.:JTordgn ~tatt.5mnt MARIA THERESA MARIA THERESA BY REv. J. FRANCK BRIGHT, D.D. llASTEB. OF tJNIVEBSITY OOLLEG£1 OXFORD 1Lonbon MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1897 .AU rights resert:td PREFATORY NOTE THE subject of this monograph, the political work of Maria. rheresa, runs over into a second volume, which will appear under ,the title of "Joseph II." Perhaps a few w~rds are necessary to explain this departure from the' general plan ~f the series. Its justification depends on the close continuity between the two reigns. For fifteen years Joseph was associated with his mother as co-regent; and during that· time his influence was . constantly increasing. To attempt an account of her political action, with~mt taking into consideration the character and views of her son, would involve a wholly inadequate treatment. The reign of Joseph, when left as sole ruler of the empire, was but a working out and fulfilment of the initiatory measures of the preceding reign. Over almost the whole period, in foreign affairs at all events, the influence of one minister, Kaunitz, is predominant ; in fact the two reigns are occupied with the rise and fall of his political system. They stand by themselves as an episode in European history. vi MARIA THERESA Whatever political connections were subsequently con­ tracted were subjected to the new and overwhelming forces called into life by the French Revolution. The. same continuity is visible in the internal policy of the two sovereigns. Again the period has a unity of its I owri, in the great effort of monarchical institutions to justify themselves and to satisfy without ClOnstitutional upheaval the requirements of a new and progressive age. It is therefore thought better to treat the period as a whole, and thus to avoid the incompleteness and needless repetition which must inevitably have resulted if the two reigns had been treated independently. CONTENTS CHAPTER I THB WAR 01!' THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1743 \ Introduction-Monarchy upon its trial-Death of Charles VI.-. Will the Pragmatic Sanction be retained !-Insufficient resources of Austria-Frederick attacks Silesia-England presses the Queen to yield-Treaty between Prussia and France-Critical position of Austria-Maria Theresa conciliates Hungary-Is relieved by the jealousies of her enemies-The danger sur· mounted-Election of Charles VII.-His capital taken by. Austria-Truce of Klein Schnellendorf-Peace of Breslau­ The Queen's anger turned against France-Siege of Prague­ Her hopes of revenge-Battle of Dettingen-Futility of her successes-Treaty of Worms • Page 1 CHAPTER II THE WAR 01!' THE AUSTRIAN BUCCESSION-e<mtm'Ued! 1743-1745 Austrian danger in Italy-Position of Charles Emanuel-The price of his help-Injurious effects of the Treaty of Worme-Two­ fold character of the war-Franc~ becomes a principal in the war-Second Silesian war-Death of Charles VII.-Motives of the Electors-Treaty of Hanover-Election of Francis I.- viii MARIA THERESA Maria Theresa rejects the Treaty of Hanover-Her irritation against England and Prnssia-She thinks of changing her alliancea-Failnre of her great plan against Prnssis-Treaty of Dresden Page 25 CHAPTER ill THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION-continued 1745-1748 Continual danger in Italy-Peace of Dresden averts the crists­ Anstrian successes in Italy-Defeats in the Netherlands­ Negotiations of Breda-General desire for peace-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle-The impression it left on Maria Theresa and Kaunitz 47 CHAPTER IV MARIA THERESA'Ii EARLY REFORMS 1748-1757 Maria Theresa impatient for reforms-The army-Her new ministers -Haugwitz-District councils-Justice-Centralisation of Government-Taxation-Trade-Education-Her wise con­ cessions to national feeling in Hungary-In Lombardy-In the Netherlands • 64 CHAPTER V CHANGE OF THE SYSTEM OF .ALLIANCES 1748-1755 Maria Theresa's object in her reforms-Rise of Kaunitz-His opinion in the Conference-Suggested change of system-His embassy to Paris-Appointed Chancellor-Irritation between England and Austria-Colonial war-Kaunitz seizes the opportunity­ His instructions to Stahremberg-Prnssian alliance with England- French hesitation ceases- Preliminary Treaty of Versailles (1756) • 85 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER VI CHANGE OF THE SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES-continued 1756-1757 N egotia.tions with France for an offensi~e treaty-Similar negotia­ tions with Russia-Frederick prepares for war-He invades Saxony-Battle of Lobositz-Capture of Pima-Convention of St. Petersburg-Offensive Treaty of Versailles-Apparent triumph of Kaunitz-Ba.d effects of the treaty both for France and Austria. • Page 116 CHAPTER VII THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR 1757-;1760 Battles of Prague and Kolin-Causes of weakness in the Austrian army-Reconquest of Silesia-Haddik a.t Berlin-Battles of Rossbach and Leuthen-Result of the campaigu of 1757- Desire for peace-Slight help from France-Campaigu of 1758 -Zorndorf, Hochkirch, Olmiitz-Renewed treaty with France -Suggested marriage of J oseph-Campa.igu of 1759-;Ziillichau, Kunersdorf-Capture of Dresden-Treaty with Russia • 135 CHAPTER VIII THE SEVEN YEARS' W A& -continued 1760-1763 Rivalry of Laudon and Lacy-Campaigu of 1760-Battles of Liegnitz and Torgau-Suggestions for peace-Kaunitz dreads a congress-His diplomatic contest with Choiseul-Change effected by the death of Elizabeth of Russia and by the retire­ ment of Pitt-Austria left to continue the war alone-Neces­ sity for peace-Treaty of Hubertsburg-Effect of the war .on Maria Theresa- Her confidence in Kaunitz- His personal character • 165 X: MARIA THERESA CHAPTER IX DOMESTIC AFFAIRS 1758-1765 Personal sketch of Maria Theresa-Apparent failure of Haugwitz's reforms-Kaunitz desires their completion-The Stste Council , -Joseph's education-Elected King of the Romans-Death of his wife Isabella-His second marriage-Condition of Hungary -Marriage of Leopold-Death of the Emperor Francis-Maria Theresa finds support in Kaunitz • Page 188 CHAPTER X DOMESTIC AFFAIRS--cunlinud 1765-1770 Joseph made co-regent-His energy-Difficulties of such a govern­ ment-Kaunitz's first resignation-He yields to Maria Theresa's passionate persuasions-Marriages of the Imperial family-The smallpox-Death of the Empress Josepha-Maria Theresa's ill­ ness-Marriages of the Archduchesses Caroline, Amelia, and Marie Antoinette • • 206 CHAPTER I THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1743 THERE is an obvious difficulty in speaking of the states­ manship of Maria Theresa. The statesmen who have influenced the history of the world have been for the most part either themselves the heads of states, reform­ ing kings and conquerors, having the power to enforce their will npon all around them, or men whose superior intelligence has entirely dominated their nominal masters, glad to seek. relief from the weight of responsibility which lay on them by leaving in the hands of a sole minister the cares and difficulties of government. Such a position no Austrian statesman in the latter half of the eighteenth century could possibly occupy. In the case of the princes who then filled the Austrian throne there was no chance of such delegation of power. Various though they were in character, the determina­ tion to be rulers in fact as well as in name was a marked characteristic of them all. The unbending patriotism of Maria Theresa, the ill-judged vivacity .S B 2 MARIA THERESA. CHAP. I and doctrinaire energy of her son, the cautious political wisdom of his successor Leopold, alike rested on a sub­ stratum of self-assertion, which rendered the existence of an all-powerful minister inconceivable. Yet it is impossible. to attribute to the ruler alone all the suc­ cesses and failures of the time. It is impossible, for instance, to ignore the influence of such a man as Kaunitz, who for forty years held unshaken the position of chief adviser to three such monarchs in all matters connected with the foreign relations of the country, who three times begged in vain to be released from his responsibilities, and who towards the close of his life, antipathetic as he was in his whole character to his impulsive and philosophic master, was still treated by him, and still regarded by all his official colleagues, as the main support of the State. It is impossible, also, to leave out of sight the work of such an adviser as Haugwitz, whose suggestions admittedly formed the basis of those domestic reforms without which the ruin of the HouSe of Austria would have been inevitable. That the sovereign was a queen renders the difficulty of discriminating between her action and that of her advisers still greater. No woman, especially one so young, could uphold her own opinion against that of her advisers. Again and again we see her yielding her clear views and high-spirited determinations under_ the pressure brought .to bear upon her, and with sharp woman's words of offended pride, and woman's tears at thwarted hopes, surt·endering her will to that of her ministers. Another difficulty lies 'in the form of the Austrian Government, and in the character of much of the history of the time. In the case of a man of action such as 1740-43 WAR OF SUCCESSION 3 Frederick II., we know that he was the spring of all the measures taken by his Governments, and his great deeds speak for themselves. In nations where any form of constitutional government obtains, and where ministerial responsibility is in any degree recognised, there is no great difficulty in tracing public events to their sources. But where there is no publicity, where advice is secretly tendered, and all that is done is ostensibly the work of the monarch, no such opportunity is afforded for estimating the relative share of the adviser and the advised in the overt and obvious action.