Name: ______________________ Date: _______________________ Period: ______________________ Chapter 21 Civil Rights Review Worksheet OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date, Description Term refer to and study “Civil Rights Movement— Alphabet Soup” 4.1 166 Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) 8.3 287 Grandfather clause 8.3 287 Jim Crow Laws 8.3 287 Poll Tax 8.3 287 Plessy v Ferguson Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the & State of Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for Blacks and Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had 290 taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blacks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities. 19.1 637 What were some of the Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti- actions taken by lynching law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal President Truman as a agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial result of the Committee discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end on Civil Rights? employment discrimination by companies holding government contracts. 21.1 99 Fourteenth Amendment (1868) 21.1 100 Fifteenth Amendment (1867) 21.1 102 Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) 21.1 700 Literacy test — N/A 21.1 700— racism Racial prejudice or discrimination N/A 21.1 702 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 21.1 702 Discuss three results Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. of the Brown v. The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state’s public schools and send white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress Board of Education signed a “Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of decision. judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision.” The decision gave legal support of the African American struggle for civil rights. 21.1 702 How did events during World African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who War II lay the groundwork for had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s? had staged some successful protests 21.1 702 Thurgood Marshall 21.1 703 “Little Rock Nine” 21.1 703 Brown II 21.1 703 Little Rock Crisis 21.1 703 Southern Manifesto A document signed by a group of 101 southern members of Congress which — called the Court’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of N/A this decision” 21.1 703 Why weren’t schools in Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the all regions desegregated president nor Congress forced them to act quickly immediately after the Brown II decision? 21.1 704 Explain the primary effect African American passengers who regularly used the buses for transportation of the bus boycott in boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Montgomery, Alabama, Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually on the bus company and forced the bus company to desegregate buses. the community. 21.1 704 Federalized — N/A 21.1 704 Montgomery Bus Boycott 21.1 704 What effect do you think Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of the television coverage of the African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the Little Rock incident had cause and anger towards the segregation list on the nation? 21.1 704 What was the The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders working for fair conditions for Montgomery minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the Improvement Association Montgomery Bus Boycott. 21.1 705 Civil disobedience 2 21.1 705 How did many African Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African Americans react to the American neighborhoods across the country exploded in violence. A week of death of Martin Luther rioting left 46 dead and thousands injured. King Jr.? 21.1 705 Non-violent Protest 21.1 705 Rosa Parks 21.1 705 What did the King’s experiences showed that significant obstacles to full equality remained — experiences of Martin and that the fight against racial discrimination in the North did not draw support N/A Luther King Jr. in from white Americans in the way that demonstrations against southern Chicago show? segregation had done a few years earlier. 21.1 706 Emmett Till Case 21.1 706 Martin Luther King, Jr. 21.1 706 Sit-ins 21.1 706 What was the Christian The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African Leadership Conference, and American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent what did it seek to achieve? resistance in protests 21.1 706 Why did Martin Luther King Jr. King hoped to draw attention to the housing problems African Americans faced move his family into a Chicago in the urban North. slum apartment in 1966? 21.1 723 What accomplishments of the Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of civil rights movement were schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy — achieved through nonviolent tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and N/A means? Why, despite these the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for accomplishments, did some African Americans come to African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. reject nonviolence? (Think Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they About: accomplishments in already had, for right they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was education, voting, and use of not an effective means of ending de facto segregation, which had led to the concentration public facilities; what was of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and required of nonviolent social status. protesters; difference between de facto and de jure segregation) 21.2 704 What strategies made the African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus Montgomery Bus Boycott boycott to war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep a success? the community from losing heart 21.2 705 Civil Rights Act of 1957 21.2 710 Freedom Riders 21.2 710 Freedom Summer 3 21.2 711 James Meredith 21.2 711 What did the freedom They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as riders hope to to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation achieve? rulings Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life; 21.2 712 Violence in Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of Birmingham protesting, Martin Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand African-American children took to the streets in protest, police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor’s men arrested 959 of them and a day later attacked them with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs— TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming; Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation 21.2 713 Ernest Withers An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to people then things would change Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux 21.2 714 Birmingham Church Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 — Bombing (16th Street sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young N/A Baptist Church girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped Bombing) ensure the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover— But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison 21.2 714 Civil Rights Act of 1964 21.2 714 Explain why Malcolm X Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy — was not a supporter of the was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march.