Bhūmaka : a Newly Discovered Member of the Kṣaharāta

BHUMAKA. 371

santana in three of Buddhaghosa's commentaries, used apparently, at least in two of three passages, to denote the flow or continuum of subjective experience. In the Commentary on the Majjhima-I^ikaya (Papaiica-Sudani, apud Anaiigana-Sutta), I find cittasantdne hilesa atthlti na ijanati. In the Commentary on the Dhammasangani (Attha,- salini, p. 63), I find—on cittam considered as object of cittam (or self-consciousness)^—attano santanam cinotiti cittam. In the third passage, which I met with last night only, in ithe Commentary on the Vibhanga (SammohavinodanI, fol. ki), the allusion is to a time-continuum, viewed, of course, as subjective experience, but not explicitly given in terms -of cittam or vihnanam: . . . santdnavasena pavattamdnam • tam tarh samayam paccuppannam ndma. The passage, however, leads me to hope that, further on, under vinndnakkhandho, H may meet interesting instances of the term. I may then be able to furnish new materials to set beside those which Professor de la Valle"e Poussin has contributed to this important point in early Indian psychology by his Recherches, and now again by his Nouvelles Recherches on attd and kammaphalam in the Journal Asiatique. It may prove of no small historical value to discover that the psychological -culture of Buddhaghosa's time and circle were closely allied with that revealed in this and that Buddhist Sanskrit texts.

C. A. F. RHYS DAVIDS. Ndlanda, Forest Hill.

BHUMAKA : A NEWLY DISCOVERED MEMBER OF THE KSAHARATA DYNASTY. In Pandit Bhagvanlal's article on " The Western Ksha- trapas," edited by me in the Journal for 1890, mention is made (p. 643) of certain " copper coins, which are found in the coasting regions of Gujarat and Kathiawad, and also sometimes in JVIalwa." The inscriptions could not then be read, but the coins were conjecturally attributed, on the ground of similarity in types, to Nahapana. After having an amount of oxide removed from one of the Pandit's

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specimens some time ago, I found that a comparison of the letters thus newly brought to light with the traces preserved by other specimens made a complete restoration of the inscriptions possible. The coin-legend in question, like those of Nahapana and Castana, is given in both Brahmi and Kharosthi characters. Different specimens show indications of slightly varying readings, but the general description of this class of coins is as follows:— Obv. Arrow, discus,1 and thunderbolt ; (Kharosthi) Chaharatasa chatrapasa Bhmnakasa. Rev. The capital of a column, consisting of a dharmacakra (r.) and lion, facing r. (1.) standing on a base ; (Brahmi) Ksaharatasa ksatrapasa Bhumakasa. There are six specimens in the British Museum—four from the Pandit's collection, one from the Cunningham collection (figured in Coins of Mediaeval India, pi. i, 4), and one, which I found among a number of ' uncertain' coins, marked " E. Conolly, Oct. 1837." As these vary in size from '8 to *55 of an inch, and in weight from 69-8 to 31*3 grains, they must evidently represent more than one denomination. I shall hope to have some future opportunity of describing these coins more fully. My object at present is merely to call attention to the existence of another member of a family of satraps, of which only one member (Nahapana) has hitherto been known. The coins of Bhumaka seem to supply an important link between the bronze coins of Nahapana and those struck conjointly by the Pahlava2 Spalirises and the Saka Azes. Bhumaka and Nahapana have in common the reverse type

1 The dot, or small circle, which is to be seen on well-preserved specimens between the arrow and the thunderbolt must, I think, be intended to represent a discus. It is seen very clearly on the silver coins of Nahapana, on some of the lead and billon coins of the Andhras (v. V. A. Smith, Z.B.M.G., 1903, p. 12), and on some of the coins of the Scythic princes of Northern India (v. inf., p. 373, note 1). 2 For this dynasty, which seems to be the result of some_ sort of alliance between the Parthian (Pahlava) dynasty of Vonones and the Saka dynasty of Manes, v. my Indian Coins, §§ 30, 31.

" Arrow, discus, and thunderbolt "—perhaps the emblems of the Ksaharata family. The bronze coins struck conjointly by Spalirises and Azes have for their reverse type a very similar collection of emblems, " Discus, bow and arrow." v The larger bronze coins of Bhumaka hold, as regards their size, an intermediate position : they are smaller than those of Spalirises and Azes, and larger than those of Nahapana. As regards fabric and quality of metal, they resemble the coins of Spalirises and Azes rather than those of Nabapana. On Bhumaka's coins the KharosthI inscription holds a position of equal importance with the Brahmi inscription. From Nahapana's bronze coins it seems to have disappeared altogether, while it takes a subordinate position on his silver coins. As I have already pointed out,2 this gradual disuse of Kharosthi on Western coins is explained by the fact that it was essentially a Northern alphabet which ceased to flourish when it was transplanted to Western India. All the available evidence, therefore, derived from con- siderations of the type, fabric, metal, and epigraphy of the coins seems to show that Bhumaka came before Nahapana. It also strengthens the view that the ksatrapas of the Ksaharata family, as well as the ksatrapas of the family of Castana, acknowledged the suzerainty of some Pahlava or Pahlava-Saka dynasty of Northern India.3 The discovery of the Ksaharata Bhumaka makes it improbable that Nahapana himself was the founder of the Saka era—a view held by Pandit Bhagvanlal Indrajl,4 and since ably maintained by M. l'Abbe Boyer5; but it does not affect the probability of the theory that the era was established by the overlord of the Ksaharata dynasty, whoever he may have been, who was reigning when his

1 Gardner, B.M. Cat., Greek and Scythic Kings, etc., p. 102, No. 5, pi. xxii, 4.. The circular symbol is no doubt intended to represent a discus. 3 J.R.A.S., 1899, p. 372. 3 Ibid., p. 377. Is it possible that the form daman, which is so characteristic of their names, can be simply a Hinduised representative of the Pahlava or Saka dama seen in ' Spalaga-dama' P 4 J.S.A.S., 1890, p. 642. 5 Journ. As., 1897 (ser. ix, tome x), p. 120. J.B.A.S. 1904. 25 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 05 Jul 2018 at 10:23:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00032020 374 MISCELLANEA.

dominions were extended to Western India by the conquest of the Andhras."1 E. J. RAPSON.

JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ORIENTAL RESEARCH.—In con- nection with the work of this Society, Professor Takakusu has now arrived in London to work at the contemplated Sanskrit-Chinese Dictionary, which it is intended to make very elaborate and complete, including also the corresponding Pali and Tibetan forms, where such exist.

SIAMESE EDITION OF THE PALI CANONICAL BOOKS.—A committee has been appointed by the King of Siam to superintend a new edition of these books, the first edition being now nearly exhausted. The same committee will also publish a complete edition of the old Pali commentaries. The first volume of this latter series, vol. i of the Mangalattha-dipani, has already appeared. Both texts and commentaries are also being published privately in Burma.

1 Pandit Bhagvanlal, in Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xvi (Nasik), p. 618, wrote: '' This much seems almost certain, that the overlord or founder of the Kshatrapas was one Vonones, who was either a Parthian king or a Parthian adventurer." This is quite possible ; hut I do not think it possible that (to continue the Pandit's statement) "the date on Kshatrapa coins and inscriptions is of this Parthian overlord." It seems to me certain that the Saka era is used both by Nahapana and the succeeding family of Castana; and the date of Vonones cannot be so late as 78 A.D.