An Iron Age Boundary System and Roman Burials at Leicester Lane, St Johns, Enderby Pp.51
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03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 51 AN IRON AGE BOUNDARY SYSTEM AND ROMAN BURIALS AT LEICESTER LANE, ST JOHNS, ENDERBY James Harvey Fieldwork between 2006 and 2008 has located evidence of a double-ditched Iron Age boundary system, the Fosse Way Roman road and later Roman burials west of St Johns and south of Leicester Lane, Enderby. Dating evidence from the eastern ditch suggests the formalisation of a boundary and/or trackway in the Mid-Late Iron Age that probably directly or indirectly relates to the Iron Age enclosures that have been recorded at Grove Farm to the north. This boundary was then reused and remodelled shortly after the conquest to form part of a new settlement system extending to the east. The Roman burials may be of inhabitants of this as yet unconfirmed Roman settlement. INTRODUCTION This paper presents the results of archaeological work carried out by University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS) in advance of the construction of the Leicester Park and Ride terminal, between St John’s and Leicester Lane, Enderby, Leicestershire (NGR SP 5520 9956, Fig. 1). The work was carried out on behalf of Leicestershire County Council, Department of Planning and Transportation, Highways Department, between June and August 2008. An excavation undertaken in 2008 followed a geophysical survey and an archaeological evaluation by trial trenching undertaken in 2006. The site is located 7km south-west of Leicester, to the north-west of the village of Enderby. It consisted of an area of c. 6.4ha that is bounded to the north by Leicester Lane and to the east by St John’s Road (Figs 1 and 2). The site lies on a slight south-east facing slope, between heights of 65m and 70m OD, overlooking the confluences of Lubbesthorpe Brook and other tributary streams that flow into the River Soar to the east. The underlying geology within the areas investigated comprised Mercia mudstone group and drift glacial clays with gravel spreads. A band of sandy clay with pockets of soft sand was also observed against the eastern extremity of the site. The site was within an area of known archaeological potential. A Romano- British brooch and an Anglo-Saxon die stamp had previously been found within the development area by metal detecting, while the western edge of the site followed the line of a former field boundary reflecting the projected alignment of the Roman ‘Fosse Way’, the major arterial road connecting Leicester with Lincoln to the north- east, and Cirencester and Exeter to the south-west (Fig. 2). Trans. Leicestershire Archaeol. and Hist. Soc., 85 (2011) 03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 52 52 JAMES HARVEY Fig. 1. Site location plan (shaded area), 1:10,000. Reproduced from OS Street View®. Contains Ordnance Survey Data. © Crown copyright and database right 2011. 03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 53 AN IRON AGE BOUNDARY SYSTEM AND ROMAN BURIALS AT ENDERBY 53 Two Iron Age settlements are known to the north of the site. A large ‘D’ shaped enclosure dated to the late first century BC was partially excavated 450m to the north of the site in 1983–84 that contained a sequence of circular roundhouse structures (Clay 1992). Additional work during a watching brief phase of the Grove Farm development in 1996 revealed further circular structures to the south of the enclosure, suggesting different phases of open and enclosed settlement (Beamish and Ripper 1997). A second, sub-circular enclosure located 150m north-west of the site was also partially excavated in 1996 during the Grove Farm development that also dated to the first century BC. The settlement had two clear structural phases, each represented by a pair of circular buildings within the enclosure. The enclosure itself had a large gateway complex on its north-east side, with a possible trackway extending away from the enclosure (Meek et al . 2004, fig. 10). Based on the potential of the site highlighted by the known sites in the vicinity and a geophysical survey conducted on the site (Stowe 2006), an archaeological evaluation was undertaken within the proposed development between late January and early February 2006 (Harvey 2006). The aim of the evaluation was to establish the nature, extent and significance of archaeological deposits on the site in order to determine the potential impact upon them from the proposed development. Eighteen trenches were excavated, targeting anomalies revealed by the geophysical survey (Fig. 2). This revealed two large ditches highlighted by the geophysical survey in the north-east corner of the site. Two post-holes, a gully and a possible ring-gully were also recorded in close association along the eastern edge of the site. On the western side of the site, make-up layers relating to the Fosse Way Roman road were also recorded. In the light of the results from the trial trench evaluation, the Senior Planning Archaeologist at Leicestershire County Council requested that two areas along the eastern side of the site were to be examined prior to the development, and an intensive watching brief undertaken along the western edge of the development (adjacent to the Fosse Way) site during any groundworks in that area. RESULTS Boundary ditches The excavation area was crossed by two parallel ditches, running broadly north to south. They were clearly associated as they both exhibited the same subtle changes of alignment along their course. The western ditch spans the whole length of Area 1 and its continuation can be projected into Area 2, giving a length in excess of 180m within the development area. The eastern ditch was observed for 75m, although it is likely that it would have continued parallel to the western ditch, extending beyond the development area a short distance north of Area 2. Despite the clear similarities in the ditch alignments, the features themselves are very different in character from one another. The eastern ditch was only observed within Area 1, its width varying between 1.17m and 2m, and its depth between 0.6m and 0.9m. To the south a clear 03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 54 54 JAMES HARVEY Fig. 2. Location of excavation Areas 1 and 2, and evaluation trenches. interruption of the ditch was visible with two clear termini demarcating a gap measuring 3.17m, covered with a gravel spread that extended westwards. It was made up of brown gravel, generally only a single layer thick that had been pressed into the natural clay. There was no evidence of re-cutting within the eastern ditch and the profile was very similar throughout. The sides were steep and straight with an incline of c. 50–60º, and it had a flat base, while the two ends of the termini were similarly steep and straight. The excavated slots revealed two fills consisting of similar firm mid-yellow/grey brown silty-clay, the upper fill containing a higher charcoal content than the lower. Pottery was only present in small quantities in the upper fill, which may indicate that this was the result of final levelling, probably using material from surviving bank material. The fills at the termini were slightly different. The upper fill of the northern terminal was much richer in charcoal than anywhere else along the ditch, while the southern terminal contained a charcoal rich dark orangey grey silty-clay primary deposit below a dark orangey brown sandy-clay deposit, above which were the two fills observed elsewhere. 03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 55 AN IRON AGE BOUNDARY SYSTEM AND ROMAN BURIALS AT ENDERBY 55 Fig. 3. Plan showing excavated features within areas 1 and 2. The majority of the pottery assemblage recovered consisted of mid-late Iron Age forms, with three small sherds of abraded second-century Roman pottery. The western ditch was observed in Areas 1 and 2, with a projected length in excess of 180m. The in-filled feature varied in width between 2.8m and 4.5m. Unlike the eastern ditch, it appears that this ditch has been subject to re-cutting and remodelling during its lifespan. At least two, possibly three, separate phases of cuts were observed within the excavated sections, although the pottery present could not be dated with sufficient resolution to provide clear divisions between these phases of activity. The northernmost excavated sections exhibited similar profiles, with two clear cuts along the ditch’s western side. The earlier cut was a minimum of 1.2m in 03_Harvey (1)_051-072 22/9/11 11:00 Page 56 56 JAMES HARVEY width, and varied in depth between 0.77m and 1.1m. The eastern side was steep and straight with an incline of c. 50–60º, and the remains of the base appeared relatively flat. Pottery that dated between the late first and early second century AD was recovered from the fills of this cut. The later cut varied in width between 2m and 3m, and was c. 1m deep with a ‘U’ shaped profile and a concave base. The uppermost fill contained pottery dating to the late third/early fourth century. Disarticulated human bones relating the lower body of an unsexed individual were found in the upper fill in the northernmost excavated section, and may suggest that an articulated burial had been disturbed during the later re- cutting of the ditch. Clear remodelling of the ditch system was recorded further south in Area 1 that included widening along its eastern side. A gully, aligned east to west, 1m wide and varying in depth between 0.2m and 0.5m, clearly cut the eastern ditch before changing its alignment and merging with the western ditch.