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Diseases of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye

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Diseases of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye L I E) RAR.Y OF THE U N IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS 570 no. 45-50 copG SURVEY Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/diseasesofwheato48boew 0.4& WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY, AND RYE G. H. BOEWE ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY IG 9 iQRn State of Illinois • William G. Stratton, Governor Department of Registration and Education • Vera M. Binks, Director Natural History Survey Division • Harlow B. Mills, Chief 2>ideaded o^ WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY, AND RYE G. H. BOEWE ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Printed by Authority of QinC4da/l, 4S the State of Illinois June, 1960 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION William G. Stratton, Governor Vera M. Binks, Directo, BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION \ LRA M. BiNKS, Chairman; A. E. Emerson, Ph.D.. Biology; Walter H. Newiiouse, Ph.D., Geology; Roger Adams Ph.D.. D.Sc, Chemistry; Robert H. Anderson, B.S.C.E., Engineering; W. L. Everitt, E.E., Ph.D.. Representing th President of the University of Illinois; Delvte W. Morris, Ph.D., President of Southern Illinois University NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION, Urbana, Illinois SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF Harlow B. Mills, Ph.D., Chief Bessie B. East, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology Section of Aquatic Biology—continued GtoROE C. Decker, Pli.D., Principal Scientist and Head David J. McGintv, field Assistant* ]. H. Bigger, M.S., Entomologist Charles F. Thoits, III, A.B., Field Assistant* L. L. English, Ph.D., Entomologist W. H. LucKMANN, Ph.D., Entomologist Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology Willis N. Bruce, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist I. Cedric Carter, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist and Head} ' John P. Kramer, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist J. L. Forsberc, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Ronald H. Meyer, M.S., Assistant Entomologist G. H. Boewe, M.S., Associate Plant Pathologist \ Richard B. Dysart, B.S., Assistant Entomologist Robert A. Evers, Ph.D., Associate Botanist 'j Carol Morgan, B.S., Laboratory Assistant Robert Dan Neely, Ph.D., Associate Plant Patholm' Eugene M. Bravi, M.S., Research Assistant E. B. Himelick, M.S., Associate Plant Pathologist Roy E. McLaughlin, B.S., Research Assistant Walter Hartstirn, Ph.D., .4ssistant Plant Patholu Reginald Roberts, A.B., Technical Assistant D. F. Schoeneweiss, Ph.D., Assistant Plant PathuL. James W. Sanford, B.S., Technical Assistant Rovenia F. Fitz-Gerald, B.A., Technical Assistant Earl Stadelbacher, B.S., Technical Assistant Herley C. Thompson, B.S., Research Assistant '.' William C. Moye, M.S., Technical Assistant i Sue E. Watkixs. Technical Assistant Section of Wildlife Research in Entomology* H. B. Petty, Ph.D.. Extension Specialist Thomas G. Scott, Ph.D., Game Specialist and Head Stevenson Moore, III, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Ralph E. Yeatter, Ph.D., Game Specialist Entomology* Carl O. Mohr, Ph.D., Game Specialist Zen AS B. Noon, Jr., M. S., Research Assistant* F. C. Bellrose, B.S., Game Specialist Clarence E. White, B.S., Research Assistant* H. C. Hanson, Ph.D., Associate Game Specialist CosTAS Kouskolekas, M.S.. Research Assistant* Richard R. Graber, Ph.D., Associate Wildlife Specia, .\mal Chandra Banerjee, M.S., Research Assistant* Ronald F. Labisky, M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specia Barbara A. Chipman, B.S., Technical .Assistant Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification Howard Crum, Jr., Field Assistant H. H. Ross. Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist and Hicul John L. Roseberry, B.S., Technical .Assistant Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D.. Taxonomist Rexford D. Lord, D.Sc, Project Leader* Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., Ph.D., Associate Taxonomist Frederick Greeley, Ph.D., Project Leader* Philip W. Smith, Ph.D., Associate Taxonomist Glen C. Sanderson, M..\., Project Leader* i Leonora K. Gloyd, M.S., Assistant Taxonomist Iack a. Ellis. M.S., Assistant Project Leader* 1 H. B. Cun.ningham, M.S., Assistant Taxonomist William L. .Anderson. B.S.. Assistant Project Leader\ Edward L. Mockford, M.S., Technical Assistant Thomas R. B. Barr, M.V.Sc, M.R.C.V.S. Research Thelma H. Overstreet. Technical Assistant Assistant* Iohn M. Kincsolver, M.S., Research Assistant Bobbie Ioe Verts. M.S.. Field Mammalogist* Talaat K. Mitri, M.S.. Research Assistant* Erwin W. Pearson. M.S.. Field Mammalogist* Keith P. Dauphin. Assistant Liihoratory .Attendant Section of Aquatic Biology Section of Publications Public Relations George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and H ,\id and William C. Starrett. Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist Ja.mes S. Ayars, B.S., Technical Editor and Head R. W. Larimore, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist Blanche P. Young, B.A., .Issistant Technical Edi! David H. Buck. Ph.D.. Associate Aquatic Biologist Diana R. Braverman. B.A., Assistant Technical £u Robert C. Hiltibran. Ph.D., Associate Biochemist William E. Clark, .Assistant Technical Photographer Donald F. Hansen, Ph.D.. Assistant Aquatic Biologist Marguerite Verley, B..A.. Technical .Assistant William F. Childers, M.S., Assistant Aquatic Biologist Marifran Martin. Technical Assistant Technical Library Robert D. Crompton, Field Assistant Ki in R. VVakrick. B.S., B.S.L.S.. Technical Lib'.. Larry S. Goodwin, Laboratory Assistant Nri.L Miles. M.S., B.S.L.S., Assistant Technical Arnold W. Fritz. B.S., Field Assistant* Librarian CONSULT.ANTS : Herpetology, Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D.. Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois; Parasitoi Norman D. Levine, Ph.D., Professor of Veterinary Parasitology and of Veterinary Research, University of ///" Wildlife Research. Willard D. Klimstra, Ph.D., Professor of '/.oology and Director of Co-operative W " Research, Southern Illinois University. •Employed on co-operative projects with one of several agencies: University of Illiauis, Illinois Agriculi Extension Service, Illinois Department of Conservation. ITniled States Army Surgeon General's Office, United S Department of Agriculture, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Public Health Service, and 01 This paper is a contribution from the Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology. (13494- 8M—6-G0) ^tii-i'' 7/) op. 6> Co4tie4tti, Nature of Cereal Diseases. 1 Blue Dwarf 91 Kinds of Plant Diseases. 1 Blast 92 Infectious Diseases 2 Barley Diseases 94 Noninfectious Diseases. 6 Loose Smuts 96 Common Deficiency Diseases. 7 Covered Smut 99 Wheat Diseases 11 Scab 100 Leaf Rust 14 Leaf Rust 103 Stem Rust 18 Stem Rust 105 Speckled Leaf Blotch 24 Powdery Mildew 105 (Hume Blotch 26 Downy Mildew 106 Loose Smut 30 Spot Blotch 107 Stinking Smut 32 Net Blotch 109 Flag Smut 33 Stripe Ill Scab 36 Scald 114 Powdery Mildew 40 Ergot 116 Downy Mildew 42 Anthracnose 116 Spot Blotch 44 Basal Glume Rot 116 Yellow Leaf Spot 48 Septoria Leaf Blotch 117 Anthracnose 50 Bacterial Blight 118 Ergot 52 Yellow Dwarf 120 Take-All 52 Stripe Mosaic 121 Black Chaff 55 Nonparasitic Brown Spot 123 Basal Glume Rot 57 Rye Diseases 125 Soil-Borne Mosaic 59 Scald 127 Yellow Dwarf 62 Leaf Rust 129 Streak Mosaic 63 Stem Rust 131 Nematode Disease 63 Spot Blotch 131 Oat Diseases 66 Scab 131 Crown Rust 68 Anthracnose 132 Stem Rust 71 Stem Smut 134 Loose Smut 72 Loose Smut 135 Covered Smut 74 Ergot 136 Septoria Black Stem 76 Powdery Mildew 138 Scab 78 Take-All 138 Helminthosporium Leaf Blotch 80 Septoria Leaf Blotch 139 Victoria Blight 82 Soil-Borne Mosaic 140 Anthracnose 84 Bacterial Blight 141 Downy Mildew 85 Nematode Disease 141 Powdery Mildew 87 Disease Control 142 Krgot 87 Good Farm Practices 142 Halo Blight 87 Seed Treatment 149 Stripe Blight 89 Warnings 156 Yellow Dwarf (Red Leaf) 89 Regulation 156 The kodachrome rep^-oduced on the cover and many of the black and ivhite photographs are the work of William E. Clark. Some of the photo- graphs not credited to other persons or agencies are by Ray R. Ham,m. The drawing reproduced as fig. 1 is by Kathryn M. Somm.erm.an. center are {n^eaed; those on wheat. The two heads i" the stinking smut Kernels m^^^^^ of them are normal to the right and left containing ^ften callel smut halls, is -Tl':'n.7n j^rJ^MaToVr^fec^VK^rtt subject to price dockage. ALL OF THE SMALL GRAINS or cereals, the most im- portant of which in Illinois are wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are susceptible to attack by diseases. The dying of seedlings, the stunting of plants, the spotting of leaves, stems, and heads, the destruction of seeds, the premature dying of plants, and the rot- ting of roots and crowns are symptoms that indicate disease. Since 1921 the Illinois Natural History Survey has been en- gaged in making surveys of the grainfields of the state to ascer- tain what diseases are present and to determine the prevalence and the intensity of their attacks. As a result of these surveys, the economic importance of the diseases of small grains has been defined more clearly than in the past. Data collected annually over a period of 30 years and averaged show that in Illinois leaf rust alone, which is the most important disease of wheat, attacks 96.0 per cent of the wheat plants, destroys 17.9 per cent of the leaf area, and causes an estimated annual reduction in yield of 7.5 per cent. The loss per year from infectious wheat diseases, indicated by estimates for 20 consecutive years, is 18.5 per cent. With such losses, it is important that farmers be able to recog- nize and combat the most prevalent and destructive diseases. The rusts and smuts are well known to most producers of grain, but there are other important diseases, which attack roots or stems or destroy parts of the leaf areas, that are not so gen- erally known. Detailed descriptions of cereal diseases that have been found important in Illinois, and general control measures for these diseases, are presented in the following pages.
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