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VOLUME NO: 10 July 15, 2017 Saturdy ISSUE: 79

“ ACHUMBA HAIBASI THEIDOKTUNA CHENBADI NGAMBA YAI ADUBU LOTPADI NGAMLOI ”

“ATHOUBA SINGNA KATTHOK-I, YAOLNA KHUMANG CHAOSILLI” CRIME KARINO POLITICS Yaofam Takpa THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 Volume No.10 Issue: 79 CRIME KARINO HEALTH & MEDICINE 34 KIDNEY GI MARAMDA KHARADANG hunnaida meeoi asina leibak khunnaida asukki matik yaoba yamna sathiba makhalgi pumnamak nattrabasu khudongthiba pi. Masina leibakki crime amani. Masigi manungda meeoi kharadi senmitlonda faoba sok-handuna mee hatpa, famlannaba, pot munba hakchinna haiba meecham meeyamna fangjagadaba khudam oina Manipur da tattana Kindaduna wayellon (law)na yadaba sing fangdaduna awaba mayoknei. thokliba kang(vehicle) mullaga touheidaba touba yao-i. Meeoising Manipur dasu asigumba makhalgi athouba (driver) meeoidu hatpa asina hakchinba mawongda haiba crime asi masing khangdana thok-i tuppa touba, sel, pot chei munba indaba touheidaba toubagi thoudou matik chaba cheirak fangbadi yaode. asinachingbani. adubu Crime ni haina lougani. (2) Crime without Victims: Crime haibasi khunnai amagi (5) Juvenile Delinquency: Crime makhal asina atoppagi oiba chatna pathap amadi oiriba Chahi tarataruk (16) ki makhada hakchang kayatsingda amang ata leingaklon aduna yaraba leingak leiba nupamacha nupimachasingna thokhanbadi nattaba mawong lichat adubu thugaibabuni. Masi haiba indaduna mayamna amani. Jwar sanaba, selgidamak leingaklonduna chatnariba wayellon tounadaba thabaksing toubadubu hakchang yonthokpa, wayellon gi matung inna cheirak piba yai. khangnagani. Karamba matamda POLITICS (Law) na yadaba Drug sijanaba, Khudamda minister amasung eikhoina angang amabu Juvenile ngaochtnaduna leiba amadi CRIME KARINO 1 loisangda famjao paiba singna delinquency gi manung challe haiba meeyam tinba mafamda yu ngaoba senja thunmja touba, meeyamgi lan yai hairabadi karigumba- INTERNATIONAL 15 MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT asinachingbani. Masina meeoiba thum huranba, meegi mapot maran HISTORICAL MATERIALISM 3 khunnaigi wakhalda nungaihande. a. Mama-mapagi ayaba INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT OF VICTIMS huranba, mee hatpa, drug yonba, yaodana mayumdagi chenkhiba. OF TORTURE JUNE 26 LAIRONDAGI WARI KHARA 8 mee faduna sen-ga mantiknaba, nupi (3) Organized Crime: MANIPURGI NGAMKHEI KANANA naha famlannabanachingba sing asi Masigi crime makhal asidi mayam b. Mama- mapana haiba yamna chaoba Crime ni. Asigumba punsinduna henna masak thokpa indaduna tattana mawong tadana NGAKKANI 10 khennaba Crime gi matung inna thabak touba ngamnaba aduga ngaosinnaraba. LEINGAKKI WAKHALLON tongan tonganba cheirak lei. khudong thiba hanthanaba hotnaba c. Angakpa fangna matam AMASUNG MASIGI HOURAKFAM 12 Amaromda Crime haibasi makhagi Organization gi kayat yaoba manghallaba. saruksing asigumna khaidokpa yai. thouwongni. Asigumba makhalgi INTERNATIONAL crime sing asi chaokhatlaba d. Meemang pumang (1) White Color Crime: INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT.... 15 amadi sinfamda henna khang naidana fattaba waheising tattana Crime asi achou asang, yaitong heirabgi ayoubi thak youraba sijanaraba. MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI famdongbasingna pangthokpa khunnaisingda yamna maipakna crime singbu khangnagani. Masigi e. Lambi sorokta keithelda, AKHANNABA LANMEE.... 19 chatthei. Organized crime singgi manungda leibakki oiba lan- Cinema Hall da ayamba matamda manungda hakchanggi maruoiba FURUPKI WARI thum yaitong famdongbasingna leiraklaba. kayatsing yonba amasung nupi mannaraga aranba mawongda SIROY CHINGSANGGI SIROI LILY 28 farga yonthokpagi aronba achouba f. Jwar sanafamsiing chatpa louthokpa, senja thumja touba, FIDAM WARI khutpu lingba, Jwar sanafam houraklaba. lalna pao sandokpa, meenamduna achouba lingkhatpa, Drug BABA KHAPLANG GI AROIBA sel louba, kanggat (tax) thidanaba g. Pot huranba amadi nupa chaona lallonba, mee faraga selga hotnaba, masagi kannabagidamak sel nupi gi mari leinaba maram kayada CHONGCHATNA LAKLABADA 30 mantiknaba-nachingbani. piba,touroidaba thabaktu toubigani chennaraklabadi nupa natraga HEALTH & MEDICINE haiduna sel louba pumnamak (4) Crime against Person and nupimachadu juvenile delinquent KIDNEY GI MARAMDA masigi manung changani. Crime Property: Crime makhal asi violence haigani. Masisu crime gi masak KHARADANG & HEIRA CHABAGI..... 34 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 1 POLITICS CRIME KARINO MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT HISTORICAL MATERIALISM POLITICS amani. khanghoudana wakhal khalhouba tapthadraba amadi chasinnaba ngamdabadagi, hakchanggi Delinquency: Delinquency asi watlaba angangsingbu matikchaba MARXISM tongan tonganba fivam singdagi mahousaga mannadaba thouwong wakhalgi laiyeng amadi lamjing oirakpanachingba. amani. Karigumba meeoi amana lamtak piba. LENINISM GI POMIT meeyambu chatnariba nungtigi Mathakta piriba Juvenile 4. Delinquent oiraba delinquency gi hourakfamsing asi oiba punsidagi theidoktuna chatpa angangsinggi imung manungda houraklabadi magi lichattu eikhoina achouba maram anina oihanba yai karamna angang loinagani haibadu HISTORICAL MATERIALISM delinquency oire haina lougani. madudi Social Factor khetnabadagi takpiba. Aduga angang amana haibadi oiba maram Personality Factor. Makha Chatharakpa.. chahi14/15 makhana khunnaida Khunnaigi oiba(Social Factor) 5. Khunnaigi leiriba khudongthiba yaba mawonggi singlupsinggi khuthangda maramsingdi : 7. STATE thabak thouram itat tattana touba angangsinggi pothanaba amadi houraklabadi adugumba nupa 1. Mama-mapa imung nungaihanba yaba fivamda sembiba. macha nattraga nupimacha adubu manung kainaduna leiba. Khunnaida kanglup nairakpadagi natte, meeoiba khunnainatuhatliba kanglupna khutlai ama Juvenile delinquency gi manung 6. Khwaidagi sothahouraba makhoigi maraktagi kanglup chaokhatlakpagi karigumba thirakkhi. State haibasi asigumba 2. Lairabadagi Delinquent amana namhatlaktuna khunnaigi tangkak amada thorakpani. changani. Juvenile delinquency asi kanglupsingda matik chaba mateng khutlai adumakni. Konnadi oirakpa. wayel thouda tounaba loinana Meeoiba khunnaida tuhatliba masina khunnaigi mathakta ngasidi Industrialisation amasung piduna afaba lamchat amadi Urbanization gi ayoubi thak youraba 3. Leiriba mafamdu kanglupsinggi marakta leinaba amasung tuhatpiraba kanglup nettuna karakkhi. Asigumba wayellon thugaidanaba fivam mari, mee amaga mee amaga thoraklaba matamda State haibasi State asi khunnaigi sen-mitki leibaksingdadi achouba cheina delinquent ki mafam oina touba. sembiba. amamam oinarabani. Loinana leinaba mari, meeoi amaga thorakkhibani. Chaokhattribakhurji pairiba kanglup adugi 4. Fattaba sangga amadi khunnaiga leinaba mari apunba khunnaida mayam punna Manipur dasu thokpa ure. Juvenile 7. Radio, Cinema, oijaba tannaba amasung madu fattaba meeoisingna kanglup amasung makhoigi leipakka thabak suminnaringei, potthok delinquency na khunnai asigi Television, paoche, chefong singgi sennanaba machine amani. semduna leibasingna oihanba. atei leipaksingga leinaba mari, pambei khudingmak khunnaigi tunggi yumbi oirakkadouribasinggi Masigi matengna hairiba kanglup khuthangda propaganda touduna pumnamak asi yengsinnaba oina punna leiminnaringeidadi punsibu mahang tak-hanbana Personality factor (Isagi oiba wayellon thugaiba haibasi kayam asina leingaklongi lamdasu akhannaba mechanism ama kanglup leiramde aduna State su mathak thongba kanglup oirakkhi masibu maru oina neinajari. Maramsing): lanbage amadi wayellon ngakpana puthorak-i. leiramde. Matamduda khunnaigi amasung masina namthariba Juvenile delinquency gi 1. Wakhal khanthaba kadai faoba ikai khumnage punsigi thabak khudingmak Asigumba mechanism asigi kanglup amabu tuhat-neihatpada hourakfamsing: ngambagi chang polakpadagi haibanachingba u-hanba. meerol kayadagi leiraklaba khwaidagi maru oiba machakti henna khudong chaba anouba watlakpa. chatna lonchat matung inna 8. Khunnaigi oiba akoibagi State haibasini. State asigi manung pambei ama oirakkhi. Maram Delinquent gi lamchat (behavior) pangthok-i. Khunnaigi thou puba channa leiriba atei machaksingdi aduna, State haibasi leingakpa asigi hourakfam yammi, khara 2. Mee adugi pukninggi oiba fivamsing fagathanba haibasi wakhal khudingmak meeyamgi apamba loisang amasung lup kaya, kanglupna thabak suraga hingliba pallabada fattaba meeoi tinnarakpa, leitadaba fivamsing asinachingbani. tadaba, yumlei keirei fagathanba, matung inna meekhal touraga mapung marei farakpagi leitadaba, Political Party asinachingba namthabiraba meeyambu tuhat- Juvenile delinquency thingba khulingduna Jwar sannahanba happi. pukninggi amadi wakhalgi kaya asini. State asina khunnaigi neihatpada sijinnaba khutlai ngamnaba kari thoudang muthatpa. chayetnaba leirakpadagi, khunnaigi leingaklongi oiba fankhongni. Khunnaida kanglup thorakpaga amani. paikhatkani : chatna pathapna yamna hakchinna 9. Delinquent oirakpa Masi leingakpa kanglupsingna loinana fivam asi fajanaState amagi mapung oiba fajin punsinbadagi oirakpa, 1. Leingak amasung NGO yaba mahriroi sing khandoktuna makhoigi poram pangthoklaba honglakkhi. Kanglup amana saktamdi masigi makhutta leiba mayamna tounadaba touba singbu delinquency thingbagi matikchaba laiyeng piba. amasung khunnaida leiriba kanglup amagi panggal sumduna leingaklongi panggal aduni. pambadagi, cinema drama da thabak changsinba pukning kanglupki mari amasung atei chaba hourakpaga loinana 10. Lairaba amadi chakniba Asigumba panggal asi matam urubadagi, lairik laisu tambada thougatpa. leipaksingga leinaba mari tuhatliba amasung tuhatpiraba leiba khibikta leingakpa kanglup apenba pendaba heiningdaba leihandaba leingakna senmitlon yengsinnabagidamakta sijinnaba kanglup anigi marakta taisinnaba 2. Delinquency thingnaba aduna supnam wayel toubada poklakpaadagi, ahangba matam amadi meeyamgi hingbagi thak khwaidagi maru oiba khutlaini. yadraba sathiba kanglupki lan changsilliba meeoising matik chaba sijinnei. amadi pothabagi matam yamna wangkhathanba. amana meeoiba khunnai asi lousing leihanba. 1. State ki hourakfam: fanglakpadagi, natei chaba machet machet tahallakkhi. State ki atoppa saktam amana yumlei keirei leitabadagi, tamliba 3. Angangsinggidamak Historical Materialism gi matung Fivam asida tuhatpiraba leingaklongi panggal adu sinfamda chanaba watlakpadagi, afaba paotak sanglen hangdoktuna inna State haibasi adum leiramba kanglupki lan adu namthanaba sijinnanaba thamba khutlaising 2 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 3 POLITICS MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT HISTORICAL MATERIALISM MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT HISTORICAL MATERIALISM POLITICS aduni. Army, Police, wayel- State no haibasi karamba meeoi kanglup amana leipak fang-i. Loumeesinggi fivamdiwani, senjao paibasinggi wayellon asida wakhal asigi matangda sang, keisumsang, Intelligence kanglupna panggal pairibage ngakpani aduga meeyamgi hannagi meenaigi thaktagi ikhen- ni, tasengbadadi makhoi makhei ‘leingakpa kanglup ama oina amasung Counter Intelligence, amasung State aduna sennariba leingaklon haibana meeyamgi khennadri. Asigumba louyam haibadi leingakpa kanglupki organize touraba lairaba sinmee pumnamak asi hairiba khutlaising amasung tansillibana karamba panggalna leipak puba haibani. chaba State asi ningthou panba meeoi makhei mannei haibani. kanglup’ haina palli. Lairaba potthok marino haibaduna leipak oibasu yao-i nattragaMeeyamgi vote na semba sinmee kanglupna supna panba asigi manung challi. Mayam State amagi saklon asi tongan- angam-athousinggi maraktagi Govt. lingle hairagasu Govt. (Dictatorship of the Proletariat) asibu pannariba Govt. aduna lepkani. tonganba maongda leiba yai. khangatpa meeoisingna adudi machangda senjao paiba haiba wahei asimakti Marx na ing leingaklongi panggalgi maru oiba Khudam oina meenai loiba State Historical Materialism na tuhatpa leipak ngakpasu yao-i. Maong kanglupki Govt. oiri. Masidi kumja 1852 da iba chejum (letter) khutlaini. asi ningthou panba amasung leiba State makhal ahum amasung animakta masing yamdaba mee amaromda hairaga, meeyambu amada ihan hanna sijinnakhibani. ningthou pandaba maong Leingaklongi panggal makhei mannaba khunnaigi State makhal khujok kharana atei lemhouriba wayellongi marumda tuhat- animakta leirammi. Ningthou Wakhal asi Marx amasung sijinnaduna leingakpa amakhak khandok-i. Tuhatpa meeyamgi mathakta nettunaneihatpa yanaba makhoi pandaba oirabasu mee kharatana Angels na fongdokpa matamda kanglupna makhoigi fivamState makhalsing adudi – (1) panbagi fivamni. masadagi chahi 5/5 gi nattraga Govt. paiba amasung meeyamgi ahanbadadi lairaba sinmee semnabagidamakta meeyamdagi Meenai loiba State – meenai 4/4 gi ayaba loubagumbani. leingaklon animakki maong State ki saklon mapung farakpagi kanglupna supna panba haibasi kanggat (tax) kaya loukhatpa loibasinggi supnam wayelni, Masina senjao tanba state adugi leibasu yaorammi. Adubu hairiba mathanggi tangkakti senjao karamba maonggi oigadage aduga asisu State ki saktam amani. masina makhoigi makhutta leiba machangda karisu khennaba potthok pambei adu kaihandana maong khudingmak asi kanglup tanbani. Senjao tanbagi chatnabi hannagi ariba State Machinery Atoppa amana, akaknaba lam leihande. thambada amadi meenaisingbu naiba khunnaida leingakpa asi mayai challakpa chak haibadi aduna kamdouba tabage haibagi amasung ngamkhei khaidoktuna namthabada sijinnei, (2) kanglupna atei kangluppu Christ ki matung 16 suba chahi Asumna neinarakpa asidagi matangdadi makhoisu karimatta madugi manungda khunda Louyam chaba State – louyam tuhatpa State ki saklon ngaktani. cha aduwaidagi thorakpa houkhi. maru oiba waroi khara thorak-i. haiba ngamlamde maramdi leitanaba asisu State ki mapung Matam adu Columbus na Ahanbada, khunnaida kanglup matamduda asigumba paokhum chabasingna loumee singbu Meenai loiba khunnaida Govt. oiba saktam amani. Adumnadi America puthokkhraba matung, thorakpaga loinana State thorak-i. ama pinaba puwari gi (liklamchat namthaduna thambada sijinnaba ki maong adu ningthou panba oiraga akaknaba lam nattraga malemgi lallon-itik sandorakpa, Anisubada, State amana matam ki) oiba machak adu leitri. Ing khutlaini, (3) Senjao tanba State oirabasu nattraga ningthou meesing leiba haibadi State tagi mamal yamba leinung gi potthok leiba khibikta leingakpa kanglup kumja 1848 ta France, Germany – senjao paiba kanglupki State ni, pandaba Republic oirabasu oiba lichatti natte. Masidi State (dhatu) puthorakpa, sana adugi apamba fongdok-i. Masi amasung Astro Hungary da senjao tannaba hotnabada lairaba meenaisingbu leipakmacha thoraktringeigi mamangdagisu amasung lupana pot pithok- kanglup amana kanglup amabu thokkhiba lanhousing aduna sinmee kanglup amasung atei (Citizen) ama oina lounaramde, adum leirak-i, matungda State pisin tounabagi pambei (means tuhatpagi khutlaini. Aroibada, hannagi ariba Bourgeois State thabak suraga hingba meeyambu makhoida mee amana fangfam leitraba matamdasu adum of exchange) oirakpa amasung State ki saklon khudingmak Machinery adudi lairaba sinmee namthanaba lingba State ni. thokpa hak karimatta piramde. leikhigani. Lichat mayam asi sen chaona tanduna lan-thum kanglupki mityengdagi kanglupna amuk hanna sijinnaba Aduna matamdugi State ti meenai punna yenglabadata State karino State ki maong aduna State ki yamna peksinba yabagi matang yenggadabani. Karamba yararoi haibasi sengna utpa puwari loibasinggini, makhoitana State haibasi khangba ngamgani. panggal adu karamna sijinnabage laklaba matamni. Fivam asigi kanglupna karamba kanglupki gi (liklamchat ki) thoudok oikhi. adugi leipakmachani haina haiba utli. State ki maong nattraga matung inna khunnaida ahongba mathakta State asi sijinnabage Maram aduna ing kumja 1848 ki 2. State ki maong amasung lounarammi. Samna hairabada, saklon haibasi maru oina palliba laktuna louyam chaba mapu haibasi khangba tangai fade. Europe ki lanhou adu neinaraba makhal: Govt. ki maong adu oiningba Govt. ki maong aduni. Eikhoina amasung makhoigi makhada matungda Marx amasung Angels oiba yai adubu meenai loibagi 3. Lairaba sinmee kanglupna State asi thoraklaba matungda thengnariba mapung oiba Govt. hingba loumee haiduna na Bourgeois State Machinery asi chatnabi adudi machangda karisu supna panba: asum hongdaduna leite. Potthok ki maongsingdi ningthou panba leiramba mapung oiba kanglupki sinmee kanglupki lanhou amagi khennaramde. piba panggalsing amasung (Monarchy), ningthou pandaba kayat adugi tangkak loisille. Meeoiba khunnaida kanglupki khongchatta thugaigadabani potthok mari chaokhatlakpagi (Republic), angam-athou kharana Louyam chaba tangkak lakpadana Meepum khudingmak chap lan asi sum chattharakpadaaduga masibu sinmee kanglupna khongjelga chasinnana State panba (Aristocracy), meeyamgi state asi anouba leingakpa kanglup mannei haiba anouba leipakki mameithangdadi lairaba sinmee supna panba State amana asisu mathang-mathang leingaklon (Democracy) asini. amana paire. Anouba kanglup asi kanglon laothokle. Adubu kanglupna supna panba tangkak sindokkadabani haiba waroi honglak-i. puwari gi (liklamchat Ningthou panba haibasi mee masing yamdaba angam-athou laothokchabatani, state ti tuhatpa ama soidana lakkani haiba wakhal asi loukhi. Adubu asigumba ki) khongchatta State ki kayat amakhaktana maning touna famnai-tunaibasinggi kanglupni. state adum oiri, maramdi senjao asi kanglup amasung kanglupki sinmee kanglupna supna panba amasung machang fana yamna leipak ngakpani. Ningthou Khwaidagi masing yamba paibasinggi khutchabi khutlai langi matangda piramba Marx ki haiba asigi chap-chaba maong honglakli. Historical Materialism pandaba haibasina ningthou kanglup oiriba loumeesingdi oina sinmee amasung lairaba achouba khudol amani. Wakhal adu kari oigadage haibadudi na honglaklibasing asi neinaraba nattaba atei meeoisingna leipak loufamda thabak subadagi loumeesingbu namthabagi asi ihan hanna Marx amasung matamdudasu sengdri. Masigi matungda State ki makhal ngakpa maongni. Angam-athou hendokhandri. Loupu amasung achouba pambei oikhre. Meepum Angels na ing kumja 1848 ta paokhumdi ing kumja 1971 gi amasung machang khara masak kharana panba haibana leipaktugi yaitong khamdongba kharatana khudingmak wayellongi thongda fongkhiba Communist Manifesto Paris Commune na konna pikhi; khandok-i. Karamba makhalgi atongbada leppa yamna pikpa State aduna piba hakki kannaba mannare haibadu mamingtagi da puthokkhi. Manifesto kuina leiba ngamkhidrabasu 4 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 5 POLITICS MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT HISTORICAL MATERIALISM MARXISM LENINISM GI POMIT HISTORICAL MATERIALISM POLITICS masina meeoibagi puwari da Asigumba sinmee kanglupna haibasi Socialism yaodana awatpa leihandanabagidamakta tourabadi kanagisu mathakta soknabagi mathou tararoi, aduna (liklamchat ta) sinmee kangluna supna panba State asi mamangda chatnaba oithokte, aduga khunnaigi potthok puthokpanamfu sijinnabagi mathou tararoi. lanmee lingduna thamnabagisu supna panba State ki ihan leiramba atei tuhatpa State Socialism su Democracy leitana asi yamna mapung fana mathou tararoi. Asigumba State muthatkhibada hanba maongni. Masigi makha singdagi pumkhen khennei. sagatpa oithokte. chaokhathanba asini. changgadaba manunggi oiba Asigumba fivamsing asi leiraba tarakpadi Russia da ing kumja Hannagising asina masing 4. State mangkhiba yabagi Aroibada, state manghankhiba fivamsing asi nattaba atei mapalgi matamda meeyamna asum- 1905-1907 gi lanhougi marakta yamdaba tuhatpa kanglupna makhoigi oijaba ngakpada tasengba fivam: yanaba khunnai amagi meepum oiba changdaba yadaba fivam asum khunnaigi thabak sinbada Soviet haiduna thorakkhi khudingmakta awangba kharasu lei. Malemgi leipak yaoraktuna state na touramba masing yamba thabak suraga State mangkhiba haibasigi amasung ing kumja 1917 da mai thakki wakhal leiba tai, punna khudingmakta senjao tanba thabaksing adu meeyamgi hingba meeyambu namthanaba machangdi kanglup pakkhi. Anisuba lanjao matungda hingminnaba punsigi mamal chatnabi leirol chankhiduna lupsingna pangthorakkani. khutlaini. Sinmee kanglupki amana kanglup amabu People’s Democracy nattraga khangba tai haibadi masa kalliba Socialism amasung Communism Khongchat asida Socialist State state tadi thabak suraga hingba tuhatnabagidamakta khunnaigi New Democracy haiduna mee khudingmak khunnaigi mai pakpa haibasi state adu khunnaigi oiba thabak meeyamgidamakta lingba state mathakta lingba leingaklongi anouba maong amada sinmee kannabagidamakta thabak muthatpada changba mapalgi thouram sindok sinjindamak tani, masida masing yamadaba panggal adu mangkhiba kangluna supna panba State ki suba mathou tai amadi masana fivamni. Asigumba fivam asitouba meeyamgi loisang amagi tuhatpasinggi mafam leite. Masina haibani. Masi meeoiba maong thorakpa houkhi. khangna khunnaigi lonchat leiraba matamdadi leipak saklon louraktuna tapna-tapna takpadi sinmee kanglupna supna khunnaina Communism youna ngakna chatpa tai. Asumna amaga-amaga kannadabada lan mangkhigani. Masina takpadi, malemda panba haibasi tuhatpasinggi chaokhatlaklaba matamdada mannaba khunnaigi lanhouna mayoktadani, thabak suriba mangkhigani. Maramdi kanglup mathang-mathang mapung meeyamgi mafamdadi supna amana kanglup amabu tuhattaba, farakpaga loinana tongan- panbagi mathou tade maramdi meena-meebu tuhattaba Makha mathang chefong..... tonganba leipakta sinmee makhoigi loumee amasung tangkak adudi Communism kanglupna supna panba State sinmee kanglupki achetpa nattanadi purakpa oithokte. marupni. ki tongan-tonganba maong Amaromda hairagana State asi thorakkani. Atoppa wafam amana, sinmee manghankhinaba khunnaida Sinmee kanglupna supna panba kanglupna supna panba haibasi leiriba tongan-tonganba haibasi karino haibada Capitalism anouba henna wangba thakki kanglupsing asi mapung fana amasung Socialism anigi marakta oiba Democracy makhal ama muthatpa tabani amasung tangai fadana leigadaba langol thorakpani. Hannagi senjao tanba kanglupki khennaba leiba langdaigi tangkak aduni. Tangkak state amada leiramba Democracy khudingmak temthokpa tabani. asi leitaba yadabagi maramdi di Bourgeois Democracy ni Marx amasung Angels na (haibadi senjao paibasinggi Socialist Revolution mapung fana irammi, ‘State muthatpa haibasigi Democracy ni), maramdi masina loisinduna pumnou nouba sen- wahanthok amakhaktamak PAKHONG FONGBA tuhatliba masing yamdaba lei, masi kanglup muthatkhiba mitki chatnalon ama semgatnaba, kanglup adutana Democrcy khunnaigi kayat mapung fana maduda kanglup amana atei 1. Paokhum: Ku (Coffin) 5. Paokhum: Ghari gi khudong chaba louduna kanglupki mathakta nettuna hongdoknaba, tuhatpa kanglup meeyamgi mathakta nettuna manghankhinaba, anouba panbagi panggal adu masana palli. Adubu Socialist Democracy mangkhibaga loinana tangai Intelligence ki Force ama di masi natte, masidi thabak fadana lakchaba fivamni.’ 6. Paokhum: Angang marida komla semgatnaba, meeyamgi wakhalda suriba meeyamgidamaktani, 2. Paokhum: Fadi (Towel) Communism gi wakhallon leipakki mapung oiriba State muthatpa haibasigi mapung fana sandoknaba, manunggi oiba wafamdi amamam pikhraga mangasuba meeyamgidamaktani. Bourgeois 3. Paokhum: Pastor (Priest) asigumba tangai fadaba Democracy na chedatamak ‘meepum khudingmak mana thabaksing asi pangthoknabani. piramba meeyamgi haksing adu ngamba faoba thabak suba, angang aduna khao manungda Thabaksing asi pangthokpasinmee kanglupna supna panba meepum khudingmakta magi 4. Paokhum: Nupimacha ani adu haibasi sinmee kanglupna supna matamdadi tasengna thabak mathou taba matung inna ahum pullap pokpa (triplet) ni. yaoriba amadu thungbani. panba leingaklon ama lingba oina chattharagani. Amaromda piba’ haiba wayel asigi matung nattanadi atei lambi leite. hairagana, tasengna Democracy inna meepum khudingmakki 6 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 7 POLITICS LAIRONDAGI WARI KHARA LAIRONDAGI WARI KHARA POLITICS

Eikhoina past neinaraga present Mei houre. Nadu ningthoudi yaoba history ni. Mahakki Mack haiba pot asi yengba yai. Houjik meegi meenai oiri. Nabung Beth su Seisaklon ka henna houjik China da leingak mara noupwa singdi Aryan singgi haplaba history ni. Mahakki King LAIRONDAGI WARI KHARA chetli. Chanaba watte. Lan gi khuyagi uphul soktuna khurumli. Liar su Seitharol fajana yaoraba tourang yamna wang-i. Masi Khuyagi uphul paibada mathwai Sikaplon ni. Awangba thakki India dadi karam touri. India da mami mangkhre. Ipana napam Seireng da meeoibana karamba oujik houjik Imphal da leiramba mee na leiba asi nongmadi achumbana leingakki marasi chette. Chanaba meikange. Ipagi feeji chetna yallu. lambi chakkadage haibadu eikhoigi lam asida ngamdaduna chingya-tamyada, ngamkhigani. Aranba mee kaya watli. Huranba mee kharana Ipagi itung ilak-u. Naputhou tak-i. Haibadi solution ama pi. revolution ama loijing loiyada chennari. Meenai mathawai tharakhini. Matam chaduna lei. Lan gi fivam solli. Pakhangbagi Fankhong Taret Masi eikhoina Eliot ki seireng chatthari. Patlabatarakli. Meenai onlakli. Houjik khara ngaibagi wani. Matam Eikhoina leiriba laireibak asidi koiba matamda mama Leimarel singda fang-i. Solution yaodaba Hpumlaba India hairiba leibak houjik chatthariba revolutionkhara changbagi wani. karam touri. Huranba kharana da athuppa wa hangjakhibado, seirengdi ahamba wahei parengni. asiga eikhoiga leiminnaba asibu huranba kharana hulli. sovereignty su sandoktuna Eebemma, ningsing-u. Nama Awangba thakki semjin wari toknanaba movement ama Achumba thabak touba meebu History iba haibasi achumba thamdokkhre. Kadaida? Delhi Leimarel da athuppa wa hang-u. (novel) na meeoina chatkkadaba kanna leiri. India gi huranba aranba thabak touba meena thibani. History iraga da. Aduga huranbasingna Delhi Khangba kallu ichadi. Nongma afaba lambi adu tak-i. Haibadi meega leiminnaba pamba meeoi karemnari. Achumba thabak achumbadu sini haina thakpani. da chatli. Kari touba? God nakhoina mai paklakkhini. awangba thakki solution ama kayana hangbirakkani. Maram touba meebu thiri. Achumba Maduna meecham meeyambu khurumba. Aduga niri Lupa Nongpokta chatkhiba makhoina pi. Awangba thakki Drama na piyu hairakkani. Eihak na yamna thabak touba meebu fanaba pangtharambadagi singhalli. pibiyu haijari. Delhi da god amuk hallaktuna Nongchup awangba thakki solution ama thouna phana maram haijari. hotnari. Achumba thabak Wakhal khanhalli. Aranba mee singduna mapukningda nokli. thong thinglarakhini. Maramdi pi. Solution yaodaba seireng, Maram pijari. God ki ayaba touba meebu fari. Achumba mashak khanglak-i. Meecham Touja sarise umangda leiba mee Puwari neinaba haiba asi wari, semjin wari, drama sing matung inna, leibak ngakpa, leibak thabak touba meebu hattokpiri. meeyamna History paraga macha-machasingna mapa- houkhraba matamga houjikka adudi yamna hanthaba thakki chalaiba, wayen touba haibasi Huranba meena ‘Mandate singlak-i. Wakhal wanglak-i. mapu sing hundoklaga eikhoida leinaba mari adu thibani. Mari seisemni. Maduna meeoibana Thouna pharak-i. Meecham awangba wakhal khallaga, afaba of heaven’ yaodana India gi khurumlari. Nungsida. God adu neinabani. Houkhraba chatkkadaba achumba (truth) meeyamma malemda ahongba thabak touraga, hurandraga, sen lanmee na sanghallaga leibak khara hanthaba amana amuk matamgi afaba amasung asoiba amasung afaba (goodness) kaya purak-i. Meecham chadraga, chalaigadabani. Houjik ngaksinnari. Aduga manungdana hairi makhoisi yamna nungsiruba anidu thijaraga afabadu houjik- lambi takpa ngamde. Meeoibana meeyamna ngamdaba leite. India hairiba leibak asida thokliba huranli. Meeraibakki bank yade. Nungsiba sagadabani. houjik loukhatnaba hotnajabani. amamba wakhalda leiriba adu Eikhoina History ibagi isagi huranbagi wathok (scams) singda lupa Lakh/Lakh Khara khara hatkadabani. honghanba ngamde. Amamba, kanaba karisu leite. Oijaba leite. Historian amagi magun/ mayam asi malem sinba thungna theidoknari. Sen singdubu Matam khara amuk leplaga Lupa tha thoktaba ahingda meeoibana History iba haiba asi meecham matik/mayai asi history iba khangnare. Malem gi leibak sibada puba yagadouribara? khara piraga themgadabani. lamhangnabagumbani. Solution meeyambu nungsibadagi ibibani. matamda aspect/ perspective / kayana tin sitnare. Mapa-mapu Huranbasing asina makhoi Khara amuk hatkadabani. yaoba history, seireng, wari, Meecham meeyambu nungaiba, introspection happa ngambada hourakfam khangdaba meena masabu siba naidabani haina Eikhoigi mee thajingadabani. novel, drama di amamaba yaiphaba, watta-padaba, lei. Awangba thakki history gi khutlingbani haina khannare. khanli. Nongban bu siba naidaba Aryan onthokkadabani. Ee ahingda thokpa druba tarani. chaktung-fithungba phangnaba lairik amana novel amagumna Masibu asum yengduna nakhoi oikhibra? Mahabharatki warida mangthokkadabani. Inner line Amamba ahingda Samudrada ibibani. History meecham pabada nungaihanba yai. leikhigadra? Yengbagi pendribra? yaoriba Durjadhonbu siba permit mathou tade. Makhoi lamhangnaraba Hiroisinggi meeyam bu mukti (Redemption) Awangba thakta iba history gi naidaba oikhibra? Malem gi loina tumkhraga eikhoina lam meirani. Papki taibangda luplaba Eikhoigi lam asida meeyamgi pibibani. lairik amana novel amadagi Revolution khuding matamdi mungadabani. fattabagi komda puttharaba, mehut amadi makhoigi henna fajaba, mee humduna huranbagi wakhalda ngaoraba changkhi. Adubu Revolution Leingakta changba fivamsing khongloisingna huranli. Thikagi Oh! Meitei macha! Tangkhul! puba ngammi. Awangba thakki meeoibagi thaomeini. mayamduna mameida (The Hegemons) mingda lupa lakh /lakh loithokli. ngamkhiba ngaktani. Haibadi Kabui! Maring! nakhoi pumba fajaron amadi ningthiron (art) Magi magi imung-manung, achumbana mameida ngamkhi. Leibak ama kanba haiba asi lon tumduna leikho! Iechik hullaba faoraba history lairikna malemda mari-mata thabak hapchilli. Wa Malemgi faoraba History iba ahum mapung fadaba yade. amamba ahingda nakhoktuna khwaidagi faba lairik oiba wa nokli. Makhe langli. Aduga singna inari madudi malemda Lon ahum adudi leingak mara tumkho! Meitei Nongsha! ngammi. Toubagidi Hommer gi meeyamna thabak suri. Nungsa toukhiba Revolution khuding chetpa (Political Stability), Tumkho! Amamba ahingda lliad, Odessey nachingbasu fajarol marakta nomli. Humang tari. achumba, afaba, meenungsi chanaba wattaba (Good kanna tummu. Nayum meina haplaba history ni. Shakespeare gi Lembadi lemde. Konsu konnade. leiba meena loina ngamkhi. Economy) amasung langidamak wairaba matam faoba tumkho! Hamlet su phajarol chang wangna Amha amha tari. Kayamna Eihaksu haijari-laireibak lamdam thak wangna sem saduna leiba Icha khomdombi nangdi haplaba history ni. Mathakki Makha mathang chefong..... marou ingkhol yonthoknare. asida chatthariba revolution(Military Supremacy) ni. karam touba tare. Napam su Othello su ningthirol wangna 8 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 9 POLITICS MANIPUR GI NGAMKHEI KANANA.... MANIPUR GI NGAMKHEI KANANA.... POLITICS

NSCN (K) haiba group 2 semkhi. sangdoklagani aduga cease fire Party singgi loisang sanglen 1980 dagi safu kanna chatnagadaba lamsinggi manungda kayamuk, Government amadi MANIPUR GI APUNBAGI Manipur, Assam amasung Arunachal hougatlakkhiba Isak Muivah anigi MLA, Minister singgi lannai gari lalhou khongjangda houjikti Pradesh ki Naga tariba lamdamsingsu kayamuk tangoi onkhi. Nungthil SAKTAM KANANA NGAKKANI makhoi choktharakpagum yaoragani haibagi yanaba ama Nagaland dagi (Greater Nagaland) Bangkok ta India Govt. ki mihut Shri. pung 12.45 amasung 12.55 gi atam amagi ipa ipusingna da lingkhatkhi. 1946 ta “Naga National ahumsuba NPC mifam Makokchung wafam tarakpa hourakkhi. Maduga Padmavaih amasung NSCN (IM) gi aduwaida Governor gi Banglow luchingba Muivah ga yankhre haiba Manipur leibakki ngamkhei Council” semkhi. Masi 1945 da Naga da amuk pangthokkhi. Maduna amuk konnana amuk Greater Nagaland da duty taba CRPF ki kangbuna amasung maningtambabu Hills ki Deputy Commissioner, Charles India Govt. da thagatnabagidamak hairambadagi natheiraktuna pao adu Central Govt. na fongdorakkhi. ngaknaba thawai thadokpa Pocy na Naga singbu punsinnabagi point 16 ki demand yaoba warol Manipur gi mapungda Naga June 15, 2001: India Govt. gi aduga mathangda Chief Minister gi Mngamkhibagi thouna puwarida iduna Banglow ngakliba CRPF kangbuna pandamda linglakkhiba ‘Naga lepnakhi. Lepnakhiba warolsing tariba District sing punsinduna thousil bu pendraduna AMUCO na leiri. Houjikki meerol asidasu Manipur gi Hills District Tribal Council’ haiba adugi manungda NHTA bu Nagaland Southern Nagaland haiba anouba sinduna numitsigi ahing nongyaidagi meeyamda nongmei kapsillakkkhi. ngamkhei ngaknaba hotnabada thawai amadagi Wakhada famkhiba mifam haiba mingthonda India gi state ama leingak lam ama sembagi pandam tang 18 gi nungthil pung 6 faoba thoudok aduda punna meecham pammude haibasi thabakna uttuna amana thabakta onthorakkhibani. oihanbagi wafam yaokhi. 1960 gi July lei haiba thengkhang kayada general strike kourakkhi. AMSU 13 khudakta sikhi aduga 50 rom lakkhre. Masigi maramdi Manipur Hanna Burma da leiduna Business 26 ta NPC gi mihut kangbuga prime chatharakpa hourakkhi. Wafam nasu general strike kourakkhi. gi ngamkhei amadi saktam amadi nachingba touramba INA da yaoramba minister Nehru ga unakhi. Madugi asi Manipur gi meeyamdadi June 16, 2001: Manipur tampaklamgi asok apan nangkhi. Makha tana mahei oina 1961 gi February 18 dagi kanba haibasi Manipur gi meeyamgi Angami Japu Phizo su NNC gi ihouda chahi lising kaya chupna mafam khudingda general strike July 30, 2001 faobada sikhiba meeoi “Nagaland Interim Body” haiba ama thoudangni. Manipur haiba piklaba yaoraktuna Naga Hills pu maning sagatlaktuna leijaraklaba Manipur sougatnabagi meesing yamkhi. lingkhatkhibana 1963 gi December 1 5 tharaga Manipur gi ngamkhei chingleibak asida khundaminnariba tamba leibak ama oihangadabani gi apnba saktamda achouba Mafam mafamsingda Muivah dagi India gi mapung faraba state ama ngaknabagi ihou aduda punna furup kanglup pumnamakki ee haiounaba wakhallon pusillakkhi. singnarakpa oina thorakkhi. amasung India gi Home Minister oikhi. Adubu Naga lanhougi irangdi tongda yaokhraba amatta oibagi Mahakki wakhallonduga NNC gi atei 1997 gi august 1 da India Govt. ga Advani gi mitam meithanakhi. meeoi 18 gi thawai thakhibani. maduna nemthahanba ngamkhide. lipunsi thadatpa yaningde, masibu luchingbasingga chanarakkhidabana NSCN (IM) ga ahanba khongthangda Lambi saraksingdasu mei thaduna Masida Manipur leingakki loisang, ngakminnanabagidamak eikhoina mahak 1948 ta NNC dagi resign toukhi. Amaromda makhoigi luchingba Phizo tha 6 ki oina yanaduna India gi achat aoksingbu thingkhi. thawai faoba pammudana changsinba machak mathum kayamarum Aduga Naga ningtam lanhou sagatpa na 1960 gi June 12 dagidi London da lanmee ga khut thanadabagi sahi June 17, 2001: General strike henna ngammi haibasi thabakna utkhrabani. ihou asida mang takkhi haiba yai. hourakkhi. 1954 da Phizo na “ Khunba leiraduna Naga gi ningtam ihoubu tounakhi. Naga lanhoubasinggi kansillakkhi. Mafam kharadadi Tasengna Manipur gi apunbagi Koutang Ngiyukhum (People Sovereign nongchuplamgi leibaksingnasu maikeidagi khut thoknadabagi India gi machu ahumgi firal mei ngamkhei kaihandaba haibasi Manipur gi meeyamna ngamkhei Republic of Free Nagaland) haiba sougatpinaba minungsi khomba yanaba adu Manipur, Assam thaduna India Govt. gi thouongbu Manipur da khundariba furup kanglup ngaknabagi houkhiba ihousinggi amasu lingle laothokkhi. 1959 October maongda chahidumakki October 8 amasung arunachal Pradesh ki Naga yaningdaba fongdoknakhi. khudingmakna hotnaminnaba chang-i. 6 ta Naga Central Govt. bu Naga dana UNO da Naga singdi Indian taba mafamsingdasu chatnahanba Numidang da kanasu manungda khwaidagi chaoba Adubu masana Naga furupni haijaduna Federal Govt. haiduna otnthokkhi. natte haiba wafam puthoktuna haibasi leirakkhi. (yanakhiba adu hounarudana maikei khudingdagi ihousi houjik faobagi oinadi 2001 leiriba meeoi khujok kharana ngamkhei aduga 1962 gi February 11 dana matang matangda sangdoktuna 1957 ki August 12 dagi 26 faoba “Naga naha-ahal nupi angang lising gi “June 18” gi ihou asina oiri. ngakpa haibasigi wafam lakpada Interim Commission of Jurist ta wakat 2001 asigi July 31 faoba chahi 4 People’s Convention (NPC) haiduna lising Imphal mayol tamna saoningba khoirangba pokpasu leiri. cherol thangatlunabagi thabak kaya chupna chathagadabani.) 1997 gi Laioikhraba ipa ipusingna cheksinna Naga singgi apunba amasung ahanba pangnarakkhi. Adubu lambising Manipur gi apunbagi saktam amadi chathakhi. 1964 gi September 5 August 4 dagi AMUCO na sinduna ngaktun thambiramba Manipur mifam ama Kohima da pangthokkhi. police na thatlaga blankfire ngamkhei kaiba yaroi haibasigi dagi ahing nongyaidagi houna Naga Manipur gi kanglup khudingmakki Maduda Naga Hills amasung Tuensang nachingba touduna tankhaikhi. gi ngamkheida atoppasingna onnateinaba wafamdi NSCN (IM) gi lanhoubasingga India lanmee ga meeoi lakh kayamukna “ Manipur wakhal paringda yaokhraba Naga division manunggi Naga kanglup 15 gi khut thoknaba lepnabagi yanaba gi saktam kaiba yaroi” haiba khollao June 18, 2001: M a i k e i singnarakpa yaroi, singnaraklabadi singgi unique history masak khangbaga meeoisingna saruk yakhi. Mifamduda ama church leader singgi maikeidagi laoduna apunba khongkhat chatkhi. khudingmaktagi hounaruba madubu ngaknabagidamak thawai Assam gi Naga Hills district amasung toudana meeyam laknaduna loinana Naga gi tonganba leingak sillakkhiduna yanaba purakpa Manipur gi luchingba kayanasu faoba thadokkadabani haiba amagi makhada leigadabani haibasini. NEFA ( houjikna Arunachal Pradesh) ngamkhi. Chahigi October 12 dagi Manipur gi ngamkhei kaiba yaroi ayukki pung 9 faobadadi Imphal thouna lingjel adu ihou aduna Makha tarakpa oina Manipur gi manunggi Tuensang Frontier Division houraduna 1967 ki October 6 faoba, hana laonakhi. 2001 gi January cily mayolgi akoibada mee lisingna ngamkhei kanbagi mayokta leiribasing bu punsinduna single administrative India Govt. ki mihutsingga Naga Central gi Joint Secy (Home) G. K apunba khollao laonarakkhi. mayek sengna utkhi. Marama unit ama oihanbiduna Naga lalhougi amasung ngamkhei kannabagidamak lanhoubagi mihutsingga wari sanakhi Pillai na haikhiba wafam da ceasefire Maduda security kangbuga asina fivam amada matam amada irangbu nemthabinaba India Govt. adubu kanaba fangkhide. 1975 da mayoknakhi. Nongmei marugi thawai faoba katkhrabasinggi asi Manipur da youraklabasu thoina Manipur gi saktam amasung wakhallon adugi matangda da haijanaba warep loukhi. 1957 church leader singna sillaktuna Naga akaiba leiroi haibasi thamkhi. kihallakpa changkhide, tear gas ningsingbagi tanja louba chumgani. gi August ki August-September da lanhoubagi mihutsingga Nagaland gi 2001 January dagi Manipur gi civil ki meikhu khangkhide. Numit ngamkheida singnaraklabadi NPC gi mihutsingga India Govt. ga Governor ga Shillong da chahidumakki yungba faobadadi Imphal city gi Apunbagi saktamda singnarakpagi organization kayana ceasefire chap chana thengnaba ngamnaba (ahanbada Assam gi Governor ga November 10-11 da unahanduna atiya “Manipur gi saktam kaiba hourakfam: gi matangda wa khannabagi meeyamgi thamoida June 18 Shillong da, aduga mathangda prime wari sanakhi. Maduda Naga thabak kayasu paikhatkhi. yaroi” haiba khollao na pumnil 1963 gi December 1 dagi India gi minister ga Delhi da wari shanakhi. lanhoubasingna khutlai thadoktuna ninkhibaga loinana meikhunasu gumba ihou ningsingduna Apunbagi saktamgidamak lepkhiba: 16 suba mapung faba State ama 1957 ki December 1 da Naga Hills India gi constitution gi makhada citizen pumkup kupsinkhi. Manipur leiba tai. Matam pumnamakta Assembly Hall, Secretariat manung, oirakkhiba Nagaland da Naga singgi Tuensang Area (NHTA) haiba ama oiranabagi wafamsing yaona yanaba 2001 June 14: Mathang tha July gi Manipur gi ngamkheibu oiba ihou ama lakkhibasi chahi India gi Ministry of External Affairs kaya leikhi. Maduda yaningdaba Ishak 31 faoba chatnagadaba leiriba Indo- Chief Minister Banglow manung, chamma romgi wafamni. 1918 gi makhada Assam Governor bu Chi Shu amasung Thuingaleng Muivah Naga cease fire bu amuk hanna speaker gi Banglow, MLA/ Minister kaihandanaba hotnaba haibasi da Naga khullakpasing (Nagaland India gi president ki mahut sinna na 1980 da NSCN lingkhatkhi. NSCN August 1 dagi houna chahi 1 chupna sing kayamarum yaona Political Manipuri singgi khutta lei. manungda hanna leiramba Naga Hills leingakhanduna leihallakkhi. 1958 gi gi aroibagi N asi hanna ‘Nagaland’ haiba mafam kharakhakki) oiba “Naga May 21-23 da anisuba Naga People’s hairambadu 1999 gi April dagi Club” haiba organization ama British ki Convention Makokchung gi Ungma da “Nagalim” onthokkhi. 1988 da NSCN thousil amasung matengdagi Kohima pangthokhi. 1959 gi October 22-26 ta machet takhi. NSCN (IM) amasung

10 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 11 POLITICS LEINGAKKI WAKHALLON AMASUNG.... LEINGAKKI WAKHALLON AMASUNG.... POLITICS

fivam (environment) adudagileingakpasingna chatthabamee haibasi poklakpada chap LEINGAKKI WAKHALLON meeoibana wakhal khallaga wayellon, sa-lan, leingakki maong mannana poklak-i amadi puthorakpa wakhal lousing kaya adu ururaga neinaruraga mahousana pirakpa chatnabi adubu leingaklonda pansinba mahakki wakhal (concept) dadi mee haibasi khennaba leite AMASUNG MASIGI asini. Khudam oina hairabada dagi achouba leingaklongi chap mannei. Adubu meeoibagi Greek ki Philosopher Plato oiba wakhallon gi mangal ama chatnabi (human law) dadi HOURAKFAM na “Republic (meeyam gi thaktoraktuna pithorak-i. Maram khutsemgi chatnabi (artificial leingak)”, French ki Philosopher aduna Sophist ki wakhal dagi law) haibasidagi lak-i hai. Maram thaktorakpa leingak kanglongi aduna meeoibagi masada masagi ikhoina Leingakki oiba puthokcharakpa adugumba oina pannaba wakhal khanba Bodin na “Sovereignty (isana Wang-ulon nattragameeoiba khunnaibu leingaktuna hourakpage haibasigi maramda leingakchaba)” haiba ma-ong- wakhallon adubu Sophist ki oija-oithak tanba (selfishness) wakhallon haibasi pannaba lousing amani. Maram thijinbada masigi hourakfam matou sing puthoraktuna leingaklongi oiba wakhallon haibasi meeoibagi khutsemna karino haiba taragadi aduna Democracy, Communism (origin) asi meeoiba khunnaigi makhoigi leingaklongi wakhallon haina khangnei. Maram semjaba potsak amani hai. eikhoi meeoiba khunnai asibu nachingba hairibasing asi leiriba leingaklon (political) gi adu leingakki thabakta pansilli aduna Sophist haiba meeoi asi Maram aduna Politician, Politics E amadi chatnahalli. Masi leingakki anganba matamda Greek ta touba meeoida masigi khutsemgi leingaktuna palliba asigi maram meeoibana wakhal khallaga a-iba kayana fongdoklammi. kayabu thijinnabagidamak meeoibagi wakhaldagi thorakpa Meeoiba khunnaina ningliba wakhal khanba, wang-ulon leiramba leingaklongi wakhal chatnabi ama oiriba masagi wakhal khanduna, neinaduna amadi puthorakpa leingaklongi asigi akoibada tongan tonganba subasing (Philosopher) adugi lousing puthoklamba, leingakki khanba (asigi magun (matik puthorakpa meeoibagi wakhal oiba wakhallon adubuni. Maram potsak kayana koisinduna lei. wakhaldagi puthorakpani. wang-ulonn suba (Political mayai) oina chenba tarabadi (concept) dagi thorakpa aduna houjik leingak pathap ama Khudam oina hairabada Leibak Maram aduna wakhallon asigi Philosopher) amani haina mahak adu panggal, lan-thum leingaklon, khunnairolga mari oina chatnariba Democracy, (State), laining lichat (Religion), hourakfam (origin) asi meeoibagi faongdoknarammi. oija oithakta ngaorak-i, leibak adu wakhal (thought) gi akoibagi meehat mipun tamthiba meebu leinaba asengba wakhal lousing Communism asi meeoibagi Leinagakki chatnabi (Political Sophist ki awangba fivam asidagi hourak-i haina palli. ot-neiba leingak oirak-i hai. (knowledge) adubuni. Masi wakhaldagi puthorakpa leingakki Culture), Chatnabi (Customs), wakhallonsing: Leingakki Wang-ulon subasing oiba wang-ulon ni. Masibu Heinabi (Habit) amasung Matang asida Philosopher Wayellon da thamliba (1). Leingaklon gi wakhallon singna fongdoklambani. Masigi leingaklonda pansinbani. leisemlongi (Geographical), Sophist gi wakhallon: wakhallon: wahanthoksu meeoibagi A-ing asa ising nungsit (Climate) Leingakki oiba wang-ulon (2). Wayellon gi wakhallon wakhaldagi thorakpa adugumba sing asina meeoibabu akoibagi Sophist hairiba wang-ulon suba Mahakna ahanbagi mahousana gi hourakfam: meeoibagi wakhalduga mari fivam (Environment) ama meeoi (Philosopher) asi khrist (3). Meeoibagi yaifanaba khanba pirakpa chanabi (Natural Law) leinaba wakhal lousing adubu Leingakki oiba wang-ulon oina koisinduna lei. Asigumba poktringei mamang mangasuba wakhallon haibasi Taibang Mapu (God) chahicha (5th Century BC) na sembani hai. Maram aduna Wang-ulon (Philosophy) ni (Political Philosophy) haibasigi environment asi meeoibana Leingaklon gi oiba fivamda aduwaida Greek ki lamda Mahakna sembiba mapugi haina piri. Loinana adugumba hourakfam asi meeoibagi ururaga meeoiba maraktagi thamliba wakhallon: leingaklongi, khunnaigi oiba wakhal (concept) dagi hourak-i. khara wakhal henna khanba thorakkhiba yamna wakhal chatnabi wayellon (Divine Law) puthorakpa wakhal lousing Meeoiba haibasi ahanbada thijinba, wakhal henna khanba lousing leiba, lairik-laisu heiba Sophist na asumna hai leingaklon da thajaba thammi. Maram aduna adubu leingakki oiba wang-ulon sa nga gum leirammi. Adubu wang-ulon suba (philosopher) makhal kayagi sinfam amadi haibasi moral ga yamna Taibang Mapugi khutsemda haina piri. matamgi a-onba ahongba kayamarum thorak-i. Makhoina mahei kaya ningthina khang naksinnaba potsak ama oi. Maram achumba fajaba kaya touraklabasu kaya lakpadagi meeoibagi leibak (State) ki leingak heiba, wakhal mamut tana khanba aduna moral haibasi politics ta madu karigumba aranba potsak Leingakki oiba wang-ulon gi wakhalsu chaokhatlaktunna khunnaigi maramda ningthina ngamba meeoi amani. Mahakki tangaifadana changba potchang amana namthei. Maram aduna khudam khara: ahongba kaya laktuna wakhal wakhal khanduna meeoibagi wakhal lousing amadi mahakna amani. Moral yaodaba politics khunnaida aranbana achumbabu Leingakki oiba wang-ulon mapung fana khanba ngamba khunnaibu leingaktuna pannaba piramba leingaklongi wakhallon touriba nupa nattraga nupi amana namthanaba hotnabagi chatnabi haibasigi khudam khara oirak-i. Meeoibana wakhal maram kaya makhoigi wakhallon kaya ngasi leingak ma-ong ( leingak sasan toubada leibaktu ama mahousagi khutsemdagi pallabada eikhoina yamna mapung fana fajana khanba adudagi puthorak-i. Maram political theory ) ama sagatpada tangdu leitaba leiroi, mara chetloi. (nature) dagi lapthokna thorak-i toina leingaklonda sijinnariba ngamlakpadagi meeoibagi aduna meeoiba maraktagi changli. Maram aduna Sophist Maram aduna Sophist na asumna hai. Maram aduna khunnaida leingakki chatna pathapsing chaokhatlakpagi lambel ama wakhal khara henna khanba hairiba leingaklongi wang-ulon fongdoklammi, meeoibana achumba ngakta leite aranba kaya Monarchy Rule, Presidential meeoibana semjarak-i. Masi thijinnaba meeoibasingbu suba (political philosopher) masagi oijaba thiba (selfishness) thorak-i hai. Aduna anisubagi Rule, Democracy, Communism, meeoibagi wakhaldagi lakpani. philosopher haina khangnei. asina piriba leingakki wang- haiba chatnabi asi khutsemna afaba wayellon asi meena semba Feudalism hairiba leingaklongi Maram aduna meeoibana Maram aduna Leingakki ulon asi matam adugi Greek semjaba potsak amani. Haibadi potsak adubu Sophist na afaba maong matousing asi meeoibana matou karamna meeoibagi wakhallon haibasigi hourakfam khunnairol, leingaklon, chatnabi mahousana pirakpa chatnabi wayellon (Positive law) haina masagi wakhal khallaga oiba khunnai asibu leingaklon thorakpa asi meeoibagi akoibagi wayellon amadi matam adugi (natural law) gi matung inna tholli. Maram aduna masida 12 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 13 POLITICS LEINGAKKI WAKHALLON AMASUNG.... INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT.... INTERNATIONAL afaba wayellon (Positive Law) asi ngairaba khutlaidi “Knowledge” na mahakki meeoibagi yaifanaba achumba wayel (Legal Justice) haibasini. khanba wakhallon asi wakhal da yumfam oi. Samna hairabada lousing (Knowledge) amadi INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT OF meena law court ama semlaga Aduga wakhal lousing mahei masing (Education) da mahousagi wayellon, chatnabi (Knowledge) haibasi kadaidagi yumfam oiduna akanba wafam (Natural Law) gi kanglonbu poklakpano masi karino fongdoklammi. VICTIMS OF TORTURE 26 JUNE thugairakpa, achumbagi mayokta haibasu Sophist na taklammi. Hairiba maramsing asi makha leiba meeoisingbu wayennaba Aduna Education haibaasi tarakpa oina meeoiba khunaina achumba wayel (justice) ama Knowledge gi mama mapani. leingak param kayagi chatnabi puthokpasi law adubu Sophist Education gi aningba apamba lousing leitringei yamna na afaba wayellon (Positive Law) (will) leiriba meesak adu nited Nations ki (UN) mee amagi fangfam thokpa ngallingei matam adudagi haina tholli. knowledge gisu aningba apamba International Day in hak/ikaikhumnababusu leigani hai. Maram aduna mee houjikki matam asi faobada Support of Victims of thousabide haibasini. Maram Mahakna fongdokpada wayellon ama chaokhatpa, leibak ama chatnabi kaya semduna amadi Torture asi chahi da asina United Nations na (law) haibasi matam ayambada leingaklongi lousing develop UJune 26 pu malemsida leiriba chaokhatpa, afaba leingak ama asigumba thouong asibu achumba potsak oigadabani chatthaba chaokhathanba haibasi touraktuna meeoiba khunaina meepum khudingda meeoibana meeoiba khunai na meeoibagi haibadi wayellonda achumba mahei masinggi wakhallon fajana aonba ahongba ama lakliba, meeoibabu fu-cheiba/ot- mathakta chatthaba (Truth), achumba wayel (justice), leiraba leibak khunnai adu oigani tangtaba leingak khunai ama neiba (torture) chatthaba khwaidagi tamthiba lichatni afaba matou (Goodness) gi hai. sembada leingaklongi wakhal asi touhanloidabani – masi haina chaona thouong machaksing yaogadabani hai. taba (political consciousness) asi aranba thouongni (crime) ni asibu yaningdaba fongdokli. Maram aduna Sophist na Aduna wayellon haibasi Taibang chang-i. Leingaklon gi wakhal haiba ningsingnaba haina International law gi matung Mapu gi achumba afaba niti Education haibasi mee amagi leiba (Political consciousness) thouram oina pangthokpani. mama, mapa, oja amani. Mee inna fu-cheiba/ot-neiba haibasida ingadabani hai. Aduna haibasi meeoibana United Nations ki lonchat ki (torture) si crime ni haina Sophist na malemgi wayellon asi adugi chatliba lambel firep,chaokhatlamdabadagi asum areppa wakhal, thabak mathou amadi piriba wayel pathap ki piri. Loinana International malemgi oina chumduna leiraba chaokhatlaktuna leingaklongi matung inna di “lan manungda adu education gi wakhal law ga mari leinaba hiram 52/149 gi matung inna 26 (Universal Truth) amasung mapung faba lousing ama fangba oigera, leipakki wathok ta lousing (knowledge) gi lamjing khudingmata fu-cheiba/ot- June bu United Nations achumba wayel (Justice) adubuni. Aduna meeoibana state chennaba oigera, leipakki meira oiduna lamtaktuna neiba (torture) si athingba International Day in oigadabani haina fongdoklammi. ama lingbada leingaklon system mangnaba thabak-thanada thamli amadi karigumba chatkadouribani hai. Aduga kaya chatnariba asini. Khudam Support of Victims of Meeoibagi yaifanaba chennaba oigera – kerigumba fivam amattada achumbani leibak (State) amada leiriba ningthou leingak (monarchy), Torture haina fu-cheiba/ khanba wakhallon: fivam amatada fu-cheiba/ot- haiduna ngaklou piningai leite mee khudingmak wakhal meeyamgi leingak (democracy), ot-neiba (torture) bu maru neiba (torture) gi thouongsing haibasini. International law Sophist na fongdoklamba lousing (Knowledge) leirabadi meeyamgi mannaba khunai fangna mutthatkhinabagi sungsi sijinnaba yade” gi athingba asi malem sida wafamdi meeoiba khunnaigi chaokhatpa leibak, khunnai leingak (communism), namfu pandam da 26 June haibasini. Wafam asimakta khundaminnariba meepum chaokhatpa (civilization) amadi ama purakkani. Aduga meepum safugi leingak (dictatorship) 1987 dagi thabak oina yumfam oiduna June 26 asibu khudingmakta amatta oina meeoibana meeoibagidamak khudingmak wakhal lousing makhoising asi thainadagi changsinduna lakkharaba asigumba meeot-meenei/fu- adumak pansiningngai afaba touba, meeoiba (Knowledge) leirabanina asum ollaktuna chatnarakliba Convention against cheiba nachingbagi cheitheng oihanli. Adubu kanagumba khunnaigidamak afaba wakhal lairik laisu heibagi chang leingaklongi maong matou Torture and Other Cruel, fanglabasingbu mateng leipak kharada fu-cheiba/ khanba, achumba lambelda wanglabadi chaokhattaba(political system) ni. Masi Inhuman or Degrading pangbinabagidamak Malem gi ot-neiba (torture) bu thousil mathou fajana touba, amadi (Barbarianism) gi wakhal meeoibana leingaklongi Treatment or Punishment, Numit (International Day) ama ama oina chatthaba leiragadi meeoibagidamak achumba thadoktuna “meeoibagidamak wakhal tarakpadagi (political (resolution 39/46), annex, oina masak khangduna thouram touba (Humanism) gi wakhal wakhal khanba ( Humanism) consciousness lakpadagi) tang madu meeoiba khunai asibu mayek sengna oina pangthoktunha lakkhre. pokhanba amadi meeoibabu ” hourak-i. Maram aduna taba leingak, khunai amasung asigi mathakta chatthaba mathou pangthokhannaba chaokhatpa wakhal lousinggi chaokhatpa afaba achumba state ama oina semba ngamlibani. United Nations ki oiba crime ni haina louroidabagi hotnakhi. mityengdadi fu-cheiba/ot- maram leite haibasini. lamjelda yaoba, meeoibabu ama touba haibasi mahei masing Aduna leipak ama sembada, (resolution 52/149) chaokhatpagi mangda (education) gi wakhal lousing lingbada leingaklongi wakhal neiba (torture) na awaba Asumna UN General Assembly changsinduna chaokhatnaba (Knowledge) leiba leibak amadi leiba (political consciousness) asi maiyoknariba adubu na 1997 gi December 12 wakhal khannabagi amattameesingna tou-i. Aduna Sophist yaodaba yade. manghannaba hotnei amadi da lepnakhiba resolution 14 THE LIBERATION TIMES MAY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 15 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT.... INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT.... INTERNATIONAL 2016 ta UN Voluntary Fund for Torture haibasina yengsinduna Ngasikhaktada malem sida fu- UNITED Victims of Torture, gi 35 suba pangthokpani. Fu-cheiba/ot-neiba cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) dagi A mapok kumon thouram ama nanthoktuna hanlaklabasing NATIONS (torture) gi matangda malem Geneva da leiba UN Human Rights sida thokliba fu-cheiba/ot-neiba adugidamak katthoklaba Office na sinduna fu-cheiba/ (torture) gi lamsida report ama ningsing thouram amagidamakni ot-neiba (torture) gi cheitheng thagatnabagidamak 1985 ta haiduna numit ama leptuna General assembly pangthoklibasi thengmanlabani. nanglabasing amasung makhoigi Commission on Human Rights imung da matou karamna ihan hanba Special Rapporteur 26 June asibu United Nations mateng panggadage ahenba amabu thabak asigidamak khankhi. General Assembly na hairiba fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) gi mityengsu thamduna pangthokkhi. Hairiba chahi adumaktada UN Distr. damak numit oina loukhibagi Oirakkhibagi fivam GA nasu warep ama louduna ahanba maramdi, 1945 ki June GENERAL meeyat taduna leirabasing amadi 1948 ta international community 26 ta World War II manung da A/RES/52/149 lanfa oina thamlibasingda fu- na fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) United Nations Charter gi khutyek cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) dagi 18 February amasung atei tamthiba, meeoibagi pinakhi aduga anisuba maramna ngakthoknabagidamak 1997 gi lichat nattaba mattraga UN GA 26 June 1987 da United Nations December da adugumba lanfasing Convention against Torture and na chatnaduna leiriba Universal 1998Fifty-second session adubu yengsinbinabagidamak Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Declaration of Human Rights bu chatna-lonchat faoba semduna Treatment or Punishment bu Agenda item 12 thouoi utsittaba bu yaningdaba thamkhi, amadi GA na 26 June bu thabak oina chatthaba hourakkhi. fongdokkhi. 1975 ta hairiba United Nations International Day Loinana hairiba numit asibu hiram asigidamak changsinlakpa GENERAL ASSEMBLY NA WAREP OINA LOURABA in Support of Victims of Torture International Day in Support of NGO singgi hanba leitraba oirani hainafaoba laothokkhi. Victims of Torture gi thouram [main committee (a/52/l.66) dadi reference pidana] khongjangbu sougatladuna GA na pangthoknaba UN General 52/149. united nations international day in support of victims of torture Declaration on the Protection of Asumna United Nations Assembly da thanggatlakkhibadi All Persons from Being Subjected International Day in Support of malem gi masak nairaba to Torture and Other Cruel, Victims of Torture – 26 June asi International Rehabilitation Inhuman or Degrading Treatment chahi gi oina June 26 khudinggi Council for Torture Victims General Assembly, or Punishment bu ayaba pikhi. malem sinba-thungnada fu- (IRCT) gi yumbu oiriba Denmark cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) gi na pukhatlakkhibadagini. 1980s dagina 1990s gi matamda wathokki maiyokta warol kaya fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) bu Asumna 1998 tagidi June 26 fongdoknaduna amasung asigumba 1997 gi July 22 gi Economic and Social Council decision 1997/251 bu amuk hanna thingnaba wayel pathap ki lamda asibu thouram ama oina malem fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) gi safu gi leipak kayagi organization ningsingladuna, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ki yangkhei suba mapok kumon amadi thabak oina pangthoknabagi hakthengnana nanglurabasing kayana pangthokpa hourakkhre. gidamak sem saraduna, lamda henna khumang chaosinba amadi madudagi nanthotuna Fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) bu maru fangna mutthatnabada mityeng thamladuna hengatlakkhi. Asumna 1981 Adubu Bosnia amasung hanlaklabasing adubu sougatpa amasung Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading da fu-cheiba/ot-neiba (torture) Herzegovina dadi International amadi ikaikhumnabaga loinana Day in Support of Victims of Torture gi awaba maiyoknariba amadi Treatment or Punishment, 2 1987 gi June 26 tagi thabak oina changsinduna makhoibu mateng pangbagi gidamak 2009 gi July 16 pu thouram makhoigi imung bu mateng laklababu mating leina thabak pangthokpa ngamnaba haiduna 26 June bu United thouram ama pangthokpani. pangthoknaba numit oina khankhi. Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture oire haina laothokkhi. pangnabagidamak GA na United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims 1998 ta hannagi United Nations Eikhoigi yaol ihou asigi oiba mityeng da: of Torture semkhi. Loinana 1984 da Secretary-General Kofi Annan 70th plenary meeting The Convention against Torture and na fongdokkhiba warol amada: United Nations ki lonchat ki amadi piriba wayel pathap ki matung inna Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Numit asibuni eikhoina khanlubada 12 December 1997 di “lan manungda oigera, leipakki Treatment or Punishment pusu tungjunglaba, khanbafaoba wathok ta chennaba oigera, GA na ayaba piduna 1987 dagi pamdraba thoudok adubu leipakki mangnaba thabak-thanada 1 resolution 217 a (iii). thabak oina mathou pangthokpa maiyoknarurabasing aduda chennaba oigera – kerigumba 2 resolution 39/46, annex. hourakkhi. Loinana leipak leipak ta ikaikhumnaba pigadouribase. fivam amatada fu-cheiba/ot-neiba thabak oina chatthanabagidamak 98-76657 Numit asi malem pumbana (torture) gi thouongsing sungsi maningtamba thoidokna ngangthokpafaobada sijinnaba yade” haiba wafam asida heithoi-singthoibasingna hanggoirabasing adugi maiyokta eikhoigi changsinliba khongjang punlaba Committee against ngangthoknaba thouram adu. asida amuk pusinlaga yenglasi.

16 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 17 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DAY IN SUPPORT.... MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... INTERNATIONAL

DECLARATION MANIPUR gi maningtamba hanjinnabagidamak Government of India na lanmee gi panggal sijinnaduna MALEMGI LEIBAK KHRAGI wayel lonchat ki wangmada amasung wayel lonchatna yadana namlou lousinduna suppai pisinduna leiriba asigi mathakta Revolutionary People’s Front (RPF) amasung masigi lanmee sanglup People’s AKHANNABA LANMEE Liberation Army (PLA), chahicha 1978 dagi houna khutlai paibagi ihou ama changsinduna lakkhre; 1949 gi August 12 gi Geneva Convention marimakta saruksu yaruriba Government of India na magi lanmee gi panggal sijinnaduna Manipur bu suppai pisinduna international humanitarian law standards ki wangmada KANGLUPSING khupsinba yararoidaba maongda chatthariba akanba safusing asibu manung hanjinna mityeng chingsinduna; Eikhoi gi leijariba meeoibagi yaifanabagidamak changsinliba thoudang sing amadi eibak leibakki oina thokliba thoudok wathok, singthaningai oibage haibasiga changsinliba khutlai paibagi ningtam ihou asibusu amukka hanna ningsingladuna; akhannaba lanmee gi terrorist amasung militant singna mari leinaribsi senmitlon, 1997 gi August 6 asida, 1949 gi August 12 gi marisuba Geneva Convention gi yamna mayek kangbu semduna amadi chatharakpa khudongthiningai ngakselgi mapanggal, lanmee senglaba wahanthok leiraba Article 3 gi provision khudingmak Ngakna chatkani haina laothokli. makhoibu akhannaba oiba thouongsing laksilli. gi touba ngambasing, lanmee training piduna leibak manunggi Hairiba lanmee kanglupsing masing, lanmee kangbuda piriba (Irengbam Chaoren) Lakhannaba operation sing amadi asi mapungoina oina leiba training amasung makhoina President leibakki maiyokta leibasing lanmeesingdagi thabak training touriba khuju-khutlai Revolutionary People’s Front thengnaduna lakli. Hairiba tonganlli haiba yai. Makhoidi asida khwaidagi henna thak operation amadi ngakselgi thabak government gi makhhada wangbaduda yumfam oirammi. thouram kaya paikhatnaba hakthengnana akhannaba thabak Houjik faobagi oina malemgi COMMON ARTICLE 3 akhannaba lanmee kanglup thouramda sijinnei. Leibak leibak kharagi akhannaba lanmee of the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 nattraga commando kanglupleibakki oina masagi ngakselgi kanglup kharagi oiba chaorakpa In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High sembagi chatnabi asi ngallingei lanmee (defence forces) leijaba maong matou amadi makhoigi Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions: matamdagi leibak khudinggi taragasu makhoising adugi akhannaba thoudang kharadi; 1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have oina leirakli. Akhannaba lanmeee marakta karamba leibakki laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction kanglup sing aduna leibak amada lanmee kanglupna khwaidagi founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons: British SAS (Special Air Service) (a). violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; (b). takingof hostages; (c). outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; (d). the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. 2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for. An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict. The Parties to the conflict should further endeavor to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention. The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict. Yaol ihou asina changsinliba Torture asigi chahi khudinggi yaifanabagidamak areppa numit’ khongjang asidasu eikhoina June 26 haiba areppa ama ama semduna eikhoigi khunnai thengnariba pumnamak asida leijakhragasu eikhoigisu asigumba asida eikhoi gi firep mayek mityeng chingsinduna United meeoibagi yaifanabagidamak sengna utthokpa mathou tare. Nations ki (UN) International leptuna leijaraba warep ama Day in Support of Victims of leijaribanina ‘meeoibagi

18 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 19 INTERNATIONAL MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... INTERNATIONAL

British SAS (Special Air Service) (sathiraba) training makhalsing mapanggal kanna thabak touduna Delta Force, USA haibasi malemda khwaidagi chathei amasung makhoising lakkhi amasung leibak kayada thabak kuiraba (liraba) amasung asi karigumba mafam amada maipakpagi chatthakhibagi wafam khwaidagi fabaga loinana khudongthiba tarakpa matamda leikhre. British SAS asi USA da leiriba akhang kannaba makhal kayagi training mapanggal kanba lanmee atei mangjin thaba kanglup sing pirammi. British Special Air Regiment kanglup amani. US government amasung US Navy SEALS na train asi 1941 da terrorism thengnanaba, na British SAS asibu Al Qaeda toubagumna masak khangba lanmee gi makhuttagi CIA agent ama akhannaba langi thabaksing amasung kanglup ama omani. rescue toubagidamak thagatpa meefa meepun chattharakkpasingdagi fongdokkhiba leikhre. mee kanbagi thabaksing (rescue operation) changsinnaba semkhibani. British SAS asigi oina akanba SAS asi World War II matamdagi

U.S Navy SEALS

Delta Force haiba lanmee dagi akhannaba thabak amasung mission amabu suksoi kanglup asi Close Quarter rescue operation pangthokpa soihandana pangthokpa Combat (CQC) gi awangba ngamlaba khwaidagi matamga ngamlammi. Delta Force na training fanglaba US Army gi chunaraba technology ga loinana matam sangna mayamna sarukni. Delta Force asi US training tourammi. Delta Force sakhanglaba thabak kaya mai Navy SEALS ga khennarammi, asi 2001 gi September 11 gi pankna pangthokkhibagi maramdi lanmee kanglup asida attack ki matamda Afghanistan maramdi masida yaoriba yaogadaba meeoi khanbagi da Taliban loisinnaba hotnabada member sing khanbagi thabak thabak thouong amasung sijinnarammi. Delta force asi thouong aduda thamkhiba training animak khennarammi. fajana sem saraba, cheksinlaba awangba pandamga loinaba Delta Force team asi US Army maong tana semlaba oibana adunani. US Navy SEALS gi manungda asi Marine Special Group oibada amada thabak ama maipakna SEALS Team 6 (USA gi Naval matik charaba ngakta oirammi. pangthokpa ngambagidmak Special Warfare Development US Navy SEALS asi pat, turel maming chatli. SEALS gi Alpha Group, Russia Group (NSWDG) mayamna amasung samudra (ocean) landa mapanggal leina thabak Alpha Group asi Europe 1974 da semkhi. Alpha Group khudongthiningai oiraba physical DEVGR haina khangnariba) gumba isinggi saruksingda changsinba ngambagi matik asi khwaidagi faba unit amani. lan changsinhannaba 1962 pumbagi amasung Russia asi malemgi oina khwaidagi training pangthok-i. Makhoina mayai adu chellammi. SEALS Madudi masida yaoriba da semkhibani. US Navy da terrorism thengnanaba chaokhatlaba amasung thabak 1993 gi Russian Constitutional meeoising asi Navy SEALS SEALS asi mapanggal leina team asi Pakistan da Osama khwaidagi mapanggal leiba touba ngamba Special Force ni. Crisis, Chechenya gi khut maraktagi khangatpani. SEALS landa heisingbagi maong Bin Laden bu khanghoudana (kanba) amasung sathiba unit Alpha Greoup ki training yamna thoknakhibasing amasung North team asi kangfangi saruktagi matou, yeknabana khut operation changsillaga hatkhiba oina semkhiba Russian Spetsnaz cheksinna tourammi madudi Caucasus amasung 1995 ki mass isingdana henna training hallaknaba sem saba matam aduda mayamna henna masak gi sarukni. Alpha Group asi 1972 masida counter terrorism, anti- hostage crisis ta yamna chaona tourammi loinana makhoising fangdringei akaknaba matam khangnarammi. gi Munich massacre matung hijacking amasung atei atoppa thoudang loukhiba kangbuni. 20 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 21 INTERNATIONAL MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... INTERNATIONAL Russian Spetsnaz

Green Berets, USA Green Berets asi malemda aruba oirammi maramdi masida 100 touba amasung minute khwaidagi heisingba amasung changge hairagadi yamdrabada 12 dagina 14 faobada mile 12 chusinnaba ngamlaba Special chahi 3 U.S military da officer oina chenba loisinba ngamgadabani. Forces ni. Green Berets asi U.S thabak thourakpa oigadabani. U.S Makhoigi khangjinba yaba Army Special Forces gi member Army gi Special Forces khanbagi thoudang khara pallabada Ningthina train touraba Alpha gi maongni. Spetsnaz asi ikai khumnaningai oina 12 gi “A” team haina thabak thourang asi yamna aruba amana Afghanistan da chatthakhiba war, Group asi Spetsnaz gi kangbu Soviet Union leingak leiringei khangnaribasi World War II toubani. U.S Army Special Forces masida minute amada push up Vietnam war panba yai. ngakta oijarabasu Russia gi (oiringei) matamda semkhiba gi matamda aronba operation da changba haibasi asukki matik 100 inaba, minute anida sit-up Spetsnaz gi thabak asi irai Russia gi oina khwaidagi changsinba, mee rescue laiba oide. Spetsnaz asimak faraba lanmee kanglup toubagi thabak, amasung malemgi oina fajana train (group) amani. Spetsnaz high profile oiraba mihatpagi touraba kanglupni. Spetsnaz asi Military Intelligence thabak adugidamakni. gi training asi malemda Group GRU (Special GRU) Makhoina maruoiba mission khwaidagi tamthiba amasung na hakthengnana control sing chathabada Alpha Group khwaidagisu faraba training tourammi. Spetsnaz gi yamna ka loinana chathaminnei.

Indian MARCOS

MARCOS haibasi Indian Navy kanglup amani. Ahouba oina loisillaba matungda asengba gi training ningthina khangatlaga khanbagi thabak chattabada training oina chahi 2 makhaidagi touraba, lanthengnabagi panggal MARCOS gi oina chayol 3 faoba para-dropping, isingda leiba, khutlai ningthina sijinnaba manga di akhang kannabagi chathaba operation sing, anti- heiba, hakchang amasung changyeng ama oina screening hijacking, anti-piracy, counter wakhalgi fivam faba aruba test pangthoklammi, masida terrorism, counter insurgency operation ama changsinbada tumba khangba amadi masa operation gumba course asi yamna akaknana pangthokpa ma-u kanhannaba training kanna yaona chatthei. ngamba marine commando touba asini. Masida maipakna

22 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 23 INTERNATIONAL MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... INTERNATIONAL

Israeli Sayeret Matkal

Israel asi yengthinaba singna 707 Boeing ama fajinkhiba Matkal gi member sing asi chahi GIGN, France leibaksingna ikoi koisinduna aduda chatthakhiba akanbaamaga tha nipalgi akanba training leiba leibak amani. Maram aduna rescue operation amasung Gaza tourammi. Masigi training National Gendarmerie fajinkhiba adu kanbagi thabak afaba makhalgi rifle sing amadi Israel gi oina lanmee gi mapanggai Strip ta Bus hijacker sing hatkhiba asidagi khwaidagi faba adu snipper sing sijinnabagi training Intervention Group (GIGN) mai pakkhidaba matungda kalhanba haibeasi tasengna thoudoksingda saruk yakhi. khallaga khwaidagi akhannaba asi counter-terrorism amasung semkhibani. GIGN asi terrorist tourammi. Masida nattana mathou tai amasung Sayeret Makhoina 1972 da Uganda Unit 269 da thajillammi. Unit hostage rescue operation singda organization singgi maiyokta makhoi asi karigumba mafam Matkal asi makhoigi leibak da leiba Entebbe Airport ta 269 na khwaidagi maruoiba thoudang louriba France ki lanthengnanabagidamak amada yeknaba thengnaduna ngaknabagidmak semkhibani. Passenger 106 rescue tounabagi thabak amasung aronba counter- khwaidagi faba lanmee kanglup khwaidagi wangna train akaknaba maongda loisinba Israel gi Sayeret Matkal asi 1957 operation chatthakhiba aduda terrorism operation singda saruk amani. GIGN asi 1972 da Munich touraba amasung khwaidagi ngamnabagi awangba makhalgi gi chahida semkhibaga loinana fajana meeyamna khangnakhi. training pirammi. yarammi. ta pangthokkhiba Games ta Israeli mapanggal leiraba kanglup counter terrorism amasung 1972 Matkal Commando ama oibagi Olympian sing hostage oina amani. Makhoising asi ayamba da Black September Terrorist qualify oiba haibasida Sayeret 24 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 25 INTERNATIONAL MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... MALEMGI LEIBAK KHARAGI AKHANNABA.... INTERNATIONAL

Pakistan’s SSG

Pakistan gi Special Service hanna thamduna makhoigi akhannababa thabak kaya Group (SSG) asi counter attack thabak toukhi. Makhoigi militant chatthaba haibasi lanmee amagi operation sing chatthabadasinggi maiyokta lanmeegi attack oifam thoklaba afaba hakchanggi amasung makhoigi thouna chatthaba amasung rescuefivam, khutsu-khutlai, discipline fabagidamak malemgi khwaidagi operation sing, athuba attack amadi morale gi thak adugi faba Special Forces ni haina touba ngambagidamak yamba makha ponba ngaktani. Maram khannari. Pakistan gi SSG na singthaningai oiba record aduna maipakpa thabak ama India gi maiyokta, Afghanistan leirammi. Makhoi asi 1971 gi nattraga lan haibasidadi lanmee amasung leibak manungda leiba Indo-Pakistan gi lan da lanmee kanglup adugi oina leigadouribasi Education Department, People’s Liberation Army na Thagi oina puthokchaba Chefong terrorist sing amasung militant gi mateng pangbadasu mari lanmee singgi hakchang fana “The Liberation Time” asibu pabiriba singna chefong asiga mari leinana fongdongningba wafam sing group singgi mathakta makhal leinarammi. leibagi fivam, discipline leiba (Comment) amadi Seireng, Wari Macha, Articles sing thabirak-u. makha kayagi operation sing amdi lanmee adugi masagi chatthabada mari leinarammi.Maruoina malemgi leinariba morale fivam haibasi thadoknaba Masigi khwaidagi heisinglaba akhannaba lanmee kanglup yadraba machaksingni. kanglup asi 1956 ta semkhi kharada touba ngamba thabakki amasung 1965 gi war da ihan paring aduni. Hairiba mai paklaba 26 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 27 FURUP KI WARI SIROI CHINGSANGGI SIROI LILY SIROI CHINGSANGGI SIROI LILY FURUP KI WARI lairembi adugi machanupini haina Siroy Tharo na leika fanna British macha Frank Kingdon Ward khankhi. Asumna Siroi Lily asi Siroi leisat tamnafam oiriba na mahakki loinabi (matam adugi SIROI CHINGSANG GI Chingsangdagi setna khaidoknaba siroy Chingsanggi saktam Bombay High Court ki Judge gi yadaba lei makhal ama haibadi Matam ama 1946 aduwaida machanupi) ga loinana pambi SIROI LILY Siroy Tharo haibadu oikhi. pambibu thijin humjinba (botanist) singgi maramda thijin humjinba

Siroi Lily gi Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae lakkhi. Matam asigi mamangdadi faobada satpa maram oiduna kalhounaba kari thabak paikhatpa Phylum: Angiospers Tangkhul khungi meesingna Siroi India gi awang-nongpokthangba tabage haibasidi wahang ama oiri. Class: Monocots Lily hairiba lei asibu SIRUI KASUNG saruk asida akhannaba tourist ki Adubu Irolnungda taba manigum mityeng chingsinfam ama oiri. mamal naidrabi ningthirabi Order: Liliales TIMRAWON haina kounarammi. Matam chuppada ayingba Siroi Lily hairiba lei makhal asi leirang Siroi Tharo nangdi chiklaba Family: Liliaceae nungsitna liri liri humduna leiba Manipur gi oina “State Flower” ni chingsang mapomgi pukning Genus: Lilium Himalayan Chingsanggi manung adubu laibakthibadi lei makhal huna ningthijaraba matouda channa masa oina leiriba nigthiraba nappagi nachomgum leisat Species: Lilium Mackliniae asi Manipur gi leimaidagi nongma Siroi Chingdolda leisat tamliba lei nongmagi kangkhul mutsillakpagi tamjabini. Nangna leika fanna asina lamdam asibu malemda sak mami taba hourakli haiba yai. Siroi leisat tamjaba uraga mahousa lairembina thambiramlaba iroi Lily (Lilium Mackliniae) ngangleinaba leinasingna leika amasung lei pambi amada lei takli. Frank Kingdon Ward na Siroi Lily bu masak khangbibaga loinana pukning huna fajaraba lamdam haina khangnariba lei fanna leisat tammi, adumoinamak amadagina taret (1-7) faoba satli. Lily asibu ubamaktada mahakki Indian Postal Department na asida khundaminnariba makhal asi Manipur gi kupna munna yengba matamdadi pukning sumhatpa faorammi masigi Postal Stamp puthokkhre. Lei asigi tonganba maong matou eikhoina kayagi matik penjariba. Ukhrul District ki Siroi machu taret uba fanglammi. Lei amasung madumakna mahakna 2013 gi October 13 da Goa gi haiba taragadi Manipur gi Siroi Mutnaidaba natouna kumja SChingsangda ipak irel (Samudra) makhal asi chahigi oina monsoon masibu mahakki loinabi Jean “Department of Evirontment Chingsang asida nattana malemgi khuding leisat tamlak-u. Nangna gi imaidagi meter 1,730 - 2,590 matamgi tha June amasung July da Macklin gi maming louraga 1946 and Heritage” gi makok oiriba mafam ateida thabada houba Siroi chingsangda leika fana wangba mafam asikhaktada satli. Masi matam naiba lei makhal ta puthoklammi. Siroi Lily asibu Shajin Jinks na luchingduna ngamde haina wari lairikta irammi. leisat tamba uraga chingmee houduna leisat tamba lei makhal oiba maramda khwaidagi fajana 1948 ta London da leiba Royal Siroi Chingsangda houriba Matam amada British na Manipur tammi eikhoi khudingmakki amani. Mafam asigi nongpokta satpa matam adudi May amasung Horticultural Society (RHS) na Siroi Lily asibu mutkhidanaba gi leingak pairingeida Siroi Lily thamoida nungsinabagi langlana Myanmar ga tainaba ngamkhei, June tha asidani. Chingdol asida pangthokpa lei utpagi thouram ngaksenbagi hiram asida mayam asi makhoigi lamda puduna chetna punsinba ngamba amatta nongchupta Siroi Khun, khada mapung fana leisat tamba matamsi aduda merit prize fangkhiba khangminnanaba thijin humjinbagi thaduna lei sathannaba hanna ngairaba leirangsu nangna oisanu. Choithar Khun amasung awangda May 15 dagi June 5 asi faobani hanna hotnabada khudingmak leini. Siroi Lily asibu masak matou khongjang changsinkhiba leikhre. Sihai Khun na koisinduna lei. haiba yai. Masigi pambi amagi aremba takhibagi wafam lei changkhollabi ingtappi nupimacha Malemgi oina tanglaba lei Ningthirabi Siroi Tharo asigi taifet awangba asi feet amadagina hainei. Makhoina Siroi Lily asi amaga changdamnarammi. makhal asina malem asidagi taiba, higok machu changna ahum (1-3ft.) lom wang-i, Siroi Chingsangbu ngakselliba Hairiba lei makhal asi May-June mutkhigadaba fivam adudagi

28 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 29 FIDAM WARI BABA KHAPLANG GI AROIBA KHONGCHAT.... BABA KHAPLANG GI AROIBA KHONGCHAT.... FIDAM WARI

gi tang 9 faoba ahal oirabasu Defence Force semduna changlamdaba mafam adu Baba na yaolgi achouba Naga sing pullaga KIA ga khanba takhi. thoudang loubirammi. lanthengnakhi, masidagi KIA BABA KHAPLANG Asumna akoibagi khunjasinggi Baba Khaplang ingkumja 1940 ga yasinaba purakhi. Baba su tamthiraba matou, natei GI AROIBA gia April thada Myanmar gi mahakka nakna loinaba marup chadraba leimai gi fivam Pangsao Pass manakta leiba kharaga loinana NDF yaorakkhi. pumnamak asigi mathakta Waktham khunggangda 1965 ta Eastern Nagaland makhal-makha kayagi masing KHONGCHATNA pokkhi. Baba Khaplang makhoi Revolutionary Council thingamdraba laina kaya, machin manao 10 gi manungda (ENRC) kouba lup ama pumnamak asida masing LAKLABADA khwaidagi iton tonba oina semduna masigi Vice Chairman thingamdraba lanmee kayagi pokpa machanupani. Baba oikhi. 1972 da Eastern Naga punsibusu pikhamnahankhi. Khaplang na angang oiringei National Council (ENNC) Masi pumnamak asida semmi, VP na Baba Khaplang oiba naiba meeoibagi Burma (Myanmar) manungda tangaifadaba fivam mayamna na oi, 1974 dagi Baba Khaplang punsigi khongchatna hong-hongduna mahei masing NNC thadoklaba matungda na amuk President oikhi. 1979 laklabada kannanasu tamlakkhi amadi Burma gi Isak, Muivah amadi Khaplang March 10 da ENNC amasung thingba ngamdana Kachin State ki Myitkyina ga loinana 1980 gi January 31 NNC ga Merger Agreement chatkhi hinghouriba district manungda leiba da lamdam asida “National L tounaduna NNC da punsilli. pumnamakpu thadoklamlaga. Tingkong da class IV faoba Socialist Council Of Nagaland” Naga Federal Government Adubu meeoipokta touramba tamlakkhibaga loinana Kalemyo (NSCN) semkhi. Masida Baba (NFG) gi President oikhi. afaba thabakki mahei, adunadi gi Tahan da leiba Mission na NSCN gi Vice Chairman gi taklammi tunglamchatki School Independent Church of NNC na 1975 ki Shillong fam pukhi. Mahakki hotnaba lambel amadi. Masi oiramalle Burma asida makhatana class Accord matung tarakpada kanba wakhallon aduna Burma meeoibagi taibang khongchat VII faoba tamlakkhi. Burma Nagaland da leiramba base da lanhoulup asigi maruoiba haibado. Adugumba aroiba gi Kachin da mahei tamduna camp kaikhiba, matam aduda Base semgatpa ngamkhi. India gi leiringei matam (1957) da loilam maru fangna mutthatnaba khongchat aduna laklabada Easter Naga gi khun sing asisu Waktham khundagina Baba haiba pandam asida People’s puduna chatkhi yaol ihougi asukki matik hostile oiba, amasung Ngaimog khundagi Republic of Nagaland haiba lambida achouba thoudang adubu tangaifadraba leifam Sungdang yaona Naga da ama Mao Zedong gi ideology louramba mayamgi Baba amadi Eastern Naga manungda makhoi punna 11 Christian leitaba yaraktraba tanfam asida da yumfam oiduna senmitlon su, eikhoi pumnamakpu laining lourakkhi. Loinana da mannaba khunnai amagi tungoinaramlaga. Baba Khaplang ga loinana Baba na yaol ihou asida khong hairiba maikei asida leifam manglanda “Nagaland for Baba haina mayamna thangjindringeida Myanmar gi ama samba mathou tarakkhi. Christ” haibasida changsinba ikaikhumnaba asengba ming Namlip da oja oiramkhi. Baba Semgatkadouriba base area asi hourakkhi. Adubu 1988 da Sangwang Sangyu Khaplang Khaplang ngallingei punsidagi India amadi Burma gi lanmee NSCN manungda yannadaba (S.S Khaplang) Western South houna Naga meeyamgidamak animakna fangloidaba mafam lakpadagi NSCN machet tabaga East Asia da houriba ningtam khanjaduna lakkhiba meeoi amadi oidaba yadri, mafam loinana NSCN (K) amasung amani. NSCN (IM) haina kanglup lanhou sing asida mayamna ikai SANGWANG SANGYU KHAPLANG adumak khanbasu araibadi ani thokkhi. Hairiba NSCN khumnajariba singthabadana (APRIL 1940 - JUNE 9, 2017) Naga masel yamna kanna lan oidri. Nagaland gi ngamkhei ga (K) gi Chairman oiramba watlagadaba yaol ihougi tounaringei matam KIA na Naga Namphuk turel gagi marakta Baba Khaplang gi pandamdi luchingba amani. A. Z. Phizo ga NSCN oihanlakkhibada maru NSCN-K gi luchingba ama sing asi makhoigi makhada leiriba suklaba umang asi matam Nagaland ningtamhanbani. punna Naga National Council oiba thoudang lourakkhiba oina 1988 tagi mahakna thamnaba changsillakpadagi amada Kachin gi missionary gi thabak touminnarammi, maruoiba meesak amani. leikhidaba Numit 2017 gi June 1964 gi February da Naga singnafaoba 1950s gi matamda Oiriba tanfam aduda supnatagi 30 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 31 FIDAM WARI BABA KHAPLANG GI AROIBA KHONGCHAT.... BABA KHAPLANG GI AROIBA KHONGCHAT.... FIDAM WARI lanmee 150 khaktadagi asida NSCN-K na chingduna asi 2015 gi April 17 da Baba na khanghoudana Konyak amadi maikei asom gi yaolloi lup chairman oiduna safongkhi. “ BABA NA TAIBANGPAN THADOKLAMDAIDA Tangkhul dagina namna laktuna singgi apunba lup ama oina PAMLAMKHIBA ” Baba South East Asia gi yaol khongjang adu lanmee Indo-Burma Revolutionary lanhoulupsing asigi leiriba 3,000 suba ngamlakkhi. Atoppa Front (IBRF) haiba ama luchingbasing asigi marakta Naga kayaga loinana Sema, 1990 gi May 22 da NSCN-K, thoidokna akhang kanba Kuki, Yumchungu amasung UNLF amasung ULFA ahan oiba luchingba haibadu Mao singsu yaorakkhi. KIA punduna semkhi. Loinana masi oiramkhi. Ahan oisinlakpagi “Nagaland for Christ” hairiba banner asigi makhada, otpi- ga ningthina khutsamnaduna semkhibagi pandamdi Indo- asonba khara leijaragasu matamga chunaraba afaba Burma da khundaminnariba Baba magi toufam thokpa neibiraba amadi nungsi heitana namlei leisinlaraba sing asidagi khutlai kaya ama fangba Mongoloid furup sing asi thoudang pumnamak mapung eigi meeyam asibu amuktang pukninggi amadi hakchanggi yaona ngamduna matam aduda amatta oina maningtambagi lan fana pangthokkhiba yaolgi maningtamba haibadu fanghanlamge haibagi wakhallon da leplibani. India na Awang-nongpok changsinminnanabani. luchingba ama oiramkhi. hairiba maikei asida akanba Taibang mapuna eigidamak tambiramliba apikpa thoudang asiga 1997 gi July 31 da NSCN- Yawol khongjang asigi yaol gi khongjang ama khong IM na Government of India achetpa thajabaga loinana loinana eigi meeyam asibu maningtamhannaba eigi toufam thokpa thamjinba hourakkhi. gagi marakta ‘ceasefire’sougatnaduna Baba Khaplang kharadi touramle. Adubu ipa-ipusingna eikhoida sinnabiramliba Tanlak asida yaol ihouda agreement ama khutyek gi Eastern Naga gi lamdam makhoigi apamba lambi asida ngasigi hourakliba Nagaland gi achouba safu ama haiba pinaduna peace talk ki lambida asi WESEA lamdamgi naharol sing asina makha tana changsinba mathou tari. Naga yaollolup singgi Base Area taragadi Muivah na Baba changsinkharaba matungda sing LEIPAK ama oibada matik chade haiba sak-chu mannadaba Khaplang khakta nattanaikui kuidana NSCN-K su 2001 ama haibadu oiduna lakkhiba atoppa Naga kanglup singda gi April 27 ta ceasefire pact asi Baba gi singthaningai oiba meetop singgi wakhallon asida keidounungda khak chatloidabani. taklamdana India ga wari amada khong thangjinlakkhi. hotnajamandagini. Eisu meeoiba oina poklubanina aranba mayam ama sanabagi wafam ama ningfung- Ceasefire di hanjin-hanjinnaB aba Khaplang mabuk toukhi amasung eikhoigi ningtamba haibasigi ningthiraba ningfung tarakkhibadagi sangdoktuna peace talk mapao faba, achetpa firep Burma maikeida khundariba ti sungchat chatthadana ikaikhumnaningai oiraba lambi aduda chatlambada leiba, ningkhibada hongdaba, maipakpa ngamlamkhidabasing adugidamatasu ngakpiyu. yaol lan asida katthoktunaleiramlaba matungda India gi yeknabada keidoungeida leiriba Naga sing asida wahang thousadaba thouong aduda ngak nonfade haibagi achetp Eigi icha nupa-nupi pumnamakna eikhoigi ningtambagi meira asi ama thoklakkhi. Wahang asigi Baba Khaplang na 2015 ki April wakhalon chenba, masagi paiduna ningtamba iramdam amagidamak leppa leitana changsinlakkhoko! mahei oina 1988 ki April 30 da ceasefire makha chatthararoi oijaba kaya thadoktuna da NSCN ani thoktuna Isak haina lepkhibaga loinana India suklaba umang wamang amasung Muivah gi ama amadi mathakta khut thaduna yaol lan kayaga sagonnaduna lakhiba, Khaplang gi ama haina NSCN- amuk makha chattharakkhi. yaolgi thoudang loubiramba IM amadi NSCN-K haina Asumna Chahi 20 mukki luchingba amani. Macha nupa thoklakkhi. mamangda semkhiba Indo- 4 pokpagi manungda ama Asigumba NSCN na Burma Revolutionary Front leikhidre, amana yawol lambida semlamkhiba Eastern Naga na mathou ningthina touba pusinduna NSCN gi Naga gi chingsang gi base asi India ngamkhidrabasu amuk hanna Army oiduna leiri. Leikhidraba na Awang-nongpok haina Baba Khaplang na kanna luchingba asigi yawol ihougi khangnariba Western South hotnabadagi anouba United achetpa wakhal asina mayamda East Asia lamdam asigi yaolloi Front, United National ningtambagi inot ama piramba singgi seidangfam amasu Liberation Front of Western asina yaol ihougi mutnaidraba oiduna lakkharabani. Tanlak South East Asia (UNLFW) lamjing meira oihourani. 32 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 33 KIDNEY GI MARAMDA KHARADANG HEALTH & MEDICINE

thabak tou-i. khudongthiningai oiba thak ising khourangba faodringeidasu aduni. Masi Kidney na mathou ising thakpa, khourangba haibasi Ee Chumthokpagi thabak ningthina touraktaba matamda khougangnabagi khudam takpani. touringeida Kidney na hu chenba thok-i. Kidney fail oiraba meeoi Ising marang kaina yaoba chinjak, potsingbu puthokkhinaba Health amana mahakki kidney adubu uhei amasung manamasing chaba; yung (urine) puthok-i. Urine asi dialysis nattraga Kidney transplant hakchang manungda yaoriba soda gi saruk henna yaoba mahi (sindokpa) nattanadi meeoi adu ureter kouba utong anina ising amasung alcohol thaktaba asini. & hinghanba ngamde. US National khao/kom (bladder) da putharaga Library of Medicine gi matunginna Vitamin na kidney masa ma-u urethra gi matengna hakchanggi United States ta kidney transplant fana thamnaba hotnabada mapanda thadokkhi. Kidney na Medicine toubasi khwaidagi common yamna maru oi. Adubu Vitamin meeoibada panggal hapliba surgery oiri haina panari. C kahenna chabana Kidney da mathou taba hormone su sung-i. nung leihanbada mateng pang-i. Hormone sing asina eegi khongjel Ahal oisillakpa matamda Meeoibana Vitamin chabana chang naihalli, amasung sarugi kidney gi mathou ningthina hakchang fahalli amasung mapanggal kalhalli. touhannaba cheksin thourang KIDNEY GI MARAMDA KHARADANG lainadagi ngakthoktuna thammi lougani. Khwaidagi maruoina Kidney gi Fivam fana thamba haina khalli, Masi matam paikhatkadaba thabakti ising khudingmakta chumduna leiba Kidney bu fajana ngaksenduna marang kaina thaknaba hotnaba natte haibasi doctor singna thamdabana hakchanggi oina asini. Kidney gi oinadi magi mathou fongdokpa leikhre. khudongchadaba kayamarum ningthina tounaba amasung hu thokhallak-i. Matam sangna chenba potsing chumthoktuna Kidney fana leihanba haibasida naraklaba kidney lainabu chronic pukhinaba ising thakpa haibasi blood pressure check toubana kidney failure haina kou-i, masi asukki matik mathou tai. achouba mateng oihalli. American tapna tapna kidney gi mathou Khwaidagi khudongthiningai oiba Kidney Fundation na piriba touba lepkhiba aduni. Kidney gi fivam kharadi khougangnaba maruoiba wafamdi kidney bu laina thokhallakpa yaba fivam (ising watpa) asina hakchang masa ma-u fana thamge haiba kayamarum lei, makhoi adudi Type sokhanduna kidney failure taragadi fat ki saruk yamna 1 amasung Type 2 Diabetes, BP amasung karigumbada sibafaoba wangna yaoba chinjak amasung wangba, ising lambelda sokpa yao-i. Masigi maramda Doctor kahenna thum chaba thadokpa, amasung kidney gi saruk amada singna thijinbagi matunginna alcohol, tobacco thadokpa pomlakpa asini. masibu hanthahannaba amasung numit khudinggi chang Kidney yaraktaba (Kidney failure) khwaidagi laiba pambeidi naina hakchang sajel sannaba asi haibasina kidney lainagi khwaidagi khougangnaba faohandaba, mathou tai haibasini. eeoiba khudingmakki Kidney gi Mathou kouba apikpa filter million na hakchanggi saruk khujing oiduna thabak toubagi Kidney na hakchang manungda (organ) ama oina Kidney maong aduni. Nephron gi saruk leiba ee chumthoktuna fattaba Hei-ra (Uhei) chabagi kannaba ani yao-i. Masi yanglen ani lei. Ahanbagi chumnabagi M hu chenba pot (toxin) amasung sarugi nakan ani, chachao gina saruk asina glomerulus haiba saruk isingbu hakchanggi mapanda Meeoiba khudingmak matam khudingmakta hei- asini. Masina mahi amasung toxin maning thangbada leiba hawai yung oina thadok-i. US da leiba ra (uhei) chaningba faodaba taragasu kalenthagi (hu chenba pot) dagi achouba urigi maong manba hakchanggi National Institute of Health (NIH) gi matamdadi heira chaningbagi wakhal ayambana molecule amasung blood cell sing saruk amani. Nakal amamamna matung inna Kidney na nongmada poknei. Meeoi kharana hei-ra (uhei) asi chaba chingthok-i. Ising amasung toxin chaoriba chang asi mapung marei urine oina liter 0.94 dagina 1.8 pamlabasu meeoi kharadi chagandaba kayasu singna eegi utong macha faoduna faraba meeoi amagi khuttum thadokpada ee litere 113 dagina leitaba natte. Adubu ngasigi chaokhatlaba malemgi mathang mathang sandoklak-i. 144 faoba chumthok-i haina amamukki chang oigani. Kidney gi Eegi utong machana hakchangda akhang ahei doctor singna thijillaba matungda piba thammi. maruoiba mathoudi hakchangda mathou tariba mineral sing paotak matung inna yengba taragadi meeoibana hei- yaoriba eegi fivam fana thamduna Kidney da yaoriba asi achouba khomjilli aduga madubu amuk eegi ra chang naina chabana hakchangda thorakpa yaba hakchang fana leihanbada mateng chumnabagi sponge ama natte. ichelda yaohankhi amasung hu laina tinnadagi ayamba saruk ngakthok-i haibasi pangbani. Kidney khudingmakki nephron chenba potsingbu chumthokpagi kharamakhei khangnare haiba yai.

34 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 35 HEALTH & MEDICINE HEI-RA CHABAGAI KANNABA HEI-RA CHABAGAI KANNABA HEALTH & MEDICINE

Chaokhatlaba malemgi leibak maru oi. Magnesium chang Hakchangda kannabasing: hakchanggi kanbagi changgi makha pongani. Mayamna yanaraba chang ama makhagi table asida utli. singgi chinjakki amadi hakselgi wangna yaoba hei-ra singdi Machi oiba manamasing Meeoi amana nongmada mathou taba: lamda thijinliba lup nattraga avocado, laphoi, pungton, kiwi, • amasung hei-rasing marang kaina doctor singna hei-ra chaba asina passion fruit, kamphoi, naspati, chabana heart attack amasung meeoibagi machi oiba chinjak kismis masung tarbuj ni. stroke yaona heart ki laina na menkhatpa ngamle haina mot thokhanba khudongthibadagi pinnari. Masida nattana hei Potassium: Potassium na eegi hanthahalli. amasung mana masing chang khongjel fahanbada mateng pang-i. Potassium marang kaina naina chabana hakchang • Machi oiba chinjak yaoba yaoba hei singdi avocado, laphoi, noiba amadi chinigi sarukta manamasing amasung hei-ra hanthahanba ngammi hainasu anggur, pungton, kiwi, awathabi, kharadi cancer makhal kharadagi mot piri. Hei chabana makhal passion fruit, kamphoi, naspati, ngakthokpa ngammi. makhagi hakchangda kannaraba amasung tarbuj ni. Fiber yaoba machi oiba machi oiba chinjakki saruk fangba • Sodium: Sodium asi ayamba chinjak haibadi manamasing ngammi. Madudi; chinjakta adum fang-i. Sodium amasung hei-ra singda heart Calcium: Calcium na hakchanggi yaoba chinjak asi eegi khongjel desease, obesity amasung type saruk haibadi ya, saru mapanggal chang naihanba amasung muscle 2 diabetes ki khudongthibadagi amasung nerve singgi mathousu leihalli, amasung muscle gi mathou hanthahalli. Mathou taba hei-ra gi makhal: ningthina touhalli. Calcium marang ningthina touhalli. Sodium asi Potassium marang kaina kaina yaoba hei-ra singdi anggur ayamba hei singda saruk khara • yaoba manamasing amasung (grape), komla, kaphoi, amasung khara yao-i, adubu passion fruit ta hei-ra singda blood pressure naspati ni. chang wangna yao-i. hanthahanbada mateng pang-i Fiber: Fiber chang wangna yaoraba Vitamin A: Vitamin A asi mit amasung kidney da nung leirakpa hei-ra singna coronary heart disease amasung unsa bu mapanggal amasung saru chasillakpagi amasung cancer makhal kharana leina fana thambada amasung khudongthiba hanthahalli. thokhanba khudongthibasingdagi hakchangda thoklakpa yaba laina • Hei-ra marang kaina hanthahanba ngammi amasung sing ngakthokpada maruoiba chabana hakchangda chariba chaba tumhanbada mateng thoudang lou-i. Vitamin A asi chinjak thuna tumhanbada yamna pang-i. Fiber marang kaina yaoba apricot (chumbrei amasung boroi mateng pang-i. hei singdi sem (apple), grapes gumba komla machu gi apikpa (anggur), pungton, heinou, hei), prune (boroi akangba) Numit khudinggi hei machet komla, awathabi, naspati (pear), amasung tangerine (apikpa ama chabana depression dagi persimmon (komla manba hei athumba komlagumba hei) gumba ngakthaokpada mateng pang-i. macha), raisin (kismis) amasung hei singda fang-i. Karamba chinjakpu hei-ra heijampet (raspberry) ni. Vitamin C: Vitamin C asi ya, yari kanglup gi manung chanbage? Iron: Iron asi meeoibagi ee yakhong amasung sokpa panbada Karigumba hei-ra nattraga 100% senghanba amasung cell sing thuna fahanbada mateng pang-i. hei mahi bu hei-ra gi kanglup chang naina mathou touhanbada Vitamin C marang kaina yaoba haina lou-i. Hei-ra sing asi atekpa, kannaba pi. Iron marang kaina hei sing adudi heinou, komla, liduna thamba, inghallaga thamba yaoba hei-ra sing adudi anggur, awathabi, chumbrei, naspati, nattraga akangba, amasung kiwi, champra, mulberry, boroi, amasung strawberry ni. mapum oina nattraga mahi oina passion fruit, kamphoi, raspberry Zinc: Zinc asi hakchanggi immune sumdokpa makhal oiba yai. (heijampet), strawberry amasung system amasung carbohydrate watermelon ni. Nongmada hei-ra kaya yamna metabolism amasung protein mathou tabage? Magnesium: Magnesium asi chang mannana thambada maru saru mapanggal kanna thamba oi. Zinc asi Avogadro, kamphoi Hei-ra gi saruk kaya yamna chagani amasung enzyme puthokpada amasung strawberry da fang-i. haibasida chahi, nupa-nupi amadi 36 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 37 LAN GI KHUTLAI BMCR BMCR LAN GI KHUTLAI

Bullpup Multirole Cmbat Rifle 5.56mm, 6.8mm amasung 7.62 fivamda leiri amasung 2015 gi (BMCR) asi 2014 gi Singapore mm maru kappa yaba maongda anganbadagi lanmee amasung BULLPUP MULTIROLE Airshow pangthoklingei matamda semgatpani haina panari. BMCR law enforcement animakta meeyamda masak taktuna utkhiba asi sijinnaba matamda khut fanghannaba ayaba leikhre haina COMBAT RIFLE Singapore Technologies Kinetics animakna apamba maongda panari. Malemgi oina khutsu Ltd na saba khutlai makhal amani. sijinnaba yabaga loinana kappa khutlai (technology) gi lamda Hairiba BMCR asi malemgi oina amasung landa sijinnaba matamda kham thengna chaokhatlakpagi (BMCR) puthokkhiba rifle singgi manungda yamna nungaiba makhalgi matung inna leibak leibakki khwaidagi telli haina pannari. khutlai amani haina panari. Masigi barrel gi asangba asi 14.5 oina leiriba lanmee amasung inch oiba, paiduna sijinnabada BMCR gi barrel asi amotpa wayellon ngaknaba leiriba meeoi yamnasu laiba amadi sijinnabadasu potsaksing haibadi leingoi, (law enforcement personnel) asukki matik nungaiba makhalgi uful amasung nongmei kantruk singna sijinnariba khutsu khutlai kumbagi makup nachingbana khutlaini haina thamkhi. BMCR asi asi sijinnabada khwaidagi pak hekta sokhanba ngamdanaba NATO gi 5.56 mm gi maru kappa nungaigadaba yengduna hidak tei. BMCR asi ising yaba SS109, 6.8mm kappa yaba semgat sagatnarakpagi chang Remington SPC amadi Russia manungda lupsinluraba matungda nongma nongmagi hengatlakliba gi 7.62 mm maru kappa yaba fajana kappa, sijinnaba yannaba asigi manung channa BMCR M43 gi maong matou louraga mapanggal leiba maongda Singapore Tecnologies Kinetics na sabani. BMCR asi houjik houjikki haibasisu puthorakpani haiba yai. khara henna sanna kappa yanaba oina henna chaokhatlakpagi

BURST FIRE, BULLPUP TYPE RIFLE AMA

Maong: Bullpup Semi-Automatic Rifle Hourakfam: Singapore Production History Puthokkhiba: 2014 Specifications Cartridge: 5.56 x45 mm NATO 6.8 mm Remington SPC 7.62x 39 mm Caliber: 5.56mm, 6.8mm, 7.62mm Action: Semi-Automatic, Gas-Operated, Rotating Bolt Rate of Fire: Semi-Automatic only Feed System: 10, 20, 30 round removable STANAG Magazine Sight: Iron Sights

38 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 39 SEIRENG SEIRENG SEIRENG SEIRENG

KHEIYOM YELHOUMEE KANSI

Kangleigi yaibi thawai mirensingse Yelhoumee kansi, yelhoumee kansi, Kisankhrabada payagi pareigumna chetna Matam kuinagi mamangdagi Nanthokpa ngamdraba pankheigi wangmada Leiraklaba yelhoumeesingbu kalhousi. Hingna-hingna chatna-chatna… Ireibak iramdam asigi ireichasingbu kanduna Ipa ipusinggi charon suron singbu kalhousi. Hingliba punsigi marek mahao Lai haktaktagi khunda leitaduna leiraklaba Tantha kairaba mihungi tantha Ipa-ipusingna thambiramba lon, iyek, Thamaikhrabada potsem mittrangna Chatnabisingbu kanduna iramdam asibu yokkhatsi. Turoi-ngaroi angaobagi saklongum… Lamdam asigi naharol, khunairolsibu yokkhattuna Malemda masak thokpa lamdam ama oihallasi. Mayak kanlaba hugi nongleina Chuhing sumbagum lounam waheina Yelhoumee kansi, yelhoumee kansi. Yomsinlaba laarongum nongma nongmagi Matam kuinagi mamangeidagi leiraklaba Kangsi sirani thongbada chaplaba chum-gum… Yelhoumeesingbu kalhousi. Tripura dagi Tripurising mangkhibagum Khutlokpi sanabagum sanaringei Cachar dagi Cacharising mangkhibagum Thawaina thawaibu karemnarigei Manipurising eikhoisu meetop meeyanchasinggi Saklon-saktam yamba tanaringei Famthol-taret senjagi lanthengnaringei… Irolnungda luptringei Eikhoi isagi khunairolbu kansi. Musi musiraba thaomeigum Yelhoumee kansi, yelhoumee kansi. Mamlaba thasigi ahing-gum Kumja Lising ani gi wari singbulse Lupkhragani kheiyom-gum irolnungda. Ijariba: L/Cpl. Wayelthouba, S-Com, PLA

40 THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 2017 JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 41 SEIRENG SEIRENG GENERAL KNOWLEDGE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE tAibO FoQcxsId GENERAL lePtn cxlIb tAibO FoQcxsId tAibOpANgI TwAi aoibsIQn kAuToQlI KNOWLEDGE aEFoi FUdIQ iceLgI kAusIQgI sKloNnI knAnsU nAcUQde aEFoigI FoQcxsId . 1. Yotna kolhing karaba kanda kari ahong- 8. Numit (Sun) tagi fangliba energy asi kari ba lakpage? koubage? acRb ipAK kyAgI iroLnUQd lEb qAsU Paokhum: Arumba hantharak-i. Paokhum: Insolation acRbsIQn apIKpsIQ adUbU cAToKlIb knAnsU nAcUQde hIQbgI FoQcxsId . pAK cAurb umO lMjAu lMhAQ kyA kyAdsU 2. Chumthanggi machu taret asi nattaba 9. Earth ka khwaidagi naknaba nungsitki machu 2 adu kari karino? leiron adu kari koubage? acRb akNb sAn TIrI mAgI pUNsI FoQcxtUd Paokhum: Amuba amasung Angouba Paokhum: Troposphere hAxloKpIrI apIKp kyAbU mAgI hIQnbgIdmK yeQnde FNnde mFoigIdmK noQmt knAnsU tAibO FoQcxsId hIQnbgI TRdAQnI FNn . 3. Meeoibagi nakongna taba ngambgi 10. Genocide hairaga karibu khangnabage? changdagi kaya yamna hellagadi na- Paokhum: Kanglup nattraga mee pak- lePtn ceNTrIb mIaoibgI pUNsI iceLsIdsU kong sokpage? taknana hatpa FAirI acRb mcA lAirb inAKFUNb hAin Paokhum: 120 Decibel FNnrI aEn mheLle hAibgI fxtXrb wAFL iTNt hIQhRb yAroidb tAibQpANsId 11. Malemda rubber khwaidagi puthokpasi 4. Ising thanna yaoba likli ama ising adu karamba leibakno? aEFKtgI aoin loin pUFIb yAroidb famjillaba kanda kairibagi maram karigi- Paokhum: Malaysia loib FMb nAib pUNsI FoQcxsId no? krIgI mInUQsI lEtn hAxtoKpIrIb Paokhum: Isinggi volume hengatlak- 12. Malem da cha (tea) khwaidagi puthokpa mrAL lEjdXrb TwAi kyAbU amUK pagini. leibak asi karamba leibakno? Paokhum: India nsAgI apAMb adUgIdmK . 5. Sekpi na karamna amamba numidangda paiba ngamlibano? 13. India gi five year plan asi karamba cha- Paokhum: Ultrasonic wave thadok- hidagi houkhibage? panani Paokhum: 1951

1. Kananasu sijinnadrabasu sadi adum manaba numitta, chap mannaba pung- 6. Mercury thermometer asi kanana 14. International Monetary Fund ( IMF) gi saba, leiruragasu kananingai leita- famda pok-i. Adubu makhoi ani faibokti puthoklambano? Headquarters kadaida leibage? ba. Kanana madubu sijinnei haibasu natte. Masi karamna oithokkani? Paokhum: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Paokhum: Washington (USA) yenguba khalluba leitaba. Masi kari 5. Nangna eigi maida leiriba masing (num- potno? ber) asida yengbada tarahumdoi (13) di 7. Nupi dagi thorakpa germ adu kari kou- 15. China ga India ga ihan hanna thengna- 2. Kanglimakhei adum henna henna chot- uba sukfang fangloi. Masi karino? bage? khiba lan adu karamba chahidano? pa karino? 6. Khao amada komla mangakhak lei. Paokhum: Ovum Paokhum: 1962 3. Nupa amana nupi mayam ama luhong-i. Nangna masibu angang mangada chap Adubu mahakti pokpadagi mayum manana yenbibada makhoi khudingda pandri. Mahak asi kanano? komla amamam thunglaga komla ama JULY 2017 THE LIBERATION TIMES 43 4. Nupimacha anikhak mama amana chap khaoda lemhouri. Masi karigino? Thajabara Thajadabara?? MALEM GI KHUWAIDAGI MAMAL YAMLABA OBJECT SING

Makha Chatharakpa..

Muslim laining gi khwaidagi maming leiraba amadi masak nairaba Soudi Arabia gi Mecca da leiri- ba Grand Mosque asi chaorakna £ bn16 muk changgani haina piri.

Hairiba pumnamak asidagi khwaidagi henna mamal changla- Atoppa amasu maming panbada 1998 ta sakhiba Hong Kong Internation- ba malem asigi object haiba taragadi nongthakta leiriba Interna- al Airport asisu chaorakna ngasigi mamal da £ bn 20.1 muk changgani haina piri. tional Space Station na oiragani. £ bn77.6 muk changlaba object ni. THE LIBERATION TIMES JULY 15, 2017

Puthokpa amadi Namthokpa :- Education Department, People’s Liberation Army © July 2017