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THE OLD BOYS the American Elite and the Origins of the CIA
THE OLD B OYS The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA BURTON HERSH Expanded, unexpurgated, and with an updated preface INTRODUCTION THE OLD BOYS The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA In 1961 I was a kid attempting to break into magazine free-lancing. The Bay of Pigs debacle had barely overtaken the Kennedy administration, and through a well-intentioned friend I finagled an audience with the highly regarded progressive Carey McWilliams, long since the rock and senior brain around The Nation of that era. McWilliams’s editorial office was small, I remember, with an ink-blotched, chipped-up desk that looked as if it had been dragged into an alley behind some principal’s office somewhere and rescued by liberals from the Department of Sani- tation. The plaster was grey, and crazed into cracks in a great many places, and smeared with a formless crescent behind where McWilliams tilted back his creaky oak chair and impatiently rubbed his scalp against the wall while hashing up story ideas. Amidst all this atmosphere, McWilliams came right to the point. What with the end of the Eisenhower administration and the Cuban misadventure, the CIA was accessible for the first time. The moment was ripe to dig out a full-length exposé of the Agency, until recently seemingly untouchable. The Allen Dulles era was mani- festly at an end. How about starting in for the magazine with that assignment? There could be no guarantee, but the magazine would probably pay expenses up to thirty dollars. At that time of my life I had no experience of any kind with investigative jour- nalism, a single friend with a couch in the entire D.C. -
Hoyt S. Vandenberg, the Life of a General N/A 5B
20050429 031 PAGE Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, igathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports 1(0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. t. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 2000 na/ 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Hoyt S. Vandenberg, the life of a general n/a 5b. GRANT NUMBER n/a 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER n/a 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Meilinger, Phillip S n/a 5e. TASK NUMBER n/a 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER n/a 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Air Force History Support Office 3 Brookley Avenue Box 94 n/a Boiling AFB DC 20032-5000 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) n/a n/a 11. -
The Quest for Cryptologic Centralization and the Establishment of NSA: 1940 -1952
Series V VolumeVI The Quest for Cryptologic Centralization and the Establishment of NSA: 1940 -1952 ... ~---~-·-·"7,.,....,_-,.,,...,__~ · UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Series V: The Early Postwar Period Volume VI The Quest for Cryptologic Centralization and the Establishment of NSA: 1940 - 1952 Thomas L. Burns CENTER FOR CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 2005 Table of Contents Page Forewords . .v Acknowledgments . ix Introduction: The Struggle to Control a Unique Resource . 1 Chapter I: Early Army-Navy COMINT Relations, 1930-1945 . .5 Chapter II: The Military Services and the Joint Operating Plan, 1946-1949. .25 Chapter III: The Emerging National Intelligence Structure and the United States Communications Intelligence Board, 1946-1949. .37 Chapter IV: Creation of the Armed Forces Security Agency, 1949-1952 . .49 Chapter V: AFSA, the CONSIDO Plan, and the Korean War, 1949-1952 . 67 Chapter VI: The Brownell Committee and the Establishment of NSA, 4 November 1952 . 81 Chapter VII: Summary: The Struggle for Control Continues. 95 Abbreviations . .101 Notes. 105 Notes on Sources. .119 Index . .127 Page iii Forewords he Center for Cryptologic History (CCH) is proud to publish the first title under its own imprint, TThomas L. Burns’s The Origins of NSA.* In recent years, the NSA history program has published a number of volumes dealing with excit- ing and even controversial subjects: a new look at the Pearl Harbor attack, for example. Tom Burns’s study of the creation of NSA is a different kind of history from the former. It is a masterfully researched and documented account of the evolution of a national SIGINT effort following World War II, begin- ning with the fragile trends toward unification of the military services as they sought to cope with a greatly changed environment following the war, and continuing through the unsatisfactory experience under the Armed Forces Security Agency. -
Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence (Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence)
03-370 (1) Front 3/18/04 12:51 PM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SERIES Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iii Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence Michael A. Turner Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 2 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Michael A. Turner The author, a former CIA employee, submitted this manuscript to the CIA’s Publication Review Board, which reviewed it to assist the author in eliminating classified information. The board posed no security objection to the book’s publication. This review, however, should not be construed as official release of information, confirmation of accuracy, or an endorsement of the author’s views. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
National Security Agency
TOP SECRET united states cryptologic history The Origins of the National Security Agency 1940-1952 (U) II...NBLE til... eOMINT ell...NNELS ONLY Classified By NSA/CSSM 123-2 Declassify On. Originating Agency's Determination Required ".ppr.?\lecJ .for R-:lea~;e by ~\JS.~ o~l TOP SECRET ,]3-[.11-20[.17 Ft .l1A. Case # 5'1 ::;,'1 d ~~- -------- -- -------- DOCID:• 3109065 T9PSEERET UNITED STATES CR YPTOL0 GIC HISTOR Y Series V, Volume 1 The Origins ofthe National Security Agency 1940-1952 (U) Thomas L. Burns CENTER FOR CRYPrOLOGIC mSTORY NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 1990 'F8PSECRET HAND' i "It COIII:NT'lH.....:NNIl1:B9!iM!' DOCID: 3109065 1=9PSECAET Table ofContents Page Foreword v Acknowledgments vii Introduction: The Struggle to Control a Unique Resource 1 Chapter I: Early Army-NavyCOMINTRelations, 1930-1945 5 Chapter II: The Military Services and the Joint Operating Plan, 1946-1949 29 Chapter III: The Emerging National Intelligence Structure and the United States Communications Intelligence Board, 1946-1949 45 Chapter IV: Creationofthe Armed Forces Security Agency, 1949-1952 59 Chapter V: AFSA, the CONSIDO Plan, and the Korean War, 1949-1952 81 Chapter VI: The Brownell Committee and the EstablishmentOfNSA, 4 November 1952 97 Chapter VII: Summary: The Struggle for Control Continues 113 Abbreviations............................................................... 121 Notes....................................................................... 125 Notes on Sources 143 Index....................................................................... 155 iii %OP&&CAET wt ~U VIA S9MIN'I' SIIM1NBbS8Nb".t.T DOCID: 3109065 "F9PSECRET Foreword The Center for Cryptologic History (CCH) is proud to publish the first title under its own imprint, Thomas L. Burns's The Origins ofNSA. In recent years, the NSA history program has published a number of volumes dealing with exciting and even controversial subjects: the Berlin tunnel, the EC-121 shootdown, and a new look at the Pearl Harbor attack, to cite just three. -
Intelligence (4)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 300, folder “Intelligence (4)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 300 of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library GUIDANCE FOR RON NESSE::-1 CONCERNDiG .rtDMI"NISTR.Z\TION COOPERATION WITH THE CHURCH INTELLIGENCE COZ·INI'rTEE Question In ligC.t of the negotiations going on between Administration offi cials and the Church Committee, will the President delay making his own changes in the Intelligence Community? Answer No.. The President has responsibilities and powers. under Article II of. the Constitution in the foreign intelligence area, and he will •take action. pursuant to these powers, notwithstanding the status of legislation.. He has authorized his aides to work with the Corr.mi.ttee ···to define the issues-•and· perhaps develop mutually acceptable legisla tion. The primary focus is on the issue of the relationship betwaen the two branches, particularly the access of Congress to highly classified fo=eign intelligence information. -
Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence
03-370 (1) Front 3/18/04 12:51 PM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SERIES Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iii Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence Michael A. Turner Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 2 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Michael A. Turner The author, a former CIA employee, submitted this manuscript to the CIA’s Publication Review Board, which reviewed it to assist the author in eliminating classified information. The board posed no security objection to the book’s publication. This review, however, should not be construed as official release of information, confirmation of accuracy, or an endorsement of the author’s views. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
CIA Factbook on Intelligence 2002
DCI Addresses Agency Workforce on September 11 The Genesis of the CIA Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Ceremony Key Events in CIA's History An Overview of American Intelligence Until World War II Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence Diagram of Director of Central Intelligence Command Responsibilities The DCI and his Principal Deputies Vision, Mission, and Values of the Central Intelligence Agency The Intelligence Cycle The Intelligence Community Executive Oversight of Intelligence Legislative Oversight of Intelligence The Buildings of CIA Headquarters The Memorial Stars The Office of Strategic Services Memorial The Memorial Garden The CIA Library The Center for the Study of Intelligence The Office of Equal Employment Opportunity CIA Museum CIA Medals The CIA Seal Frequently Asked Questions "The necessity of procuring good intelligence is apparent & need not be further How to Obtain Publications urged." and Maps Available to the Public George Washington Key to CSI Timeline Other CIA Publications Download Version Text Only Version Factbook on Intelligence Home DCI Addresses Agency DCI Addresses Agency Workforce on September 11 Workforce The Genesis of the CIA Original Headquarters Building on September 11 Cornerstone Ceremony Key Events in CIA's History (Editor's Note: On September 11, 2002, DCI George Tenet broadcast the following message to the Agency workforce) An Overview of American Intelligence Until World War II Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence Diagram of Director of Central Intelligence Command Responsibilities The DCI and his Principal Deputies Vision, Mission, and Values of the Central Intelligence Agency The Intelligence Cycle The Intelligence Community Executive Oversight of Intelligence Legislative Oversight of Intelligence The Buildings of CIA Headquarters The Memorial Stars The U.S.