Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion: the Response
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KIDNAP, HIJACK AND EXTORTION: THE RESPONSE Also by Richard Clutterbuck ACROSS THE RIVER (as Richard Jocelyn) BRITAIN IN AGONY CONFLICT AND VIOLEN CE IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYSIA GUERRILLAS AND TERROR1STS INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT AND DEMOCRACY KIDNAP AND RANSOM LlVING WITH TERRORISM PROTEST AND THE URBAN GUERRILLA RIOT AND REVOLUTION IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYSIA THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL VIOLEN CE THE LONG LONG WAR THE MEDIA AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion: The Response Richard Clutterbuck Foreword by Sir Robert Mark Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-0-333-41938-0 ISBN 978-1-349-18754-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18754-6 © Richard Clutterbuck, 1987 Foreword © Sir Robert Mark, 1987 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1987 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly & Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1987 ISBN 978-0-312-00906-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clutterbuck, Richard L. Kidnap, hijack, and extortion. Bibliography: p. Includes index 1. Terrorism-Case studies. 2. Kidnapping-Case studies. 3. Hijacking of aircraft-Case studies. 4. Extortion-Case studies. I. Title. HV6431.C549 1987 364.1'54 87-4809 ISBN 978-0-312-00906-9 To my friends in Control Risks who don't know what it me ans to have a quiet life; who are prepared without notice to take the next flight to pI aces facing the highest risks in the world, and to work there under intense pressure until the job is done; who have thereby saved many lives and helped the police catch dangerous criminals and terrorists who, but for that, would have deprived more people of their right to life and liberty. Contents Foreword by Sir Robert Mark Xll Preface xv Abbreviations xvii Prologue xx PART I THE THREAT 1 Sources and Forms of Attaek 3 Kidnap and extortion in perspeetive 3 Types of abduetion, extortion and intimidation 4 Criminal gangs 6 Politieal terrorists 6 International exploitation and support 8 Teehnological developments 9 2 The Growth of Kidnap and Extortion 14 Cost effeetiveness: high yield, low risk 14 Diplomatie kidnappings 1968--73 14 Changing pattern of attaeks on diplomatie targets 16 Hijacking 19 Kidnap and extortion in the business world 21 3 Kidnap and Extortion Around the World 25 The varying pattern 25 Western Europe and Turkey 25 The Middle East and North Afriea 30 Sub-Saharan Afriea 32 Asia and Australasia 36 North Ameriea and the Caribbean 38 Latin Ameriea 41 4 Organization of a Long-term Kidnap 47 Seale and pattern of a kidnap 47 Target seleetion 48 Reeonnaissanee and surveillanee 49 Abduetion 49 Detention in a hideout 51 Negotiation and release 51 vii viii Contents 5 Other Forms of Abduction and Hostage-taking 53 Anti -development abduction 53 Short-term abductions 55 Hostage selzure in the horne or workplace 56 Hijacking 57 6 Product Contamination and Extortion by Bomb Threat 59 The nature of the criminals and the crime 59 Target selection and reconnaissance 60 Pattern of bomb extortions 61 Pattern of extortion by product contamination 62 Negotiation by the extortioner 63 Malicious contamination 64 Animal rights activism 65 PART 11 THE RESPONSE 7 Risk Management and Security 71 Risk management 71 Threat assessment 72 Cooperation with government and police 73 Security at work 73 Airport security 75 International travel 77 Security on the road 80 Horne as a fortress 82 Security of an ordinary horne and family 84 Contingency planning and the essence of security 85 8 The Ordeal of the Hostage 87 Being mentally prepared 87 The moment of abduction 88 The first few days 89 Surviving the long night 91 9 Response to Kidnap: Morality and the Law 93 Conflicting interests 93 Governments, corporations and families 95 Laws inhibiting kidnap negotiations 97 Insurance 99 Laws wh ich help to defeat terrorism 101 Contents IX International cooperation 103 10 Response to Product Contamination 105 Extortion and malicious contamination 105 Assessing the credibility of the threat 105 Conflicting factors 106 The law 107 Product recall, withdrawal and insurance 109 Relations with the police and the media 110 11 Contingency Planning 113 Minimizing management diversion and cost 113 Establishing corporate policies 113 Administrative preparations 115 Joint planning with the police 117 Legalliabilities 117 Public relations planning 118 Training and simulation exercises 119 12 Crisis Management 121 Crisis management structure 121 Immediate re action to a crisis 122 The role of the negotiator 124 The role of the consultant 125 Negotiating tactics 127 Negotiation by families and governments 130 Negotiation in bomb and product extortions 132 Paying a ransom and release of the hostage 132 Siege and rescue 135 Raids 137 Rehabilitation of the hostage 138 PART III CASE STUDIES 13 Leon Don Richardson 143 Kidnap and detention 143 Seeking advice and establishing contact 144 Gaining the initiative 146 Release 147 Don Richardson's advice for businessmen at risk 148 14 Kidnapping: Latin America 150 x Contents Guatemala (Rios de Rivas) 150 EI Salvador (Massie and Chatterton) 151 Colombia (Starr) 152 Venezuela (Niehous) 153 Peru (Ourubia) 154 Uruguay (Jackson) 155 Argentina (Sallustro, Ford, Exxon, Born) 156 15 Kidnapping: Western Europe 159 Great Britain (Whittle, Kaloghirou, Xuereb, Sadiq al-Tajir) 159 Ireland, North and South (Herrema, Gilmour, Kirkpatrick, Shergar, Guinness) 161 The Netherlands (Caransa, Van der Valk, Heineken 164 West Germany (Schleyer, von Gallwitz) 165 France (Empain) 167 Spain (Echevarria, Prado) 168 Italy (Lazzaroni, Moro, Schild, Dozier, Bulgari, Castagno, Bini) 168 An anonymous case 173 16 Anti-development Abductions 175 Kurdistan 175 Angola 178 Sudan 179 Zimbabwe 180 17 Short-term Abductions 182 Brian Norry 182 Stuart Melville 182 Allied lrish Bank 182 Rafael Villaseca 183 18 Hijacking and Hostage Sieges 184 Train hijacks in the Netherlands 184 Hijack to Entebbe, 1976 186 Hijack to Mogadishu, 1977 187 Tehran: seizure of the US Embassy 188 Bogota: seizure of the Dominican Embassy 190 London: the Iranian Embassy siege 191 Contents xi Hijack to Beirut, June 1985 193 Hijack of the ship Achille Lauro, October 1985 194 Hijack to Malta, November 1985 195 Hijack at Karachi, September 1986 195 19 Extortion by Bomb Threat and Product Contamination 198 Woolworths, Australia 198 Coles Supermarkets, Australia 200 Qantas Airways, Australia 200 Bomb threats at an oil installation 200 Supermarket chain, UK 202 Tobacco company, UK 203 A multinational food corporation 203 Japan: 'The 21-faced monster' 205 Sunsilk shampoo: Animal Liberation Front, UK 207 Mars bars: Animal Liberation Front, UK 207 Tylenol, USA 209 PART IV CONCLUSIONS 20 Conclusions 213 The threat 213 The response 214 Contingency planning and crisis management 215 Bibliography 217 Index 220 Foreword Sir Robert Mark, GBE, QPM Eight years have passed since Richard Clutterbuck published his book Kidnap and Ransom: The Response. It was my privilege then to contribute a foreword and 1 do so again for two reasons, pleasure and obligation. The first book was an informative, workmanlike treatise on a subject of growing interest. It sold out, became difficult to obtain and was unlikely to be republished unless expanded and brought up to date. 1 found it particularly useful as a convenient reference book and have repeatedly urged the author to return to the subject, knowing weIl his impressive qualifications for the task. The result gives one pleasure, but perhaps more relevant, a sense of satisfaction that a book so well-informed and so useful should appear at a moment of such obvious need. A number of books on terrorism have appeared in recent times. They cover a wide spectrum, geographically, historically and politically and will undoubtedly be of interest to the researcher. This book, however, is rather different. It reflects the author's experience as a senior army officer involved in counter-terrorist activities as the Chief Army Instructor at the Royal College of Defence Studies, as a Senior Lecturer in Politics at Exeter University and, most important of all, as a director of Control Risks Ud, a British company which has in recent years probably had more actual experience of countering kidnap, ransom and extortion worldwide than any other organization, public or private. It is interesting that a compaily established in a country in which kidnap, ransom and extortion are comparatively rare should have acquired a worldwide reputation for countering that activity and should have gained the respect and confidence of law-enforcement agencies and governments to such a remarkable extent. 1 must make it clear that I, too, have been a director of Control Risks Ltd since 1981 when the company accepted my invitation to help in countering a difficult problem of extortion in Australia. My continued association with it is a direct result of that experience and reflects my admiration for the motivation and dedication of its staff, many of whom are drawn from public service of one kind or another. The author deals at length with kidnapping for political reasons and XlI Foreword xiii for extortion. The uninformed reader, particularly in mainland Britain, will be astonished by its frequency and extent. It emerges clearly that, for political kidnapping in particular, there is no likelihood of an effective response capable of universal application. The demands of the criminals can sometimes only be met by governments other than that of the country in which the victims are being held. One country's terrorist, it is often said, is another's freedom fighter. Add to that the natural unwillingness of any government to show weakness under pressure and the complexity of the problem becomes positively disheartening. A curious tendency by many governments to regard politically mo ti va ted crimes as less reprehensible than conventional wrongdoing affords the terrorist encouragement and occasionally even sanctuary.