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Home , Black Power, Civil Rights Movement, Housing discrimination, Separate but equal

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Chapter 21 Civil Rights Review Worksheet

OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date, Description Term refer to and study “— Alphabet Soup”

4.1 166 Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)

8.3 287 Grandfather clause

8.3 287

8.3 287 Poll Tax

8.3 287 Plessy v Ferguson Affirmed the of (“”); In 1890, the & State of had passed a law that required separate accommodations for and Whites on railroads. , who was one-eighth African, had 290 taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blacks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities. 19.1 637 What were some of the Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti- actions taken by law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end in federal President Truman as a agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial result of the Committee discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end on Civil Rights? employment discrimination by companies holding government contracts. 21.1 99 Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

21.1 100 Fifteenth Amendment (1867)

21.1 102 Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)

21.1 700 — N/A 21.1 700— Racial or discrimination N/A 21.1 702 Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

21.1 702 Discuss three results Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. of the Brown v. The of threatened to close the state’s public schools and send white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress Board of Education signed a “,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of decision. judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision.” The decision gave legal support of the African American struggle for civil rights. 21.1 702 How did events during World African had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who War II lay the groundwork for had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups to fight for civil rights in the 1950s? had staged some successful protests 21.1 702

21.1 703 “”

21.1 703 Brown II

21.1 703 Little Rock Crisis

21.1 703 Southern Manifesto A document signed by a group of 101 southern members of Congress which — called the Court’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of N/A this decision” 21.1 703 Why weren’t schools in Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the all regions desegregated president nor Congress forced them to act quickly immediately after the Brown II decision? 21.1 704 Explain the primary effect African American passengers who regularly used the buses for transportation of the bus boycott in boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Montgomery, , Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually on the bus company and forced the bus company to desegregate buses. the community. 21.1 704 Federalized — N/A 21.1 704

21.1 704 What effect do you think Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of the television coverage of the African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the Little Rock incident had cause and anger towards the segregation list on the nation? 21.1 704 What was the The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders working for fair conditions for Montgomery minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the Improvement Association Montgomery Bus Boycott. 21.1 705

2 21.1 705 How did many African Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African Americans react to the American neighborhoods across the country exploded in . A week of death of Martin Luther rioting left 46 dead and thousands injured. Jr.? 21.1 705 Non-violent Protest

21.1 705

21.1 705 What did the King’s experiences showed that significant obstacles to full equality remained — experiences of Martin and that the fight against in the North did not draw support N/A Luther King Jr. in from in the way that demonstrations against southern show? segregation had done a few years earlier. 21.1 706 Case

21.1 706 Martin Luther King, Jr.

21.1 706 Sit-ins

21.1 706 What was the Christian The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African Leadership Conference, and American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent what did it seek to achieve? resistance in protests 21.1 706 Why did Martin Luther King Jr. King hoped to draw attention to the problems African Americans faced his family into a Chicago in the urban North. in 1966? 21.1 723 What accomplishments of the Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of civil rights movement were schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy — achieved through nonviolent tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and N/A means? Why, despite these the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for accomplishments, did some African Americans come to African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. reject ? (Think Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they About: accomplishments in already had, for right they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was education, voting, and use of not an effective means of ending segregation, which had led to the concentration public facilities; what was of urban African Americans in with little hope of improving their economic and required of nonviolent social status. protesters; difference between de facto and de jure segregation) 21.2 704 What strategies made the African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus Montgomery Bus Boycott boycott to war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep a success? the community from losing heart 21.2 705

21.2 710

21.2 710

3 21.2 711

21.2 711 What did the freedom They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as riders hope to to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation achieve? rulings 21.2 712 Violence in Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life; Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of Birmingham protesting, Martin Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand African-American children took to the streets in protest, police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor’s men arrested 959 of them and a day later attacked them with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs— TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming; Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation 21.2 713 Ernest Withers An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to people then things would change 21.2 714 Birmingham Church Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, members and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 — Bombing (16th Street sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young N/A Baptist Church girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped Bombing) ensure the passage of the landmark ; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover— But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of . He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison 21.2 714 Civil Rights Act of 1964

21.2 714 Explain why Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy — was not a supporter of the was attempting to take over and orchestrate the . Malcolm X was to nick- N/A March on Washington. name the march "The Farce on Washington". 21.2 714 Integrating University of

Alabama

21.2 714 March on Washington

21.2 714 What effect do you The March on Washington provided civil rights leaders with the chance to think the March on deliver their message to a national audience. After hearing moving and eloquent Washington had on the speeches such as the “” speech by Martin Luther King Jr., passage of the Civil members of Congress my have been more compelled to pass the Civil rights Act Rights Act of 1964? more quickly than they might have otherwise. 21.2 715— Andrew Goodman Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in N/A 1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer. 21.2 715 Was the daughter of a sharecropper and became the voice of the SNCC organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) 4 21.2 715— was a civil rights worker who was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to N/A register voters as part of Freedom Summer 21.2 715— Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in N/A 1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer. 21.2 715 Why did Civil Rights They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationist groups organize Freedom strongholds and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act Summer? 21.2 716 “Bloody Sunday”— The Selma Campaign

21.2 716 Describe the even in Selma, Police attacked activists protesting the violence used to prevent African Alabama, that helped spur the Americans from registering to vote. Public outrage over the attacks help lead to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. the passage of the Voting Rights Act just five months later. 21.2 716 Voting Rights Act: 1965

21.3 718 De facto segregation

21.3 718 De jure segregation

21.3 718 Race Riots in Cleveland, ; started on July 18 and lasted for 6 days after a — white dinner owner refused to given an African American a glass of water—By the end of the riots, four people were killed. About 240 fires were reported N/A during the riots. 21.3 718 What were some of the African American frustrations with continuing discrimination and the prevalence causes and effects of the of white racism helped trigger the riots. The riots caused death and destruction of the mid- and left white and Americans more polarized than before. 1960s? 21.3 719 Explain some of the most Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent mans included the desegregation of schools and important factors that led to the public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that development of a had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded movement in the mid-1960s. housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent (Think About: de jure approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to segregation versus de facto continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for rights they deserved. Some African segregation, gains African Americans felt that nonviolence was not effective means of ending de facto segregation which had Americans had made by the led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their mid-1960s, and the treatment of economic and social status. African Americans by law officers in Northern cities) 21.3 719 How did the message of Malcolm X advocated African American separatism and called for freedom to be Malcolm X differ from that brought about “by any means possible.” This philosophy differed greatly from of other civil rights leaders other leaders, who strove to achieve through peaceful means. in the early 1960s? 21.3 719 Malcolm X

21.3 719 Nation of (Black Muslims)

21.3 720

5 21.3 720 What were some of the The had many positive aspects, including an emphasis positive aspects of the on racial pride and an interest in African culture and heritage. Black Power movement? 21.3 720 What were the goals of the The wanted “land, bread, housing, education, clothing, Black Panther Party? What justice, and peace” as well as the freedom to determine their own destiny. The were the methods they group believed that it should arm itself in order to defend the black community advocated in their attempt to from “racist police .” achieve these goals? 21.3 721 Why was the public Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence; reaction to the Back however, some poor African Americans benefited from their community Panthers mixed? programs 21.3 722

21.3 722

21.3 722 White flight is a term for the demographic trend of , generally but not always upper and middle class, moving away from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, finding new in nearby ; Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, due to racist real-estate covenants and other discriminatory practices, non-white people were almost never afforded the same opportunities to move away from the cities, even when they may have been economically able to do so. 21.3 723

21.3 723 Compare what Thurgood Marshall, as the head of the NAACP’s team of lawyers, argued many important civil Marshall, Martin Luther rights cases before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he gave all African-American — King, Jr., and Malcolm X children the opportunity to succeed and achieved an important first step in the complete N/A achieved for African abolishment of segregation. King, as the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His Americans. (Think About: love, courage, patience, optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans. the importance of changing He inspired those on the front lines of the moment to persevere and those outside the unjust laws, effective moment to sympathize with, and participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped African protests and demonstrations Americans to take pride in themselves and their race. The changes he underwent—from a in the South, and African criminal to a preacher of and hatred of whites to a more Americans’ attitude toward tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer—made him a powerful role model for young themselves) African Americans. 21.3 723 Describe three factors African Americans wanted an end to discrimination, better jobs, better income, responsible for discontent and better places to live. — among African Americans N/A during the 1960s. 21.3 723 Explain some of the most World War II created opportunities for African Americans that they were important factors that led to the unwilling to give up after the war ended. Many African-American soldiers — development of the civil rights N/A movement in 1950s and 1960s. returned from World War II determined to fight for their won freedom. The (Think About: economic gains groundwork for a civil rights movement was laid by organizations that, during made by African Americans the war, fought against Jim Crow laws and voting restrictions. The NAACP during World War II, adopted a successful strategy for fight civil rights in the courts. The most participation of African Americans in the war, early important victory was the Supreme Court’s groundbreaking decision in Brown v. efforts by civil rights Board of Education, which finally declared separate schools for black organizations, early success in unconstitutional. This important blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen the courts) the efforts of civil right organizations. 21.3 723 How did the civil rights The movement at first focused on segregation enforced by law and later turned to fundamental movement evolve from the mid- economic and social inequalities. Early leader Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP won several key — 1950s to the late 1960s? Supreme Court cases including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregated N/A Discuss changes in the goals, schools unconstitutional. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in tone, and leadership of the the South using boycotts. King and others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, movement during this period. which stressed nonviolent tactics such as sit-ins to protest segregation in public facilities. The (Think About: de jure versus de Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in sit-ins but also used more confrontational facto segregation, contributions tactics. Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the of major leaders, objectives and Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s, however, anger and frustration over the continuing strategies of various civil rights high rate of poverty and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new militancy among African organizations) Americans, especially in the North. 6 21.3 723 In what ways did The number of African American—owned businesses rose greatly. The income — African Americans’ gap between white Americans and African Americans narrowed. In addition, increased enrollment in colleges and universities ensured that more African N/A economic situations Americans would gain better paying jobs. improve during the 1970s? 21.3 723 riots Sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police — (LA Riots or the officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mainly young black and Latino males, N/A Rodney King riots) joined in what has often been characterized as a , involving mass law- breaking, including looting, arson and murder. In all 50 to 60 people were killed during the riots. 21.3 723 What did the civil The civil rights movement brought about important political gains. It eliminated de jure segregation: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, the — rights movement Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights N/A accomplish? Would Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition, millions of African Americans you describe the were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office. Social and economic gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced movement as a housing and job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs, success? (Think and poverty rate much higher than whites. The movement, however, did lead to About: political affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and job opportunities. Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and gains, social and philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement economic gains) also brought many blacks and whites together to work toward goals. Students who described the movement as a success may say that the legal and political advances represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be accomplished in realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality. 21.3 723 What effects did the civil It spurred women to demonstrate for equality by both inspiring them to act and — rights have on many opening their eyes to their unequal treatment N/A women? 21.3 723 What rights did President He wanted African Americans as well as all other Americans to have the “right — Kennedy want African to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, Americans to gain theaters, retail stores and similar establishments.” N/A through civil rights legislation? 21.3 723 What role did violence White racist violence against nonviolent protesters and demonstrators outraged — and nonviolence play in many Americans and hastened the political process of change. Some African the struggle for civil Americans came to see nonviolent protest as an ineffective tool once a certain N/A rights? How did each level of rights had been achieved. On the other hand, violence by African help and hurt the Americans in the form of urban riots hurt the movement by polarizing society. movement? 21.3 723 What strides did African By the end of the 1970s more than 4,500 African Americans held elected office. — Americans make in The roster of elected black officials in 1978 included 16 members of the N/A politics in the 1970s? of Representatives. 21.3 723 What were some of Gains made through nonviolent protests staged by groups such as the SCLC during the early stages of the civil rights movement, and then contrast the shift toward violence and — the ways in which the more radical rhetoric. Students should point out how some African American leaders N/A civil rights movement called for separation from white Americans, whereas earlier activists called for racial changed between equality and integration. Achievements include gaining enforceable voting rights, desegregation of public places and schools, and better economic opportunities. Perhaps 1960 and 1975? the most dramatic achievement of the movement was the large number of African Americans elected to public office. 21.3 723 Why did organizers have Activists who attempted to register voters continually faced from white racists. — such a difficult time Many African Americans refused to register because they were threatened with registering African American the loss of their jobs or physical harm if they did so. N/A voters during the early stages of the civil rights movement? 21.3 723 Why did young people in Because the leaders agreed to compromise with the Johnson administration that — SNCC and the MFDP feel kept most MFDP delegates from the Democratic convention betrayed by some civil N/A rights leaders?

7 21.3 723 Why do you think so Busing made parents angry about having to send their children outside of their — many people disliked own neighborhoods to get schooling. Many people disliked affirmative action affirmative action and because they believed it was a form of . N/A busing? 21.3 796 Busing , also known as forced busing, is the concept of achieving racial and/or economic integration in public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence; The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools; Busing led to further “White Flight” into the suburbs and other areas; Combined with changes in housing patterns, forced busing programs were gradually eliminated during the 1990s as the courts nationwide released districts from orders under old . 23.1 98 Thirteenth Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the Constitution Amendment (1865) abolished . The amendment states:  Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 23.1 704 What did the Civil Rights It made it a federal crime to prevent qualified persons from voting. It also set up Act of 1957 do? the federal Civil Rights Commission ot investigate violations of the law. 23.1 768— Bilingualism Ability to speak two languages; the LULAC pushed to have schools taught in N/A Spanish as well as in English 23.1 768 César Estrada Chávez Founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) that later became the United Farm Workers. In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of grape-pickers to demand higher wages. In addition to the strike, they encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five years and attracted national attention. When the U.S. Senate Subcommittee looked into the situation, Robert Kennedy gave Chávez his total support. In the early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts to get higher wages from grape and lettuce growers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic pesticides on grapes. He again fasted to draw public attention. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the signing of bargaining agreements. 23.1 768 What problems did different Prejudice, job and , high unemployment, and poverty groups of Latino immigrants share? 23.1 770 Dolores Huerta The co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of the United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO(UFW). As an advocate for farm worker rights Dolores has been arrested twenty-two times for non-violent peaceful union activities. Even though Dolores has invested a great deal of time, sweat and tears and has been a big part of the United Farm Workers movement, she still does not receive the recognition she deserves for her hard work and dedication. To this day at her elder age she is working hard for the rights of farm workers 23.1 770 What impact did the It hurt the grower’s revenue as well as their public image and forced them to grape boycott have? negotiate with the UFWOC; it thus enabled the union to win better wages and working conditions 23.1 771 Declaration of Indian Was a bill of rights for Native Americans they was written in 1961 by more than Purpose 400 representatives of 67 Native American nations who met in Chicago 23.1 771 Indian Civil Rights An act passed by Congress in 1968 which guaranteed Native American Act reservation dwellers some of the rights provided to other citizens under the Bill of Rights 23.1 771— Why did Native Some viewed white culture as shallow and meaningless N/A Americans resist assimilation? 23.1 772 Russell Means Is one of contemporary America's best-known and prolific activists for the rights of American Indians. He argues that, "Indian people are dying of sympathy. What we want is respect." Means has also pursued careers in politics, acting, and music; he joined the and quickly became one of its most prominent leaders. He was appointed the group's first national director in 1970. Later that year, Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of . In 1972, he participated in AIM's takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington, DC, and in 1973 he led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's most celebrated action. 23.2 771 What tactics did AIM use in AIM used confrontational and sometimes violent tactics, such as occupying the its attempts to gain reforms? Bureau of Indian Affairs and taking hostages during a protest at Wounded Knee 8 23.2 776 Betty Frieden Woman feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique and helped form NOW; she galvanized the movement 23.2 776 Feminists Women activist 23.2 776 Treating people different because of their gender 23.2 776 The Feminine Book written by Betty Friedan that rejected the notion that the destiny of women Mystique was only to be wives and mothers; book was a bestseller and helped galvanize women across country 23.2 778 Gloria Steinem Is a Jewish American feminist and journalist and a spokeswoman for women's rights. She is the founder and original publisher of Ms. magazine. In 1971 Steinem founded the National Women's Political and the Women's Action Alliance. In 1972 she founded the feminist magazine Ms. and wrote for the magazine until it was sold in 1987. In 1974 Steinem founded the Coalition of Labor Union Women. 23.2 778 National Women’s was formed in 1971 with a goal of increasing the number of women involved in Political Caucus politics, including running for office and serving as delegates to national conventions. Gives money and support to all pro-choice female candidates 23.2 778 What prompted women Their dissatisfaction with the EEOC and the need for a more organized effort to to establish NOW? combat sexism 23.2 779 Explain the primary As a result of a viogurs campaign by STOP ERA and other groups, the Eual reason whey the Equal Rights Amendment failed to obtain the votes needed for ratification. Rights Amendment was not ratified. 23.2 779 Phyllis Schlafly She founded STOP ERA to fight ERA believing it would force women to give up their traditional roles as wives and mothers, and that they would lose certain legal protections in the family and in the workplace 23.2 779 What concerns Fear of change and the perceived drastic effects the amendment might have had motivated those who on traditional family life opposed the ERA? 23.3 722 In 1968, she became the first African-American woman in the United States House of Representatives 25.3 843 Civil Rights Act of  The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed — 1991 in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for N/A discrimination. The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil rights acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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