KACHESS DAM Kachess River, 1.5 Miles North of Interstate 90 Easton
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KACHESS DAM HAERWA-79 Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90 WA-79 Easton vicinity Kittitas County Washington PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD PACIFIC WEST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1111 Jackson Street, Suite 700 Oakland, CA 94607 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD KACHESSDAM HAER No. WA-79 Location: Kachess River, 1. 5 miles north of Interstate 90 Easton Vicinity, Kittitas County, Washington U.T.M.: 10:635942:5235940 (east end) 10:635695:5235965 (west end) Quad: Kachess Lake, Washington Dates of Construction: 1910-1912, 1936, 1996 Engineers: United States Reclamation Service Owner: United States Bureau of Reclamation Present Use: Water storage for irrigation project Significance: Kachess Dam and Reservoir provide nearly a quarter of the water stored for the Yakima Project, which irrigates t~e Yakima Valley in central Washington. The valley, while blessed with a greater natural water supply than most arid regions, required an integrated, valley-wide system dependent on stored water in order to realize its agricultural potential. Private irrigation companies lacked the capital and the engineering expertise to make such an investment in the valley, but the 1902 Newlands Act enabled the United States Reclamation Service to do so. Kachess, along with the other dams and reservoirs that compose the Storage Unit of the Yakima Project, represents the complete transition of private to federal irrigation in the region. Historians: Cynthia de Miranda, Charlene K. Roise, and Marjorie Pearson, Hess, Roise and Company, 1999 and 2003 \ ' \ \ \ TO 1904 C.P,I& DAM\ \\T TOOPill,jlNAL. ~PILLWAY APPP,O.X. 1000 F;. \ ,,J APPPiOJ<. UOO FT. I I BOLJNDAPl'( OF CON';:>TP,LJC.TION C.AMP I / f>P,IDt.iE. TOlfATE. TOi,JE.r, I,,,.-- ~~ ~> t'.AC.HE!>~ GtATE: TOWl:.f, nl1 e.Ul'-ilE.D l..Ot-.!Pl.JIT ..5'E.l.110N Of_/ ~~~"'.· ~ ;::;;::::c~ DAM I :::.~~ =:::---.-...' ~~. INLE.T CHANNEL~ , ~=='==i :;.0lJ.1.. ~~·~~ 7/, 1,,, ~ =::::::-c: 0;·;-''ll4/ ·~ ::==:=:::2 ill1r</% ~~ f/flJ7!;, l./11;i/;, ' - ~ '1!1J;/Jfif/}101/t, • 1 OPEN :>E.C.iION · l///;i;;l/r'7if!'1.tt !!/ • . liiiil---"""~, ~ "'" \___ OLJTLET C.HANNE.L 0 OF INLl:T C..HANN~L, ll!J7_q;,?}/~ . --. ~· OLJTLE.T C.ONDLIIT FINAL. O!>EN ':>Ell ION OF ;f~).¥:;r, \ \/~~ ..; . • ~• INLET C.HAI-Jt-JE.L- '~ ...___ -- DAM C.P,E.~T P,OAD . ~ ~' ~~· '-:"' f fllA(HE.?~ .~{=· ~ ''l//ili1!1I\ P1E. ~E.P1VOIP1 "·--=--1--'r<® e,P,IDliE. AJ.JD fl>ADIAL G.jATE.----- CNEPl t,PILLWA'I' P,OC."1- LINEP ~PILLWAY cMeAN~MENT-~---~~~----'~ C.01\JC.P'JE. TE ~Pll..LWA'1' ( ADDED IN l~~Co) :,:J~~ (') z :::c: O trl .-, • U') 2 ~ ~ U') EfglTE. PLAN NOTTO ?<.ALE 00 > t:i (D I ~ NOTE: ~IT8 PLAN TA~E:N FP,,OM TAl'ilMA PPiOJE..l...1 N -.l DATA ~HEE.l ~'1' LJ. :,. P,UP,E.ALJ OF P'JE.LLAMATION '-" '° ~j~ 1, ~,1 ! ;~ .'\\'. z ·i 5 )i • 11 i Ii - ,.,~--- !1 r~_-:.--;_·--_:~~c t.;i ~ :x 3 ig :<:(<<~--,-=~? \ g;1 - --•.._I' ; ii /;>}/;;4:·~ :, > ,: /?: __ #~ ~ I!i ~ ij 1 ~3!t I ~g 11' ~P?t_ ~!;! :i.l i j; .. C.UT-OFF C:H_;,NNf.-.::- 0 if ,,._ ·~- ~I..O£i C.l'ile>!> (l'>EMNANT'3 OF [ Ii . '~ '· ·--·,, C.ON!>Tl',LJC.TION bTMJc.TUl',f.$) % !t' : ii B1'i1D£,E AND -----,e__,,..illl ~ UTILITY 8UILDINq!, l'iADIAL ',ATE.!:, ,~ \ PAM CN:.!,T l'iOAD :ii 'i ! ; CONC.1',f.TE- LINf.P ---- ~ - ~--- FOOT8P>1Dl!E . ~PILLW"Y (l'!l!,(o) \l\ ·!'1·----- C.ONCl'lf.TE.-LINED OUTLET 01... NNEL i i OUTLf.T CONDUIT /,,.--··l~"' ,:~>/--~' i: ! i \ . ; ~ z~ SI i" 9 69"5""~@ _, -~ii ';;3,"'~~ ~~ C.ONTOUI', INTEl'IV"L 1 2. FEET NOTE.: !>!TE Pl.AN TAl'ICN Fl',OM •1',AltfE:!>!> DAM bC.AI..E., 1• • 100' h::t::c::'. __ L:!j ~:~!~el£!')~ ?O n OUTLl:.T WOl',l't!, M0Dlfl£.ATION!,• 8Y LJ.b. &l.11',f.AU OF 1',ECLAMATION > 1,,!,, ::c: z0 [:Tj -~. _t~J ,.-.., • (/1 ~ ~ (/1 (Tq >-- u (Pw -..)I E .._,, '° KACHESSDAM HAER No. WA-79 (Page 4) I. DESCRIPTION AND ENGINEERING INFORMATION Kachess Dam and Reservoir sit on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains in central Washington State at the head of the Kachess River, a tributary of the Yakima River. Kachess is located between Keechelus and Cle Elum (also called Clealum) Reservoirs, which also store water for the Yakima Project. The dam impounds Kachess Reservoir, created from two connected natural bodies of water, Lake Kachess and Little Lake Kachess, that catches runoff from the nearby mountain slopes. The reservoir holds 239,000 acre-feet; when full, the reservoir's surface area measures 4,535 acres at elevation 2262 ft. 1 Under current operating regimes, the reservoir fills throughout the spring and early summer with snowmelt and' rainfall. Water is released in early spring for flood control, irrigation, and to regulate stream flow for chinook salmon and other anadramous fish. Water is drawn down in the summer and early fall to provide irrigation water and regulate stream flow to promote fish spawning. During the late fall and winter the water levels are controlled for fish and flood control.2 Embankment3 Kachess Dam is a zoned earthfill embankment with a structural height of 115 ft. and a hydraulic height of 57 ft. It extends roughly along an east-west axis for 1,400 ft. and contains about 200,000 cubic yards of material. The maximum base width is 335 ft. The embankment crest is 20 ft. wide at elevation 2268 ft. From the crest, the upstream (north) face has a slope of 3: 1, and the downstream (south) side has a slope of 2: 1. A protective layer of rock riprap, 2 ft. deep, over a 3 1 The reservoir's original capacity, immediately following the 1912 completion of the dam, was 210,000 acre-feet. The reservoir's capacity increased in 1936 with plugging of the old spillway, which had a lower weir elevation than does the new (1936) spillway. 2 This description is based on the following sources: "The Kachess Dam on the Yakima River in Washington," Engineering Record 65 (January 27, 1912): 101-102; E. H. Baldwin, "Construction ofKachess Dam, Washington," Engineering News 69 (May 15, 1913): 989-999; United States, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, "Schedule, Specifications, and Drawings, Spillway for Kachess Dam, Yakima Project Washington," Specifications No. 669, 1936, available at Bureau of Reclamation Library, Denver Federal Center, Colorado; "Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams (SEED) Report on Kachess Dam, Yakima Project, Washington, Pacific Northwest Region," 1979, report issued by Division of Dam Safety, Denver Office, Bureau of Reclamation; "Modifications to Kachess Dam, Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project, Washington, Finding ofNo Significant Impact and Final Environmental Assessment," prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region, Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington, April 1996. The Baldwin article provides a great deal of interesting and informative detail about the construction processes, problems encountered, and equipment used. Unpublished reports are available at Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region, Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington, hereafter Upper Columbia Area Office. See also "Yakima Project, Washington:.Benton, Franklin, Yakima, and Kittitas Counties, Pacific Northwest Region, Bureau of Reclamation, Project Data Book," Revision October 1983, available at Bureau of Reclamation Library, Denver Federal Center, Colorado; and "Kachess Dam, Washington," Bureau of Reclamation website dataweb.usbr.gov/dams/wa00260.htm. Cynthia de Miranda also conducted a site survey in November 1998. 3 The appearance of the embankment in 1995, prior to the alterations of 1996, is documented in photographs WA- 79-1 through WA-79-7. FINE.. MATE.PilAL FILL. ----- SMALL P..OCI', ~ P.,OLI', f&'llf"-,...,AP DN FAC.t:. ,.-- C.PiU:>T l'l0Af7 ~ .5MALL 1',0Ll'i ON FALE. 1',AC.H E. !,':, ~ Cf P,AVEL F'ILL. P,E:~E..P!VOIP-, DP-iAlt-J MAXIMUM !:>E.l.TIDN NOT iO ~LALi:. C-jATEHOLJ~E.. ------ f>P..I D~ E. CtA1'E TOWE.Pl ~-- OLJTLl=T C:.ONDLJIT ?LIDE. CjAiE.L.> OLITLE.T C.HANNE.L l,..1.ITH- -------rq A!...._,,___,, ' • g - • " fa ' l'>O<~ 1',IP~l',=1 INLET C.HANNE.L.. WITH P'IOC.1", P..IP-P,AP FACtr-.JG.i OlJTLET C.OtJDLJIT / C..HANNEL ~n~~ z ::r: 0 tr1 ~ • (/1 ;,o ~ (/) I{,~ 1·1 I: I),~ M PROFILES (1Q > t:! S S (I) I c: Vl --.J ~ '-" "° KACHESSDAM HAER No. WA-79 (Page 6) ft. deep gravel and rock foundation protects the upstream face. The downstream slope is covered by a face of smaller rock 3 ft. deep. To limit seepage and facilitate drainage through the earthen structure, the upstream section of the embankment consists largely of rolled earthfill. The material was excavated from the east borrow pit, applied in layers that were 8 in. deep, then compacted to 6 in. deep. The downstream section of the dam is composed mostly of gravels excavated from the riverbank borrow pit. Beneath the embankment, upstream of and parallel to the centerline, is a corewall, also called a cutoff wall, composed of concrete set in a puddled core of "fine silty loam."4 The underlying subsoil conditions here determined the corewall composition. The corewall, which is carried to a maximum depth of elevation 2153 ft., is set into the base of the foundation trench, also called a cutoff trench, which is 20 ft. wide at the bottom with 1: 1 side slopes, and varied in depth from 3 ft. to 20 ft. In the section of the embankment that crosses the river, the trench is at a depth of 28 ft.