DOCSLIB.ORG

An Investigation of the Return Motives, Turkish and German Identity Perceptions and Language Preferences of Second and Third-Generation Turkish-German Returnees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Investigation of the Return Motives, Turkish and German Identity Perceptions and Language Preferences of Second and Third-Generation Turkish-German Returnees AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RETURN MOTIVES, TURKISH AND GERMAN IDENTITY PERCEPTIONS AND LANGUAGE PREFERENCES OF SECOND AND THIRD-GENERATION TURKISH-GERMAN RETURNEES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HAVVA ÖZTÜRK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AUGUST 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sadettin Kirazcı Director (Acting) I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek Supervisor This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Perihan Savaş (METU, FLE) Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek (METU, FLE) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yarar (Hacettepe Uni., IDB) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Havva Öztürk Signature: iii ABSTRACT AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RETURN MOTIVES, TURKISH AND GERMAN IDENTITY PERCEPTIONS AND LANGUAGE PREFERENCES OF SECOND AND THIRD-GENERATION TURKISH-GERMAN RETURNEES Öztürk, Havva M.A., Department of English Language Teaching Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek August 2019, 177 pages The aim of the present thesis is to explore the return motives, Turkish and German identity perceptions, and Turkish and German language preferences of second and third-generation Turkish-German returnees. A total of 93 informants participated in the study (10 second-generation and 83 third-generation). A mixed method research design was adopted in the study. The data was collected by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. In the analysis of the data, SPSS 24 and MAXQDA 2018 were used. The results of the study indicated that the Turkish identity identification scores were significantly higher than the German identity identification scores, which indicates that Turkish-German returnees identify with their Turkish identity significantly higher than their German identity. Additionally, a significant positive relationship was found between a sense of belonging to the Turkish identity and language preference. In addition, no significant difference was found between the Turkish and German proficiency levels of the Turkish German returnees, which indicates that Turkish-German returnees are balanced bilinguals iv who are proficient users of both languages. In addition, while participants prefer Turkish more than German, they continue to use German across different topics and in different procedures. During the qualitative data analyses process, the overarching themes emerged were integration to Germany, perceived discrimination in the host society, post-return experiences in the country of origin (adaptation to Turkey, perceived discrimination), and difficulties related to Turkish language proficiency. According to the qualitative data analysis, it was seen that Turkish migrants were successfully integrated into Germany and a failure to integrate was not a determinant of the return itself. Discrimination was also found to be a factor which cannot solely explain the return decision of the participants. Moreover, the post-return difficulties reported by the participants were mostly associated with language, differences between the two countries in terms of way of life and education. Keywords: Identity, Language Proficiency, Language Preference, Return Motives, Transnationalism v ÖZ ALMANYA’DAN DÖNÜŞ YAPAN İKİNCİ VE ÜÇÜNCÜ JENERASYON TÜRKLER’İN DÖNÜŞ SEBEPLERİNİN, TÜRK VE ALMAN KİMLİK ALGILARININ, TÜRKÇE VE ALMANCA DİL TERCİHLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Öztürk, Havva Yüksek Lisans., İngiliz Dili Öğretimi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek Ağustos 2019, 177 sayfa Bu tezin amacı Almanya’dan Türkiye’ye dönüş yapan ikinci ve üçüncü jenerasyon Türk göçmenlerin dönüş sebeplerini, Türk Alman kimlik algılarını ve dil tercihlerini incelemektir. A Çalışmada 10 ikinci jenerasyon ve 83 üçüncü jenerasyon olmak üzere toplam 93 katılımcı yer almıştır. Çalışmada karma araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler anketler ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Data analizinde, SPSS 24 ve MAXQDA 2018 programları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda katılımcıların Türk kimlikleri ile Alman kimlikleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamı bir fark bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların Türk kimliğine ait skorları Alman kimliğine ait skorlarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksetir, bu da katılımcılarının Türk kimliğine daha yakın olduğunu göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda, Türk kimliğine yönelik aidiyet hissi ile dil tercihi arasında anlamlı bir pozitif korelasyon bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, katılımcıların Türkçe ve Almanca dil yeterlilikleri arasında anlamı bir fark bulunmamaktadır. Bu vi sonuçlar katılımcıların her iki dilde de yeterliliği sahibi dengeli ikil olduklarını göstermektedir. Katılımcılar genel anlamda Türkçe’yi Almanca’dan daha çok tercih etmelerine rağmen, hala Almanca’yı farkı konu ve durumlarda kullanmaya devam etmektedirler. Nitel araştırma verilerinin analizinde ortaya çıkan kodlar Almanya’ya entegrasyon, Almanya’da hissedilen ırkçılık, Türkiye’ye dönüş sonrası yaşanan zorluklar (Türkiye’ye adaptasyon, Türkiye’de hissedilen ırkçılık), ve Türkçe ile alakalı yaşanılan zorluklar olmuştur. Nitel araştırma analiz sonuçlarına göre Türkler Almanya’ya başarılı bir biçimde entegre olmuşlardır ve de entegre olamama tek başına geri dönüşün sebebi değildir. Benzer şekilde ayrımcılık da katılımcıların dönüş kararlarını tek başına açıklayabilecek bir faktör değildir. Katılımcıların dönüş sonrası yaşadığı zorluklar genellikle dil ve iki ülke arasında yaşam tarzı ve eğitim sistem farklılıklarıyla alakalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kimlik, Dil Yeterliliği, Dil Tercihi, Dönüş Sebepleri, Ulusötesicilik vii To my weak self viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Everything looks impossible until it is done”. This was the summary of my thesis writing process. The biggest difficulty ahead of me was persuading myself that I could write my thesis. During this process, the biggest help I needed was motivation and guidance. Therefore, I am eternally grateful to each and every one who helped me find the motivation and guidance that I needed to complete my thesis process successfully. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my dear thesis supervior Prof.Dr. Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek. Throughout the whole process, she was very motivating, understanding and helpful. She provided answers to all my questions with her profound knowledge and was also as enthusiastic as me about our cooperation. I really felt her excitement and eagerness to help me whenever I was in need. Also, she was very flexible and helped me relieve my stress during the process. I also would like to express my gratitude to my committee members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Perihan Savaş and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yarar for the constructive feedback they provided. I also owe gratitude to Bengü Usal Ülken for helping with the data collection process. I wouldn't have completed my thesis without her help. I am also indebted to my family members, friends and collegues who have been very motivating and helpful. They facilitated this stressfull process with both the psychological and the academic help that they offered. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xv LIST OF GraphS ................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1 1.2. Turkish Migration to Germany .................................................................... 4 1.3. Turkish Return from Germany to Turkey .................................................. 13 1.4. Aim of the Study ........................................................................................ 19 1.5. Research Questions .................................................................................... 19 1.6. Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 20 1.7. Limitations of the Study ............................................................................. 21 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics
    GETTY GEBERT IMAGES/ANDREAS The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics By Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky, and Michael Werz December 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Key findings 9 Detailed findings and country analyses 34 Conclusion 37 About the authors and acknowledgments 38 Appendix: Citizenship laws and migration history in brief 44 Endnotes Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s.1 The questions of immigra- tion, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migra- tion and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive. Conservative and far-right parties in Europe have seized upon issues of migration and cultural diversity, often engaging in fearmonger- ing about immigrant communities and playing upon some Europeans’ anxiety about rapid demographic change. Relations between the European Union—as well as many of its constituent member states—and Turkey have deteriorated dramatically in recent years. And since 2014, Turks abroad, in Europe and elsewhere around the world, have been able to vote in Turkish elections, leading to active campaigning by some Turkish leaders in European countries. For these and several other reasons, political and aca- demic interest in the Turkish diaspora and its interactions
    [Show full text]
  • Footballers with Migration Background in the German National Football Team
    “It is about the flag on your chest!” Footballers with Migration Background in the German National Football Team. A matter of inclusion? An Explorative Case Study on Nationalism, Integration and National Identity. Oscar Brito Capon Master Thesis in Sociology Department of Sociology and Human Geography Faculty of Social Sciences University of Oslo June 2012 Oscar Brito Capon - Master Thesis in Sociology 2 Oscar Brito Capon - Master Thesis in Sociology Foreword Dear reader, the present research work represents, on one hand, my dearest wish to contribute to the understanding of some of the effects that the exclusionary, ethnocentric notions of nationhood and national belonging – which have characterized much of western European thinking throughout history – have had on individuals who do not fit within the preconceived frames of national unity and belonging with which most Europeans have been operating since the foundation of the nation-state approximately 140 years ago. On the other hand, this research also represents my personal journey to understand better my role as a citizen, a man, a father and a husband, while covered by a given aura of otherness, always reminding me of my permanent foreignness in the country I decided to make my home. In this sense, this has been a personal journey to learn how to cope with my new ascribed identity as an alien (my ‘labelled forehead’) without losing my essence in the process, and without forgetting who I also am and have been. This journey has been long and tough in many forms, for which I would like to thank the help I have received from those who have been accompanying my steps all along.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complex Dynamics Between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants
    The Complex Dynamics between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants Jesse Jones, West Texas A&M University abstract: This article examines the latest immigration trends into Western Europe, particularly the immigration of Turks to Ger- many. The origins of Turkish immigration and German immigration law are reviewed. Turkey’s bid for European Union membership is examined historically and opinions about how this potential European Union member has caused controversy and how Turkey could change the face of the European Union will be discussed. Attitudes of German citizens toward immigrants are examined using data from the European Values Survey (EVS). Tests show that religion and possibly education level play a role in determining the attitude of German citizens toward immigrants, the majority of whom are Turkish. Introduction1 Turkey in particular, but will also examine attitudes to- ward Turkey’s proposed ascension as a member state of Immigration has always raised concerns for sovereign the European Union itself. If accepted, Turkey would dra- states. Among these concerns: immigrants may refuse matically alter the demography of the European Union to assimilate, they may decrease the standard of living, and redefine what it means to be European. crime rates might increase, or they may take jobs away from non-immigrant citizens. One famous focal point of these concerns is along the southern border of the History of Turkish Immigration, German United States and Mexico, but in other areas of the world Immigration Laws, and Reform immigration is just as controversial an issue as it is on the North American Continent. As the twentieth century progressed, incentives for in- Western Europe has been experiencing an immigra- creased immigration to Europe began to be felt in the tion surge, primarily individuals from underdeveloped Middle East and in Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Patterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union
    Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union Volume 2015 Article 6 2015 The aP tterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union Elie Katzenson University of California, Berkeley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/urceu Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Katzenson, Elie (2016) "The aP tterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union," Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union: Vol. 2015, Article 6. DOI: 10.5642/urceu.201501.06 Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/urceu/vol2015/iss1/6 This Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Claremont at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont–UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union 35 4 THE PATTERNS AND IMPACTS OF TURKISH IMMIGRATION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION ELIE KATZENSON UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Abstract Since the early 1960s, Turkish nationals have immigrated to the European Union in large numbers. Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium have the highest Turkish popu- lations in the European Union and have managed differing models of incorporation. A number of motivating factors have contributed to the unflagging numbers of Turks such as the implementation of guest-worker programs, the reunification of families, and micro- structures within migratory chains. Though the likelihood of Turkey gaining membership to the European Union has dimmed as of late, the mere possibility of its joining warrants the analysis of Turkish immigration to the EU, as it could shed light on the social and eco- nomic changes that could occur with Turkish membership to the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and Religion – Vectors of Globalization
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DANUBIUS Vol. 10, no. 2/2017 Culture and Religion – Vectors of Globalization Does Isis’s Way of Propaganda make it a Part of Global Islamophobia? Muhammet Erbay1, Mahmut Mert Aslan2 Abstract: In the wake of the terrorist attacks on Twin Towers in the United States of America on 11 September 2001, a new question arose all over the world: “Does Islamic religion legalize or foster the terror?”. This is because of the organization that carried out the horrible terrorist attack in question was a radical Islamic structure known as Al-Qaida. In the new process that started with the occupation of Iraq by the US army in 2003, Al-Qaida gave birth to a new organization called ISIS whose actions and prosecutions have so far caused all Muslims under suspicion as if they were all terrorists. Nowadays particularly in the Western World, it is clearly seen that Islam has gained an image as though it justifies or foster the terrorism. In other words, there has been is a common perception in the modern world that Islam is equal to the terrorism or Muslim is equal to the terrorist. So many intellectuals in the Islamic world have stated that ISIS’s perception of Islam and the way of jihad have caused a lot of troubles for the image of Islam and Muslims, especially for the minorities who have been living in the Western countries. In this context, it seems that it has inflamed Islamophobia in the subconscious of the world public opinion. It should be noted at this point that the method of literature review was used to collect data as regards the issue.
    [Show full text]
  • (Turks Living in Germany) in Turkey: Candidates for Religious Leaders (Imam) in Germany Training at Marmara University Faculty of Theology*
    Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi • Cilt-Sayı 52 • Haziran 2017 • ISSN 1302-4973 • ss. 199-205 DOI: 10.15370/maruifd.333538 ARAştırmA NOTU Being Muslim-Turks in Germany and Almancı (Turks living in Germany) in Turkey: Candidates for Religious Leaders (Imam) in Germany Training at Marmara University Faculty of Theology* H. şule ALBAYRAK** In an unprecedented manner, Western countries are becoming diverse with multi-eth- nic, multi-cultural and multi-religious populations immigrating from different geographies. Former colonizer countries in Europe, like France, Netherlands and Britain, covered the need for labor from their former colonies in the second half of the twentieth century; peo- ple migrated from these countries in seek of better life and economic prosperity. 1 Coun- tries like Germany, on the other hand, signed treaties with a number of states beginning in the 1950s to recruit foreign workers. 2 Germany received the largest number of guest work- ers from Turkey. These workers were defined as guest workers (Gastarbeiter); this was because Germany promoted this policy as a short-term solution to meet labor shortages. Nevertheless, the re- unification process for families in the 1970s provided evidence that their settlement had be- come a permanent condition. Thus, the growing Turkish population became residents rather than guests; as such they had cultural, socio-economic and religious needs. However, the German state did very little to meet the Muslim population’s needs, due to its “guest worker” mentality. 3 This approach has had consequences in many areas, for instance, religious ser- vices were provided by imams who were sent and funded by Turkish governments.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Kno-Boys? Kanake? A Developing Portrayal of the Turks in Germany as Seen in German Young Adult Literature: 1970 to the Present Stephanie Hepner Senior Honors Thesis Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2003 Table of Contents Abstract p. 1 Introduction p. 2 History p. 5 1970s: Individual Quest, Idealistic Stories, Black and White Differences p. 14 1980s: Groups Acting for Change, Integration is Germans’ Problem, Explanation of Cultural Differences, Problems of the Second Generation p. 24 1990s: Second Generation Search for Identity, Strong German-Turkish Friendships, Generational Issue p. 42 Broad Themes: The Language Barrier, the Portrayal of Muslim Culture, the Reality of the Housing Problem p. 54 Conclusion p. 66 Appendix: Summary of Books p. 67 Fips schafft sie alle p. 67 Ülkü das fremde Mädchen p. 69 Wir sind doch nicht vom Mond! p. 71 Heisst du wirklich Hasan Schmidt? p. 73 Hamide spielt Hamide p. 75 Die Kopftuchklasse p. 77 “Die Todesengel” and “Ein Himmel voller Luftballons” p. 79 Kümmel und Karotte p. 82 Fünf Gummibärchen für den Notfall p. 84 Die Sonnentrinker p. 85 Works Cited p. 86 Endnotes p. 87 1 Abstract For my senior honors thesis, I am investigating how the Turkish people are portrayed in German children’s and young adult literature from the past three decades. As the largest single minority population in Germany, which is culturally very different from German, the Turks have faced many legal and social struggles, trying to adapt to living and working in German society while preserving their culture and heritage. Because many Turks in Germany do menial labor and they and their children often obtain the minimum required education, they have been discriminated against by the Germans.
    [Show full text]
  • Turks, Jews, and Other Germans in Contemporary Art an Introduction
    peter chametzky Turks, Jews, and Other Germans in Contemporary Art An Introduction The urge to migrate is no less “natural” than the urge to settle. Kwame Anthony Appiah One might argue, in fact, that it is simply irresponsible for European states to continue to allow significant segments of their populations to be driven by nostalgia for homogeneity. There is no longer room to pretend that European countries will return to some imagined, idealized state of ethnic and cultural sameness. Rita Chin ich werde deutsch ch werde deutsch (I become German) provides the provocative Ititle for a series begun in 2008 of large-scale, staged photographs by German photographer Maziar Moradi. Born in Tehran in 1975, Moradi’s series 1979 told the story of his own family’s experience in and emigra- tion from Islamic revolutionary Iran and won the German Photographic Society’s biennial Otto Steinert Prize in 2007. In Ich werde deutsch each image presents a transitional moment, now experienced in Germany, within extended geopolitical narratives of migration not limited to the artist’s family or to Iran. Moradi has described the series: I become German tells the stories of young migrants who have left their homelands and begun a new life in Germany, but through their families have grown up with a different cultural background. I’ve collected stories from these young people with a migration background (Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund) from childhood to adulthood . They relate problems . but also positive experiences and transformations . This project is a continuation of my work about my family, 1979 . but this time it’s about the next genera- tion, their children.1 655 THE MASSACHUSETTS REVIEW Peter Chametzky Many of the photographs in Ich werde deutsch depict single, contem- plative figu es in evocative settings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of German-Turkish Voters in Turkish Politics
    THE IMPORTANCE OF GERMAN-TURKISH VOTERS IN TURKISH POLITICS Wilson Riley Hope A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the in the Department of Political Science, Concentration German-Turkish Studies. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved By: Robert M. Jenkins Don Searing Holger Moroff ©2018 Wilson Riley Hope ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Wilson Riley Hope: The Importance of German-Turkish Voters in Turkish Politics (Under the direction of: Robert M. Jenkins) This thesis examines the important role of German-Turks in Turkish politics by bringing together the concept of clientelism and applying the concept to German-Turks within the sphere of Turkish domestic politics. This research explores the methods that the Turkish government uses to cultivate the German-Turkish electorate and ensure that this loyalty is maintained in the future. Through two examples, the 2014 Presidential election and the 2017 Presidential referendum, the use of clientelist politics can be demonstrated. While existing literature discusses the long-time use of clientelism in Turkey proper, little contemporary research focuses on Turkeys’ German diaspora. This research contributes by exploring how Turkeys’ German constituency is impacted by many of the same factors of clientelism that also affect Turks in the Republic of Turkey. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………….vi Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...1 1. Background on the Turkish-German Relationship……………………………………......3 2. Previous Research on Clientelism………………………………………………………...4 2.1 Research of Kitschelt and Wilkinson………………………………………5 2.2 Clientelism as presented by Stokes………………………………………...6 2.3 Comparing the Scholarship……………………………………….……......8 2.4 Using Clientelism in the Thesis…………………………………………....9 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integration of the Turks Into German Society
    THE INTEGRATION OF THE TURKS INTO GERMAN SOCIETY: TURKS ON THEIR WAY TO PARALLEL SOCIETIES OR TO TRUE INTEGRATION? Türklerin Alman Toplumuna Entegrasyonu: Türkler Paralel Toplumlar mı Oluşturacak, Doğru Bir Entegrasyon mu Gerçekleştirecek? Moritz ORENDT Abstract: Created as a nation-state in the beginning, Germany is not very prepared to deal with an increasing amount of people with different ethnic background. The largest group of non- German people is the Turkish one. Influenced by the media, many people doubt the possibility of true Turkish integration into the German society coexistence for mutual advantage in Germany. The subject of this essay is the examination of Turkish integration in Germany. First, the history of Turkish migration to Germany will be scrutinized in order to understand how the people, who live there now, initially came to Germany. Second, Turkish life in Germany will be examined and what moved them to stay. Third, we will look at the concept of integration and how it could be measured as objective as possible. Forth, the integration of the Turks in Germany will be evaluated referring to the concept from the section before. Finally, some proposals will be introduced in order to improve the Turkish integration which is actually in a bad shape. Keywords: Turks, integration, Turkish integration, Germany. Özet: Bir ulus-devlet olarak kurulan Almanya, farklı etnik grupların yönetimi konusunda hazırlıklı bir ülke değildir. Almanya’daki Alman olmayan unsurlar arasında en büyük grup Türklerdir. Medyanın etkisi altında kalan pek çok Alman, Türklerin Alman toplumunda karşılıklı faydaların bir arada var olabileceği tam bir uyum gerçekleştirebileceğine şüpheyle bakmaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Trends in Research on Turkish Migrants in Germany Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
    Changing Trends in Research on Turkish Migrants in Germany Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in Anthropology in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Genevieve Soucek The Ohio State University April 2021 Project Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey Cohen, Department of Anthropology Introduction Turks started immigrating to Germany in the 1960s and 1970s as guest workers, or “Gastarbeiters.” Around 3 to 5 million Turks have moved to Europe in the past few decades, with a majority settled in Germany (Sirkeci & Cohen, 2016). Between 2010 and 2016 about 1.35 million migrants came to Germany, of which about 850,000 were Muslim (Pew Research Center, 2017). A little less than half of these migrants were refugees and about 86 percent of the refugees were Muslim. Today, as more Muslim refugees settle in Germany, there has been a rise in xenophobia among Germans and Turkish migrants often must confront ethnic discrimination (Sirkeci, Cohen & Yazgan, 2012). The goal of this research is to review what topics related to the physical and mental health of first- and second-generation Turkish migrants to Germany are chosen for research and how those topics relate to changes in treatment of Turkish immigrants in Germany since the early 2000s. Many factors and environmental pressures impact the health of an individual and their community. Broadly these factors can be political, social, economic, ethnic and cultural. When looking at Turkish migrants in Germany, some of the major topics influencing their health and wellbeing include social welfare and emergency care use, physical and cognitive health, smoking, labor market and education integration, familial and intergenerational transmission, a sense of belonging and identity, citizenship and host culture adoption and ethnic retention, return migration intentions, and alienation by the host culture in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • German Citizenship Law and the Turkish Diaspora
    German Law Journal (2019), 20, pp. 72–88 doi:10.1017/glj.2019.7 RESEARCH ARTICLE German citizenship law and the Turkish diaspora Susan Willis McFadden* (Received 16 January 2018; accepted 23 March 2018) Abstract People of Turkish ethnicity constitute Germany’s largest immigrant group but only a small percentage have naturalized as German citizens This article explores the historical foundation of Turkish migration to Germany and the legislative attempts made by both Germany and Turkey to accommodate these people with one foot in each country. It argues that only by abandoning its long-held prejudice against dual citizenship can Germany increase the naturalization rate of all foreigners in its country, not just those from Turkey. Keywords: dual citizenship; naturalization; nationality; Turkey; Germany A. Introduction On October 31, 1961, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Turkey signed an agreement to promote the expedited hiring of Turkish citizens for jobs in Germany.1 The reason for this: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the German economy was flourishing—the “economic miracle” (Wirtschaftswunder)—and experiencing a labor shortage. One of the solutions was a series of agreements with countries in North Africa, Southeast Europe and the Balkans for the provision of cheap labor, much of it unskilled and all of it thought by Germany to be temporary in nature—therefore, the euphemism “guest workers” (Gastarbeiter).2 Fifty-seven years later, Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in Germany, numbering nearly three million residents; only approximately 246,000 of them hold German citizenship.3 This Article focuses on the reasons for this low figure, the steps taken by both German and Turkish governments to deal with this binational population, and the problems that have arisen.
    [Show full text]