Managing Uncertainties of the Future Grid

Evolution of EMS Control Centers Synchrophasor PMU Analytics

“Keeping the Lights On: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow”

Jay Giri Former Director, GE Grid Solutions Redmond, WA, USA FIEEE, NAE

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. Greatest Engineering Achievements: Of the 20th Century* #1. Electrification 20. High-performance materials 11. Highways 19. Nuclear technologies 10. Air conditioning & refrigeration 18. Laser and fiber optics 9. Telephone 17. Petroleum & petrochemical 8. Computers technologies 7. Agricultural mechanization 16. Health technologies 6. Radio and television 15. Household appliances 5. Electronics 14. Imaging 4. Water supply and distribution 13. Internet 3. Airplane 12. Spacecraft 2. Automobile

* US National Academy of Engineers - 2001

• The power grid is one of the Most Complex & Immense, ‘7 x 24 must run”, engineering machines in existence today!

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. The Huge Challenge we face! 1. Electricity Demand If Supply does not meet Changes second by second demand… Protective relays trip … 2. Electricity: Potential for a cascading Cannot be Stored Easily blackout.. 3. Supply needs to meet demand – immediately! 4. Generation reacts to follow Demand!

E,I

SECURE NORMAL Objective: Load tracking, cost minimization, system coordination

I E,I INSECURE Violation of inequality RESTORATIVE ALERT constraints Resynchronization Preventive Control

A-SECURE IN EXTREMIS EMERGENCY Cut Losses, Protect Equipment Heroic Action

SYSTEM NOT INTACT SYSTEM INTACT E = Demand is met, I = Constraints are met

L. Fink, K. Carlsen, IEEE Spectrum, March 1978

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. Timeline of high impact blackouts History of People Duration Initiating Event Blackouts Region affected 9-Nov-65 NE US, NYC 14 hours 25M Faulty substation relay 13-Jul-77 NYC 25 hours 8M Lightning 1-Mar-89 Quebec & NY State 9 hours 6M Geomagnetic storm 11-Mar-99 Sao Paolo, Brazil 5 hours 97M Lightning 14-Aug-03 NE US (8 states), Canada upto a day 50M Line overload problems 28-Sep-03 95% of Italy, Switzerland 18 hours 55M Line fault 12-Jul-04 Greece varied 7M Heavy Load conditions 1-Aug-05 Indonesia 5 hours 100M Grid imbalance 1-Nov-06 Germany, France, Italy, Spain varied 10M Line switching error 1-Feb-08 Chenzou, China 2 weeks 4M Winter storms 10-Nov-09 Brazil & Paraguay 3 hours 67M Storms 10-Jul-12 24 hours 370M Over-withdrawals, line overloads India North 31-Jul-12 several hours 620M Over-withdrawals, line overloads India - 3 regions

“Blackouts will occur again in the future”

And more importantly: How to Restore power to customers ASAP!

Grid Management LANDSCAPE

Reliability Economics

Communication Real-Time Server Data Database NETWORK GENERATION Acquisition

• State Estimator • AGC • Powerflow • Study Inter Control • Contingency Functions User Interface Center Analysis • Load Forecast Communication • Security Enhancement Historical Data • System Modeling Optimal Warehouse Powerflow

The Road in the past: The Road today:

Contour: area Voltage

Query: station voltages

Power flow animation

Flyout: SCADA 1-lines

• System-wide ‘Smarts’: 1. EMS operator actions 2. EMS Automatic generation Control (AGC) 3. Automatic under/over voltage frequency shedding 4. Special grid protection schemes, RAS, SIPS, etc • Regional ‘Smarts’: 1. Volt-Var Control (VVC) 2. Automatic under/over voltage load shedding • Equipment ‘Smarts’: 1. Relays for protection of individual power equipment:

Retiring Efficiency Workforce DER, DG, Microgrids Demand Response

Sustainability Cyber-Security Renewables & CO2-free energy

IT Architecture New Equipment PMU, FACTS, HVDC, & Services New Storage

Business Model System Dynamics System Scalability Change Operating near to true From energy clusters to New regulations real time llimits large Interconnected grids

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. • The power grid is one of the Most Complex & Immense, ‘7 x 24 must run”, engineering machines in existence today! • Today’s grid is already Smart! • Our challenge is to make tomorrow’s grid even Smarter!

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. 22 Zooming in on one promising solution: SynchroPhasor Technology PMUs – Phasor Measurement Units • Synchronous measurements: – Voltages, currents: • a,b,c phases • Positive, negative and zero sequences – Frequency, frequency rate-of-change, – Status • Higher resolution sub-second scans • Precise GPS time-stamping

PMUs – 3ph FDR: 1-ph PMUs Data Concentrators

SCADA Data - Today Phasor Data (PMU) - Tomorrow

Refresh rate 2-5 seconds Refresh rate 30-60 samples/sec

Latency and skew Time tagged data, minimal latency

Compatible with modern ‘Older’ legacy communication communication technology

Responds to quasi-static behavior Responds to system dynamic behavior

Frequency change means: Angle-pair change means: Sudden Gen-Load MW imbalance Sudden MW change in a somewhere in the grid specific location of the grid

X-ray – 2D BW MRI – 3D Color

• Real-time grid measurements will be 50-60 to 100-120 times faster!

• “An Unprecedented Transformational Change”.

• “MRI quality visibility of power systems compared to X-ray quality visibility of SCADA”. Terry Boston, CEO of PJM

EMS PhasorPoint PMU MODEL-BASED MEASUREMENT- Analysis BASED Analysis

SCADA & Alarms WAMS Alarms

State Estimator State Measurement

Small Signal Stability Oscillation Monitoring

Transient & Voltage Stability Stability Monitoring & Control

Island Detection, Resync, & Applications New

Other EMS Applications EMS Other Island Management Blackstart

Control Center - PDC

An hour to react, analyze & mitigate!

1 hour

4 mins

10 SEC

Source: VirginiaTech FNET

Disturbance Location

Use PMU and to triangulate & locate the origin of the disturbance

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. Global WAMS Solutions Deployments Worldwide • AEP (USA) • EETC and West Delta (Egypt) • MISO (USA) • Saudi SEC (Saudi Arabia) • AESO (Canada) • GCCIA (Saudi Arabia) • BC Hydro (Canada) • Kuwait • BPA (USA) • Qatar • Duke Energy (USA) • UAE • Entergy (USA) • Bahrain • PG&E (USA) • Yemen • WECC (USA) • Ethiopia • ISONE (USA) • Manantali (Mali) • TVA (USA) • Djibouti TSO (Djibouti) • ERCOT (USA) • TANESCO (Tanzania) • SPP (USA) • SONABEL (Burkina Faso) • FPL (USA) • CEB (Togo/Benin) • Siepac (Central America) • SEEG (Gabon) • SING (Chile) • ESKOM (South Africa) • Canutillar (Chile) • CEB (Mauritius) • Codelco (Chile) • Pakistan • ICSA (Argentina) • PGCIL (India) • Light Rio SESA (Brazil) • Bangladesh • Light Energia (Brazil) • Thailand EGAT (Thailand) • Furnas (Brazil) • MEA Bangkok (Thailand) • Electronorte (Brazil) • Malaysia TNB (Malaysia) • CHESF (Brazil) • EVN (Vietnam) • AES Sul (Brazil) • Central (Danang) • AES Eletropaulo (Brazil) • South (HCMC) • Landsnet (Iceland) • Indonesia PLN (Indonesia) • Scottish Power (UK) • Sumatera • EIRGRID (Ireland) • Pontianak • SONI (UK) • Manado • RTE (France) • Makassar • ADMIE (Greece) • NCG China (China) • STATNETT (Norway) • CPL Hong Kong (China) • Energinet (Denmark) • Korea Kepco (Korea) • Serbia (Serbia) • PNG Power (Papua New Guinea) • Ukrenergo (Ukraine) • AEMO (Australia) • Transelectrica (Romania) • Power Water (Australia) • FSK (Russia) • Electranet (Australia) • Libanon • SP Ausnet (Australia) • Syria • Power Water Corp (Australia) • Senegal • Transpower (New Zealand) GO15 Customers Transmission Customers DSA Customers with EMS • Ivory Coast • Libya • STEG (Tunisia) © 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. WAMS and On Line Stability India PowerGrid URTDSM Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement Complete observability of the Indian Power system in sub-second real time The world’s largest WAMS project

• 33 PDCs: 26 States; 5 Regions; 2 National Control Centers • 359 Substations with 3,400 PMUs sending 25 samples per second • Over 25,000 synchrophasors (positive sequence, 3 phases, voltage and current, MW and MVAR) • 1 Year of long term data: 0.5 Peta Bytes

Plan, Model, Measure, Monitor, Mitigate

Environment Meters, PMU, … Critical mission Retiring Public Safety Workforce Big Data Communication Storm Restoration GHG

Sustainability Renewable Cyber-Security Deployment & CO2 free energy New Generation Mix

Control Room New Electrical IT Architecture Equipment & Services (FACTS, HVDC, …)

Business Model System System Scalability critical From energy cluster to Change Dynamics severe New regulation Operating near to True large Interconnected Grids real Time Limits high

normal

• Uncertainty is increasing.. – Challenges & Opportunities! • Monitor trends continually… – The Past not always a good indicator of the Future • Develop new innovative solutions while leverage technology advances

5GW storage needed

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. Wide Area Control Z – Measurements Bridging the grid control gap – finally? C - Controls Protection Automated Wide Area Control Control Room EMS/WAMS

Local Z 200mS - Regional Z Wide area Z > 10 mins Local C Minutes Regional C Wide area C

0.6-3s 3-15s Operator Dispatch 0-200ms Automated Automated Human Response Trip Dispatch Equipment Wide-Area Defence Frequency Stability Protection

Oscillatory Stability

Ripe for Innovation! Long-Term Voltage Stability

Short-Term Voltage Stability

N-x Transient Stability

Transient Stability

Local & Differential Fault Protection

L Not appropriate

K Adequate

J Best

Voltage Control, SVCs Phase angle regulators, TCR, STATCOM, etc IPC, SSSC, UPFC

V1.V2.sin( ) P  + P (HVDC/FACTS) X line

HVDC/FACTS Emergency Injections

Series Capacitors/Reactors, TCSC, TSSC, TCSR, TSSR, IPC etc

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. Evolution of Grid Automation • Novel Grid protection schemes: that dynamically adapt to current power system conditions, – Fast sub-second measurements integrated with fast sub-second controls (FACTS, HVDC, etc)

• ‘Active’ transmission system with real-time dispatch of FACTS, HVDC, etc

• Holistic optimization of Storage, DER, DG, Renewables, Microgrids, etc

Think Globally & Act Locally!

A galaxy of many, many self-sufficient Microgrids!

• From: “Lifeblood” – Primary electricity source

• To: “Lifeline” – ‘as needed’ electricity source

• The business model of the Transmission Utility will need to be Re-imagined, Re-invented!

‘Load Following Generation’ (tomorrow)

– Load responds to Generation (Demand Response)

© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved. ‘’Electrification’ was voted the most important engineering achievement of the last century! – US NAE, 2000 From the July 2001, Wired magazine “The best minds in Electricity R&D have a plan: Every node in the power network of the future will be July 2001 Awake, Responsive, Today, Adaptive, We continue to make Price-smart, progress towards this! Eco-sensitive, Real-time, Flexible, Humming…. and interconnected with everything else.”

• ‘The Grid” book by Gretchen Bakke, Bloomsbury, 2016 • 2016 IEEE Smart Grid newsletter: – http://smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletters/april-2016/transitioning-from-wide-area- monitoring-to-wide-area-management • 2015 IEEE PETS open access journal article: – “Proactive Management of the Future Grid” http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7080837 • http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Electricity_2017.pdf • www.naspi.org – wealth of PMU information • www.youtube.com search for ‘psymetrixsolutions’ • [email protected] • +1-425-922-1072 (cell)