liver failure (ALF), 698 neurologic complications characterized by, 697 acute cardiac complications, 235, 236 cholestatic hepatitis, 697 cardiovascular system, 235 RNA virus, 697 CNS infections, 234 single-antigen vaccine/immune globulin, 697 delayed cardiac complications, 236 supportive care, 697 delayed neurologic complications, 235 vaccination, 698 metabolic encephalopathy, 235 viral proteins, 697 neurologic toxicity, 233, 234 Hepatitis B core-antibody (HBcAb), 699, 700 vascular complications, 234, 235 Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg), 698, 846 orointestinal complications Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 699, 700, 846 diarrhea, 230 Hepatitis B vaccination, 1086, 1102 emesis and anorexia, 229 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 215, 801, 846, 847, 968, 969 mucositis, 229 adefovir dipovoxil, 970 PAP, 355, 357 antiviral prophylaxis, 699 pediatric (see Pediatric HSCT) bone-marrow transplant recipients, 700 preemptive therapy, 625, 626 chronic infection, 698 preparative regimens direct antiviral therapy, 697 GVHD and prophylaxis, 159 DNA virus, 697 myeloablative vs. reduced intensity conditioning, 158 entecavir, 970 PTLD, 357, 358, 651, 655 heart transplant recipients, 700 pulmonary complications hepatic cirrhosis, 698 acute pulmonary infections, 236 kidney transplant recipients, 699, 700 idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 237 lamivudine, 699, 968, 970 invasive fungal disease, 236, 237 liver related mortality, 698 late complications, 237 long-term HBIG prophylaxis, 699 respiratory viral infections, 236 nucleoside antagonists, 699 pulmonary edema, 351–353 nucleotide antagonist, 699 radiaion-induced lung injury, 355 NUCs, 699 reconstitution of immunity, 155 pegylated interferon, 968 reduced intensity conditioning regimens, 153 pre-transplant evaluation, 700, 701 RSV, 681 screening, 698 secondary malignancies TAF, 970 acute myelogenous leukemia, 240 TDF, 970 Index 1153

telbivudine, 970 Herpangina, 712 virus (HCV), 801, 847, 965–967 Herpes simplex keratitis, 327 acute, 701 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 145, 191, 214, 308, 309, allograft, source of, 704, 705 371–373 bloodborne transmission, 697 acyclovir-resistant HSV, 373 bone marrow transplantation, 705, 706 chronic, 372, 373 chronic, 701–703, 705 diagnosis, 372 direct anti-HCV drugs, 701 digital, 373 drug resistance testing, 968 disseminated cutaneous, 373 genome, 701 disseminated HSV infection, 373 genotypes, 701 herpes simplex viruses 1 (HSV-1) HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, 966, 967 clinical disease, 667, 668 heart and lung transplantation, 705 diagnosis, 668, 669 kidney transplant patient epidemiology, 667 evaluation of, 704 prevention, 669 natural history of, 704 treatment, 669 after liver transplantation, 703 herpes simplex viruses 2 (HSV-2) liver transplant setting, treatment, 702 clinical disease, 667, 668 DAA, 702, 703 diagnosis, 668, 669 ribavirin, 702 epidemiology, 667 SVR, 702 prevention, 669 mediated liver disease treatment, 669 acute infections, 701 herpes vegetans, 373 chronic infections, 701, 702 knife-cut sign, 373 NAT testing, 848 Herpes vegetans, 373 non-liver transplantation Herpes viruses end-stage kidney disease, 703, 704 antiviral agents, 954–955 kidney transplantation, 704 dose of antiviral agents, treatment of, 980–981 NS5A inhibitors, 967 pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, treatment of, 978 NS5B inhibitors, 967, 968 pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, trreatment of, 978 populations at highest risk, 701 Herpes zoster (HZ), 1100 transmission, 701 chronic, 374 treatment strategies, 701 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), 327 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 63, 64, 754 Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 145 Hepatitis viruses, 801 Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 145 antiviral therapy, 991 Herpesvirus antivirals, 953 pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, 990 acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir and famciclovir, 955 Hepatobiliary tract infections clinical indications, 956 bacterial infections drug resistance mechanisms, 956 cholecystitis, 306, 307 pharmacology, 956 hepatic abscesses, 307 cidofovir, 958 immunogenic strictures, 305 clinical indications, 958, 959 immunosuppression, 306 drug resistance mechanisms, 959 macroangiopathic strictures, 305 pharmacology, 958 microangiopathic strictures, 305 drug resistance post-transplant cholangitis, 305 incidence and clinical diagnosis of, 959, 960 pre-transplant cholangitis, 303–305 management of, 960 protozoal infections foscarnet, 957 cryptosporidium, 311 clinical indications, 958 Entamoeba histolytica, 311 drug resistance mechanisms, 958 mycobacterial infection, 312 pharmacology, 958 Schistosoma, 312–314 ganciclovir and valganciclovir, 957 viral infections clinical indications, 957 Candidiasis, 310, 311 drug resistance mechanisms, 957 cytomegalovirus, 307, 308 pharmacology, 957 Epstein-Barr virus, 308 letermovir, 961 herpes simplex virus, 308, 309 maribavir, 960, 961 invasive aspergillosis, 309 pritelivir and amenamevir, 960 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 42 Herpetic ulcers, chronic, 373 Hepatocytes, 48 Heterophile antibody testing, 648, 649 Hepatomegaly, 600 High dose corticosteroid therapy, 353 Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), 41 High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA), 572, 1073 Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 1056 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 602 Hepatosplenic candidiasis, 522, 550 High-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) scan, 683 clinical manifestations, 546 Hilar adenopathy, 600 treatment, 552 Histone deacetylation inhibitors (HDACi), 655 1154 Index

Histoplasma antigen, 600 Human T cell lymphotropic virus-associated Histoplasma capsulatum, 601 myelopathy (HAM), 30, 757 Histoplasmosis, 382, 521, 527 Humanized monoclonal antibodies, 746 clinical manifestation, 600 Humoral immune defects, 6 epidemiology, 599 Humoral immunity, 613, 648 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 160, 646 Hyalohyphomycoses, 379, 520 Hodgkin’s disease, 354, 355, 717 Hydrocephalus, 603 Hospice care, 1053–1055, 1060 Hydrophilic antibiotics, 906 Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), 916, 917 Hydroxyphosphonylmethoxypropylcytosine (HPMPC). Hospital facilities management, 1073, 1074 See Cidofovir Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), 1045 Hyperacute rejection, 359 Hospital-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 874 Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, 622 Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), 342 Hyperinfection syndrome, 88, 384, 782, 784, 785 Host-fungal pathogen interplay, 941, 942 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 354 amphotericin B formulations, immunomodulatory effects of, Hypocomplementemia, 339 943–945 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 85, 716 antibacterial agents on antifungal activity, immunomodulatory Hyponatremia, 41, 740 effects of, 946, 947 Hypoprothrombinemia, 862 antifungal drug-induced effects, 942, 943 Hypothyroidism, 239 azoles, immunomodulatory effects of, 945 echinocandins, immunomodulatory effects of, 945, 946 phagocytes activity, modulation of, 947 I Hosts’ adaptive immune system, 232 Iatrogenic immunosuppression, 374, 380, 855 Hot tub lung, 1077 Ideal body weight (IBW), 910 Huaiyangshan virus (HYSV), 755 Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), 237, 353, 354 Human adenoviruses (AdV), 94 2016 IDSA/SHEA guideline, 1046, 1047 Human bocavirus (HBoV), 756, 760, 761, 807 IFN-gamma1b therapy, 1036 Human coronaviruses (HCoV), 688, 689 IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs), 497 Human enterovirus A (HEV-A), 712 IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Human enterovirus B (HEV-B), 712 (MAC-­ELISA), 744 Human enterovirus C (HEV-C), 712 Iluconazole, 531 Human enterovirus D (HEV-D), 712 Imatinib, 406 Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), 214, 375, 621, 805, 807 Imipenem, 486, 506, 509–511, 860 human herpes viruses 6A (HHV-6A) Immune defect(s), 4–7 clinical disease, 671, 672 Immune deficiency disease, 160 diagnosis, 672 Immune dysfunction, 3 epidemiology, 671 Immune evasion, 613 treatment, 672 Immune globulin therapy, 729 human herpes viruses 6B (HHV-6B) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), clinical disease, 671, 672 546, 594–596, 600 diagnosis, 672 Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS), 323, 521 epidemiology, 671 Immune suppression-associated systemic toxicities, 97 treatment, 672 Immune suppressive drugs, 1003 Human herpes viruses 7 (HHV-7), 215, 754 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 204 clinical disease, 673 Immunodiffusion (ID), 601 diagnosis, 673 Immunomodulation, 917 epidemiology, 672 dapsone and sulfonamides, 919 prevention, 673 fluoroquinolone, 918 treatment, 673 macrolide antibiotics, 917, 918 Human herpes viruses 8 (HHV-8), 215, 756 tetracycline antibiotics, 918 clinical disease, 673 Immunoprophylaxis, 625, 684 diagnosis, 674 Immunosuppressant drug interactions, 911 epidemiology, 673 Immunosuppression, 506, 595 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 42, 645, 649, 801, 847, 848 Immunosuppressive agents, 700, 913, 914 HIV-associated acquired immunodeficiency, 505 Impetigo, 408 NAT testing, 848 Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IVP), 714 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 156, 1098 Infected osteoradionecrosis, 478 Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), 345, 754, 762, 807 Infection control, 454 clinical manifestations, 683 autologous and allogeneic SCT, 1069 epidemiology, 683 avoidance in transplantation, 683 contaminated water/inadvertent ingestion, 1077 treatment, 683 diarrheal illness, 1077 Human papillomaviruses (HPV), 375, 802, 1105 geographic risk factors, 1077 Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), 1089 hand hygiene, 1076 Human rhinoviruses (HRV), 688, 689, 762 immune suppression, 1077 Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), 88, 757, 758 risk of influenza, 1077 Index 1155

sexual behaviors, 1077 types, 684 workplace risks, 1076 Inhalation, investigational therapies, 917 early post-SOT/pre-engraftment periods Inhaled levofloxacin (AeroquinTM), 917 bacterial pathogens, 1072 Inherited metabolic disorders, 160 CLABSI avoidance, 1074 Inhibitory mold agar (IMA), 821 gastrointestinal infection, 1074, 1075 Innate anti-CMV immunity, 612, 613 HCWs, 1072 Innate immunity, 155, 232, 559, 647 hospital exposures, 1072 Integument transplants, 622 hospital facilities management, 1073, 1074 Intensive insulin therapy, 258, 259 institutional food and beverages, 1071, 1075 Interfereon gamma release assay (IGRA) screening, 1005, 1006 isolation precautions, 1072, 1073 Interferon, 703–706 PE room, 1073, 1074 dosing and drug interactions, 996 respiratory viruses, 1074 mechanism of action and resistance, 995 VZV, 1075 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 996 intermediate post-SOT/early post-engraftment periods, 1075, 1076 pharmacokinetics, 995, 996 isolation precautions, 1070 Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) activation, 492–494, 1026 late post-SOT/late post-engraftment periods, 1076 clinical use, 1033 net state of immunosuppression, 1069 FDA approval, 1033 pre-transplant period, 1070, 1071 immune cell activation, 1032 SOT recipients, 1069 lysosomal activity, 1032 stages, 1069 MHC class I expression, 1032

time of transplantation and engraftment, 1069, 1070 TH1 cell stimulation, 1032 Infection control risk assessment (ICRA), 1073 Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), 54, 82, 842, 1071 Infection control service, 462 Interferon therapy, 746 Infectious diarrhea, 456 Interleukin-12 (IL-12), 505 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), 1041 Interleukin-receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4), 941 Infectious mononucleosis, 308 Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 824 Infectious uveitis Interstitial pneumonia, 237 herpes simplex keratitis, 327 Intestinal allograft viral enteritis, 126 HZO, 327 Intestinal anaerobic microflora, 467 ocular toxoplasmosis Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation (IMVTx) causes, 325 immediate post-transplantation period, 121 clinical presentation, 326 antimicrobial prophylaxis, 122 diagnostic tests, 326 definition, 120 incidence, 325 hospital re-admission, 121 prognosis, 326 sites of infections, 121, 122 risk factors, 325 immunologic mechanisms, 111 treatment, 326 immunological and infectious challenge, 111 ocular tuberculosis, 326, 327 immunosuppression, 113 Infective endocarditis (IE), 29 indication, 111, 112 antibiotic therapy, 280 infections, 112, 119 clinical signs, 279 intestine immunology diagnosis, 279 bacterial translocation, 115 estimated incidence, 275 barrier structures, 113 heart surgery, 281 dendritic cells, 114 immunosuppressed and hemodialysis, 275 epithelium functions, 113 incidence, 275 Goblet cells, 113 laboratory findings, 279–280 intestinal macrophages, 114 microorganisms, 276–279 microbes, 114, 115 modified Duke criteria, 273, 274 for irreversible intestinal failure (IF), 111 mortality, 275 late post-transplantation period pathogenesis, 276 adenovirus, 126, 127 prophylaxis, 281, 282 Aspergillosis fungal infections, 129, 130 risk factors, 275 Candida fungal infections, 129 sepsis, 275 CMV, 123–125 Inflammation, 697 cryptococcal meningitis, 131 Infliximab, 477, 493 EBV, 125, 126 Influenza, 1086 intestinal allograft viral enteritis, 126 antiviral options for treatment, 687 intestinal parasites, 131 clinical manifestations, 685, 686 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 131 diagnosis of, 686 norovirus, 128 epidemiology, 685 pneumonia, 130, 131 influenza A viruses, 684 rotavirus, 127, 128 pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, 987 PNALD, 112 prevention, 688 peri-operative infections, 115, 119, 120 treatment, 686, 687 post-transplant infections, 118, 119 1156 Index

Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation (IMVTx) (cont.) Invasive candidiasis (IC), 522, 524, 934 pre-transplant evaluation, 117, 118 Invasive disease, 559 risk infection Invasive fungal disease (IFD), 236, 237, 309, 796, 1126 catheter-related bloodstream infections, 116 Invasive fungal infections (IFIs), 819, 933, 1042 causes, 115 antifungal prophylaxis, 530, 1112 CLABSIs, 116, 117 amphotericin B, 532 entero-cutaneous fistula formation, 116 echinocandins, 531, 532 Kuppfer cells, 116 fluconazole, 531, 532 malnutrition, 116 genetic determinants of fungal risk, 530 parenteral nutrition, 116 immunosuppression, 532 short gut syndrome, 116 itraconazole, 533 Intestinal protozoa, 789 non-pharmacologic strategies, 533 Intestinal transplant recipients, 622 posaconazole, 531, 532 Intra-abdominal candidiasis, 552 primary, 531 Intraabdominal hemorrhage, 46 secondary, 531 Intra-abdominal infections, 54, 55, 448, 546, 547 TLR, 530 Intracerebral hemorrhage, 234 voriconazole, 531 Intracranial infection epidemiology, 521, 522, 1111 early post-transplant period heart transplantation, 1116 antimicrobial-resistant organisms, 332 HSCT donor-derived infection, 332 fungal pathogens in, 519–521 recipient-derived infections, 332 incidence and types of IFIs, 522, 523 surgery, 332 risk factors, 523, 524 intermediate time period timeline and outcomes, 524, 525 acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 333 invasive aspergillosis, 934, 935 antimicrobial prophylaxis, 332 invasive candidiasis, 934 antiviral prophylaxis, 332 invasive mold diseases, 936 epidemiology, 332 kidney transplantation, 1116 microsporidia, 333 lung transplantation opportunistic infections, 332 ABLC, 1115 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 332 aerosolized amphotericin B formulations, 1115 late time period, 333 AmBd, 1115 meningoencephalitis/abscesses, 331 antifungal prophylaxis strategies, 1114 organisms, 331 follow-up period, 1115 Intrahepatic fibrosis, 304 itraconazole, 1116 Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 361 risk factors, 1114 Intravascular catheter-related blood stream infections (IVDR BSI) voriconazole and itraconazole, 1115 antimicrobial resistance, 251 pancreas transplantation, 1116 contaminated infusate, 249 small bowel transplantation (see Small bowel transplantation) cost, 249 SOT diagnosis, 252 fungal pathogens in, 519–521 epidemiology, 251 incidence and types of IFI, 525–528 microbiology, 251 risk factors, 528, 529 mortality, 250 timelines an outcomes, 529, 530 mucosal barrier injury related BSI, 252 zygomycosis, 935, 936 pathogenesis, 249, 250 Invasive listeriosis, 482 prevention, 253, 254 Invasive mold diseases, 936 anti-infective lock solutions, 257 Invasive mucormycosis, 579 anti-infective Luer-activated devices, 257, 258 Invasive pneumococcal disease, 432 anti-infective-coated CVCs, 256, 257 Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), 345, 808 catheter securement, 258 Iron chelation therapy, 584 chlorhexidine bathing, 256 Iron deficiency, 200 chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing, 256 Isavuconazole, 531, 566, 568, 570, 583–585 compliance, 259 Isavuconazonium sulfate, 935 cutaneous antisepsis, 254 Ischemic strokes, 234 insertion site, 255, 256 Isoniaizd, 509, 510 intensive insulin therapy, 258, 259 Isoniazid LTBI therapy, 1007 maximal barrier precautions, 255 Isospora belli, 789 simulation-based training, 256 Itraconazole, 382, 567, 569, 570, 578, 583, 602, 607, 931 topical antimicrobials, 255 Aspergillus, 377 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 250, 251 blastomycosis, 382, 606 sources, 249 coccidioidomycosis, 382, 604 Intravenous beta-lactam therapy, 431 Cryptococcus infection, 594, 595 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 625–627, 681–683, 716 histoplasmosis, 382, 602, 603 Intravenous RSV-specific immunoglobulin (RSV-IVIG), 681 hyalohyphomycoses, 379 Invasive aspergillosis (IA), 90, 216, 217, 309, 376, 522, 560, 563–565, IFI, 531–533 570, 934, 935, 1031, 1032, 1126 phaeohyphomycosis, 379 Index 1157

superficial mycoses, 383 interferon gamma release assays, 82 Ivermectin, 384 living donor and deceased donor, 83–84 T-spot, 82 TST, 82 J pre-transplantation screening, infectious disease Japanese encephalitis (JE), 740, 1090 consideration, 84 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), 735, 764 surgical approaches, 75 Jejunoileal bypass surgery, 495 viral infection Jet nebulizer, 915 HBV infection, 77, 78 Junin virus, 760 HCV infection, 78, 79 HIV infection, 79, 80 pharmacologic consideration, 80, 81 K Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), 1057 Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 98, 371, 413 Kidney transplantation, 448, 621, 622, 699–700, 703, 704, 1116 clinical disease, 674 Kissing lesions, 373 epidemiology, 673 Klebsiella spp., 369, 447–449 risk factors, 673 K. pneumoniae, 447, 449–452 Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption, 373 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs), 856 Karnosfky performance scale (KPS), 1059, 1062 Kodoko virus, 760 Katayama fever, 312 Kupffer cells, 48 Ketoconazole, 379, 383 KI polyomavirus (KiPyV), 807 Kidney and pancreas transplantation L acquired/late infectious complications Lactobacillus acidophilus, 862–863 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 98 Lamivudine (LAM), 699, 968, 970 candiduria, 98 dosing and drug interactions, 992 dermatophytosis, 98 mechanism of action and resistance, 992 emerging fungal pathogens, 98 monoprophylaxis, 699 immune suppression-associated systemic toxicities, 97 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 992 pyelonephritis, 98 pharmacokinetics, 992 SOT and non-SOT controls, 97 Lassa virus, 760 urinary bladder drainage method, 98 Latent cycle antigens, antibodies to, 649 antimicrobial prophylaxis Latent infection, 645 atovaquone, 101 Latent membrane proteins (LMPs), 645 CMV prophylaxis, 102 latent membrane proteins 1(LMP1), 646 cost-effectiveness, 100 latent membrane proteins 2A (LMP2A), 646 oral and esophageal Candida prophylaxis, 101 Latent Strongyloides infection, 88 perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, 101 Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 82, 492, 494–497, 1004, 1071 TMP-SMX, 100, 101 diagnosis, 1005 tuberculosis prophylaxis, 101 donor screening, 1005 UTI prophylaxis, 101 risk factors, 1005 early infections screening methods, 1005, 1006 donor-derived infections, 87, 88 treatment, 1007–1009 healthcare acquired infections, 87 Lateral-flow immunochromatographic assays (LFIA), 821 healthcare-acquired infections, 86, 87 Leflunomide, 631, 633 risk factors, 85 Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), 437 surgical complications, 85, 86 Legionella, 369 hemodialysis, 76, 77 Leishmania spp., 788 immunosuppressive agent, 75 L. amastigotes, 788 immunosuppressive therapy, 76 Leishmaniasis, 383, 788 opportunistic bacterial infections, 88, 89 Leptotrichia hongkongensis, 466 opportunistic fungal infections Less common invasive Candida infections, 548 coccidioidomycosis, 90 Letermovir, 624, 625, 630, 633, 634, 961 cryptococcosis, 90 Leukaemia (ECIL-4) guidelines, 680 Cryptococcus neoformans, 90 Leukapheresis technology, 1034 invasive aspergillosis, 90 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 404 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 91 Leukopenia pneumocystis pneumonia, 91 acute infection, 202 opportunistic viral infections cytomegalovirus infection, 202 BK polyomavirus, 91, 92, 94 definition, 201 cytomegalovirus, 94–96 dengue infection, 201 Epstein-Barr virus, 96, 97 fungal infections, 201 human adenoviruses, 94 non-infectious and infectious etiologies, 201 peritoneal dialysis, 77 non-infectious causes, 201 posttransplantation period, 84, 85 parvovirus B19, 201 pretransplantation issues, 76 risk, 201 pretransplantation screening Levofloxacin, 434, 464, 512 1158 Index

Ligase chain reaction (LCR), 798 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 53 LighCycler® SeptiFast, 824 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 53 Limbs transplants, 622 Rhizopus spp., 53 Linezolid, 424, 427, 430, 434, 437, 438, 476, 509–511, 867, 868, 873 skin and soft tissue infections, 52 Lipid formulation of amphotericin B, 552 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 51 Lipodermatosclerosis (LDS), 407 UTIs, 51 Lipophilic antibiotics, 906 Vibrio spp., 52 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 865 Yersinia spp., 53 Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), 532, 566, 568, 569, 582, 584, contraindications, 42–43 601, 927, 943, 1112 donor selection, 58–59 Listeria monocytogenes, 475, 481 HBV prophylaxis, 62 ampicillin, 486 HBV reinfection, 62 bone marrow transplantation, 485 HCV, 701, 702 in cancer patients, 484 DAA, 702, 703 clinical syndromes recurrent, 703 bacteremia, 483 treatment post-liver transplanation, 63 central nervous system infections (see Central nervous hepatic artery thrombosis, 45 system infection) hepatocytes, 48 infection in pregnancy and neonatal period, 482, 483 hepatitis A virus after LT, 63 diagnosis, 486 hepatitis E virus after LT, 63, 64 epidemiology, 482 indications, 1111 in heart transplant recipient, 485 immunosuppression regimen pathogenesis, 481–482 antibody mediated rejection, 46 Listeriae, 481 calcineurin inhibitor, 46 Listerial endocarditis, 484 donor specific antibodies, 46 Listeriosis glucocorticoids, 47 in cancer patients, 484 humanized monoclonal antibodies, 47 diagnosis, 485–486 mTOR inhibitors, 46 Listeria monocytogenes (see Listeria monocytogenes) mycophenolate, 46 prevention, 487 indications, 41, 42 in transplant recipients infectious complications CMV disease, 485 bacterial and healthcare-acquired infections, 54–57 Listeria grayi, 485 community-acquired/late infections, 61–62 lung transplantation, 485 donor-derived infections, 58 orthotopic liver transplantation, 485 epidemiology, 53 renal transplantation, 485 factors, 54 solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, 485 fungal infections, 57–58 treatment, 486 immunocompromised states, 54 Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), 688, 1096, 1097 intra-abdominal infections, 55 Live-attenuated varicella virus, 1100 opportunistic infections, 59–61 Liver transplantation (LT), 448, 449, 621, 698 pre-transplant screening, 53 acute cellular rejection, 47 prevention of, 62 biliary complications, 46 prophylaxis, 62 chronic HBV infection, 698 screening measures, 54 chronic liver disease intra-abdominal hemorrhage, 46 aeromonas spp., 53 Kupffer cells, 48 Aspergillus fumigatus, 53 living donor liver transplantation, 43 infectious complications, 47 surgical approaches, 45 Listeria monocytogenes, 53 targeted antifungal prophylaxis Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 53 double-blind controlled study, 1114 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 53 echinocandins, 1114 Rhizopus spp, 53 low-risk recipients, 1114 Vibrio spp, 52 meta-analyses, 1114 Yersinia spp., 53 risk factors, 1113 chronic rejection, 47 single-center randomized controlled study, 1113 cirrhosis single-center retrospective study, 1113 aeromonas spp., 53 universal antifungal prophylaxis, 1111–1113 Aspergillus fumigatus, 53 Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), 43 aspiration pneumonia, 51 Long-term antiviral therapy, 700 bloodstream infections, 51, 52 Loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), 798 community acquired pneumonia, 51 Low resolution HLA typing, 156 health-care acquired pneumonia, 51 Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 449, 679–681, 683–686 hepatic hydrothorax, 52 aerosolized ribavirin and IVIG, 681 immunologic dysfunction, 48, 50 PIV, 682 infectious complication, 47 risk factors, 680 Listeria monocytogenes, 53 Luer-activated device (LAD), 258 Index 1159

Lujo virus, 760 resistance, 871 Lumbar osteomyelitis, 334 streptogramins, 872, 873 Lung cancer, 361 transplant patients, use in, 873 Lung infiltrate, 351 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), 1023, 1025 Lung transplantation, 23, 449, 467, 474, 485, 504, 528, Maculopapular rash, 738 561, 621, 705 Major antigenic determinant, 861 ABLC, 1115 Maki roll-plate technique, 279 aerosolized amphotericin B formulations, 1115 Malakoplakia, 368 aerosolized L-AmB, 1115 Malaria, 787, 788 allograft rejection, 359, 360 Malarial prophylaxis, 1077 AmBd, 1115 Malt extract agar, 821 antifungal prophylaxis strategies, 1114 Manhattan tertiary cancer center, 1046 epidemiology, 22 Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), 493 follow-up period, 1115 Marburg, 767 history, 21 Maribavir, 624, 630, 633, 960, 961 infecting microbial agents Marrow failure syndromes, 160 bacterial, 31 Mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), 914 fungal, 31 Matched unrelated (MUD) donor, 156 parasitic, 32 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 918 viral, 32 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight itraconazole, 1116 (MALDI-­TOF), 821 lung cancer, 361 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass monitoring spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), 802, 803 drug-drug interactions, 27 Maximal barrier precautions, 255 infections, 26 Maximum concentration (Cmax), 905 PGD, 358, 359 Measles, 762, 763 pretransplant evaluation Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), 1086, 1104, 1105 donors, 24 Mechanical blister, 408 recipients, 23, 24 Mediastinal actinomycosis, 478 prevention of infections Mediastinitis, 30, 33 avoidance of exposure, 24, 25 Medicare, 1060 immunization, 24, 25 MefA, 871 prophylaxis, 25, 26 Melphalan, 355 risk factors, 1114 Memory T-cells, 155 risk of infection posttransplantation Meningitis, 482–486 < 1 Month, 26 Meningococcal disease, 1088, 1089 > 6 Months, 26 Meningococcal vaccine (MCV4), 1088, 1100 1-6 Months, 26 Meningoencephalitis, 484, 593, 715, 716 sites and types of infection Merkel cell carcinomas, 413 abdominal/genitourinary, 33, 34 Meropenem, 476, 486, 506 bloodstream infections, 33 MESH nebulizers, 915 central nervous system, 34 Metabolic assays, 803, 804 chest, 33 Metabolic encephalopathy, 235 skin, soft tissue and bone, 32, 33 Metalloenzymes, 856 voriconazole Methenamine silver-stain, 581 and itraconazole, 1115 Methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), prophylaxis, 1115, 1116 419–423, 436, 864, 1072 Lymphadenitis, 496 Methotrexate, 354 Lymphadenopathy, 778 Methotrexate elimination, 907 Lymphedema blisters, 409 Methylprednisolone, 913 Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), 645 Metronidazole, 409, 479, 877, 878 Lymphocutaneous infection, 607 activity spectrum, 878 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), 203, 755, 759, 760 adverse reactions, 879 Lymphocytopenia, 740 resistance, 878, 879 Lysis-centrifugation system, 600 transplant recipients, use in, 879, 880 Lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), 869 MexAB-OprM pump, 876 Lytic cycle antigens, antibodies to, 649 Micafungin, 553, 566, 584, 928, 932, 946, 1117 Lytic infection, 644 Micro RNAs (miRNAs), 647 Microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM), 276 M Microdilution methods, 508 Machupo virus, 760 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 688 Macrodilution methods, 508 Miliaria crystallina, 409 Macrolides, 511, 871, 917–919 Miliaria rubra, 400 activity spectrum, 872 Milrinone, 719 adverse reactions, 872 Mimic infectious processes, 397 1160 Index

Mincle, 493 fluoroquinolones, 1012 Minimum concentration (Cmin), 905 hematological toxicity, 1013 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 905 injectable agents, 1012 breakpoints, 453 linezolid, 1013 Minocycline, 464, 466, 476, 479, 509, 510, 918 LTBI treatment, 1013 Mixed immune defects, 6 rifabutin, 1012 Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, 41, 433 standardized short course treatment regimens, 1011 Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation, 910 Multilayered wound closure, 270 Molluscum contagiosum, 376 Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV), 756 (MASCC) score, 453 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 868 Multi-organ failure (MOF), 235 Monobactams, 860, 861 Multiple lung nodules, 360 Monoclonal antibody against WNV E protein (MGAWN1), 746 Multiple myeloma, 160 Monoclonal antibody MSL-109, 632 Multiplex vs. single-virus testing, 848 Monocytogenes, 483 Multivisceral transplant (MVT), 526, 622 Monte Carlo simulation models, 1043 Mumps, 762, 763 Morganella, 369 Musculoskeletal actinomycosis, 478 M. morganii, 369 Musculoskeletal infections, 507 Mouse model, 714 Mutant prevention concentration (MPC), 876 Moxifloxacin, 434, 509, 510, 512 Myalgia, 1012 mprF, 869 MycArray™ assays, 801 Mtb. See Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) MycAssayTM Aspergillus, 824 mTOR inhibitors, 4, 620, 621 Mycobacterial infections, 413 Mucociliary transport, 914 Mycobacterium spp. Mucocutaneous herpes infections, 668 M. abscessus, 504, 507, 511–513, 1015 Mucoraceae, 577 M. chelonae, 511 Mucorales, 521, 563, 577, 580, 581, 585 M. fortuitum, 507, 511 Mucormycosis, 377–379, 527, 528, 577 M. haemophilum, 511 antifungal therapy M. kansasii, 510 combination antifungal therapy for, 584, 585 M. marinum, 491 first-line monotherapy options, 582, 583 M. tuberculosis, 371 clinical manifestations, 579, 580 nontuberculous, 371 diagnosis, 580, 581 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 504, 506, 509, 510, 1004 epidemiology, 578 Mycobacterium bovis- bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 493 incidence, 577–578 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), 371, 1004, 1006 risk factors, 578 bacterial determinants of disease, 493–494 taxonomy, 577 biology of treatment, 581 acid fast staining, 491 early diagnosis, 581, 582 Ghon complex, 491 surgical management, 582 granuloma formation, 492 underlying disease, reversal of, 582 LTBI, 492 Mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection macrophage phagosome, 491 (MBI-LCBI), 251 macrophages, 491 Mucosal barrier injury related BSI, 249 neutrophils, 492 Mucosal candidiasis phagocytic cells, 491 clinical manifestations, 548 T helper 1 cells, 491 treatment, 553 Th1 and Th17 responses, 492 Mucositis, 229, 278, 297 clinical manifestations, 496 Multidisciplinary antibiotic stewardship team (MAST), 194 diagnosis Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, 461, 916 acid-fast staining, 497 Multidrug resistant efflux pumps, 876 cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) culture, 497 Multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE), 452 IGRAs, 497 AmpC beta-lactamases, 450 nucleic acid amplification tests, 498 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 450 PPD, 497 mechanisms of resistance, 451 QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube test (QFT-GIT), 497 risk factors, 450, 451 T-SPOT.TB test (T-Spot), 497 solid organ transplantation, 451 TST, 497 Multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO), 55, 306 Xpert MTF/RIF (Cepheid), 498 Multidrug resistant pseudomonal infections, 463 epidemiology, 494 Multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB), 1003 host determinants of disease, 492–493 adverse events, 1012, 1013 outcomes, 498 causes, 1004 radiographic finding, 496 clofazimine, 1013 risk factors for, 494–495 cycloserine, 1013 timing of diagnosis, 495–496 ethionamide, 1013 Mycophenolate mofetil, 495, 620, 621 Index 1161

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), 911, 913 risk factors for, 474 Myeloablative antineoplastic therapy, 3 treatment, 476 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 160, 240, 524 Nodular panniculitis, 405 Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), 941 Nodular vasculitis, 405, 406 Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 942 Non liver transplant recipients Myelosuppression, 619, 620, 868 bone-marrow transplant recipients, 700 Myocarditis, 485, 713, 714, 716 heart transplant recipients, 700 Myositis, 716 kidney transplant recipients, 699–700 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 703 Non-Aspergillus molds, 522, 524, 527, 529 N Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, 353 Nafcillin, 424 Nondestructive polyarthropathy, 727 Nalidixic acid, 874 Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 657 Achromobacter spp., 465 National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter spp., 462 Bacteria, 1041 A. baumannii, 465 National Enterovirus Surveillance System, 714 Alcaligenes species, 465 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance, 74, 251 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 465 National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO), 1060 Chrysobacterium species, 466 National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System, 714 Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, 466 Natural killer (NK) cells, 155, 612, 613 frequency of infections, 463 Nebulizers, 915 Pseudomonas spp. Necrolytic migratory erythema, 412 P. aeruginosa, 462–464 Necrotic ulcers, 370 P. fluroescens, 466 Necrotizing fasciitis, 429 P. putida, 466 Necrotizing left lung Pseudomonas infection, 11 Stenotrophonomas maltophilia, 462, 464 Necrotizing pneumonia, 422 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 160 Neisseria meningitidis, 1100 Noninvasive elastrography, 704 Nephrotoxicity, 883 Non-liver transplantation Neuraminidases (NA), 684, 961 end-stage kidney disease, 703, 704 Neuroblastoma, 160 kidney transplantation, 704 Neurologic complications Non-myeloablative preparative therapy, 353 acute cardiac complications, 235, 236 Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation, 17, 615 cardiovascular system, 235 Nonperinatal listeriosis, 482 CNS infections, 234 Non-poliovirus, 715, 716 delayed cardiac complications, 236 Non-SARS coronaviruses, 754 delayed neurologic complications, 235 Non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP), 353 metabolic encephalopathy, 235 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS), 914 neurologic toxicity, 233, 234 Non-tropical pyomyositis, 432 vascular complications, 234, 235 Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, Neurologic toxicity, 233, 234 88, 312, 344, 371, 506, 917 Neuromuscular blockade, 866 clinical diagnosis, 507, 508 Neutropenia, 339, 906–908, 1123 clinical presentation, 506 Neutropenic diet, 1075 catheter-related infections, 507 Neutropenic enterocolitis, 546 disseminated disease, 507 Neutrophilic alveolitis, 353 pulmonary disease, 507 Neutrophilic eccrine hidradentis, 400, 401 skin, soft-tissue and musculoskeletal infections, 507 New York Heart Association and American College of Cardiology/ common site of infection, 503 American Heart Association, 1055 diagnosis, 1014 Next generation sequencing, 756 drug resistance, 1004 NF-κB pathway, 646 epidemiology Nipah and hendra viruses, 763 HSCT, 503 Nitroreductase, 878 SOT, 504 Nocardia, 343, 344, 367, 368, 883 immunologic susceptibility to, 505, 506 N. asteroides, 131 laboratory diagnosis, 508 Nocardiosis microbiology, 506 in cancer patients, 475 Mycobacterium spp. clinical syndromes, 474–475 M. abscessus, 1015 cure rates/prognosis, 476, 477 M. chelonae, 1015 diagnosis, 475 M. fortuitum, 1015 epidemiology, 473–474 M. kansasii, 1014 HSCT, 475 M. massiliense, 1015 infection control, 477 natural drug resistance, 1014 microbiology, 473 pathophysiology, 1014 prevention/prophylaxis, 476 pre-transplantation, isolation of, 513 1162 Index

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection (cont.) risk factors, 325 prevention, 513 treatment, 326 rapidly growing Ocular tuberculosis, 326, 327 Mycobacterium abscessus complex, 511 Oligo-arthritis syndrome, 657 Mycobacterium chelonae, 511 Oncogenesis, 646, 647 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 511 Opportunistic infections, 371 risk factors, 505 adoptive T-cell therapy (see Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy) SGM, 508, 511 Colony-stimulating factors (see Colony-stimulating factors Mycobacterium avium complex, 509, 510 (CSFs)) Mycobacterium kansasii, 510 IFN-γ, 1026 survival, 512, 513 incidence of, 1019 treatment, 508 risk factors, 1019 adverse reactions, monitoring for, 512 OPT-80, 886 drug interactions, 511, 512 Optical density index (ODI), 824 optimal combination of drugs, 508 Oral acyclovir, 669 rapidly growing mycobacteria, 511 Oral corticosteroids, 698 slow growing NTM, 509, 510 Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), 714, 715, 1072 slowly growing mycobacteria, 511 Orally administered, live, attenuated virus, 1088 treatment of, 503 Orbital infection, 327, 328 Norovirus, 128 Orf virus, 763 Norwegian scabies, 385 Organ transplantation, 413, 473, 477 Nosocomial pneumonia, 422 bone marrow transplantation, 1057, 1059 Novel polyomaviruses, 754 clinical evaluation, 1053 NS3/4A protease inhibitors, 966, 967 ethnicities and ages, 1053 NS5A inhibitors, 967 history, 1053 NS5B inhibitors, 967, 968 lung transplantation, 1053, 1054 Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), 728, 737, organ allocation systems, 1054 741, 745, 796, 819, 841, 848, 1005 palliative care (see Palliative care) Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), Organ/space infections, 265 614, 626, 798, 822, 842 Organizing pneumonia, 358 Nucleic acid testing (NAT), 668–670 Oritavancin, 430 Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), 699 Orointestinal complications NXL-104, 859 diarrhea, 230 emesis and anorexia, 229 mucositis, 229 O Oropharyngeal candidiasis, 548, 553 OAS1, 738 Orthomyxovirus. See Influenza Obesity, 267, 909, 910 Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), 204, 433, 468, 485, 526 Occult HBV infection (OBI), 700 Oseltamivir, 687, 961 Ocular hypotony, 627 clinical applications, 963, 964 Ocular infections dosing and drug interactions, 989 anterior segment, 319 drug resistance, 964 complications, 319, 320 mechanism of action and resistance, 988, 989 endophthalmitis pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 988, 989 bacterial, 325 pharmacokinetics, 988, 989 endogenous fungal, 324, 325 pharmacology, 961, 963 risk factors, 324 Osteomyelitis, 548, 606 incidence, 320 Osteoporosis, 238 infectious uveitis Ototoxicity, 866 diagnostic tests, 326 Oxacillin, 424, 479 herpes simplex keratitis, 327 Oxazolidinones, 430 HZO, 327 Oxygen-independent system, 942 ocular toxoplasmosis, 325, 326 ocular tuberculosis, 326, 327 orbital and adnexal infection, 327, 328 P posterior segment, 319 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 91 viral retinitis Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, 883 acute retinal necrosis syndrome, 320–322 Paecilomyces infections, 379 CMV retinitis (CMVR), 323, 324 (PVZ), 681, 682, 684 progressive outer retinal necrosis, 322, 323 Palliative care Ocular toxoplasmosis benefits, 1053 causes, 325 in cancer treatment, 1054 clinical presentation, 326 in chronic illness management, 1060, 1061 diagnostic tests, 326 clinical prognostication, 1059 incidence, 325 consultation, 1059 prognosis, 326 end of life care, 1061 Index 1163

end-stage heart failure, 1055 epidemiology, 726, 727 end-stage kidney failure, 1057 genome and proteins, 725, 726 end-stage liver disease, 1056, 1057 immunology, 726 end-stage pulmonary disease, 1055, 1056 infection and pathogenesis, 726 goal of, 1054 prevention and hospice care, 1054, 1055, 1060 hospital infection control, 729 NHPCO guidelines, 1060, 1062–1064 vaccine development, 729 in non-cancer diseases, 1060 sickle cell disease, 725 patient screening, 1053 SOT and HCT recipients, 725 PPS, 1059 treatment, 728, 729 prognostication, 1059 Passenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS), 199 quality of life, 1053 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 941 Palliative Performance Scale (PPS), 1059 Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 50, 941 Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI), 1059 Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Palliative Prognostic Score (PaP), 1059 vs. adult patients, 165, 166 Palpable purpura, 404 late post-engraftment phase Pancreases transplantation, 529, 621, 622, 1116 bacterial infections, 170 Pancreatic panniculitis, 406, 407 fungal infections, 170 Pancreatitis, 879 viral infections, 170 Pan-viral microarray, 756 post-engraftment phase Papulosquamous lesions bacterial infections, 169 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 403 fungal infections, 169 dermatitis, 401 protozoan infection, 169 pityriasis rosea, 402 viral infections, 169 pityriasis rubra pilaris, 402 pre-engraftment phase psoriasis, 401 bacterial infections, 167, 168 Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 881 fungal infections, 168 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 606 viral infections, 168 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 599, 606 SOT (see Solid organ transplanatation (SOT)) Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) timing of infections, 165, 166 epidemiology and clinical manifestations, 682 Peg-IFN-α2 therapy, 968 in transplantation, 682 Peg-interferon-alfa-2a, 995, 996 treatment of, 682 Peg-interferon-alfa-2b, 996 Paralytic poliomyelitis, 715 Pegylated-interferon, 701, 702, 968 Paramyxovirinae, 762, 763 Pelvic actinomycosis, 478 Paramyxoviruses Pemphigus vulgaris, 410 diagnosis of Penciclovir, 955, 956 laboratory, 683, 684 clinical indications, 956 radiographic evaluation, 683 drug resistance mechanisms, 956 HMPV (see Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)) pharmacology, 956 PIVs Penicillin, 409, 410, 428, 434, 450, 463, 478, 479, epidemiology and clinical manifestations, 682 486, 855, 858, 861, 862 in transplantation, 682 classes and spectrum, 858 treatment, 682, 683 Enterobacteriaceae, 453 RSV Penicillin G, 428 aerosolized ribavirin, 680, 681 Penicilliosis, 607 epidemiology and clinical manifestations, 680 Penicillium marneffei, 607, 1091 HSCT, 681 Peptide nucleic acid fluorescent In situ hybridization infection on transplantation, 680 (PNA FISH), 549, 800 IVIG, 681 Peramivir, 687, 961 in SOT, 681, 682 clinical applications, 963, 964 transmission and prevention, 684 drug resistance, 964 immunoprophylaxis, 684 pharmacology, 961, 963 vaccines, 684 Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), 305 Parasitic infections, 413 Perfusion fluid (PF), 86 Parasitic myositis, 335 Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain, 562, 581, 600, 820 Paraspinal infection, 335 Peri-pancreatic fluid collections (PPFC), 86 Paraspinal myositis, 335 Peripheral blood stem cell graft vs. bone marrow stem cells, 15 Parenteral-nutrition associated liver failure (PNALD), 112 Peritoneal dialysis, 77 Parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 760 Pertussis vaccines, 1086 Parvovirus B19, 203, 845, 846 Petechiae, 405 clinical presentation, 727 Petechial lesions, see Purpuric lesions non-transplant host, 727 Phaeohyphomycosis, 379, 520, 521 SOT and HCT, 728 Phaeohyphomycotic ulcer, 380 transplant recipient, 727, 728 Phagocyte, pattern recognition receptors of, 943 diagnosis, 728 Phagocyte-fungus-antifungal drug interplay, 942 1164 Index

Phagocytic cells, 941 Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), Pharmacodynamics (PD), 904 96, 97, 200, 240, 644, 648, 650, 1131 Phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and clinical presentation, 652

streptogramin A (PhLOPSA), 868 definition, 651 Phosphotransferases, 866 HSCT, 357, 358 Picornaviridae, 711 incidence, 651 Piggyback technique, 45 pathogenesis, 651 Piperacillin, 465, 858 pre-transplant screening and post-transplant surveillance Piperacillin-tazobactam, 464–466 adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, 656 Pirodavir, 719 antiviral therapies, 655 Pityriasis alba, 401, 402 diagnosis, 653 Pityriasis rosea, 402, 403 local therapies, 655 Pityriasis rubra pilaris, 402 pathology, 653, 654 Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), 745 reduction of immunosuppression, 654, 655 Plaques and pustules, 413, 414 rituximab and cytotoxic chemotherapy, 655, 656 Plasma protein binding (PPB), 905 risk factors, 651, 652 Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), 1032 SOT, 360, 361 Plasmodium falciparum, 787 Post-transplant mycotic abscesses, 310 Platelet dysfunction, 862 Post-transplantation constrictive bronchiolitis (PTCB), 357 Plazomicin, 865 Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), 1073 , 719 Poxviridae, 763, 764 Pleuropulmonary disease, 506, 507 Prednisolone, 495 Pleuropulmonary listeriosis, 485 Prednisone, 484, 913 Pneumocandins, 928 Preemptive therapy, 625, 626, 628 13-valent Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), 179 Presatovir (GS-5806), 682, 965 Pneumococcal disease, 1099, 1100 Primary antifungal prophylaxis Pneumococcal vaccine, 1086 HSCT recipients, 931–933 Pneumocystis jirveci, 345 SOT recipients, 933 Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), 91, 101, Primary antifungal therapy, 564–568 130, 218, 476 ABCD, 568 Pneumonia, 33, 351, 617, 618, 626, 627, 717 amphotericin B deoxycholate, 567, 568 aspiration, 343 isavuconazole, 568 bronchial anastomotic strictures, 343 treatment algorithm, 565 bronchial obstruction, 343 triazoles, 565, 568 cause of death, 236 voriconazole, 565, 567, 568 clinical and radiographic manifestations, 341 Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis, 381 community-acquired pneumonia, 342 Primary cutaneous leishmaniasis, 384 diagnosis, 341, 351 Primary drug resistance, 1003 healthcare-associated pneumonia, 341 Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), 358, 359 hospital-acquired pneumonia, 342 Primary pulmonary infection, 380 prophylactic antimicrobials, 341 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 304 Pneumovax, 1125 Pritelivir, 960 Pneumovirinae, 762, 763 Procalcitonin (PCT), 803, 1044 Polio vaccination, 1104 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Poliomyelitis, 1088 30, 234, 332, 334 Poliovirus (PV), 711, 715 Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) Polyene-caspofungin therapy, 584 clinical examination, 322 Polyene-echinocandin therapy, 584 definition, 322 Polyenes, 927, 928 differential diagnosis, 323 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, 805, 842 etiology, 322 CMV, 805 intravenous and intravitreal antiviral therapies, 323 Polymicrobial infections, 186, 192, 461, 462, 467 prognosis, 323 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 942 treatment, 323 Polymyxin(s), 468, 884, 885 Proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs), 910–912 Polymyxin B, 884 Prophylactic antimicrobials, 341 Polyoma BK virus infection, 203 Prospective antifungal therapy (PATH), 522 Polyoma viruses, 215 Protective environment (PE) room, 1073, 1074 Polysaccharide vaccine, 1100 Proteomic assays, 802, 803 Porcine choriomeningitis virus (PCMV), 767 Proteus mirabilis, 451 Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 767 Protozoa, 383, 384 Porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV), 767 Provocation poliomyelitis, 715 Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), 410 Pseudallescheria, 377 Portopulmonary hypertension (PPH), 41 Pseudomonal pneumonia, 463 Posaconazole, 377, 379, 523, 531, 532, 567, 569–571, Pseudomonas spp., 370, 858 583, 584, 591, 594, 595, 601, 928, 930, P. aeruginosa, 370, 421, 462–464, 1033 932, 935, 936, 947 P. fluroescens, 466 Post-transplant infections, 904 P. putida, 466 Index 1165

Pseudoporphyria cutanea tarda, 410 Rapid molecular assays, 799 Pseudoporphyria mimics, 410 Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), 508 Psoas muscle abscesses, 335 Mycobacterium abscessus complex, 511 Psoriasis, 401 Mycobacterium chelonae, 511 Psoriasis vulgaris, 403 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 511 Pulmonary actinomycosis, 344, 478 Reactive erythema, 411 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), 355, 357 Reactive neutrophilic dermatoses, 397, 398 Pulmonary aspergillosis, 564 Recombinant human cytokines, 179 Pulmonary candidiasis, 547 Recombinant myeloid growth factors, 1033, 1034 Pulmonary complications Recombinant polyepitope protein, 657 acute pulmonary infections, 236 Recurrent cholangitis, 305 idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 237 Red-Man syndrome, 865 invasive fungal disease, 236, 237 Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC), 153, 227 late complications, 237 Reduction of immunosuppression (RI), 654, 655 respiratory viral infections, 236 Refined strategies, 3 Pulmonary disease, 507, 607 Regimen-related toxicity (RRT), 227 Pulmonary edema, 351–353 Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 74 Pulmonary infections, 468 Renal transplantation, 504, 526, 704 Pulmonary infiltration, 172, 862 Representation difference analysis (RDA), 756 Pulmonary mucormycosis, 579, 581 Resolving Infection in Neutropenia with Granulocytes Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease, 11 (RING) trial, 570 Pulmonary nocardiosis, 474 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 684, 762, 1072 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 250, 251 clinical manifestations, 680 Purified protein derivative (PPD), 497 epidemiology, 680 Purpuric lesions immunoprophylaxis, 684 calciphylaxis, 404 infection in tranplantation, 680 disseminated intravascular coagulation, 405 treatment leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 404 aerosolized ribavirin, 680, 681 petechiae, 405 in HSCT, 681 superficial thrombophlebitis, 404 IVIG, 681 Pustular lesions in SOT, 681, 682 acneiform hypersensitivity drug eruptions, 398, 399 Respiratory tract infections, 449 AGEP, 398 actinomycosis, 344 eosinophilic folliculitis, 399, 400 acute bronchitis, 341 Grover’s disease, 400 asplenia, 339 miliaria rubra, 400 B lymphocyte deficiency, 339 neutrophilic eccrine hidradentis, 400, 401 hypocomplementemia, 339 reactive neutrophilic dermatoses, 397, 398 invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 345 Pyelonephritis, 448 neutropenia, 339 Pyoderma gangrenosum, 397 Nocardia, 343, 344 Pyogenic spinal infection, 334 nontuberuclous mycobacteria, 344 Pyrimethamine, 780 Pneumocystis jirveci, 345 pneumonia aspiration, 343 Q bronchial anastomotic strictures, 343 Qnr protein, 876 bronchial obstruction, 343 QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube test (QFT-GIT), 54, 497 clinical and radiographic manifestations, 341 Quantitative molecular diagnostic tests, 842 community-acquired pneumonia, 342 Quinolone prophylaxis, 1042 diagnosis, 341 Quinolone-induced phototoxicity, 877 healthcare-associated pneumonia, 341 Quinolones, 874, 875 hospital-acquired pneumonia, 342 activity spectrum, 875 prophylactic antimicrobials, 341 adverse reactions, 876, 877 respiratory viruses, 345 resistance, 875, 876 sinusitis transplantation, role of, 877 bacterial sinus infections, 340 Quinupristin, 437 classification, 340 Quinupristin-dalfopristin, 872, 873 determinants of, 340 diagnosis, 340 invasive fungal sinus infections, 340 R occurrence, 340 Rabies virus, 758, 759 risk factors, 340 Radiation dermatitis, acute, 401, 402 signs and symptoms, 340 Radiaion-induced lung injury, 355 treatment, 340 Radiation pneumonitis, 356 viral infections, 340 Radiographic infiltrate, 351 T lymphocyte deficiency, 339 Rapamycin, 361, 615 tracheobronchitis, 341 Rapamycin inhibitors, 560 tuberculosis, 344 1166 Index

Respiratory viral infections (RVIs), 236 S antiviral agents, 962–963 Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), 821 BOS, 680 Salmon-colored plaques, 402 clinical syndromes, 679 Salmonella spp., 369, 454, 455 cumulative rates of, 679 S. enterica serovar typhi, 1088 HCoVs, 688, 689 S. typhimurium infection, 1022 HRVs, 688, 689 Salvage therapy, 569 incidence of, 679 Saralex-cl (Menyhay Healthcare Systems), 258 infections with, 679 Scabies, 385 orthomyxovirus (see Influenza) Scattered non-necrotizing granulomas, 603 paramyxoviruses (see Paramyxoviruses) Scedosporium spp., 377, 527, 529, 530, 936 Respiratory viral pathogens, 215 S. apiospermum, 218 Respiratory viruses, 801, 988, 1074 S. prolificans, 218 RespPlex test, 849 Schistosoma spp., 312–314, 788, 789 Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 48, 828 Schistosoma-HCV coinfection, 313 Retinitis, 319, 618, 619, 627 Schistosomiasis, 788 Reverse halo-sign, 580 Sclerosing panniculitis, 407 rG-CSF, 1034 Scopulariopsis, 379 Rheumatic heart disease, 275 Secondary cutaneous mucormycosis, 378 Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 378, 579 Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC), 304 Rhinovirus, 711 Second-line antifungal therapy, 569 Rhizopus oryzae, 582, 584 Seizures, 432 Rhombencephalitis, 483, 484 Sepsis, 274, 275, 353 Ribavirin, 680, 683, 687, 701–703, 706, 747, 964 Septal panniculitis (erythema nodosum), 407 clinical applications, 965 Septic shock, 274 dosing and drug interactions, 995 Septifast™ test, 800, 1044 drug resistance, 965 Sequence-independent single–primer amplification mechanism of action and resistance, 994, 995 (SISPA), 756 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 995 Serological tests, 779 pharmacokinetics, 995 Serratia, 369 pharmacology, 964, 965 Serratia spp., 447, 449, 451 Rickettsial infections, 405, 412–413 Serum galactomannan assay, 563, 572 Rifabutin, 509–513, 627, 910 7 non-structural proteins, 735 Rifampicin, 409, 410, 427, 466, 498, 509, 511, 512, 913 7-O-glucuronide MPA (MPAG), 911 Rifampin, 427, 466, 498, 509, 511, 512, 913 Severe bleomycin toxicity, 354 monotherapy, 1007–1009 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus Rifamycins, 506, 511, 512, 880 (SFTSV), 756 activity spectrum, 880 Shigella spp., 454 adverse reactions, 880, 881 Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4, 505 resistance and decreased susceptibility, 880 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 420 transplant patients, use in, 881 Sinusitis Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), 766 bacterial sinus infections, 340 Right lung Mycobacterium kansasii pneumonia, 12 classification, 340 Rimantadine, 686, 687, 964 determinants of, 340 dosing and drug interactions, 988 diagnosis, 340 mechanism of action and resistance, 987 invasive fungal sinus infections, 340 pharmacokinetics, 987, 988 occurrence, 340 Rituximab, 355, 361, 474, 622, 623, 655, 656 risk factors, 340 monotherapy, 656 signs and symptoms, 340 RNA respiratory viruses, 961 treatment, 340 amantadine and rimantadine, 964 viral infections, 340 oseltamivir, peramivir and zanamivir, 961 Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), 705 clinical applications, 963, 964 Sirolimus, 399, 615, 620, 633 drug resistance, 964 Sirolimus pneumonitis, 361, 362 pharmacology, 961, 963 Sixth disease, 671 presatovir, 965 Skin tissue infections, 52 ribavirin, 964 Skin blisters, 408 clinical applications, 965 Skin infections, 507 drug resistance, 965 Skin necrosis, 407 pharmacology, 964, 965 Skin tumors, 413 RNA-seq, 802 Slow-growing mycobacteria (SGM), 508, 511 Roseola Infantum, 671 Mycobacterium avium complex, 509, 510 Rotavirus, 127, 128 Mycobacterium kansasii, 510 Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, 45 Small bowel transplantation Index 1167

allogeneic HCT Aspergillus, 147 echinocandins, 1117 Candida, 146 fluconazole vs. placebo, 1116, 1117 coccidioidomycosis, 147 itraconazole, 1117 Cryptococcus, 147 posaconazole, 1117, 1118 endemic fungi infections, 146 voriconazole, 1118 histoplasmosis, 147 Winston trial, 1117 invasive fungal infections, 147 autologous HCT, 1118, 1119 opportunistic fungal infection, 146 coccidioides, 1119 preventative strategies, 147 endemic mycoses, 1119 heart transplant recipients, 504 Small particle aerosol generator (SPAG-2 device), 964 herpesviruses, 145 Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), 1041 HHV-6, 671, 672 , 968 HSV, 145, 667 Soft tissue infection, 52, 476, 507 IFI Solid organ allograft rejection, 3 fungal pathogens in, 519–521 Solid organ transplant (SOT), 291, 466–468, 679, 680, 687, 725, 727, incidence and types, 525–528 755, 819, 903, 1003, 1069, 1095–1097, 1099–1104 risk factors, 528, 529 allograft rejection, 359, 360 timelines and outcomes, 529, 530 anemia influenza vaccinations, 142 ABO incompatibility, 199 influenza viral infections, 146 drugs, 199, 200 influenza, 688 frequency and severity, 199 intermediate phase infections, 171 graft versus host disease, 200, 201 intestinal and multivisceral transplants, 622 hemolysis, 199 kidney and pancreases transplantation, 621, 622 hemophagocytic syndrome, 201 late phase infections, 171 infections, 200 leukopenia iron deficiency, 200 acute infection, 202 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 200 cytomegalovirus infection, 202 pre-transplant, 199 definition, 201 prevalence, 199 dengue infection, 201 anti-bacterial prophylaxis, 1125, 1126 fungal infections, 201 anti-fungal prophylaxis, 1128, 1129 non-infectious causes, 201 anti-viral prophylaxis, 1131, 1132 parvovirus B19, 201 aspergillosis, 560, 571 risk, 201 bacterial infections, 143 liver transplantation, 621 chest radiograph, 172 long-term viral infections, 142 clinical signs and symptoms, 171 lung and heart transplants, 621 CMV infection, 143, 144 lung cancer, 361 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 425 lung transplant recipients, 504 composite tissue allotransplantation management, 172 anatomic and physiologic features, 142 Mtb, 494 facial and hand composite tissue allotransplants, 142, 147 nucleic acid detection assays, 172 immunization strategies, 147 oral candidiasis, 141 lifestyle adaptations, 148 passenger lymphocyte syndrome, 199 computed tomography, 172 PCR, 172 culture-directed antibiotics, 141 perioperative care, 142 double sandwich ELISA system, 172 pneumococcal vaccinations, 142 drug interactions in prevention antimetabolites, pharmacokinetic alterations of, 911, 913 antibacterial prophylaxis, 175–177 CNI and PSI, pharmacokinetic alterations of, 910, 911 antifungal prophylaxis, 174–175, 177, 178 corticosteroids, pharmacokinetic alterations of, 913 antiviral prophylaxis, 177, 178 immunosuppressive agents, pharmacokinetic alterations of, colony-stimulating factors, 179 913, 914 immunization, 178, 179 early infection, 141, 170 pneumocystis prophylaxis, 177, 178 diagnosis, 171 screening requirements, 176, 178 empirical therapy, 172, 173 primary fungal pathogens, 526 Enterobacteriaceae (see Enterobacteriaceae) primary graft dysfunction (PGD), 358, 359 Enterococcus, 436, 437 PTLD, 360, 361, 651, 654 Epstein-Barr virus, 145 renal transplant, 504 face, limbs and integument transplant, 622 respiratory viral diseases, 146 facial and upper extremity transplantation, 148 risk factors, 141, 170, 620, 621 flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 172 RSV, 681, 682 fungal infections serologic testing, 172 antifungal therapy, 146 sirolimus (mTOR inhibitor) pneumonitis, 361, 362 1168 Index

Solid organ transplant (SOT) (cont.) Streamlining, 1046 Staphylococcus aureus, 421, 422 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 189 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 432, 433 Streptococci thrombocytopenia β-hemolytic streptococci immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 204 clinical manifestation, 429 infectious etiologies, 202–203 diagnosis, 429, 430 noninfectious etiologies, 203–204 epidemiology, 429 treatment, 205 GAS, 429 timing of infections, 165, 167, 170 GBS, 429 treatment modalities, 142 treatment, 430 valganciclovir prophylaxis for CMV prevention, 669 Enterococcus VZV, 145, 670 diagnosis, 437 ultrasound, 172 epidemiology, 434 Solid tumors, 239 HSCT, 435, 436 Spanish Network for Research on Infection in Transplantation SOT, 436, 437 (RESISTRA), 560 treatment, 437, 438 Spinal infection S. pneumoniae (see Streptococcus pneumoniae) blunted host immune response, 334 VGS early time period, 334 clinical presentation, 427, 428 intermediate time period, 334 diagnosis, 428 late time period, 334, 335 epidemiology, 427 signs and symptoms, 334 treatment, 428 Splenctomy, 6 Streptococcus spp., 366 Spongiosis, 408 S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis, 429 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), 51, 433 S. pneumoniae, 366, 427 Sporothrix schenckii, 382, 607 clinical presentation, 430, 431 Sporotrichosis, 382, 599, 1076 diagnosis, 433 Sporozoites, 776 epidemiology, 430 Squamous cell carcinoma, 413 HSCT, 431, 432 St. Louis encephalitis virus, 735, 740, 764 SOT, 432, 433 Staphylococcal abscesses, 475 treatment, 434 Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec), 857 S. pyogenes, 366 Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), 426 Streptogramins, 871 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), 366 activity spectrum, 872 Staphylococcus aureus, 366, 400, 420 adverse reactions, 872 clinical manifestation, 422, 423 resistance, 871 bacteremia, 422, 423 streptogramins, 872, 873 necrotizing pneumonia, 422 transplant patients, use in, 873 nosocomial pneumonia, 422 Streptomycin, 506, 510, 865 in small bowel and multivisceral transplantation, 423 Strongyloides, 782, 783 diagnosis, 423 S. stercoralis, 7, 218, 384, 1083 epidemiology and pathogenesis, 420 Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome, 783 HSCT recipients, 421 Strongyloidiasis, 781 SOT recipients, 421, 422 clinical findings, 783 treatment, 423–425 diagnosis, 784, 785 Staphylococcus spp., 365, 366, 420 epidemiology, 782 S. epidermidis, 400 filariform larvae, 781 S. lugdunensis, 425 pathogenesis, immunity and hyperinfection syndrome, 782, 783 clinical manifestations, 426 treatment, 785 diagnosis, 426 Subacute measles encephalitis (SME), 762 disease pathogensis, 425, 426 Subcutaneous and deep mycoses epidemiology, 425 Aspergillus, 376, 377 HSCT recipients, 425 blastomycosis, 382 SOT recipients, 425 candidiasis, 380 treatment, 426, 427 coccidioidomycosis, 381, 382 S. aureus (see Staphylococcus aureus) cryptococcosis, 380, 381 Stasis dermatitis, 401 Fusarium, 377 Steatohepatitis, 702 helminths, 384, 385 Stem cell graft-assisted antitumor response, 3 histoplasmosis, 382 Stem cell transplantation (SCT), 466, 467, 1069 hyalohyphomycoses, 379 Stenotrophomonas, 370, 1124 mucormycosis, 377–379 S. maltophilia, 462, 464 phaeohyphomycosis, 379 Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 100, 412 protozoa, 383, 384 Still’s disease, 482 Pseudallescheria, 377 Strand displacement amplification (SDA), 798 scabies, 385 Strongyloides stercoralis, 781, 782 Scedosporium, 377 Index 1169

sporotrichosis, 382 Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion superficial mycoses, 383 (SIADH), 374 zygomycosis, 377–379 Syngeneic transplantation, 153, 185 Subdural hematoma, 234 Systemic corticosteroids, 378, 430, 495 Sudamina, 409 Systemic extrapulmonary infection, 7 Sulbactam, 859 Systemic fungal diseases Sulfamethoxazole, 510, 919 Aspergillus Sulfonamides, 881, 882, 919 airway and sinus disease, 823 activity spectrum, 882 antifungal host immune response, 824 adverse reactions, 882, 883 conidia, 823 resistance, 882 culture, 823, 824 transplant patients, use in, 883 GM indices and GM dynamics, 824 Superficial cutaneous staphylococcal infections, 365 microbiological testing, 823 Superficial dermatophytosis, 383 multiple NAATs, 824 Superficial fungal infections, 401, 411–413 RenDx Fungiplex assay, 824 Superficial mycoses, 383 respiratory tract and sinuses, 823 Superficial skin infections, 365 serum BG testing, 824 Superficial thrombophlebitis, 404 surveillance GM and PCR testing, 823 Supportive care. See Palliative care transbronchial biopsies, 823 Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1, 505 Candida, 825, 826 Surface layer proteins (SLP), 293 clinical and epidemiological clues, 830 Surgical site infection (SSIs), 29, 32 cryptococcosis, 826, 827 CDC classifications, 265 diagnostic approach, 830 CDC’s NHSN definitions, 265, 266 diagnostic laboratory methods clinical presentation, 268 antigens detection, 821 deep, 265 biosafety of laboratory personnel, 821 incidence, 266 culture, 820, 821 intraoperative culture of pathogenic fungi, 821 antibiotic re-dosing, 270 detection of fungal antigens, 822 multilayered wound closure, 270 detection of invasive fungi, 820 temperature management, 270 histopathology, 819, 820 wound closure technique, 270 host response, 823 mechanism macroscopic and microscopic morphology, 821 early onset, 268 microscopic examination, 819 endogenous sources, 267 morphological, biochemical and/molecular methods, 819 exogenous sources, 268 NAATs, 822 late onset organ/space infections, 268 serodiagnosis, 819 transplant types, 267 geographically limited/endemic fungi microbiology, 268, 269 coccidioidomycosis, 829, 830 organ/space infections, 265 histoplasmosis, 828, 829 patient’s environment, 271 non-aspergillus opportunistic molds, 824, 825 postoperative pneumocystis, 827 serum blood glucose, 270 wound care, 270 preoperative T antibiotic administration, 270 T cell depleted stem cell graft, 16 antiseptic bath/shower, 269 T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, 155 colonization, 269 T lymphocyte deficiency, 339 hair removal, 269 T spot TB test (T-spot), 1006 infection, 269 T2Candida Panel, 1044 tobacco cessation, 270 Tachyzoites, 775, 776, 779, 780 wash and clean, incision site, 270 Tacrolimus, 913 risk factors Tazobactam, 858, 859 diabetes mellitus, 267 Tedizolid, 424, 427, 430, 437, 511, 867 immunosuppression, 266 Telaprevir obesity, 267 dosing and drug interactions, 993 repeat surgery, 267 mechanism of action and resistance, 993 route of infection, 265 pharmacokinetics, 993 superficial, 265 Telbivudine (TBV), 699, 970 treatment, 269 Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), 699, 970 Surgical wound infections, 55 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), 699, 970 Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiological dosing and drug interactions, 993 Importance (SCOPE), 251 mechanism of action and resistance, 992 Suspected viral eye disease, 617 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics, 993 Sustained virologic response (SVR), 702 pharmacokinetics, 992, 993 Sweet’s syndrome, 381, 398 Terbinafine, 379 1170 Index

Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap), 24 Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), 353, 355 Tetracyclines, 410, 430, 434, 870, 918 Transient aplastic crisis (TAC), 727 activity spectrum, 870 Transient leukopenia, 353 in transplant recipients, 870, 871 Transmembrane protein (prM), 735 tigecycline, in transplant recipients, 871 Transplant Associated Infections Surveillance Network Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 882 (TRANSNET), 522–524, 529, 544, 560, 572, 578, 933 The QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube (QFT-GIT) test, 1006 Transplantation, travel and Thoracic organs, 21 close contacts, 1090 Thoracic transplantation, 22 immunization Thoracopulmonary actinomycosis, 477, 478 BCG, 1090 Thrombocytopenia, 908 cholera vaccine, 1090 immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 204 hepatitis A, 1087, 1088 infectious etiologies Japanese encephalitis, 1090 coronavirus, 203 meningococcus, 1088, 1089 cytomegalovirus, 202 polio, 1088 Epstein Barr virus, 203 rabies, 1089 hepatitis C infection, 203 Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, 1088 HHV-6, 203 yellow fever, 1089 lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus, 203 non-vaccine preventable illness Parvovirus B-19, 203 acquisition, 1084 polyoma BK virus infection, 203 acute toxoplasmosis, 1084 noninfectious etiologies altitude sickness, 1084 calcineurin inhibitors, 203 Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, 1083 ganciclovir, 203 contract parasitic infections, 1083 heparin induced thrombocytopenia, 204 diarrhea, 1083 valganciclovir, 203 drug interactions, 1084, 1085 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, 203 echinococcosis, 1083 treatment, 205 malaria and dengue fever, 1083 Thrombotic microangiopathy (TM), 235, 238 respiratory infections, 1083 Thyroid dysfunction, 238, 239 planning, 1082 Thyroid nodules, 239 post-travel evaluation, 1091 Tiacumicin B, 886 routine vaccines Ticarcillin-clavalanate, 464 diphtheria, 1086 Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), 764 hepatitis B, 1086 Tigecycline, 424, 430, 464–466, 506, 509–511, 870, 871 HSCT, 1085, 1086 Enterobacteriaceae, 453 influenza, 1086 Enterococcus, 438 MMR, 1086 Tinea corporis, 402, 411 pertussis vaccines, 1086 Tobramycin (TOBI®), 511, 915, 916 pneumococcal vaccine, 1086 Tobramycin inhalation powder (TIP), 915 recommendations, 1085 Toll-like receptor (TRL) pathway, 50, 505, 530, 714, 941 tetanus, 1086 Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), 420 varicella, 1086, 1087 Topical antimicrobials, 255 surveys, 1081, 1082 Topical corticosteroids, 398, 399 vaccination and response, 1085 Topoisomerase IV (Top IV), 874 Transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD), 728 Torque teno viruses (TTV), 756 Transplant recipients, parasitic infections Total body irradiation (TBI), 18, 355 Acanthamoeba spp., 788 Total body weight (TBW), 910 Balamuthia mandrillaris, 788 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 100, 412 intestinal protozoa, 789 Toxic erythema of chemotherapy, 400 Leishmania spp., 788 Toxoplasma gondii, 775 malaria, 787, 788 Toxoplasmic encephalitis, 779 Schistosoma spp., 788, 789 Toxoplasmosis, 218, 384, 776 strongyloidiasis acute, 778, 1084 chronic strongyloidiasis, 782 ocular clinical findings, 783 causes, 325 corticosteroid use, 783 clinical presentation, 326 diagnosis, 784, 785 diagnostic tests, 326 epidemiology, 782 incidence, 325 filariform larvae, 781 prognosis, 326 gastrointestinal tract, 782 risk factors, 325 hematologic malignancies, 782 treatment, 326 HSCTs, 782 Tracheobronchitis, 341, 547, 561 prevention of hyperinfection, 785 Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), 745, 842 Th2 immune response, 782 Transcriptomic assays, 802 treatment, 785 Transcutaneous infection, 335 toxoplasmosis Index 1171

acute toxoplasmosis, 778 Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6), 941 bradyzoites, 775 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 492–494 clinical manifestations, 777 Type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions, 862 conventional epidemiological risk factors, 775 Type I interferons (IFNs), 738 definition, 775 Type II reactions, 862 immunocompromised patient, treatment regimens for, 780 Type III reactions, 862 laboratory diagnosis of, 779 Type IV reactions, 862 latent Toxoplasma gondii infection, diagnosis of, 778 life cycle and epidemiology, 777 oocysts, 776 U pneumonia, 776 Ulcerative lesions, 413 prevention, 781 Ultrasonic nebulizers, 915 primary prevention of, 781 Umbilical cord blood donor, 156, 157 primary Toxoplasma Gondii infection, diagnosis of, 779, 780 Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT), 651, 652 reactivation of latent infection, 778 United States Public Health Service (USPHS), 848 serological tests, 779 United States Renal Data System (USRDS), 448 tachyzoite, 775 Universal antifungal prophylaxis, 1111–1113 Toxoplasma gondii, 775 Unrelated donor/mismatched stem cell graft, 15 treatment, 780 Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), 679–681, 684, 686, 1074 Trypanosoma cruzi, 786, 787 aerosolized ribavirin and IVIG, 681 Transplantation Society International CMV, 1020 PIV, 682 Traumatic panniculitis, 407 signs of, 680 Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), 568 Urinary bladder drainage method, 98 Trehalose dimycolate (TDM), 493 Urinary tract infection (UTI), 447, 448 Triazole, 565, 568, 569, 571, 582, 929 clinical manifestations, 547 Triazole-based antifungals, 927 incidence, 75 Trichoderma longibrachiatum, 131 treatment, 552 Trichosporon, 379 Urticaria, 411, 412 Trimethoprim, 510 US FDA-cleared commercial molecular tests, 798–799 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 100, 101, 368, 409, US FDA-cleared syndromic molecular tests, 800 430, 432, 434, 450, 464–466, 468, 475, 476, 509, 1126 Usutu virus (USUV), 755 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole DS, 510 Uveitis, 319 Tropical spastic paraparesis, 88 Trypanosoma cruzi, 383, 786, 787 T-SPOT.TB test (T-Spot), 54, 82, 497 V Tuberculin skin testing (TST), 54, 82, 497, 1005, 1006, 1071 Vaccination Tuberculosis (TB), 312, 344, 503, 1070 accelerated vaccination, 1096 acquired drug resistance, 1003 hepatitis A, 1103 active TB hepatitis B, 1102 diagnosis, 1009–1010 Hib vaccinations, 1103, 1104 donor screening, 1005 household contacts, 1096 NAAT, 1005 human papillomaviruses, 1105 screening methods, 1005, 1006 immunocompromised hosts, 1095 screening protocols, 1005 immunosuppression, 1096 antituberculous drugs, 1003 influenza bi-modal distribution, 1004 adult, 1097, 1098 epidemiology, 1005 LAIV, 1097 extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), 1004, 1011 pediatrics, 1098, 1099 IGRA screening, 1006 solid organ transplant, 1097 latent TB infection, 1004 types, 1097 diagnosis, 1005 live-virus vaccines, 1096 donor screening, 1005 measles, mumps and rubella, 1104, 1105 risk factors, 1005 meningococcal vaccine, 1100 screening methods, 1005, 1006 NHIS, 1095 treatment, 1007–1009 pneumococcal disease, 1099, 1100 MDR-TB (see Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)) polio, 1104 mortality, 1004 tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis, 1101, 1102 multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB), 1003 transplant recipients, 1095, 1096 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1004 VZV post transplant TB, 1004 adults, 1101 prevalence, 1004 herpes zoster, 1100 primary drug resistance, 1003 live-attenuated varicella virus, 1100 public health implications, 1003 pediatrics, 1101 pulmonary TB, 1004 primary chickenpox, 1100 in United States, 1005 WNV, 748 Tuberculous hepatitis, 312 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1096 1172 Index

Vaccine-derived poliovirus, 715, 716 mechanical blisters, 408 Vaccine-strain viruses, 715 miliaria crystallina, 409 Vaginal candidiasis, 553 PCT, 410 Valacyclovir, 628, 653, 669, 955, 956 pseudoporphyria cutanea tarda, 410 clinical indications, 956 Vestibular damage, 866 dosing and drug interactions, 982 Vibrio spp., 370, 371 drug resistance mechanisms, 956 V. vulnificus, 370 mechanism of action and resistance, 979 Vincristine, 622 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 979 Viral capsid antigens (VCA), 644, 649 pharmacokinetics, 979 Viral diagnostics pharmacology, 956 antigen-based testing, 841 Valganciclovir, 623, 624, 626, 628–631, 633, 669, 957 BKV, 844, 845 clinical indications, 957 CRV infection, 845 dosing and drug interactions, 984 cytomegalovirus, 842, 843 drug resistance mechanisms, 957 definition, 841 mechanism of action and resistance, 984 EBV serologic testing, 844 pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics in, 984 hepatitis B, 846, 847 pharmacokinetics, 984 hepatitis C, 847 pharmacology, 957 HIV, 847, 848 Vancomycin, 466, 467, 862, 906, 907 molecular testing, 842 activity spectrum, 862, 863 molecular tests, 842 adverse reactions, 863–865 multiplex vs. single-virus testing, 848, 849 bacillus, 367 NAT testing, 848 Corynebacterium jeikeium, 367 parvovirus B19, 845, 846 CoNS, 427 respiratory viruses, 846 resistance and reduced susceptibility, 863 tuberculin skin test, 842 Staphylococcus aureus, 424 viral hepatitis agents, 846 in transplant patient, 865 viral load, 842 VGS, 428 Viral encephalitis, 619 Vancomycin-based prophylaxis, 1043 Viral hepatitis, 77, 846 Vancomycin-dependent enterococcus (VDE), 863 Viral infections Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), 863 allo-HSCT Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), 56, 189, 203, 419, 421, adenovirus, 215 434–438, 864, 1042 cytomegalovirus, 213, 214 Vancomycin-related ototoxicity, 864 Epstein-Barr virus, 214 Varicella, 1087 hepatitis B virus, 215 Varicella vaccine, 179 herpes simplex virus, 214 Varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG), 1075 human herpesvirus 6, 214 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 145, 214, 373, 374, 1075 human herpesvirus 7, 215 adults, 1101 human herpesvirus 8, 215 clinical disease, 669 polyoma viruses (BK and JC), 215 diagnosis, 670 respiratory viruses, 215 epidemiology, 669 varicella zoster virus, 214 herpes zoster, 1100 definition, 754 live-attenuated varicella virus, 1100 EV-D68, 761, 762 pediatrics, 1101 global emerging pathogens prevention, 670 alphaviruses, 766 primary chickenpox, 1100 Bunyaviridae, 766 vaccine vector, 657 DENV, 764, 765 Vasogenic edema, 235 Filoviridae, 767 Velcade, 622 flaviviruses, 764 Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), 342, 916 SOT and HSCT, 764 Verigene® platform, 1044 USUV, 765 Verrucous perianal papules and plaques, 375 YFV, 764, 765 Vertebral osteomyelitis, 334, 496 ZIKV, 764, 765 Vesiculobullous lesions HBoV, 760, 761 acute dermatitis, 408 HBoV and PARV4, 760, 761 autoimmune bullous diseases, 410, 411 HTLV-1 infection, 757, 758 bullous drug eruptions, 409 LCMV, 759, 760 bullous graft vs. host disease, 409 measles and mumps, 762, 763 bullous insect bite reaction, 411 methods, 755 coma blisters, 408 nipah and hendra viruses, 762, 763 diabetic blisters, 408 Poxviridae, 763, 764 edema, 409 prevention and reporting, 767, 768 lymphedema blisters, 409 rabies virus, 758, 759 Index 1173

transplant population, 754, 755 mucosal candidiasis, 553 viral discovery and disease association, 755, 756 prophylaxis, 1115, 1116 Viral latency, 611 superficial mycoses, 383 Viral metagenomics, 756 Viral myocarditis, 717 Viral retinitis W acute retinal necrosis syndrome West Nile virus (WNV), 30, 88, 764 causes, 320 clinical characteristics, 739 clinical examination, 320 clinical syndromes, 738–740 definition, 320 diagnosis of, 744, 745 diagnosis, 320 dynamics of, 745 differential diagnosis, 320 epidemiology, 736, 737 dosing, 322 laboratory and imaging findings, 740 etiology, 320 pathogenesis and immune response, 737, 738 late complications, 322 prevention, 747 molecular testing, 321 solid organ transplantation, 742–743 onset of, 320 transmission cycle, 736 prognosis, 322 transplant recipients progression, 321 characteristics of, 741, 744 symptoms, 320 graft transmitted, 740, 741 treatment, 321, 322 treatment of CMVR IFN therapy, 746 clinical presentation, 323 IVIG, 745, 746 definition, 323 Ribavarin, 747 differential diagnosis, 323 Ribavirin, 747 incidence, 323 RNA interference-based intervention, 747 risk factors, 323 vaccines, 748 source of infection, 323 virus and reservoir, 735 treatment, 324 West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), 739 visual prognosis, 324 West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNND), 739 progressive outer retinal necrosis, 323 West Nile virus-infected SOT donors, 748 clinical examination, 322 Wound closure technique, 270 definition, 322 Wound/surgical site infections, 449, 450 differential diagnosis, 323 WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), 807 etiology, 322 intravenous and intravitreal antiviral therapies, 323 prognosis, 323 X Viridans group streptococci (VGS) Xenotransplantation, 767 clinical presentation, 427, 428 X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), 647 diagnosis, 428 Xpert MTF/RIF (Cepheid), 498 epidemiology, 427 treatment, 428 Virus specific antibodies, 649 Y Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, 686 Yellow fever, 735, 1089 Vitamin D, 493 YFV, 764, 765 V-Link with VitalShield, 258 Yersinia spp., 454, 455 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 803 Yoka poxvirus, 764 Volume of distribution (Vd), 905 Voriconazole, 379, 410, 523, 551, 563, 565–572, 578, 579, 583, 601, 604, 928, 931, 932, 934 Z Cryptococcus infection, 591, 594, 595 Zanamivir, 686, 687, 961 endophthalmitis, 553 clinical applications, 963, 964 host-fungal pathogen interplay, 945 drug resistance, 964 IFI, 531, 532 pharmacology, 961, 963 intra-abdominal candidiasis, 552 Zika virus (ZIKV), 735, 764, 765, 804 invasive candidiasis, 553 Zygomycosis, 327, 328, 377–379, 936