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De L'oss À La PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 3 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 3) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 Sous la direction d’Antoine Coppolani DE L’OSS À LA CIA La centralisation du renseignement américain au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à travers l’expérience du Central Intelligence Group Raphaël RAMOS Université Paul-Valéry — Montpellier III UMR 5609 C.N.R.S. États — Sociétés — Idéologies — Défense (ESID) PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 4 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 4) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 5 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 5) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 Sommaire Liste des sigles et abréviations .............. 7 Introduction ......................... 9 1 Les origines du Central Intelligence Group .... 21 A L’émergence du concept de centralisation ..... 21 B Le débat à l’heure de la paix ............. 29 C Entre hésitation et prudence : le choix de Truman . 38 2 La mise en place du CIG sous le mandat du DCI Souers ........................ 49 A Une « activité interdépartementale de coordination » 49 B Le fantôme de l’OSS ................. 56 C Premiers enseignements ............... 63 3 La transformation du CIG par le DCI Vandenberg 71 A Nouveau DCI, Nouveaux pouvoirs ......... 71 B Affaiblissement des départements ......... 77 C Du CIG à la CIA ................... 86 Conclusion .......................... 95 Annexes ............................ 103 Bibliographie commentée ................. 115 Index .............................. 127 5 PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 6 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 6) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 7 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 7) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 Liste des sigles et abréviations A-2 Division du renseignement, section Air du Département de la Guerre AEC Atomic Energy Commission CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIG Central Intelligence Group CIS Central Intelligence Services, CIG COI Coordinator of Information CPS Central Planning Sta, CIG CRS Special Report Sta, CIG DCI Director of Central Intelligence DDCI Deputy Director of Central Intelligence DNI Director of National Intelligence FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, Département de la Justice FBIS Federal Broacast Information Service FCC Federal Communications Commission G-2 Division du renseignement, Département de la Guerre IAB Intelligence Advisory Board ICPS Interdepartmental Coordination and Planning Sta, CIG IRIS Interim Research and Intelligence Service, Département d'État JCS Joint Chiefs of Sta JIC Joint Intelligence Committee MI-6 Military Intelligence : Section 6 (Royaume-Uni) MID Military Information Division (puis Military Intelligence Division) NIA National Intelligence Authority NSC National Security Council ONI Oce of Naval Intelligence, Département de la Marine ORE Oce of Reports and Estimates, CIG ORI Oce of Research and Intelligence, Département d'État OSO Oce of Special Operations, CIG OSS Oce of Strategic Services R&A Research and Analysis, OSS puis Département d'État SIS Special Intelligence Service, FBI SSU Strategic Services Unit, Département de la Guerre U-1 Bureau de centralisation du renseignement, Département d'État PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 8 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 8) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 9 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 9) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 Introduction L'entrée en guerre des États-Unis le 7 décembre 1941, à la suite de l'attaque de l'aviation japonaise sur la base de Pearl Harbor, marque à bien des égards, un tournant dans l'histoire de cette nation. Sortis vainqueurs d'un conit qui précipita le déclin de l'Europe, les États-Unis héritent, avec l'Union soviétique, du sta- tut de super-puissance. À la tête de la seule puissance atomique en 1945, le nouveau président Harry S. Truman apparaît décidé à appliquer les enseignements tirés de l'échec de la politique wilso- nienne de l'après-Grande Guerre. Confortée dans cette voie par l'incapacité militaire démontrée par les puissances européennes lors de la guerre et par les doutes qui entourent les desseins soviétiques, l'Amérique se voit contrainte de renoncer à la tra- ditionnelle politique isolationniste qui l'avait jusque-là tenue à l'écart des « vicissitudes ordinaires des aaires européennes 1 ». Pour faire face à ce rôle totalement nouveau, les dirigeants amé- ricains se retrouvent dans l'obligation de mettre à jour les insti- tutions fédérales. Cette profonde réforme de l'appareil gouver- nemental est rendue possible par l'arrêt des hostilités sur les théâtres européen et asiatique. Elle sera le principal fait du pre- mier mandat du président Truman. Ce débat qui occupa l'en- semble de la bureaucratie américaine permit de voir l'émergence du concept de « sécurité nationale ». Cette nouvelle conception de la défense qui tend à rapprocher diplomatie et action militaire 1. Discours d'adieu de George Washington à la nation américaine. (Daniel Royot, Jean-Pierre Martin, Histoire et Civilisation des États-Unis, Paris, Nathan, 1974, p. 72). PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 10 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 10) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 INTRODUCTION par un processus de centralisation des institutions est concré- tisée par la loi sur la sécurité nationale (National Security Act). Cette loi du 26 juillet 1947 prévoit entre autres, l'unication des départements de la Guerre et de la Marine qui aboutira en 1949 à la création du Département de la Défense. Mais un des aspects les plus novateurs de cette loi est sans doute la réorganisation de la communauté du renseignement autour d'une agence centrale : la CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). Pour la première fois de son histoire, le gouvernement des États-Unis a à sa disposition une agence de renseignement, ava- lisée par le Congrès et dotée d'un budget indépendant. Sous la tutelle du Conseil de sécurité nationale ou National Security Coun- cil (NSC), la CIA est chargée de mener les activités de renseigne- ment à l'extérieur du territoire national. Bien que n'étant pas la composante la plus imposante de la communauté qu'elle dirige, the Agency, comme elle est surnommée, occupe un rôle de pre- mier plan dans l'élaboration de ce qui va devenir la politique de guerre froide. On comprend aisément qu'elle ait joué un rôle déterminant dans la lutte qui opposa l'Amérique à cette société fermée qu'était l'Union soviétique. Néanmoins, cette moderni- sation de l'appareil de renseignement national que constitue la création de la CIA n'est que l'aspect nal d'un long processus qui fut enclenché sous l'Administration Roosevelt. Un des prin- cipaux aspects de ce processus est sans conteste la création, par le président Truman, du Central Intelligence Group (CIG). Cette organisation est remarquable dans la mesure où elle constitue la première véritable expérience d'une coordination interdéparte- mentale des activités de renseignement en temps de paix. Le terme de renseignement (intelligence) est le plus souvent, et le plus simplement, synonyme d'information. Le National Secu- rity Act le dénit comme regroupant l'ensemble des « informa- tions concernant les capacités, les intentions et les activités d'un gouvernement étranger, d'un organisme étranger ou d'une per- sonne étrangère ». Le Département de la Défense le dénit dans l'édition 1974 de son Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms comme le résultat d'un processus de « collecte, d'évaluation, d'analyse, d'intégration et d'interprétation de toute information 10 PĹuĎbĘlĽiĂcĄaĹtĽiĂoŤnŇŽ ĂdĂe MĂoŤnĹtŊpĂeĚlĚlĽiĂeĽrĞ 3 — UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 67 14 24 06 ĂoŁuĞ 24 03. CIA-OSS — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2006-4-5 — 8 ŘhĞ 54 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 11 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 11) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 136 INTRODUCTION concernant [...] des pays ou de zones étrangères 1 ». Ces deux dénitions « ocielles » ne parviennent cependant pas à rassem- bler l'ensemble des missions assignées aux services de renseigne- ment. Tout d'abord car, comme l'indique Dean Acheson, le ren- seignement désigne à la fois un processus et le résultat de ce pro- cessus 2. Les activités des services de renseignement regroupent à la fois la recherche et la collecte de l'information mais aussi son analyse et sa
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