0 200 miles

N Xiamen Taipei it FUJIAN a CHINA tr S TAIWAN

Pearl R ive n r Guangzhou a iw a GUANGDONG T R Macao Kaohsiung ed GUANGXI Hong Kong R iv er V Hanoi Zhanjiang Haiphong Pratas Is. Luzon Strait

I Gulf of Tonkin Haikou Hainan

E Sanya

LAOS S

T Paracel Woody I. Hue Islands E Da Nang Truro Shoal Luzon

N Triton I. Macclesfield N Bank Scarborough Shoal I Subic Bay Manila A

g SOUTH CHINA P

n

o

k e SEA

M P M Cam Ranh Bay CAMBODIA North Danger Reed Bank Bank I Phnom Penh Thitu I. Ho Chi Minh City L Itu Aba I. Phu Quy I Palawan Spratly Islands H Gulf of Con Son Spratly I. Thailand P

Vanguard Louisa Bank Reef Kota Kinabalu SABAH Bandar Seri Begawan BRUNEI

Natuna (Indonesia)

SARAWAK MALAYSIA Kuching SINGAPORE BORNEO INDONESIA

The South China Sea – known as the East Sea in Vietnam and the West Philippine Sea in the Philippines.

ix x N CHINA

Gulf Hainan

of Lingshui

Tonkin Sanya

SOUTH CHINA SEA

North Reef Amphitrite West Sand Tree I. Group Rocky I. V Woody I. Crescent Prattle I. Group Robert I. Drummond I. Lincoln Island I C h in Duncan I. e s E e Money I. Vuladdore Reef c la i m Discovery Reef T Da Nang li n e Passu Bombay Reef Cu Lao Cham Keah N Triton Island

A Agreed boundary between China and Vietnam Equidistance line M LAOS 200 nautical miles from coasts

0 100 nautical miles China’s nine-dashed line

The Paracel Islands: occupied by China, which calls them the Xisha, but claimed by Vietnam, which calls them the ‘Hoang Sa. VIETNAM 0 100 nautical miles Features occupied by: North China Malaysia Danger Reef Taiwan Vietnam Philippines Thitu I. West York I. Subi Reef Flat I. Lankiam Loaita I. Cay Nanshan I. Itu Aba I. Tizard Gaven Reef Bank

SOUTH CHINA SEA Union Mischief Reef Reefs Fiery Cross Johnson Reef Reef Second Thomas Shoal

London Reefs Pearson Alison Pigeon Reef Reef Reef Palawan Ladd Reef Cuarteron Reef Cornwallis S. Reef Spratly I. PHILIPPINES Barque Commodore Reef Canada Bombay Reef Erica Reef Prince Consort Bank Castle Amboyna Cay Mariveles Investigator Shoal Grainger Bank Reef Sulu Sea Dallas Reef claimed by Brunei Vanguard Bank Ardasier Reef Swallow Reef Chinese claim line

Malaysian claim line

N undefined Vietnamese MALAYSIA claim line Louisa Reef Borneo xi The Spratly Islands, known as the Nansha in China, the Truong Sa in Vietnam and the Kalayaan Island Group in the Philippines. 0 200 nautical miles TAIWAN N CHINA Taiwanese baselines (1996)

Chinese baselines (1996) Pratas Is. Gulf of Tonkin

V Hainan

I

E China/Vietnam 2000 Paracel T Islands Macclesfield Bank S N High seas pocket LAOS E

A Scarborough

Shoal N

M SOUTH CHINA I Philippines’ SEA archipelagic P CAMBODIA baselines (1996)

P

I

L

Spratly Islands I

H Vietnamese baselines P (1982)

Brunei-Malaysia boundary delimilation (1958) Baselines Indonesia/ Agreed boundary Indonesia’s Malaysia Equidistance line archipelagic (1958) Malaysia’s baselines baselines BRUNEI 200 nautical miles from baselines Islands probably capable Natuna of human habitation drawn with 12nm territorial seas MALAYSIA China’s nine-dashed line

The South China Sea showing islands potentially large enough to be considered ‘capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life’. The cartographer has drawn these islands with 12 nautical mile territorial seas and hypothetical Exclusive Economic Zones. The EEZs are shown with their maximum effect – half way between the island and the nearest coastline. Recent ICJ judgements suggest the line would be drawn closer to the islands. The map also shows how China’s ‘U-shaped line’ claim cuts into every littoral country’s EEZ drawn from their coastline. (Based on a map drawn by I Made Andi Arsana, Lecturer at the Department of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.) xii