Tendencias En Los Trabajos De Investigación De Fitorremediación

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Tendencias En Los Trabajos De Investigación De Fitorremediación UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS Campus Tuxpan Maestría en Ciencias del Ambiente “Tendencias en los trabajos de investigación del tema de fitorremediación” TESIS Que para obtener el título de: MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS DEL AMBIENTE PRESENTA I.B.Q Jocabel Extocapan Molina Director Dr. Juan Manuel Pech Canché Codirectora Dra. María Rebeca Rojas Ronquillo Tuxpan, Veracruz 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis directores de tesis el Dr. Juan Manuel Pech Canché y la Dra. María Rebeca Rojas Ronquillo por todo el tiempo y apoyo para la asesoría del presente trabajo. A mi comisión revisora formada por la Maestra Blanca Esther Raya Cruz, la Dra. Celina Naval Ávila y el Maestro Oswaldo Javier Enciso Díaz, por sus tiempos para realizar sus observaciones e ideas las cuales ayudaron a mejorar el trabajo profesional. A la Universidad Veracruzana por brindarme la oportunidad de continuar con mi formación académica. A la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias por otorgarme el conocimiento a través de sus profesores. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) por la beca otorgada, lo que me permitió culminar con mis estudios de posgrado. DEDICATORIA A mis padres Miguel Extocapan Mora y Eugenia Molina Pérez por todos los valores y enseñanzas dadas durante toda mi vida. A mis hermanas y hermanos por su gran apoyo durante estos años y por estar presentes en mi vida contando con su gran amor y cariño. RESUMEN La fitorremediación es una técnica que se inició en la década de los noventas, tiene la finalidad de remediar los diferentes sitios contaminados (suelo y/o agua), esta técnica surge como consecuencia del incremento de la contaminación de diferentes sitios geográficos a nivel mundial, los estudios en su investigación se han incrementado de forma rápida en los países más desarrollados, como es el caso de China y Estados Unidos de América. El contaminante más registrado en los diferentes estudios de fitorremediación son los metales (Pu, Pb, Ti, Hg, Cs, Sb, Cd, Ag, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Al, B), los más estudiados son el Pb, Cd, As, Zn y Cu, los cuales representan el 77.4% del total de los análisis registrados de metales, la mayoría de estos estudios se realizaron en suelo. Se registraron 136 especies de plantas en los estudios de fitorremediación, Chrysopogon zizanioides fue la más estudiada (en suelo y agua con los diferentes contaminantes), seguida por Pteris vittata (en suelo con metales) y Eichhornia crassipes (en agua con metales y materia orgánica). La mayoría de los estudios se realizaron en escala piloto y no en la escala industrial que es la de mayor interés, por lo tanto, se deduce que los estudios de la fitorremediación aún se encuentran en proceso. Los estudios garantizan una fiabilidad en sus resultados debido a que la mayoría de ellos se utilizó la prueba estadística ANOVA para analizar sus datos desde los análisis de la escala laboratorio hasta la escala industrial. Palabras clave: Fitorremediación, Remediación, Contaminante, Metales. ÍNDICE No. Pág. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 1 2. ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Importancia de los trabajos de revisiones bibliográficas .......................................... 3 2.2 Indicadores de la investigación................................................................................... 4 2.3 Fitorremediación .......................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Estudios de fitorremediación ....................................................................................... 7 3. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Objetivo General .......................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Objetivos Específicos .................................................................................................. 9 4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS ..................................................................................... 10 4.1 Variables del tema de fitorremediación para la base de datos .............................. 10 4.1.1 Referencia bibliográfica ..................................................................................... 10 4.1.2 Año de estudio de los trabajos de fitorremediación ........................................ 10 4.1.3 Porcentaje de remoción ..................................................................................... 11 4.1.4 Regionalización .................................................................................................. 11 4.1.5 Medio contaminado ............................................................................................ 12 4.1.6 Tipo de contaminante ........................................................................................ 12 4.1.7 Especies vegetales ............................................................................................ 13 4.1.8 Escala de aplicación .......................................................................................... 13 4.1.9 Objetivo de estudio del trabajo.......................................................................... 14 4.1.10 Método estadístico ............................................................................................. 15 4.2 Base de datos ............................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Análisis estadísticos .................................................................................................. 16 5. RESULTADOS .......................................................................................…………18 5.1 Estudios de la fitorremediación identificados en el transcurso del tiempo. .......... 18 5.2 Análisis de estudios en las variables de la fitorremediación. ................................. 19 5.3 Metales analizados en los estudios de fitorremediación ........................................ 20 5.4 Especies utilizadas en la fitorremediación para cada contaminante. ................... 21 5.5 Variables analizadas en los estudios de la fitorremediación. ................................ 23 5.6 Eficiencia de la fitorremediación en las variables analizadas. ............................... 29 6. DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................................................... 33 7. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................ 39 8. APLICACIÓN PRÁCTICA DEL TRABAJO ........................................................... 40 9. RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................ 41 10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................... 42 11. ANEXOS .............................................................................................................. 53 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS No. Pág. Figura 1 Número de estudios de fitorremediación realizados en el ……….. 18 transcurso del tiempo. Figura 2 Número de estudios realizados en agua y suelo ……….. 23 contaminado por metales, hidrocarburos y materia orgánica. Figura 3 Número de estudios de fitorremediación realizados en ……….. 24 cada contaminante en las diferentes regiones. Figura 4 Número de estudios de fitorremediacion realizados en ……….. 25 cada escala de aplicacion de las diferentes regiones. Figura 5 Número de estudios que presentan China y Estados ……….. 26 Unidos en las diferentes escalas de aplicación. Figura 6 Número de estudios de fitorremediación realizados para ……….. 27 cada objetivo de estudio en cada escala de aplicación. Figura 7 Número de estudios de fitorremediación realizados en ………. 28 cada escala de aplicación de los diferentes métodos estadísticos. Figura 8 Porcentajes de remoción de los estudios de ………… 29 fitorremediación en los medios contaminados con cada uno de los contaminantes. Figura 9 Porcentaje de remoción de los contaminantes de los ……… 30 estudios de fitorremediación en cada una de las regiones. Figura 10 Porcentajes de remoción de los estudios de ………… 35 fitorremediación en cada una de las escalas de aplicación de las diferentes regiones. Figura 11 Porcentajes de remoción que presentan los estudios de ………… 32 fitorremediación de China y Estados Unidos en las diferentes escalas de aplicación. ÍNDICE DE CUADROS No. Pág. Cuadro 1 Número de estudios y porcentajes de remoción en las ……….. 19 variables de la fitorremediación. Cuadro 2 Metales más analizados en los estudios de la ……….. 20 fitorremediación. Cuadro 3 Categorías taxonómicas de las especies más utilizadas ……….. 22 para remediar los contaminantes de metales, hidrocarburos y materia orgánica. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Las tendencias son el comportamiento de las variables de un entorno en particular durante un periodo de tiempo, se dan a conocer realizando revisiones a investigaciones publicadas. Para analizar las tendencias de un tema específico se hacen recopilaciones de datos cualitativos y/o cuantitativos de las diferentes variables para arribar a conclusiones relevantes para el progreso de la ciencia, de otra forma no estaría disponible la información necesaria para los investigadores de los estudios primarios (Sean, 2006; Ramiro, 2009). Estas revisiones se aplican a todo tipo de ciencias, sin quedarse
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