DOCSLIB.ORG

Low Back Training for Athletes for a Powerful Core, Bring the Erector Spinae to the Fore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Low Back Training for Athletes for a Powerful Core, Bring the Erector Spinae to the Fore TRAINING & EQUIPMENT %UXFH.OHPHQVSKRWR John Kuc was a three-time IPF world powerlifting champion (1974, 79, 80) in the 242-pound bodyweight class. He was the fi rst man to deadlift 850 pounds and had a best of 870 pounds. Low Back Training for Athletes For a powerful core, bring the erector spinae to the fore BY KIM GOSS, MS he Russians have been a domi- back muscles. were that thick! nant force in weightlifting for As a Russian lifter shook a com- One reason for the emphasis on Thalf a century. They have always petitor’s hand, he would reach behind the erector spinae was that strong back placed a great deal of emphasis on the the athlete with the other hand and muscles were required to perform the erector spinae, the pair of muscles that check out the tone and thickness of the extreme back bending motion that run alongside the spine like thick cables. athlete’s erector spinae muscles. In fact, occurred during the Olympic press. In fact, at the 1968 Olympic Games in when you looked at a Russian weight- Although the US had some excellent Mexico City, US weightlifter Tommy lifter from the side at the start of his lifts, pressers, overall the Russians dominated Suggs observed the unique way Russian it would appear that his lower back was the records in this lift, holding six of lifters assessed their competitors’ lower rounded – the erector spinae muscles the all-time records in the exercise. The 32 | BIGGER FASTER STRONGER JULY/AUGUST 2013 Full range, free- weight exercises such as the front squat and the back squat (shown at right) help prevent muscle imbalances that can cause poor posture. These illustrations show optimal pos- ture and how the muscles surround- ing the pelvis can affect posture and movement. E\(ULF)UDQNOLQ +XPDQ.LQHWLFV '\QDPLF$OLJQPHQW7KURXJK,PDJHU\ press was discontinued after the 1972 well as how much weight an athlete can Despite the importance of work- Olympics, but lower back exercises such use in core lifts such as squats and power ing these muscles to their full capacity, as glute-ham raises and good mornings cleans. there is an unfortunate trend in many remained key assistance exercises in The key muscle group of the lower programs for athletes at all levels to Russian workouts. back is the erector spinae. It consists of avoid exercises that work the lower body Russian weightlifters aside, the three parallel sets of muscles (iliocostalis, through a full range of motion. Power lower back is often a weak link in many longissimus and spinalis) that run the cleans from the mid-thigh have replaced athletes. This is a serious problem, entire length of the spine. The erector cleans from the floor, quarter squats and especially if athletes expect to fulfill their spinae is involved in extending and later- leg presses are considered core exercises, physical potential. ally flexing the vertebral column, and it and deadlifts have been all but forgotten. helps maintain the proper posture of the The result is decreased flexibility and The Anatomy of Power spine when lifting. As a bonus, accord- more muscle imbalances, issues that can Lower back muscles not only pro- ing to Canadian strength coach Charles contribute to low back pain. duce force; they also help transfer force Poliquin, the erector spinae exhibits an Paul Gagné is a strength coach and from the legs to the upper body (and in exceptional “irradiation effect,” which Posturologist who has seen the conse- the case of weight training, to the bar). If means that strengthening these muscles quences of improperly designed weight the lower back is not strong, this weak- helps strengthen many other muscle training programs. “Many athletes who ness will affect athletic performance as groups. have focused on exercise machines and www.biggerfasterstronger.com 1-800-628-9737 | 33 TRAINING & EQUIPMENT partial-range movements often display on one sport at an early age, there is an Another problem is poor exercise postural problems and some have lower increased risk of muscle imbalances. technique. At BFS we recommend back pain,” says Gagné. “For these For example, a swimmer could develop compound exercises such as power athletes I have to devote a consider- round shoulders and a forward head cleans and squats, but there is consider- able amount of time retraining the posture, and a volleyball player could able technique involved in performing postural system through programs that develop tight hip flexors and relatively these exercises correctly. Performing a include flexibility training and specific weak hamstrings. Although the same power clean or squat with a rounded segmental exercises for the abdominal could be said about gymnasts, whose back, for example, could easily cause a muscles. Without such training, to have sport requires early specialized training disk problem because the lower back these athletes start with a program of to reach high levels, gymnastics coaches muscles will not be able to protect the full squats, Olympic lifts and overhead usually have their athletes perform spine. Although machines can have presses and jerks could cause lower back general conditioning to prevent muscle a place in the training of athletes, it’s pain or make existing back pain worse.” imbalances. Likewise, figure skating unwise to place too much emphasis on Gagné also believes that one coaches prevent muscle imbalances by machine exercises, such as leg presses, at reason for these postural problems is having their athletes supplement their the expense of training the lower back the emphasis on sports specialization training with ballet and other forms of muscles with free weight exercises, such at an early age. “When athletes focus dance.” as squats. 3KRWRVE\%UXFH.OHPHQV The erector spinae muscles run parallel to the spine. Olympic lifting exercises effec- tively work these muscles, as shown by the thick lower back development of these elite weightlifters. 34 | BIGGER FASTER STRONGER JULY/AUGUST 2013 A Closer Look at Back Training Before we look at specific lower back exercises, it’s important to under- stand that the erector spinae consists of both high-threshold motor units (fast-twitch muscle) and low-threshold motor units (slow-twitch muscle). This means that for complete development an athlete should perform back exer- cises for low reps with heavy weights and also high reps with relatively Exercises that strengthen the lower abdominal and erector spinae muscles may be lighter weights. In the BFS program necessary for those athletes who have developed muscle imbalances from sport- such variation is built into the set-rep specific training or improper training methods. program. With that background, let’s take a movement. Having a machine that Another type of back extension, closer look at three basic categories of has the chest pad tilted downward will and one that is seldom used, is the type lower back exercises: deadlifts, reverse facilitate this stretch. Lifting the legs to that is performed on an incline back back extensions, and back extensions. parallel, as many powerlifters recom- extension bench. Two advantages of Deadlift. The deadlift, as per- mend, will place adverse stress on the the incline bench, says Gagné, are that formed with a straight barbell in the L3 to L5 vertebrae by causing the the muscle tension is less and the angle sport of powerlifting, is a basic move- spine to hyperextend.” allows for a greater range of motion of ment that will effectively strengthen Another advantage of the reverse the trunk. the lower back. Keep in mind that back extension is that it places mini- Gagné says that the sequence in with the straight bar, the weight is mal compressive forces on the spine, which the muscles are activated in both out in front of the lifter and this can especially when compared to a seated the back extension and the incline back create high levels of shearing forces back extension machine. Research extension is as follows: calves, ham- on the spine. Instead, Gagné advises, conducted by Alf Nachemson of strings, glutes, and erector spinae. At “It would be better to perform the Sweden in 1975 showed that lean- the start of the movement both these deadlift with a hex bar, as it is easier to ing forward about 15 degrees from a exercises produce traction on the spine maintain the proper alignment of the seated position can nearly double the and as such help strengthen the muscles; spine.” compressive forces on the L2 and L3 either exercise is an effective warm-up Reverse back extension. Accord- vertebrae. “Further, the seated back exercise at the start of a workout. ing to Gagné, one of the best exercises extension machines focus on strength- Gagné says that Olympic lifting for the erector spinae is the reverse ening the erector spinae in the internal exercises and their assistance exercises, back extension, especially for athletes range, which should not be the priority such as squats, will not only improve with postural problems. “About 90 for most athletes, especially those with lower back strength and athletic per- percent of the professional hockey back pain,” says Gagné. formance but also help prevent lower players I coach have excessive anterior Back extension. Back extensions back pain. “Weightlifters tend to have tilt of the pelvis and chronic tight- strengthen the erector spinae muscles great flexibility, abdominal and lower ness in the lower back. They need in the internal (shortened) range. Back back strength, and muscle balance. If to focus on working the low back extensions also strongly affect the all athletes would begin their physical with a neutral spine and only in the gluteal muscles. As an example of how training by emphasizing free weight external (lengthened) range.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Erector Spinae Plane Block a Novel Analgesic Technique in Thoracic Neuropathic Pain
    CHRONIC AND INTERVENTIONAL PAIN BRIEF TECHNICAL REPORT The Erector Spinae Plane Block A Novel Analgesic Technique in Thoracic Neuropathic Pain Mauricio Forero, MD, FIPP,*Sanjib D. Adhikary, MD,† Hector Lopez, MD,‡ Calvin Tsui, BMSc,§ and Ki Jinn Chin, MBBS (Hons), MMed, FRCPC|| Case 1 Abstract: Thoracic neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that is often poorly responsive to oral and topical pharmacotherapy. The benefit A 67-year-old man, weight 116 kg and height 188 cm [body of interventional nerve block procedures is unclear due to a paucity of ev- mass index (BMI), 32.8 kg/m2] with a history of heavy smoking idence and the invasiveness of the described techniques. In this report, we and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia controlled on ateno- describe a novel interfascial plane block, the erector spinae plane (ESP) lol, was referred to the chronic pain clinic with a 4-month history block, and its successful application in 2 cases of severe neuropathic pain of severe left-sided chest pain. A magnetic resonance imaging (the first resulting from metastatic disease of the ribs, and the second from scan of his thorax at initial presentation had been reported as nor- malunion of multiple rib fractures). In both cases, the ESP block also pro- mal, and the working diagnosis at the time of referral was post- duced an extensive multidermatomal sensory block. Anatomical and radio- herpetic neuralgia. He reported constant burning and stabbing logical investigation in fresh cadavers indicates that its likely site of action neuropathic pain of 10/10 severity on the numerical rating score is at the dorsal and ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of the Elastic Moduli of Lumbar Erector Spinae And
    applied sciences Article Quantification of the Elastic Moduli of Lumbar Erector Spinae and Multifidus Muscles Using Shear-Wave Ultrasound Elastography Tae Hyun Lim 1, Deukhee Lee 2,3 , Olga Kim 1,3 and Song Joo Lee 1,3,* 1 Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; [email protected] (T.H.L.); [email protected] (O.K.) 2 Center for Healthcare Robotics, AI and Robot Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; [email protected] 3 Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-958-5645 Featured Application: The findings and approach can potentially be used to guide surgical train- ing and planning for developing a minimal-incision surgical procedure by considering surgical position-dependent muscle material properties. Abstract: Although spinal surgeries with minimal incisions and a minimal amount of X-ray exposure (MIMA) mostly occur in a prone posture on a Wilson table, the prone posture’s effects on spinal muscles have not been investigated. Thus, this study used ultrasound shear-wave elastography (SWE) to compare the material properties of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles when subjects lay on the Wilson table used for spinal surgery and the flat table as a control condition. Thirteen male subjects participated in the study. Using ultrasound SWE, the shear elastic moduli (SEM) of the Citation: Lim, T.H.; Lee, D.; Kim, O.; Lee, S.J. Quantification of the Elastic erector spinae and multifidus muscles were investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurements of the Trapezius and Erector Spinae Muscles Using Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Ultrasound-Elastography
    Heizelmann et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2017) 18:370 DOI 10.1186/s12891-017-1733-8 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Measurements of the trapezius and erector spinae muscles using virtual touch imaging quantification ultrasound-Elastography: a cross section study Anne Heizelmann1, Sümeyra Tasdemir1, Julian Schmidberger1, Tilmann Gräter2, Wolfgang Kratzer1* and Beate Grüner3 Abstract Background: This study uses virtual touch imaging quantification (VTIQ) technology for the first time to conduct measurements of the trapezius and erector spinae muscles in a large study population. The significance of various influencing factors, such as age and sex, are also examined. Method: The study population comprised 278 subjects. The Siemens Acuson S3000 and VTIQ technology were used for measurements of the trapezius and erector spinae muscles (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). Results: The following mean values ± standard deviation were calculated: left trapezius: males 2.89 ± 0.38 m/s, females 2.71 ± 0.37 m/s; right trapezius: males 2.84 ± 0.41 m/s, females 2.70 ± 0.38 m/s; left erector spinae: males 2. 97 ± 0.50 m/s, females 2.81 ± 0.57 m/s; right erector spinae: males 3.00 ± 0.52 m/s, females 2.77 ± 0.59 m/s. A significant difference between male and female subjects was demonstrated both for the shear wave velocities of the trapezius and erector spinae as well as for the thickness of the trapezius muscle (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in muscle elasticity between subjects over 60 years of age and those under 60 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the results indicate that regular physical activity has an effect on muscle elasticity.
    [Show full text]
  • Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Retrolaminar Block a Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Study
    Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine: first published as 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000798 on 1 October 2018. Downloaded from REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND ACUTE PAIN BRIEF TECHNICAL REPORT Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Retrolaminar Block A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Study Sanjib Das Adhikary, MD,* Stephanie Bernard, MD,† Hector Lopez, MD,‡ and Ki Jinn Chin, FRCPC§ As with the ESP block, it has been postulated that the clinical ef- Background and Objectives: The erector spinae plane (ESP) and fects of the retrolaminar block may be explained by spread of lo- retrolaminar blocks are ultrasound-guided techniques for thoracoabdominal cal anesthetic into the paravertebral space,6 but this mechanism wall analgesia involving injection into the musculofascial plane between has never been systematically investigated. However, there are the paraspinal back muscles and underlying thoracic vertebrae. The ESP significant anatomical and technical differences between the 2 block targets the tips of the transverse processes, whereas the retrolaminar techniques: the retrolaminar block targets the lamina instead of block targets the laminae. We investigated if there were differences in the transverse process, and thus the injection point is more medial injectate spread between the 2 techniques that would have implications and deeper. The muscle layer over the lamina and adjacent to the for their clinical effect. spinous processes is thicker, being composed of the spinalis portion Methods: The blocks were performed in 3 fresh cadavers. The ESP and of the erector spinae muscle group as well as the transversospinalis retrolaminar blocks were performed on opposite sides of each cadaver at muscle group, which comprises the multifidus, rotatores, semis- the T5 vertebral level.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Lateral Abdominal Musculature Activation During
    medicina Article Comparison of Lateral Abdominal Musculature Activation during Expiration with an Expiratory Flow Control Device Versus the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver in Healthy Women: A Cross-Sectional Observational Pilot Study Vanesa Abuín-Porras 1 , Paula Maldonado-Tello 1,Mónica de la Cueva-Reguera 1, David Rodríguez-Sanz 2 ,César Calvo-Lobo 2 , Daniel López-López 3 , Emmanuel Navarro-Flores 4 and Carlos Romero-Morales 1,* 1 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (V.A.-P.); [email protected] (P.M.-T.); [email protected] (M.d.l.C.-R.) 2 Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (D.R.-S.); [email protected] (C.C.-L.) 3 Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña. La Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group (FROG). University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; manu.navarrofl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-912-115-268 Received: 2 February 2020; Accepted: 15 February 2020; Published: 19 February 2020 Abstract: Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to quantify and compare lateral abdominal musculature thickness, including the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles, via rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) during the use of the expiratory flow control device (EFCD) versus the classic abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational pilot study.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Strengthening in Mechanical Low Back Pain
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 Effect of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Strengthening in Mechanical Low Back Pain 1 2 Vishakha Vishwakarma , Dr. P. R. Suresh 1, 2PCPS & RC, People’s University, Bhopal (M.P.), India Abstract: Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal pain syndromes, affecting up to 80% of people at some point during their lifetime. Sources of back pain are numerous, usually sought in as lesion of disc or facet joints at L4- L5 and L5-S1 levels. Studies have shown that 40% of all back pain is of thoracolumbar origin. The term meachnical low back pain also gives reassurance that there is no damage to the nerves or spinal pathology. The clinical presentation of mechanical low back pain usually the ages 18-55 years is in the lumbo sacral region. A study was conducted to evaluate the designed to check the effectiveness of Conventional Exercises alone in Mechanical low back pain and along with the latissimus dorsi muscle strengthening, data was collected from People’s hospital, Bhopal (age group-30-45 yr both male and female randomly) Keywords: Visual analog scale, Assessment chart, Treatment table, Data collection sheets, Essential stationery materials, Computer, SPSS Software etc. 1. Introduction Back pain is a primary to seek medical advice considering 80% of people suffering from back pain. Mechanical low back pain is defined as a result of minor intervertebral dysfunction and referred pain in the low back The latissimus dorsi is a large, flat muscle on the back that and hip region, and can often be confused with the other stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered pathologies that may cause these symptoms.18 by the trapezius on the back near the midline, the word latissimus dorsi comes from Latin and its means, broadest muscle of the back dorsum means back.
    [Show full text]
  • The Erector Spinae Group Is a Group of 3 Sets of Muscles—Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis
    The Erector Spinae Group is a group of 3 sets of muscles—spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis. The spinalis group are located off of the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The longissimus group are located off of the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the iliocostalis group are located off of the ribs. By knowing these regions we can see that the spinalis group is the most medial and the iliocostalis group is most lateral. 1 During full flexion the erector spinae are relaxed. When standing upright the muscles are active and extension is initiated by the hamstrings—so when you lift a load from the bent over position it causes injury to the erector spinae group. Always lift with a straight back, not when you are hunched over. 2 3 The interspinalis muscles are very tiny muscles that connect from one spinous process to another. The intertransversarii muscles connect between each transverse process. The multifidus lies deep to the erector spinae muscles and it connects from one transverse process to the next spinous process. 4 The rotatores differs from the multifidus by going from 1 transverse process to 2 spinous processes. 5 The external obliques are the most superficial of the oblique muscles. Notice the fibers angle downward and medially, which allows for lateral flexion to same side and rotation to the opposite side. What other muscle does that (neck muscle)?? Once again it takes both sides to contract to cause trunk flexion to occur and only 1 side to cause the rotation and lateral flexion. Now the internal obliques have the fibers directed more horizontally which allows for rotation to the same side when 1 side contracts unlike the external obliques.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodological Considerations in Region of Interest Definitions for Paraspinal Muscles in Axial Mris of the Lumbar Spine David B
    Berry et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2018) 19:135 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2059-x RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Methodological considerations in region of interest definitions for paraspinal muscles in axial MRIs of the lumbar spine David B. Berry1, Jennifer Padwal2, Seth Johnson3, Callan L. Parra3, Samuel R. Ward1,3,4 and Bahar Shahidi3,4* Abstract Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess the health of the lumbar spine and supporting structures. Studies have suggested that fatty infiltration of the posterior lumbar muscles is important in predicting responses to treatment for low back pain. However, methodological differences exist in defining the region of interest (ROI) of a muscle, which limits the ability to compare data between studies. The purpose of this study was to determine reliability and systematic differences within and between two commonly utilized methodologies for ROI definitions of lumbar paraspinal muscle. Methods: T2-weighted MRIs of the mid-L4 vertebrae from 37 patients with low back pain who were scheduled for lumbar spine surgery were included from a hospital database. Fatty infiltration for these patients ranged from low to high, based on Kjaer criteria. Two methods were used to define ROI: 1) segmentation of the multifidus and erector spinae based on fascial planes including epimuscular fat, and 2) segmentation of the multifidus and erector spinae based on visible muscle boundaries, which did not include epimuscular fat. Total cross sectional area (tCSA), fat signal fraction (FSF), muscle cross sectional area, and fat cross sectional area were measured. Degree of agreement between raters for each parameter was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and area fraction of overlapping voxels.
    [Show full text]
  • EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity During Spinal Rotation: a Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects Department of Physical Therapy 2015 EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota Toni Linneman University of North Dakota Rachel Pederson University of North Dakota Megan Storstad University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad Part of the Physical Therapy Commons Recommended Citation Flint, Jamie; Linneman, Toni; Pederson, Rachel; and Storstad, Megan, "EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study" (2015). Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects. 571. https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/571 This Scholarly Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Physical Therapy at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ------- ---- ------------------------------- EMG ANALYSIS OF LATISSIMUS DORSI, ERECTOR SPINAE AND MIDDLE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SPINAL ROTATION: A PILOT STUDY by Jamie Flint, SPT Toni Linneman, SPT Rachel Pederson, SPT Megan Storstad, SPT Bachelor of Science in Physical Education, Exercise Science and Wellness University of North Dakota, 2013 A Scholarly Project Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between the Angle of Curvature of the Spine and SEMG Amplitude of the Erector Spinae in Young School-Children
    applied sciences Article The Relationship between the Angle of Curvature of the Spine and SEMG Amplitude of the Erector Spinae in Young School-Children Jacek Wilczy ´nski* , Przemysław Karolak, Sylwia Janecka, Magdalena Kabała and Natalia Habik-Tatarowska Department Posturology, Hearing and Balance Rehabilitation, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Al. IX Wieków Kielc 19, 25-317 Kielce, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 July 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019; Published: 1 August 2019 Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between the angle of spinal curvature and surface electromyography (SEMG) amplitude of the erector spinae in young school-children. A total of 251 children aged 7–8 participated in the study. The analysis involved 103 (41%) children with scoliosis, 141 (56.17%) with scoliotic posture, and seven (3.0%) with normal posture. Body posture was evaluated using the Diers formetric III 4D optoelectronic method. Analysis of SEMG amplitude of the erector spinae was performed with the Noraxon TeleMyo DTS apparatus. A significant correlation was found between the angle of spinal curvature and the SEMG amplitude of the erector spinae. The most important and statistically significant predictor of the SEMG amplitude and scoliosis angle in the scoliosis group was the standing position, chest segment, right side. The largest generalized SEMG amplitude of the erector spinae occurred in both boys and girls with scoliosis. Impaired balance of muscle tension in the erector spinae can trigger a set of changes that create a clinical and anatomopathological image of spinal curvature.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Dissection Approach of Equine Back Muscles
    Published: November 19, 2018 RESEARCH ARTICLE Citation: Elbrønd V. et al. (2018). Novel dissection approach of equine back muscles: Novel dissection approach of equine back muscles: new advances in new advances in anatomy and topography - and anatomy and topography - and comparison to present literature. comparison to present literature. Science Publishing Group Journal Rikke Mark Schultz1, DVM, Vibeke Sødring Elbrønd2, DVM, Ph.D. 1(2). Author’s affiliations: Corresponding Author: 1. Equine Practice, Karlebovej 22, DK- 2980 Kokkedal. Vibeke Elbrønd Dept. of Animal and Veterinary 2. Dept. of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Vet. Faculty, SUND, Sciences, Vet. Faculty, SUND, KU, KU, Denmark Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Keywords: back muscles, Knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the equine back are topography, m. iliocostalis, m. essential for a correct diagnosis and treatment as well as longissimus dorsi, m. spinalis communication among therapists, especially since different authors have not always agreed upon the anatomical topography of the epaxial back muscles. In this study, we performed a novel 3-D dissection procedure that focused on maintaining the integrity of the myofascial role in muscle topography. A total of 17 horses were carefully dissected, recorded and videotaped. The results revealed some interesting points. 1) The iliocostalis muscle (IL) was found to be clearly distinct from the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) and positioned ventral to the lateral edge of LD. 2) Two distinct variations in the origin of the IL, i) from the Bogorozky tendon and the ventral epimysium of m. longissimus dorsi (LD) at the caudo-lateral region at L1 to L5, and ii) from the lumbar myofascia lateral to the lumbar transverse processes at the level of L2 to L4 have been found.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumbar Multifidus and Erector Spinae Muscle Fibre Passive Stiffness Is Lower in Conjunction with Greater Lumbar Spine Neutral Zone Stiffness in ENT1-Deficient Mice
    Lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscle fibre passive stiffness is lower in conjunction with greater lumbar spine neutral zone stiffness in ENT1-deficient mice by Kelsey Y. Gsell A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Health and Nutritional Science Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Kelsey Y. Gsell, August, 2016 ABSTRACT Lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscle fibre passive stiffness is lower in conjunction with greater lumbar spine neutral zone stiffness in ENT1-deficient mice Kelsey Y. Gsell Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Dr. Stephen H.M. Brown Mice lacking equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) develop progressive ectopic mineralization of the fibrous connective tissues of the spine. This likely results in a spine that is more resistant to movement (stiffer). The neutral zone (NZ) is the region within a spinal segment’s normal range of motion where movement occurs with minimal resistance. Experimentally induced intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration reduces NZ stiffness and increases NZ length. This IVD degeneration has also been shown to cause an increase in the passive mechanical stiffness of the adjacent multifidus muscle. The purpose of this study was thus to determine if the lumbar spine of ENT1-deficient mice was stiffer than that of wild-type (WT), and if this was associated with a lower passive stiffness of the surrounding musculature. Lumbar spine segments (intact L2-L5) were tested uniaxially in cyclic compression and tension. Muscle fibres and bundles of fibres were continuously lengthened and held to allow for the calculation of elastic modulus.
    [Show full text]