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Environmental Flows for a Healthy Ramganga Ii Environmental Flows for a Healthy Ramganga ii ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS FOR A HEALTHY RAMGANGA Photo Credit: Mohammed Alam / WWF-India Mohammed / Alam Credit: Photo iii iv ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS FOR A HEALTHY RAMGANGA Photo Photo WWF-IndiaCredit: v vi Photo Credit: Nitin Kaushal / WWF-India Nitin Kaushal Credit: Photo / vii Foreword The Namami Gange programme of the Government of India envisions an aviral (having uninterrupted flow) and nirmal (clean) Ganga. Concerted efforts are being made by the Government of India, State Governments, technical institutions, academia, individuals and civil society organisations in realizing this long term vision for one of the most revered rivers in the world. This report, “Environmental Flows for a Healthy Ramganga”, contributes to the discourse on the rejuvenation of tributaries of the Ganga, notably for implementing environmental flows in the Ganga. A decade ago, WWF-India and its partners embarked on a journey to understand the issues around environmental flows and water allocations in the Ganga. Existing global E-Flows methodologies were adapted to develop an appropriate approach for the Ganga system. This approach, based on the Building Block Methodology, integrated various aspects of the river — social and livelihood needs, cultural and spiritual requirements, hydrology and hydraulics, geomorphology, water quality and biodiversity values. Later, the consortium of seven Indian Institute of Technologies responsible for the Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan further improvised on this approach while framing the E-Flows recommendations for the Ganga. In a majority of cases, E-flows provisions remain at the stage of policy and debate rather than implementation. Given this background, we felt that it was imperative to demonstrate environmental flows implementation in a manageable river basin or a sub-basin. This work is an attempt to build the base for demonstrating and testing the various mechanisms for the enforcement and monitoring of E-Flows, which would help in refining the strategy for mainstreaming the implementation of E-Flows both at a river basin and a national level. The Ramganga was selected for E-Flows assessment and pilot demonstration jointly with key stakeholders. This report, an outcome of over four years of work, tries to address these issues. We are pleased that many of the recommendations presented in the report came out of a series of discussions at the local, district and state levels. We are hopeful that the report will build the knowledge base on E-Flows assessment and the trade-off recommendations will provide options for managing our water resources. We will continue to work with key stakeholders including the Ramganga mitras (friends of Ramganga), Government of Uttar Pradesh and National Mission for Clean Ganga, to develop a proof-of-concept demonstration of environmental flows in the Ramganga which could then lead the way for an environmental flows restoration programme for the Ganga and its tributaries. Assessing, realizing and maintaining Environmental Flows will go a long way in realizing the goal of making our rivers ‘aviral’, one of the key components of the Namami Gange and other river conservation programmes. Ravi Singh Secretary General & CEO, WWF-India viii Photo Credit: Suresh Babu / WWF-India Babu / Suresh Credit: Photo ix Ramganga Environmental Flows Assessment team Photo Credit: WWF-India S. No. Aspect Team Members Institution Hydrology & Dr. Sandhya Rao, Prof. A. K. Gosain, INRM Consultants, New Delhi (an 1 Hydraulic Modeling Mr. Arjit Mishra (formerly) and team incubated entity of IIT – Delhi) Homogenous Dr. Sandhya Rao, Prof. A.K. Gosain, INRM Consultants, New Delhi (an 2 Zonation Mr. Arjit Mishra (formerly) and team incubated entity of IIT – Delhi) 3 River Health and Prof. Vinod Tare, IIT – Kanpur Water Quality Mr. Suresh Kumar Gurjar & Dr. Vishal Kapoor 4 Fluvial Prof. Rajiv Sinha IIT – Kanpur Geomorphology Mr. Haridas Mohanta Dr. Anurag Ohri, Mr. Lalji Yadav, 5 Cross Section Surveys IIT – BHU, Varanasi Mr. Akhilesh Jaiswar and team 6 Socio-cultural and Dr. Ravi Chopra Peoples Science Institute – Dehradun Livelihoods Dr. Anil Gautam, Ms. Chicu L, Ms. Neha Khandekar and team 7 Biodiversity • Prof. Prakash Nautiyal, Dr. Asheesh Shivam HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar & Mr. Tarun Bisht – lower invertebrates (macro zoobenthos) • Dr. KD Joshi, Dr. Shyamal Das, CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Mr. Amaanullah Khan (fishes) Institute) – Allahabad • Dr. Sandeep Behera, WWF – India Dr. Asghar Nawab and team (Dolphin and higher invertebrates) 8 Advisor Prof. Jay O’Keeffe Rhodes University, South Africa, formerly with UNESCO – IHE, Delft, Netherlands 9 Advisor – Hydrology Mr. Ravindra Kumar Formerly with UP State Water and Contextual Resources Agency 10 Overall Facilitation Mr. Nitin Kaushal, with the support from WWF – India and Coordination Mr. Suresh Babu x ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS FOR A HEALTHY RAMGANGA Photo Credit: Nitin Kaushal/WWF-India Credit: Photo Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xiv Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... xvi Ramganga Basin: Background and need for Environmental 1Flows (E-Flows) 1.1 Ramganga basin – background ................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Ramganga basin—Water resources and its uses ....................................................................................................5 1.2.1 Irrigation and hydropower ............................................................................................................................5 1.2.2 Hydropower generation ................................................................................................................................8 1.2.3 Socio-cultural value of Ramganga ...............................................................................................................8 1.2.4 Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife ......................................................................................................................8 1.2.5 Other critical aspects ....................................................................................................................................9 1.3 Rationale for Environmental Flows (E-Flows) for Ramganga ...................................................................................9 1.4 Lessons learnt from previous EFA exercises .........................................................................................................10 1.5 Scientific reliability of E-Flows Assessment, the BBM process and its use for Ramganga EFA ............................. 11 1.6 Step-by-step approach towards achievement of E-Flows in river systems .............................................................17 Ramganga E-Flows Assessment 2 Process 2.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................................19 2.2 E-Flows Assessment – approach and methodology .............................................................................................20 2.3 Appointment of specialist teams .............................................................................................................................20 2.4 Homogenous Zonation exercise .............................................................................................................................21 2.5 Cross Section Surveys and thematic field investigations .....................................................................................27 2.5.1 Cross Section and Longitudinal Profile Surveys ..........................................................................................27 2.5.2 Hydrological modeling ..................................................................................................................................28 2.5.3 Field investigations .......................................................................................................................................29 2.6 Flow Motivations .....................................................................................................................................................48 2.6.1 Different Flow Scenarios for E-Flows Recommendations ...........................................................................48 2.6.2 River Health Class .........................................................................................................................................49 xii Ramganga E-Flows Recommendations and Confidence 3 Level 3.1 E-Flows Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................55 3.1.1 Bhikiasain ...................................................................................................................................................55 3.1.2 Marchula .....................................................................................................................................................57 3.1.3 Afzalgarh Barrage .......................................................................................................................................58 3.1.4 Hareoli Barrage ...........................................................................................................................................60
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