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UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Subaltern urbanism in India beyond the mega-city slum: The civic politics of occupancy and development in two peripheral cities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region van Dijk, T.K. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Dijk, T. K. (2014). Subaltern urbanism in India beyond the mega-city slum: The civic politics of occupancy and development in two peripheral cities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). 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UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:25 Sep 2021 Subaltern Urbanism in India Beyond the Mega-City Slum Tara van Dijk leverages concepts from subaltern urbanism, namely political society and occupancy urbanism, to look at how residence and locality development are constituted and governed in practice across three types of settlements in two 'satellite' cities of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region: Kalyan-Dombivli and Mira-Bhayandar. Academically, this work contributes to filling in some of the gaps present in research on political society in postcolonial cities and its diverse spatial manifestations. Practically, this text speaks to discussions regarding localised political and spatial bottlenecks to urban governance offsetting inequalities and uneven development. Additionally, network approaches to urban politics and splintering urbanisation of all sorts can benefit from a better understanding of the Subaltern Urbanism in India processes and power dynamics within political society that contribute to the making, maintaining, or unmaking of localities, and the networks adapting Beyond the Mega-City Slum or forming to create and accumulate value(s) from these processes. The Civic Politics of Occupancy and Development in Two Peripheral Cities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Tara van Dijk Tara van Dijk Tara Subaltern Urbanism In India Beyond The Mega-City Slum The Civic Politics of Occupancy and Development in Two Peripheral Cities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Tara van Dijk This research was supported by a PhD grant within the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research - Wotro Integrated Programme, “Using spatial data infrastructures in urban governance networks: reducing urban deprivations in Indian cities?” Printing and Cover layout: Uitgeverij BOXPress | Proefschriftmaken.nl Cover Art: Paul Bain Copyright © 2014 Tara van Dijk. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the author ([email protected]) 2 Subaltern Urbanism In India Beyond The Mega-City Slum The Civic Politics of Occupancy and Development in Two Peripheral Cities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D. C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op donderdag 18 december 2014, te 13:00 uur door Tara Kaye van Dijk geboren te Washington, Verenigde Staten 3 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. Isa Baud Co-promotoren: Prof. dr. N. Sridharan Dr. Karin Pfeffer Dr. Javier Martinez Overige leden: Prof. dr. Jan Nijman Prof. dr. Mario Rutten Prof. dr. Dianne Scott Dr. Joop de Wit Dr. Rivke Jaffe Faculteit der Maatschappij en Gedragswetenschappen 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: Research Foundation and Design .............................................. 35 CHAPTER 3: Kalyan-Dombivli & Mira-Bhayandar ....................................... 49 CHAPTER 4: The Capacities and Functionings of Livelihood Capitals: A Socio-Spatial Conceptualisation ............................................................................ 77 CHAPTER 5: Agents of Change and Obstruction: Municipal Councillors and Urban D/development ........................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 6: Networks of Urbanisation ......................................................... 127 CHAPTER 7: Capturing the Municipal Water Department: Organised Political Encroachment in Mira-Bhayandar ...................................................... 141 CHAPTER 8: Occupancy Urbanism Beyond the Mega-City Slum: Occupancy, Development, and Municipal Citizenship ......................................................... 159 CHAPTER 9: Synthesis, Contributions and Extension ................................. 187 EPILOGUE: Political Society as a Recalcitrant State Capability ................. 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 205 About the Author .................................................................................................. 221 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Powers and Susceptibilities of Municipal Corporations .................... 61 Table 2: Municipal Performance ........................................................................... 64 Table 3: Social Structure and Institutions: Properties and Capacities ............. 84 Table 4: Territoriality and Territorialisation ........................................................ 98 Table 5: Counselling and Mediation Work ....................................................... 124 Table 6: Actor - Capital Structure of the Field of Water Provision .............. 152 Table 7: Forms of Occupancy Urbanism .......................................................... 182 Table 8: Dimensions of Political Society Covered ........................................... 196 Table 9: Explication of Political Society ............................................................ 198 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: General Conceptual Frame ................................................................... 30 Figure 2: Mira-Bhayandar and Kalyan-Dombivli ............................................... 46 Figure 3: Forms of Urbanization .......................................................................... 53 Figure 4: Mismatch of Serviced & Serviceable Land ......................................... 55 Figure 5: Khadakpada, Kalyan (West) ................................................................. 57 Figure 6: Maxus Mall Area ..................................................................................... 66 Figure 7: Gaothan Formation, Mira-Bhayandar ................................................. 70 Figure 8: Caste Demographics By Formation .................................................... 73 Figure 9: Length of Residence .............................................................................. 73 Figure 10: Regular Income - Type of Employment .......................................... 74 Figure 11: Private, Public or English School ...................................................... 74 Figure 12: Highest Level of Education in Household ...................................... 75 Figure 13: Perception of Institutional Inequalities ............................................. 75 Figure 14: Reasons for discrimination ................................................................. 76 Figure 15: Opinions on the poor and slums ....................................................... 76 Figure 16: DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Framework .................................. 78 Figure 17: Heuristic Model for Field Effects .................................................... 100 Figure 18: Intermediation work: pushing sanctioned work through ............ 116 Figure 19: Slum Formation Political Society ................................................... 121 Figure 20: Acquiring Informal Housing in Slums ............................................ 123 Figure 21: Ward 97 and Ward 98, Kalyan-Dombivli ....................................... 131 Figure 22: Networks of Urbanisation ................................................................ 138 Figure 23: Occupancy Urbanism Operationalised ........................................... 163 Figure 24: Powers Vested in the Chief Municipal Commissioner ................. 165 Figure 25: Pivotal Actor for Basis Service Issues ............................................. 169 Figure 26: Political Party Membership Slums ................................................... 172 Figure 27: Political Party Membership Gaothan Formations ........................ 174 Figure 28: Buyer Beware Notices ......................................................................