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Species on Socotra Archipelago

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Species on Socotra Archipelago BoswelliaKEY TO IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO MGR. SAMUEL LVONČÍK MGR. SALEM HAMDIAH Mendel University in Brno University of Ljubljana Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Biotechnical Faculty Czech Republic Republic of Slovenia AUTHORS 1 48 شكر وتقدير ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This publication was supported by Franklinia foundation project - Conservation of the endangered endemic Boswellia trees on Socotra Island (Yemen). تم إصدار هذا املنشور بدعم من مشروع مؤسسة فرانكلينيا- صون أنواع أشجار ّاللبان (Boswellia) املتوطنة واملهددة باﻻنقراض يف جزيرة ُسقطرى )اليمن(. 2 48 BOSWELLIA SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO املحتويات CONTENT 5 املقـــــــــــــــدمة Introduction 04 5 مﻻحظات تصنيفية Taxonomic notes 04 9 مفتاح تحديد أنواع ُّاللبان Key for determination of 06 املتواجدة يف ُسقطرى Boswellia species from Socotra Island 10 ُلبان أمعريو (Boswellia ameero Boswellia 10 ameero) بالف. ف .Balf. f 14 ُلبان (Boswellia x buceki ( Boswellia x buceki 14 لوفنشيك نوع مخلتط جديد Lvončík nothosp. nov 18 ُلبان امل ُنتفخ (Boswellia bullata Boswellia 18 bullata) ثولني وغفري Thullin, Gifri 22 ُلبان ديوسقوريدي (-Boswellia dioscoridis Boswell 22 ia dioscoridis) ثولني وغفري Thulin, Gifri 26 ُلبان متطاول (Boswellia elongata Boswellia 26 elongata) بالف. ف .Balf.f ُلبان (,“B. „hesperia“, sp. prov. Boswellia „hesperia 30 (sp. prov.) popviana 30 32 ُلبان صغري (Boswellia nana (Boswellia nana 32 هيرب Hepper 36 ُلبان بوبوفيانا (Boswellia popoviana Boswellia 36 popviana) هيرب Hepper 40 ُلبان سمحة (Boswellia samhaensis Boswellia 40 samhaensis) ثولني وشولت Thulin & Scholte 42 ُلبان ُسقطرى (Boswellia socotrana Boswellia 42 socotrana) بالف. ف .Balf.f 46 املراجع References 46 3 48 Introduction The ancestors of Boswellia developed at as in medicine. The most frankincense the beginning of Tertiary in Mexico from is presently obtained from the species where they later spread to dry regions of Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia sacra east Africa, Socotra, the Arabian Peninsula, (Bongers 2019). Besides frankincense, the Near East and to India (Weeks et al. Boswellia trees offer people many other 2005). Currently, 24 species of Boswellia benefits. Their leaves and young branches are known (Thulin 2020), out of which 8 are an important source of fodder for cattle, species grow on Socotra. All the species of their umbrella-like crowns protect them from Boswellia growing on Socotra are endemic, the sun. The flowers are a rich source of which means that they do not naturally pollen and nectar from which bees produce occur anywhere else in the world (Miller honey. Also, the ecological functions of et al. 2004). Populations of these species Boswellia must not be forgotten. Although consist of several hundred individuals, a few they cannot be easily counted in money, thousand at maximum, therefore they are their price is high. The trees hold water and very vulnerable and in need of our attention cool down the nearby environment. The and protection. If they become extinct on roots prevent soil erosion, the fallen leaves Socotra, they will be lost for the whole world. decompose and bring nutrients back to the soil which enhances its fertility and finally, the Boswellia trees have been used by humans crowns and holes in the trunks are inhabited since the Ancient Ages. The most famous by birds and other animals. These are surely and economically most significant product enough reasons to give Boswellia trees our is their resin (frankincense) which is used attention and protect them. during traditional religious rituals as well Taxonomic notes The names and • The taxon mentioned in (Miller et al. 2004) as Boswellia descriptions of the species A is not recognised in this publication and it is species were taken from included within Boswellia ameero. the book Ethnoflora of • Boswellia socotrana is divided into two species: socotrana Socotra Island written with green leaves and aspleniifolia with grey leaves by Anthony Miller and (Lvončík, Řepka 2020). Miranda Moris in 2004, • The taxon described from locality Bit Gobehit by Thulin with a few modifications 2020 as B. scopulorum is not included in this publication, to serve the purpose of but further research of Boswellia on this locality is highly this publication. desirable. 4 48 BOSWELLIA SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO املـــــقــــــــــــدمــــــــــــــــــــة تطورت أسﻻف أشجار ُّاللبان (Boswellia) يف الدينية التقليدية باﻹضافة لﻻستطباب بها، ويف بداية العصر الثالث يف املكسيك ومن ثم انتشرت الوقت الحاضر غالباً ما يستخرج البخور من إىل املناطق الجافة يف شرق أفريقيا ُوسقطرى نوعني من أشجار ُّاللبان الحبيش (Boswellia وشبه الجزيرة العربية والشرق اﻷدىن والهند papyrifera) ُّواللبان َّاملقدس (Boswellia sacra)، (Weeks et al. 2005)، يعرف منها حالياً ٢٤ نوع إضافة إىل العديد من اﻻستخدامات اﻷخرى، (Thulin 2020 ،) ثمانية أنواع منها تنمو يف حيث تشكل اﻷغصان الغضة مصدر هام لعلف ُسقطرى، وجميعها متوطن ﻷرخبيل ُسقطرى املوايش كما أن الشكل املظيل لهذه اﻷشجار أي أنه ﻻ يمكن أن تتواجد بشكل طبيعي يف أي تحميها من أشعة الشمس، وأزهارها مصدر غني مكان أخر يف العالم (Miller et al. 2004)، فتعداد لحبوب اللقاح والرحيق. وﻻ ننىس الدور البيئي أفراد مجتمعها عدة مئات وبضعة آﻻف كحد ﻷشجار ُّاللبان، حيث تحتفظ أشجار ّاللبان باملاء أقىص، وعليه وضعها هش ِووهن للغاية وتلطف الحرارة للبيئة املحيطة، كما أن الجذور وتحتاج إىل الحماية والعناية، وفقدانها يف تعمل عىل تثبيت الرتبة وتعيد املغذيات لها عند ُسقطرى َيعني فقدان هذه اﻷنواع يف العالم تحلل أوراقها املتساقطة اﻷمر الذي يعزز أجمع. خصوبتها. وأخرياً، يشكل تاج هذه اﻷشجار والثقوب املتواجدة يف جذوعها مسكناً للطيور ُّ (Boswellia) استخدم اﻻنسان أشجار اللبان منذ وحيوانات أخرى، وبالتايل، فإن تلك اﻷسباب العصور الغابرة، والراتنج )البخور( هو اﻷكرث دون شك كفيلة لﻻهتمام بأشجار ُّاللبان شهرة واﻷهمية من الناحية اﻻقتصادية من (Boswellia) والعمل عىل حمايتها. منتجات هذه اﻷشجار وتستخدم خﻻل الشعائر مﻻحظات تصنيفية أخذت اﻷسماء والتوصيفات لم يتم تعريف صنف نوع أشجار ُّاللبان )أ( املذكور يف )Miller لﻷنواع من كتاب et al. 2004( يف هذا املنشور وتم تضمينه مع ُلبان أمعريو .)Boswellia ameero( Ethonflora of Socotra Island من تأليف طوين ميلر ينقسم نوع ُلبان ُسقطرى إىل ُنوعني:سقطرانا )socotrana( (aspleniifolia ومرياندا موريس يف عام ٢٠٠٤ ذات أوراق خضراء و أسبنفوليا ) ذات أوراق رمادية )Lvončík, Řepka, 2020) مع القليل من التعديﻻت ُ B. scopulorum من أجل أن تخدم الغرض لم يتم تضمني صنف لبان ) ( املوصوفة من موقع بيت غوبهري من قبل ثولني يف ٢٠٢٠ يف هذا املنشور لكن من هذا املنشور. هناك رغبة كبرية لﻻستفاضة يف دراسة ّاللبان )Boswellia( يف ذلك املوضع. 5 48 KEY TO IDENTIFICATION OF Boswellia SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO 1A 2A 3A 4A 4B 6A 6B 7A 8A 8B 8D 6 48 BOSWELLIA SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO 1A Leaves with winged rachis 2 1B Leaves without winged rachis 4 2A Leaves with winged rachis, waxy and grey B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia 2B Leaves with winged rachis, green 3 3A Leaves with winged rachis, green. Trichomes B. socotrana only on upper side of leaves (visible only with subsp. magnifying glass). The largest leaves 12 cm long socotrana and 2 cm wide, flowers white 3B Wings on rachis inconspicuous, trichomes on both Boswellia x buceki sides of the leaf, visible even without a magnifying glass, leaves usually longer than 13 cm and wider than 3 cm. Flowers pink 4A Leaves without winged rachis, waxy and globrous B dioscoridis 4B Leaves without winged rachis, without waxy 5 surface 5A Prostrate shrub or tree, leaves mostly not pinnate 6 5B Tree, leaves with trichomes at least on one side of 7 pinnate leaves 6A Leaves almost glabrous on both sides B. nana 6B Leaves densely pubescent and whitish beneath B. „hesperia“, sp. prov. 7A Leaves glabrous from the upper side, B. elongata conspicuously white wavy hairs from the lower side. Ground rooting trees 7B Leaves with trichomes on both sides 8 8A Leaves on both sides with straight scattered B. ameero trichomes, flowers pink or reddish 8B Leaves on both sides with dense straight B. bullata trichomes, flowers yellowish, greenish 8C Flowers reddish, in compact racemes or shortly B. samhaensis branched panicles. Known only from Samha island 8D Leaves on the upper side with scattered straight B. popoviana hairs, on the lower side with wavy trichomes. Rock rooting trees 7 48 أ ١ أوراق مجنحة العنق 2 ١ ب أوراق بﻻ عنق مجنحة العنق 4 ٢ أ أوراق مجنحة العنق،شمعية رمادية .B. socotrana subsp aspleniifolia ٢ ب أوراق مجنحة العنق وخضراء ٣ ٣ أ أوراق مجنحة العنق وخضراء. يتواجد الزغب النبايت فقط عىل السطح .B. socotrana subsp اﻷعىل من اﻷوراق )ﻻ ترى إﻻ من خﻻل العدسة املكربة(. الحجم socotrana اﻷقىص لﻷوراق هو ١٢سم طوﻻً و٢ سم عرضاً، وذات أزهار بيضاء. ٣ ب اﻷجنحة عىل العنق غري بارزة والزغب مريئ دون الحاجة للعدسة Boswellia x buceki املكربة ويتواجد عىل كﻻ الجانبني لﻷوراق، وغالباً ما تكون اﻷوراق أطول من ١٣سم ويزيد عرضها عن ٣سم، واﻷزهار لونها وردي. ٤ أ اﻷوراق غري مجنحة العنق، وشمعية وملساء B. dioscoridis ٤ ب اﻷوراق غري مجنحة العنق وسطحها غري شمعي 5 ٥ أ شجرية أو أشجار زاحفة الساق، واﻷوراق بالغالب ليس ليست ريشية 6 ٥ ب شجرة، واﻷوراق ذات زغب عىل اﻷقل عىل أحد جانبي اﻷوراق 7 الريشية ٦ أ اﻷوراق ملساء عىل الجانبني إىل حد كبري B. nana ٦ ب اﻷوراق محتلمه بكثافة ومبيضة من اﻷسفل .B. „hesperia“, sp. prov ٧ أ اﻷوراق ملساء من الجانب اﻷعىل وشعريات متموجة واضحة من B. elongata الجانب اﻷسفل، واﻷشجار متجذرة أرضياً ٧ ب اﻷوراق ذات زغب من الجابيني 8 ٨ أ اﻷوراق من ذات زغب مستقيم ومبعرث عىل الجانبني مع أزهار B. ameero وردية أو محمرة ٨ ب اﻷوراق ذات زغب مستقيم وكثيف عىل الجانبني وأزهارها مصفرة B. bullata ومخضرة ٨ ج اﻷزهار محمرة يف عذوق مكدسة أو عثاكل )نورة عنقودية مركبة( B. samhaensis قصرية الفروع، وعرفت فقط يف جزيرة سمحة ٨ د الجانب اﻷعىل لﻷوراق عليه شعريات مستقيمة ومبعرثة، أما B. popoviana الجانب السفيل عليه زغب كثيف واﻷشجار متجذرة يف الصخور 8 48 BOSWELLIA SPECIES ON SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO مفتاح لتحديد أنواع ُّاللــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبـان يف أرخبيــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــل ُســــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــقطـرى 1أ 2أ 3أ 4أ 5أ 6أ 6ب ٧أ 8أ 8ب 8د 9 48 BOSWELLIA AMEERO BALF.
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