Exploring the Universe: Cooperation or Competition?
European Forum Alpbach 2013
Shuang-Nan Zhang Director, Center for Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chief Scientist, Space Science Division National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 Day 5
2 Future of ISS The 2005 NASA Authorization Act designated the American segment of the International Space Station as a national laboratory with the goal of increasing the use of the ISS. Many new scientific experiments are planned and scheduled to ISS: e.g., ISS-CREAM AMS02 to operate > 10 years from 2011 ISS partners asked to assess Station extension to 2025 – potentially 2028 Technical and engineering 2028 possible But no decision beyond 2020, yet. New partners to ISS?
3 Two Space Stations at ~2020? Cooperation or Competition?
The huge, but aging SSS The smaller, but young TG
No plan or even talks for any cooperation yet! Why? In 2011 new American legislation further strengthened legal barriers to co-operation, preventing NASA co-operation with China or Chinese owned companies, even the expenditure of funds used to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities.
4 Ancient Chinese Observations and Learning of Space Observations of Solar Eclipse: “The Book of History: Yinzheng” as the earliest observation record of a solar Eclipse (2042 BC) in China Observations of Nova: The oracle bones of Yin Dynasty Ruins (1300 BC) as the earliest records of Nova in the world “The Astronomy Part of the Records of Song Dynasty”: Supernova Explosion (1054 AD) Remnant: Crab Nebula
5 Ancient Chinese Observations and Learning of Space Observations of Comet: Halley’s Comet: two earliest observations (613 BC & 476 BC)， Recorded in “Spring and Autumn Annals”. The 28 returns of Halley’s Comet (240 BC~ 1910 AD) : all found in ancient Chinese books. • Observation from Halley: in 1682 AD, period of 76 years
Ancient Chinese first pointed out that the direction of a Comet tail was always against the sun. No less than 500 records of Comets can be found in ancient Chinese books.
29 Comet pictures were found in the silk books unearthed from Hunan Mawang Dui in 1973.6 Ancient Chinese Observations and Learning of Space Observations of Sun-Spots: the most complete records are found in China. Observations: started from 28 BC, 1000 years earlier than the Western world. Size: close to a “copperplate” or an “egg”… The Sun God Bird images (3000 years ago): found in Chengdu Jinsha Relic (unearthed in 2001). -----It resembles the spiral structure of interplanetary magnetic field.
7 ESA-China Bilateral Meeting on Space Science, June, 2010
8 Space Research in China in the last 50 years
In 1958, satellite program and space physics research were proposed.
In 1960’s, sounding rockets and scientific ballooning programs were initiated.
In 1970’s, satellites were launched to detect charged particles in low-earth orbits.
In 1980’s, recoverable remote sensing satellites have been used for various kinds of space scientific experiments, such as crystal and protein growth, cell cultivation and crop breeding.
9 Recent Progress in Space Science Research in China
In 2003 and 2004, two geospace satellites (Double Star Program) were launched, in cooperation with ESA’s CLUSTER program.
10 Consequences of the lunar space race? Space and aerospace technology and industry Many new technologies and industries Lunar and planetary science, solar system origin Inspirations of new generations End of the cold war?
11 1990-2011 new lunar exploration: global space race? 1990 Hiten Japan Orbiter first aerobraking maneuver by a deep space probe) 1994 Clementine USA Orbiter 1998 Lunar Prospector USA Orbiter 2003 SMART-1 Europe Orbiter first use of an ion engine to reach the Moon 2007 SELENE (Kaguya) Japan Orbiter 2007 Chang'e 1 China Orbiter/impactor 2008 Chandrayaan-1 India Orbiter discovery of water on the moon 2008 Moon Impact Probe India Impactor first Asian object on the surface of the moon Lunar Reconnaissance USA 2009 Orbiter Orbiter Shepherding spacecraft USA 2009 Impactor near observation of Centaur impact (LCROSS) Centaur upper stage USA 2009 Impactor (LCROSS) 2010 Chang'e 2 China Orbiter on extended mission to asteroid 4179 Toutatis 2010 ARTEMIS USA Orbiter Gravity Recovery and USA 2011 Two orbiters Interior Laboratory No USSR/Russia; Japan leads four new players; USA still leads!
12 Future Plan Any hope for cooperation?
Year Name Country Elements Notes USA Instruments will include a dust detector, a neutral mass 2013 LADEE Orbiter spectrometer, an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, and a laser communications terminal. 2013 Chang'e 3 China Lander, Rover Six-wheeled lunar vehicle to be landed at Sinus Iridum. Russia Lander to explore the polar regions of the Moon, as well as testing 2015 Luna-Glob Lander landing technologies. Astrobotic USA First scheduled launch of a private lander, rover and moon payload 2015 Lander, Rover Technology (private) competing for various prizes including the Google Lunar X Prize. Russia Orbiter to include astrophysics experiments, dust monitors, plasma 2016 Luna-Glob Orbiter sensors, including the LORD astronomy payload, designed to study ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. 2016 Chang'e 4 China Rover Back-up to Chang'e 3 India/ Orbiter to carry five payloads, three new, while other two are Chandrayaan-2 / Orbiter, lander, 2017 Russia improved versions of those on Chandrayaan-1.The Russian Federal Luna-Resurs rover Space Agency will provide the lander that will carry the Indian rover. China Chinese lunar sample return mission consisting of a 2 stage lander 2018 Chang'e 5 Sample return and an orbiter for collection of lunar samples. Russia comes back? China catches up? USA shifts attention?
13 Chang’E-1: Launched in 2007
14 Chang’E-2 Launched on Oct.1, 2010
•Backup satellite of CE-1 •~7-days to reach lunar orbit (CE-1: 14-days) •100 km orbit (CE-1: 200 km) •Significantly improved instruments: 10 m resolution (CE-1: 120 m) •Prepare for CE-3’s soft lunar landing (CE-1: impact landing) 15 CE-2 Videos
Tycho Sinus Lridum Vallis Alpes
Humboldt Mare Orientale South Pole
Summit and Lowest Point Near Side of Moon
16 Scientific goals of CE-2
3D lunar surface images with 10-meter resolution, with optical cameras. Composition of the moon with high spatial resolution, with X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers. Lunar regolith (soil) exploration with microwave radar detectors. Moon-earth space environment detection with energetic-particle detectors.
17 Launched, Oct 1, 2010 Into circular lunar orbit of 100 km, Oct 9, 2010
Moved to elliptical orbit of 15 km x 100 km, Oct 26, 2010
Moved back to circular lunar orbit of 100 km, Oct 29, 2010
18 B Question 1: (a) A A better than B; (b) B better than A; (c) the same (A from CE-2, China; B from Selena, Japan) 10 m resolution Question 2: (a) C C D better than D; (b) D better than C; (c) the same (D from CE-2, 1.5 m China; C from LRO, USA) Sinus-Iridom (Rainbow Bay,虹湾) 19 CE-2 extended mission
Finished designed mission on 2011.4.1. On 2011.6.9, left for L2, 1.5 million km from earth, worked there for 235 days On 2012.12.13, flyby asteroid 4179 (Toutatis), 7 million km from the earth Then continued to fly away…
20 Chang’E-3
21 21 22 CE-5: Sample Return
23 24 China’s Future Space Station
25 Unmanned missions
SZ Launch Notes
1 1999 Unmanned test flight
Carried scientific payload including monkey, 2 2001 dog, rabbit and other animals.
3 2002 Carried a test dummy.
Carried a test dummy and several science 4 2002 experiments. Unmanned mission, rendezvoused and docked 8 2011 with Tiangong-1.
26 Crewed missions
Lau Dura SZ Crew Notes nch tion 5 2003 21 h Yang Liwei 1st Chinese manned flight 6 2005 5 d Fei Junlong Nie Haisheng Multiple days in space Zhai Liu Jing 1st three-person crew, 1st 7 2008 3 d Zhigang Boming Haipeng Chinese spacewalk. Jing 1st Chinese woman in space; 9 2012 13 d Liu Wang Liu Yang Haipeng 1st docking with TG-1 Nie Zhang Wang 2nd Chinese woman in space; 10 2013 15 d Haisheng Xiaoguang Yaping 2nd docking with TG-1
Total of 10 astronauts on 5 crewed missions.
27 Project 921 Tianggong-1 docked with SZ-10
SZ-5
China’s 1st male and female astronaut
28 China’s Space Station Program
Three phases st 1 phase: so far 10 Chinese astronauts have been sent out and returned back successfully; many space science research has been done. Completed successfully. nd 2 phase: spacelab: docking of 3 spaceships with astronauts delivering and installing scientific instruments. 1st launch on Sept. 29, 2011. rd 3 phase: spacestation: several large experimental cabins with astronauts working onboard constantly. 1st launch ~2018.
International collaborations on space science research have been and will continue to be an important part.
29 China’s Roadmap of space science to 2025 (and 2050) The rapid development of China’s economy and China’s commitment to substantial contribution to human’s knowledge and peaceful exploration of space CALL for SUBSTANTIAL NEW INITIATIVES Beyond the Existing Space Science Research Programs
30 Main Themes and Questions Need To Be Answered Two Themes of Space Science in 10~20 years Theme 1. How did matter originate (universe and life), how does it evolve and move? Theme 2. What is the relationship between the solar system and human beings?
31 Importance of dark matter and dark energy Constituents of the Universe Our current knowledge can only explain the 4% of the universe! We are still 96% ignorant!
Dark matter and dark energy are considered the two “dark clouds” hovering above modern physics, and also the key to understanding the origin and evolution of the universe.
32 Fundamental questions in astronomy 1-Black, 2-Dark, 3-Origins (一黑、两暗、三起源) Black Holes: formation, growth, and its influence to cosmic structures; tests of General Relativity Dark matter and Dark Energy (暗物质、暗能量） Origins of the Universe, astrophysical objects, and extra- terrestrial life (宇宙起源、天体起源、地外生命起源) Origin, evolution and fate of the universe Origin of planets, stars, galaxies and cosmic structure Life and civilization beyond the earth? Other habitable planets?
1-black + 2-dark = Skeleton of the Universe 3-origins = Flesh of the Universe
33 Science Programs 1) Black Hole Probe Program (黑洞探针BHP)
By observing black holes and other compact objects, as well as gamma- ray bursts, study cosmic high energy processes and black hole physics with black holes and other extreme objects as probes of the evolutions of stars and galaxies, in order to understand the extreme physical processes and laws in the Universe. Missions: Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT): ~2015 Space Variable Object Monitor (SVOM): ~2016-2017 China-France GRB mission Gamma-ray burst POLARization experiment (POLAR) :2014 China-Switzerland
Black color: Mostly China; Red Color: Major international colla.34 The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope Main science: broad-band (1-250 keV) survey and observations of Galactic BH and NS X- ray binaries. Schedule: 2011: final approval and start engineering phase 2014: delivery of all flight modules 2015: launch
35 China-France joint GRB mission: SVOM Main Science GRB: Diversity and unity, Radiation processes, Early afterglow, GRB-supernova connection, Short GRB progenitors
Cosmology and Fundamental Physics : Star formation, Host galaxies, Cosmological parameters, Probing Lorentz invariance…
36 China-France joint GRB mission: SVOM ECLAIRs Hard X-ray Status: 45 cm Visible Imager 4-150 keV •China & France Telescope funding approved Soft X-ray Telescope •Waiting to kick-off 0.5-2 keV phase B •Planned launch in ~2017-2018
Gamma-Ray Monitor 30- 5000 keV (IHEP)
Service platform 37 POLAR Gamma-ray burst polarization
China- Switzerland collaboration Tian-Gong 天宫 Energy range: 50-350 keV; Palace in FOV of POLAR: ~½ sky Heaven Onboard China’s spacelab TG-2: launch time ~2014 Main science: GRB jet & central engine; tests of quantum gravity theories
Plastic scintillator stacks
Instrument concept proposed by N. Produit, et al., NIM (2005)38 Science Programs
2) Diagnostics of Astro-Oscillations Program (天体号脉DAO)
By detecting electro-magnetic and non-electro-magnetic radiations of astrophysical objects with high photometric and high timing precisions, reveal their internal structures and activities. Missions：
X-ray Timing and Polarization telescope (XTP): 2018-2020 China, Europe (?) – working group formed in Nov. 2012 China’s future gravitational wave observatory or join ESA’s NGO? China, Europe (?) – working group formed Nov. 2012 39 X-ray Timing and • Science: 1-singularityPolarization (BH); 2 -(XTP)stars (NS mission and QS); 3-extremes (gravity, density, magnetism) (s1s2e3 ;1奇2星3极端） • Precise Light curve: Matter under extreme conditions, NS state equation, BH basic parameters formation and growth … • Polarization of X-ray: BH spin, nature of magnetars, distinguish between NS and BHs, Radiation mechanism… • Instrument Design Goal • The most sensitive light curve and polarization observation at 1-30 keV • CAS-MPG WG: explore possible China-Europe collaboration on an intermediate X-ray mission around 2020.
40 XTP Payload
1-100 keV，2°×2° Focal length : 4~10 m 15000 cm2 (CZT, 6-100 Total mass: ~2 tons keV) Total power: ~2kW 1-30 keV，0.5°×0.5° 5000 cm2(1-6 keV) 2800 cm2@ 30 keV 2-10 keV, 22’×22’ 0.5-15 keV，1°×1° 7400 cm2@1keV 0.5-15 keV，2°×2° 15000 cm2(1-6 keV) International Funded for technology collaborations at any development phase; aim level are welcome! for 2018-2020 launch
41 Einstein Probe
Science Objectives: time-domain census of soft X-ray transient and variable sources in the universe
Reveal quiescent black holes over all astrophysical mass range and other compact objects via detecting X-ray flares
Discover and locate electromagnetic-wave sources of gravitational- wave events by synergy with new GW detectors
Systematic census of soft X-ray transients and variability of known X-ray sources over wide time-scales at high cadences
Satellite Specifications / Payloads:
Orbit: 600 km, circular, 30° inclination
Mass: 380 kg Operation mode: mosaics of pointing
Life time: 5 year (proposed launch date around 2019)
Payloads: a wide-field (60°x60°) monitor based on established multi-pole optics (MPO) technology, with fast alerting capability
42 Einstein Probe mission concept Mission features
Largest Grasp: MPO lobster-eye focusing technology offers an unprecedentedly large grasp---a combination of field-of-view (~1 Str) and detecting sensitivity, making it the most powerful X-ray all-sky monitor superseding any other missions by 1-2 orders of magnitude
New monitoring passband: novel EM-wave window of soft X-ray (0.1-4 keV) for dedicated transient search
New science: black hole tidal disruption events (of stars), electromagnetic sources of GW events, and more ……
Wide-field X-ray 龙虾眼X射线 telescope望远镜
测控天线 星敏感器 Gravitational black hole GPS天线 disrupting stars wave burst and EM wave source VHF
X波段天线
Intermediate mass 星敏感器 black hole
43 Science Programs
3) Portraits of Astro-Object Program (天体肖像PAO)
Obtain direct pictures (portraits) of solar-like stars, exoplanets, white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, deep sky surveys, etc.
Missions:
Multi-color deep optical survey on China’s space station Dark energy study Interferometer telescope array • Space sub-mm VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer) telescope array • Funded for concept study and technology development
44 Science Programs
4) Dark Matter Detection Program (暗物质探测DMD)
Based on space platforms, detect dark matter annihilation products predicted by various kinds theoretical models. Missions:
Dark matter particle detection satellite （DAMPE):2014-2015 Dark matter particle detection experiment aboard manned space station (HERD): ~2020
45 DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) satellite mission
46 The detector is consisted of 4 parts: Top scintillators (charge measurement) Si tracker (5 layers) BGO calorimeter Neutron detector
47 DAMPE Mission
Approved for construction (phase C/D) in Dec. 2011 Scheduled launch date 2015
• Satellite < 1900 kg, payload ~1340kg • Power consumption 840W • Lifetime > 3 years • Launched by CZ-2D rockets
• Altitude 500 km • Inclination 97.4065° • Period 90 minutes • sun-synchronous orbit 17/10/12 48 Cosmic Lighthouse Program onboard China’s Space Station
Candidate Projects Main Science Topics Large scale imaging & Dark energy, dark matter distribution, large scale spectroscopic survey facility structure of the universe HERD (High Energy cosmic- Dark matter properties, cosmic ray composition, high Radiation Detection) facility energy electron and gamma-rays X-ray binaries, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, active Soft X-ray-UV all sky monitor galactic nuclei, tidal disruption of stars by black holes X-ray polarimeter Black holes, neutron stars, accretion disks Galactic warm-hot gas The Milky Way, interstellar medium, missing baryons in spectroscopic mapper the Universe High sensitivity solar high Solar flares, high energy particle acceleration energy detector mechanism, space weather Infrared spectroscopic Stars, galaxies, active galactic nuclei survey telescope
49 X-ray/NUV ASM a variant of EP proposed to China’s space station program Science objectives: similar to those of ‘Einstein-Probe’ Payload Specifications: Orbit: ~400 km, orbital period 90min, attitude: LHLV Payloads: a wide-field soft X-ray MPO monitor (0.1-4 keV, 150°x15°) and NUV monitor (235-345nm, 54°x18°), with fast alerting capability. Operating mode: scanning with SS motion Mass: 140 kg; proposed launch date 2021-
50 background Gamma-ray
HERD electron
proton He
Dark matter particle
51 51/35 The HERD Team
Current Chinese member institutions Institute of High Energy Physics, China Purple Mountain Observatory, China Xi’an Institute of Optical and Precision Mechanics, China University of Science and Technology of China Current international member institutions (tentative) University of Geneva, Switzerland Università di Pisa, Italy IAPS/INAF, Italy University of Florence and INFN Firenze, Italy University of Perugia, Italy KTH, Sweden
52 Baseline design of HERD
The micro silicon strip tracker ECAL: The electromagnetic PWO or BGO calorimeter The graphite target HCAL: The hadronic calorimeter
53