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fclprth .Carolina State Library ?/3 Raleigh 76e cunmen, ms The North Carolina Historical Review Christopher Crittenden, Editor in Chief Mrs. Memory F. Blackwelder, Editor Mrs. Elizabeth W. Wilborn, Editorial Associate ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD Frontis W. Johnston Miss Sarah M. Lemmon John R. Jordan, Jr. William S. Powell Robert H. Woody STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY EXECUTIVE BOARD McDaniel Lewis, Chairman James W. Atkins Ralph P. Hanes Miss Gertrude Sprague Carraway Josh L. Horne Fletcher M. Green Daniel J. Whitener Christopher Crittenden, Director This review was established in January, 1924, as a medium of publication and dis- cussion of history in North Carolina. It is issued to other institutions by exchange, but to the general public by subscription only. The regular price is $3.00 per year. Members of the North Carolina Literary and Historical Association, Inc., for which the annual dues are $5.00, receive this publication without further payment. Back numbers may be purchased at the regular price of $3.00 per volume, or $.75 per number. The review is published quarterly by the State Department of Archives and History, Education Building, Corner of Edenton and Salisbury Streets. Second class postage paid at Raleigh, North Carolina, COVER—The photograph of a Ku Klux Klan uniform worn by one of the Klan in North Carolina in 1870 was furnished by the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New York. For an article on the Ku Klux Klan, see pages 340-362. ^¥i4to>Ucal Review Volume XXXIX Published in July, 1962 Number 3 CONTENTS RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AND POLITICS IN EARLY NORTH CAROLINA 267 Haskell Monroe DANIEL WORTH: TAR HEEL ABOLITIONIST 284 Noble J. Tolbert SAGA OF A BURKE COUNTY FAMILY, CONCLUSION 305 Edward W. Phifer THE KU KLUX KLAN: A STUDY IN RECONSTRUCTION POLITICS AND PROPAGANDA 340 Otto H. Olsen LITTLETON FEMALE COLLEGE 363 Ralph Hardee Rives BOOK REVIEWS 378 HISTORICAL NEWS 402 BOOK REVIEWS Hickerson, Echoes of Happy Valley, by Edward W. Phifer 378 Blythe and Brockmann, Hornet's Nest: The Story of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, by Paul W. Wager 379 Hand, The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore, Volume VI, Popular Beliefs and Superstitions, by I. G. Greer 380 Boykin, North Carolina in 1861, by Noble J. Tolbert 382 Puryear, Democratic Party Dissension in North Carolina, 1928-1936, by Christopher Crittenden 383 Bradshaw, Toward the Dawn: History of the First Quarter- Century of the North Carolina State Association for the Blind, by Bernadette W. Hoyle 384 Wish, Ante-Bellum: Writings of George Fitzhugh and Hinton Rowan Helper on Slavery, by Louis J. Budd 385 Hopkins, The Papers of Henry Clay, Volume II, The Rising Statesman, 1815-1820, by Richard D. Goff 386 Dumond, Antislavery: The Crusade for Freedom in America, and A Bibliography of Antislavery in America, by Fletcher M. Green 387 Graebner, Politics and the Crisis of 1860, by Richard D. Younger 389 Wooster, The Secession Conventions of the South, by Alice B. Keith 391 Tucker, Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West, by Robert E. Corlew 392 Hatch, Edith Boiling Wilson: First Lady Extraordinary, by George Osborn 393 Runge, Four Years in the Confederate Artillery: The Diary of Private Henry Robinson Berkeley, by Malcolm McMillan 394 Doherty, Richard Keith Call: Southern Unionist, by Charlton W. Tebeau 395 Patrick, Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet, by Robert Cotner 396 Burgess, Negro Leadership in a Southern City, by Leslie W. Syron 398 La Barre, They Shall Take Up Serpents, by Edwin S. Preston 398 Munn, The Southern Appalachians: A Bibliography and Guide to Studies, by Beth G. Crabtree 399 Rosenberger, Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D. C, 1957-1959, by Mattie Russell 400 RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AND POLITICS IN EARLY NORTH CAROLINA By Haskell Monroe* Many studies have been made of the efforts of William Penn to use the promise of religious freedom as an attraction for settlers coming to the New World. Almost no work has been done on the similar at- tempt by the Lords Proprietors of Carolina to use the same promise to populate their grant of land which extended from Virginia to Spanish Florida. In an era marked by religious strife, they advertised their lands as a haven for dissenting and unchurched immigrants. Throughout the seventeenth century, toleration encouraged people of widely divergent beliefs to come to Carolina and share the benefits of land, liberty, and commerce. Only when religion became involved in provincial politics did toleration cease. Freedom in religious matters marked the life of the Carolina col- onists through most of the seventeenth century. This came as a result of indifference, the economic ambitions of the Lords, and the senti- ment of the times. Even the name Carolina is said to have been selected in the search for religious toleration. French Huguenots, fleeing Ro- man Catholic persecution in the sixteenth century, made an unsuccess- ful attempt to found a colony in the area which they named for King Charles IX of France. Later, the first English patent for the area granted by Charles I in 1629 to Robert Heath mentioned the king's "pious desire ... of enlarging the Christian religion of our Empire," but commanded the settlement only of those professing the "true re- 1 ligion." The grant of Carolina by Charles II in 1663 to eight Lords Proprietors also contained religious provisions. The new charter dem- onstrated that the Proprietors hoped toleration would aid the colony economically, but all "churches and chappels" were to be "dedicated according to the ecclesiastical laws of our kingdom of England." But * Dr. Monroe is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History and Govern- ment, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station. 1 Charles I Patent to Sir Robert Heath. William L. Saunders (ed.) The Colonial Records of North Carolina (Raleigh: State of North Carolina, 10 volumes, 1886-1895), I, 56, hereinafter cited as Saunders, Colonial Records; Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina, 1670-1783 (New York: Macmillan Company, 4 volumes, 1897- 1902), I, 45-49, hereinafter cited as McGrady, South Carolina. 268 The North Carolina Historical Review the King ordered "indigencies and dispensations" for those who might 2 not agree with the Anglicans. A second charter in 1665 repeated most of the provisions of the first and promised freedom of conscience to 3 all persons. More important than the charters in determining the colony's policy concerning religion were the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina" drawn up by John Locke in 1669. Although they never went into ef- fect, their theories were particularly significant in the southern por- tion of Carolina. Of 120 articles in the document, 15 dealt entirely with religion. Declaring that only the Church of England could receive public support, they did not assure the Dissenter his political rights and gave no legal protection to the unchurched. But the Constitutions proudly announced that no citizen would be disturbed because of his religion or method of worship and allowed any group of seven or more persons to form a congregation, provided they stated their terms of membership in writing. All Christians were ordered to show their faith so that "heathens, Jues, and other disenters from the purity of the Christian religion may not be scared." To enforce these provisions, Locke planned a Court of Chancery whose jurisdiction would extend to "all state matters, liberty of conscience, and all invasions of the public peace upon pretence of religion." 4 The Proprietors hoped to attract their first settlers from Barbadoes, where the Church of England had always prevailed. Most Barbadians who came to Carolina were Anglicans, but the promise of greater toleration also drew Dissenters from the island. To please all sects, the Lords promised acceptance of those whose beliefs did not "actually disturbe the Civill peace" and forbade any legislation limiting liberty of conscience, for they believed "the persons that at present designe thither expect liberty of conscience and without that they will not 2 Heath's patent had been voided by Charles II on August 12, 1663; "State of the Case of the Duke of Norfolk's Pretensions to Carolina," Saunders, Colonial Records, I, 35-36, 42-43; "First Charter of Carolina," March 24, 1663, Saunders, Colonial Rec- ords, I, 20-33. 3 "Second Charter Granted by King Charles the Second, to the Proprietors of Caro- lina, Dated the Thirtieth Day of June, in the Seventeenth Year of His Reign, A. D. 1665," Saunders, Colonial Records, I, 102-114. 4 William Warren Sweet, Religion in Colonial America (New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons, 1942), 39, hereinafter cited as Sweet Religion in Colonial America; First Set of the Constitutions for the Government of Carolina, by John Locke, July 21, 1669, The Shaftesbury Papers, Volume V of The Collections of the South Carolina Society (Charleston: South Carolina Historical Society, 1897), 93-117, hereinafter cited as Shaftesbury Papers; Anne King Gregorie and J. N. Frierson (eds.), Records of the Court of Chancery of South Carolina, 1671-1779 (Washington: American Historical Association, 1950), 4, hereinafter cited as Gregorie and Frierson, Court of Chancery. Religious Toleration and Politics 269 5 goe." In their early grants in 1663, they emphasized this liberty of conscience for all "Free-Holders." But the Lords realized that these promises would not be enough for emigrants from New England, from where they hoped the major portion of the future Carolinians would come. Knowing the need of special treatment for these early Yankees who would not submit to the Church of England, they directed their appointed governor to "contrive all the good wayes you cann imagen to get those people to joyn with you." Soon, Carolina advertisements proclaimed liberty of conscience for all persons, "provided they be- have themselves." 6 At first, the Lords paid little heed to the settlements already on their lands around Albemarle Sound, just south of Virginia, where a hetero- geneous group had begun to farm the fertile Tidewater acres.
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