DOCSLIB.ORG

ALLERTONIA a Series of Occasional Papers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALLERTONIA a Series of Occasional Papers Vol. 1 No.5 ALLERTONIA A Series of Occasional Papers Wood Anatomy and Relationships of Bataceae, Gyrostemonaceae, and Stylobasiaceae by Sherwin Cariquist Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii February, 1978 F ALLERTONIA is a series of occasional papers intended to serve for publication of longer studies presenting results of original botanical or horticultural research undertaken by members of the staff of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden or in collaboration with the Garden and its programs. The title commemorates the late Mr. Robert Allerton (1873—1964). His gener osity and guidance, as one of its first Trustees, were instrumental in the establish ment of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE A. C. Smith, Editor H. Kamemoto J. L. Brewbaker C. H. Lamoureux S. Carlquist Y. Sagawa L. Constance W. L. Theobald, ex officio Numbers of ALLERTONIA are priced individually. Standing orders may be placed by writing:. Publications Secretary Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden P.O. Box 340 Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii 96765 Volume I, to date, consists of: No. 1. Rare and Endangered Species of Hawaiian Vascular Plants. By F.R. Fos berg and Derral Herbst Price: $6.00 No. 2. The Pacific Species of Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertn. (Pittosporaceae). By Judith E. Haas Price: $8.00 No. 3. The Family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. By R. E. Holt turn Price: $5.50 No. 4. Revision of Perymenium (Asteraceae-Heliantheae) in Mexico and Central America. By John J. Fay Price: $5.50 No. 5. Wood Anatomy and Relationships of Bataceae, Gyrostemonaceae, and Stylo basiaceae. By Sherwin Carlquist Price: $3.50 © 1978, by Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden WOOD ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF BATACEAE, GYROSTEMONACEAE, AND STYLOBASIACEAE’ SHERWIN CARLQuIsT2 INTRODUCTION One of the problems encountered in application of evidence from anatomy or other disciplines to phylogenetic decisions is the tendency for a worker to support concepts already in existence, rather than to cast widely for relationships that may, at first glance, seem unlikely. A second tendency is for an author to view a genus or family as more isolated on the basis of new evidence than it had hitherto been re garded. These perils are, to a large degree, a function of limited knowledge avail able or, in some instances the lack of acquaintanceship of the author with knowledge already in existence. The present study does not pretend to escape from these diffi culties. To the extent they are overcome, credit is due to the reassessment of centro spermous families and the exclusion of Bataceae and Gyrostemonaceae from that grouping. In particular, I have relied upon my esteemed colleague, Dr. Robert F. Thorne, whose (1976) system comes close to the conclusions tentatively reached here. Thanks to my field work in Western Australia in 1974 and to the availability of other materials, 1 do have a wood collection nearly definitive for the three fam ilies concerned. Wood anatomy is only one line of evidence: in some instances, it merely reveals parallelisms among families; in a few cases, decisive features are revealed. In view of this, data from as many fields of inquiry as possible are cited here. 1 would like to pay credit to the tendency of Thorne (1968, 1976) to utilize phytogeographical plausibility as one of his criteria in grouping families into orders. Ultimately, groups with a common ancestor must have radiated from a particular region. HISTORICAL REVIEW Baiaceae.—Clearly Batis has troubled phylogenists and systematists much more greatly than any but a handful of angiospermous genera. As McLaughlin (1959) notes, Batis has been claimed to have affinities with such remarkably disparate families as Buxaceae, Empetraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Juglandaceae, J ulianiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Podostemaceae, Polygonaceae, Salicaceae, Thelygon aceae, and Vaticaceae, as well as with the families of the classical Englerian “Cen trospermae” (Chenopodiales of some authors). As a matter of convenience rather than for any especially compelling reason, most authors have settled on what Eichler (1876) termed Centrospermae as a repository for Batis. Eckardt (1976) has reviewed ‘This paper is based on research aided by grants from the National Science Foundation, GB 38901 and B MS 73-07055A I. I wish to thank Dr. Larry DeBuhr, for his aid in the accumulation of data, and my colleague Dr. Robert F. Thorne, for his many helpful comments. 2Claremont Graduate School, Pomona College, and Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California9l7ll. 298 ALLERTONIA 1:5 the varying concepts of Centrospermae in the century since Eichler’s publication. The reader is, therefore, referred to Eckardt’s review for a summary of the phylo genetic peregrinations of Batis. The congested compound inflorescences of Bails, its anemophilous habit, and its preference for saline habitats doubtless invited com parison to, say, Sa/icornia and other Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Halophyta ceae, and Aizoaceae. Exclusion of Batis from the centrospermous families can be traced to Bartling (1830), Rallier (1912), Engler (1964), and Thorne (1976). The phylogenists currently most widely cited, Cronquist (1968) and Takhtajan(1973), have retained the centro spermous (chenopodialean) positioning. McLaughlin’s (1959) study of wood anat omy concluded in favor of a centrospermoid placement for Bails. One must concede that all phylogenetic studies are, to a certain extent, influenced either by the pres sure of tradition or by the selection or availability of materials and taxa that a worker has chosen to study. Depending on the nature of these influences, one can discount phylogenetic conclusions as casual or regard them as compelling. In the case of Batis, the use of relatively few characters and the narrowness of potential relation ships entertained by most workers should encourage one to be more open-minded about the potential affinities. Gyrostemonaceae have traditionally been a part of Centrospermae, often treated within the family Phytolaccaceae, as in Walter’s (1909) account, if one is willing to overlook that tradition for the moment, one can see that a number of features ally Bataceae with Gyrostemonaceae. For example, Takhtajan (1959, 1966, 1973) paired Bataceae and Gyrostemonaceae. Confirming this treatment is the lack of betalains in both Bataceae and Gyrostemonaceae, as well as the presence of S-type plastids (rather than the P-type of Centrospermae) in both families (see the review of Behnke, 1976). Likewise, Prijanto (1970a, l970b) found that ultrastructure of pollen exine and other features supported relationship between Bataceae and Gyro stemonaceae. We have been limited in our viewpoint of Bataceae by the fact that prior to 1956 only Bails maritima was used to examine relationships of Bataceae. With the de scription of B. argillicola by van Royen (1956; see also van Heel, 1958), our horizons are widened. One consideration in this regard is phytogeography. The distribution of B. maritima includes tropical and subtropical coasts of both Atlantic and Pacific shores of the New World (McLaughlin, 1959). Presence of B. maritima in the Ha waiian Islands is very likely a result of human introduction, judging from the com ments of Hillebrand (1888). Bails maritima is undoubtedly distributed by means of oceanic drift. Thus, a center for its origin would be difficult to discern on the basis of the single species. However, B. argillicola, with a constellation of characters more primitive for the family than those of B. maritima, has a much more restricted distribution. Originally B. argillicola was reported from southern New Guinea, where it may also be distributed locally by oceanic drift, in mud flats adjacent to mangroves (van Royen, 1956). Batis argillicola is also now known from stations in Australia. It occurs on the Cape York Peninsula, in such places as Kurumba, Burke Dist. (W. G. Trapnell 193, Q) and lda Point, 4 km. SE of Cape York (L. S. Smith 12522, Q). Because its distribution and features are more primitive than those of B. inaritima, one might expect the closest relatives of Bataceae in the Australian area. Gyrostemonaceae is an exclusively Australian family (Walter, 1909). 1978 CARLQUIST: WOOD ANATOMY 299 Gvrostemonaceae. —G yrostemonaceae remained embedded within the Phyto laccaceae and therefore within Centrospermae (Chenopodiales, Caryophyllales) until very recently. The whorl of numerous carpels in female flowers of most genera was undoubtedly the obvious characteristic on which this treatment was based. The history of this disposition is well documented by Eckardt (1976). The first modern author to recognize Gyrostemonaceae as a family was probably Heimerl (1934). Modern phylogenists, such as Takhtajan (1959, 1966, 1973), Hutchinson (1959), and Cronquist (1968) recognized Gyrostemonaceae as a separate family but never theless grouped it with Phytolaccaceae. Now that presence of betalains nd P-type plastids are deemed prime criteria for delimitation of a centrospermous (Cheno podiales) alliance (Behnke, 1975, 1976; Goldblatt et al., 1976), Gyrostemonaceae does not appear to belong near Phytolaccaceae or other families of Chenopodiales. Moreover, pollen of Gyrostemonaceae is not of a type found in centrospermous families (Skvarla and Nowicke, 1976; Prijanto, 1970a). The removal of Gyrostem onaceae from Centrospermae (Chenopodiales) forces phylogenists to find a suit able recipient group for the family. Thus far, two hypotheses may be said to be current. Dahigren (1975), on the basis of presence of glucosinolates in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geographical Speciation Related to Pleistocene Range Shifts in the Western Mediterranean Mountains (Reseda Sect
    Martín-Bravo & al. • Pleistocene speciation in Reseda sect. Glaucoreseda TAXON 59 (2) • April 2010: 466–482 SPECIATION Geographical speciation related to Pleistocene range shifts in the western Mediterranean mountains (Reseda sect. Glaucoreseda, Resedaceae) Santiago Martín-Bravo,1 Virginia Valcárcel,1 Pablo Vargas2 & Modesto Luceño1 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain 2 Botanic Garden of Madrid, CSIC, Pza. Murillo n° 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Author for correspondence: Santiago Martín-Bravo, [email protected] Abstract Reseda sect. Glaucoreseda is a monophyletic group composed of five endemic tetraploid species with a disjunct dis- tribution in the high mountains and plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. It was previously suggested that range shifts induced by Quaternary glaciations played an important role in the speciation of the group. We studied the evolution of R. sect. Glaucoreseda in order to infer historical range dynamics and speciation processes, and to understand current distributional pat- terns. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL-F and rps16 sequences. Cloning of additive ITS sequences was carried out to elucidate the origin of intra-individual polymorphisms. A dated phylogeny based on ITS and cpDNA (rbcL, matK, trnL-F) sequences was used to estimate divergence times of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Time estimates using Penalized Likelihood analyses indicate a late Pleistocene diversification of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms due to recent divergence, rather than rampant hybridisation, is suggested as the main cause of the phylogenetic incongruence detected between nuclear and plastid datasets.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Alyogyne Huegelii (Endl.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fryxell
    TAXON: Alyogyne huegelii (Endl.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fryxell Taxon: Alyogyne huegelii (Endl.) Fryxell Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): lilac hibiscus Synonym(s): Hibiscus huegelii var. wrayae (Lindl.) HibiscusBenth. wrayae Lindl. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 3 May 2018 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Shrub, Ornamental, Unarmed, Non-Toxic, Insect-Pollinated Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces
    [Show full text]
  • 503 Flora V7 2.Doc 3
    Browse LNG Precinct ©WOODSIDE Browse Liquefied Natural Gas Precinct Strategic Assessment Report (Draft for Public Review) December 2010 Appendix C-18 A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price Point: Wet Season 2009 A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price Point: Wet Season 2009 Prepared for Department of State Development December 2009 A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price Point: Wet Season 2009 © Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2009 ABN 49 092 687 119 Level 1, 228 Carr Place Leederville Western Australia 6007 Ph: (08) 9328 1900 Fax: (08) 9328 6138 Project No.: 503 Prepared by: P. Chukowry, M. Maier Checked by: G. Humphreys Approved for Issue: M. Maier This document has been prepared to the requirements of the client identified on the cover page and no representation is made to any third party. It may be cited for the purposes of scientific research or other fair use, but it may not be reproduced or distributed to any third party by any physical or electronic means without the express permission of the client for whom it was prepared or Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd. This report has been designed for double-sided printing. Hard copies supplied by Biota are printed on recycled paper. Cube:Current:503 (Kimberley Hub Wet Season):Doc:Flora:503 flora v7_2.doc 3 A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price Point: Wet Season 2009 4 Cube:Current:503 (Kimberley Hub Wet Season):Doc:Flora:503 flora v7_2.doc Biota A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price Point: Wet Season 2009 A Vegetation and Flora Survey of James Price
    [Show full text]
  • Unlocking the Kimberley's Past: the Applicability of Organic Spring
    Unlocking the Kimberley’s past: The applicability of organic spring deposits for reconstructing late Quaternary climatic and environmental change Emily Field M.Sc. Quaternary Science, 2010 B.A. (Hons) Geography, 2009 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Abstract There are limited high-resolution records of climatic and environmental change from the Kimberley region of northwest Australia. This has hindered the development of knowledge of climate and environmental change in Australia’s monsoonal tropics, and the ability to provide context for the area’s rich archaeological record and globally renowned rock art. The lack of high-resolution records from this region is primarily a result of the monsoonal climate which limits the presence of “classic” palaeoenvironmental archives such as perennial lakes and wetlands. Organic spring deposits are unconventional archives of past environmental change yet offer potential to provide outstanding records in arid and semi-arid regions such as the Kimberley. Despite this, the majority of existing research demonstrates complications with their use, in particular the application of standard radiocarbon (14C) techniques to build robust chronologies of their development. Because of the importance of springs as critical palaeoenvironmental archives, and the pressing need for high-resolution records from northwest Australia, this thesis utilised three organic spring deposits to develop new, high-resolution records of climate and environmental change for the Kimberley. These records span the last ~14,500 years, and were underpinned by a new protocol for establishing robust chronologies from these settings which was developed via a rigorous geochronological investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life of Western Australia
    INTRODUCTION The characteristic features of the vegetation of Australia I. General Physiography At present the animals and plants of Australia are isolated from the rest of the world, except by way of the Torres Straits to New Guinea and southeast Asia. Even here adverse climatic conditions restrict or make it impossible for migration. Over a long period this isolation has meant that even what was common to the floras of the southern Asiatic Archipelago and Australia has become restricted to small areas. This resulted in an ever increasing divergence. As a consequence, Australia is a true island continent, with its own peculiar flora and fauna. As in southern Africa, Australia is largely an extensive plateau, although at a lower elevation. As in Africa too, the plateau increases gradually in height towards the east, culminating in a high ridge from which the land then drops steeply to a narrow coastal plain crossed by short rivers. On the west coast the plateau is only 00-00 m in height but there is usually an abrupt descent to the narrow coastal region. The plateau drops towards the center, and the major rivers flow into this depression. Fed from the high eastern margin of the plateau, these rivers run through low rainfall areas to the sea. While the tropical northern region is characterized by a wet summer and dry win- ter, the actual amount of rain is determined by additional factors. On the mountainous east coast the rainfall is high, while it diminishes with surprising rapidity towards the interior. Thus in New South Wales, the yearly rainfall at the edge of the plateau and the adjacent coast often reaches over 100 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography and Diversification of Brassicales
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99 (2016) 204–224 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Biogeography and diversification of Brassicales: A 103 million year tale ⇑ Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague a,1, Kenneth J. Sytsma b, Jocelyn C. Hall a, a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada b Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA article info abstract Article history: Brassicales is a diverse order perhaps most famous because it houses Brassicaceae and, its premier mem- Received 22 July 2015 ber, Arabidopsis thaliana. This widely distributed and species-rich lineage has been overlooked as a Revised 24 February 2016 promising system to investigate patterns of disjunct distributions and diversification rates. We analyzed Accepted 25 February 2016 plastid and mitochondrial sequence data from five gene regions (>8000 bp) across 151 taxa to: (1) Available online 15 March 2016 produce a chronogram for major lineages in Brassicales, including Brassicaceae and Arabidopsis, based on greater taxon sampling across the order and previously overlooked fossil evidence, (2) examine Keywords: biogeographical ancestral range estimations and disjunct distributions in BioGeoBEARS, and (3) determine Arabidopsis thaliana where shifts in species diversification occur using BAMM. The evolution and radiation of the Brassicales BAMM BEAST began 103 Mya and was linked to a series of inter-continental vicariant, long-distance dispersal, and land BioGeoBEARS bridge migration events. North America appears to be a significant area for early stem lineages in the Brassicaceae order. Shifts to Australia then African are evident at nodes near the core Brassicales, which diverged Cleomaceae 68.5 Mya (HPD = 75.6–62.0).
    [Show full text]
  • View PDF for This Newsletter
    Newsletter No.134 March 2008 Price: $5.00 Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter 134 (March 2008) AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY SOCIETY INCORPORATED Council President Vice President John Clarkson Darren Crayn Centre for Tropical Agriculture Australian Tropical Herbarium PO Box 1054 E2 building, James Cook University Cairns Mareeba, Queensland 4880 Campus tel: (07) 4048 4745 PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 email: [email protected] tel: (07) 4042 1859 email: [email protected] Secretary Kirsten Cowley Treasurer Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Anna Monro Australian National Herbarium Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601 Australian National Herbarium tel: (02) 6246 5024 GPO Box 1600 email: [email protected] Canberra ACT 2601 tel: (02) 6246 5472 Councillor email: [email protected] Dale Dixon Northern Territory Herbarium Councillor Parks & Wildlife Commission of the NT Marco Duretto PO Box 496 Tasmanian Herbarium Palmerston, NT 0831 Private Bag 4 tel.: (08) 8999 4512 Hobart, Tasmania 7001 email: [email protected] tel.: (03) 6226 1806 email: [email protected] Other Constitutional Bodies Public Officer Hansjörg Eichler Research Committee Kirsten Cowley Barbara Briggs Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Rod Henderson Australian National Herbarium Betsy Jackes (Contact details above) Kristina Lemson Chris Quinn Chair: Darren Crayn, Vice President (ex officio) Grant applications close: 14th Mar/Sep annually Affiliate Society Papua New Guinea Botanical
    [Show full text]
  • First Steps Towards a Floral Structural Characterization of the Major Rosid Subclades
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 First steps towards a floral structural characterization of the major rosid subclades Endress, P K ; Matthews, M L Abstract: A survey of our own comparative studies on several larger clades of rosids and over 1400 original publications on rosid flowers shows that floral structural features support to various degrees the supraordinal relationships in rosids proposed by molecular phylogenetic studies. However, as many apparent relationships are not yet well resolved, the structural support also remains tentative. Some of the features that turned out to be of interest in the present study had not previously been considered in earlier supraordinal studies. The strongest floral structural support is for malvids (Brassicales, Malvales, Sapindales), which reflects the strong support of phylogenetic analyses. Somewhat less structurally supported are the COM (Celastrales, Oxalidales, Malpighiales) and the nitrogen-fixing (Cucurbitales, Fagales, Fabales, Rosales) clades of fabids, which are both also only weakly supported in phylogenetic analyses. The sister pairs, Cucurbitales plus Fagales, and Malvales plus Sapindales, are structurally only weakly supported, and for the entire fabids there is no clear support by the present floral structural data. However, an additional grouping, the COM clade plus malvids, shares some interesting features but does not appear as a clade in phylogenetic analyses. Thus it appears that the deepest split within eurosids- that between fabids and malvids - in molecular phylogenetic analyses (however weakly supported) is not matched by the present structural data. Features of ovules including thickness of integuments, thickness of nucellus, and degree of ovular curvature, appear to be especially interesting for higher level relationships and should be further explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Resedaceae Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barbara Botanic Garden
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 16 | Issue 2 Article 8 1997 Wood Anatomy of Resedaceae Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1997) "Wood Anatomy of Resedaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 16: Iss. 2, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol16/iss2/8 Aliso, 16(2), pp. 127-135 © 1998, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 WOOD ANATOMY OF RESEDACEAE SHERWIN CARLQUIST1 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 1212 Mission Canyon Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 ABSTRACT Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for seven species of four genera of Resedaceae. Newly reported for the family are helical striations in vessels, vasicentric and marginal axial paren­ chyma, procumbent ray cells, and perforated ray cells. Wood features of Resedaceae may be found in one or more of the families of Capparales close to it (Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Tovariaceae). Lack of borders on pits of imperforate tracheary elements is likely a derived character state. Wood of Reseda is more nearly juvenile than that of the other genera in ray histology; this corresponds to the herba­ ceousness of Reseda. The quantitative features of wood of Resedaceae are intermediate between those of dicotyledonous annuals and those of dicotyledonous desert shrubs. Wood of Resedaceae appears especially xeromorphic in narrowness of vessels, a fact related to the subdesert habitats of shrubby species and to the dry conditions in which annual or short-lived perennial Resedaceae flower and fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire As an Evolutionary Pressure Shaping Plant Traits
    Opinion Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits Jon E. Keeley1,2, Juli G. Pausas3, Philip W. Rundel2, William J. Bond4 and Ross A. Bradstock5 1 US Geological Survey, Sequoia-Kings Canyon Field Station, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 3 Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacio´n of the Spanish National Research Council (CIDE - CSIC), IVIA campus, 46113 Montcada, Valencia, Spain 4 Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 5 Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Traits, such as resprouting, serotiny and germination by parent adaptive value in fire-prone environments and the heat and smoke, are adaptive in fire-prone environ- extent to which we can demonstrate that they are adapta- ments. However, plants are not adapted to fire per se tions to fire. We also address the question of what fire- but to fire regimes. Species can be threatened when adaptive traits and fire adaptations can tell us about fire humans alter the regime, often by increasing or decreas- management. ing fire frequency. Fire-adaptive traits are potentially the result of different evolutionary pathways. Distinguishing Adaptive traits between traits that are adaptations originating in re- Adaptive traits are those that provide a fitness advantage sponse to fire or exaptations originating in response in a given environment. There are many plant traits that to other factors might not always be possible. However, are of adaptive value in the face of recurrent fire and these fire has been a factor throughout the history of land- vary markedly with fire regime.
    [Show full text]