I. E CROSSETH F KIRKMADRINEO S : DISCOVER E MISSINTH F YO G THIRD STONE. BY THE RIGHT HON. SIR HERBERT E. MAXWELL, BART., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A.ScoT. Amon mane gth y valuable services rendere archaeologo dt late th e y yb r ArthuSi e rmos th Mitchell f t o notable on s hi, swa e discovere th f yo inscribe sculptured an d d stone t Kirkmadrinesa , Wigtownshire. There is a tinge of romance in the paper which he contributed to the Proceedings of the Society in 1872, describing how he found two pillar crosses applied to the humble purpose of gate posts (fig. 1), and was tantalised by infor- mation abou thirdta , whic vanishedd h ha f whic o t h,bu Dr Mitchels wa l earle showth yn i 'sixtiedrawinga ns wa t sI that. , having occasioo nt visi parise th t f Stoneykirk,ho wanderee 1h d inte ancienoth t graveyard of Kirkmadrine. "When climbing over the gate, I observed that there was a figure and an inscription on the stone pillar on which it was hung. The figure I recognised as one which I had seen in the Catacombs at Rome, and the

parise 1Th f Stoneykiro h k absorbe e parisheth d f Kirkmadrino s d Olayshanan e t aftee th r Reformation. The modern form of the name disguises the dedication to St Stephen. It occurs Stevenskirs a Courn ki Sessiof to n paper usualls 1725n wa si t y,bu know Steenie's na s Kirk, which, in the old pronunciation, sounded like "staney," i.e. full of stanes, and English surveyors and map-makers made it appear genteel by altering it to Stoneykirk.

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 199 of the socket, from which depend three vertical relief markings, much weathered, margifoune th n d o Cauldshielf no s Loch, Roxburghshire (fig. 1) . Circular Button of Jet, lj inch in diameter, flat on one side and convex on the other, pierced with a V-shaped perforation on the flat side, and ornamented on the convex surface with thirteen small punctulations roughly parallel to the edge, found in cutting a drain on Marshalmark Hill, New Cumnock. Axe of Igneous Rock, 3y^ inches in length, butt imperfect, If inch in breadth across the cutting edge, from Connemara, Ireland. Axe of White Fint, chipped but unpolished, 4£ inches in length, from Thamee th s Valley. The purchase for the Library was announced of:— The Ancient Cross Shaft t Bewcastla s Ruthwelld ean e Righ th y tb , . RevBrowneF . G . , O.) D.D& . , D.C.L.(C . , LL.D. Cambridge, 1916. 4to. The following Communications were read:—

THE CROSSES OF KIRKMADRINE: DISCOVERY OF THE MISSING THIRD STONE. BY THE RIGHT HON. SIR HERBERT E. MAXWELL, BART., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A.Scoi. 1 Amon mane gth y valuable services rendere archaeologo dt late th e y yb r ArthuSi re mos Mitchellth f t o s discover notable hi e on s , th wa ef yo inscribed and sculptured stones at Kirkmadrine, Wigtownshire. There is a tinge of romance in the paper which he contributed to the Proceedings of the Society in 1872, describing how he found two pillar crosses applied humble th o t e purpos f gateo es tantalise postwa d s inforan (figy , db 1) . - mation abou thirda t , whic vanishedd h ha f whico t r Mitchelhbu D , s wa l earle showth yn i n'sixtiedrawinga s wa t sI that. , having occasioo nt visit the parish of Stoneykirk, he wandered into the ancient graveyard

of Kirkmadrine. 1 '' When climbing over the gate, I observed that there was a figure and an inscription on the stone pillar on which it was hung. The figure I recognised as one which I had seen in the Catacombs at Rome, and the

The parish of Stoneykirk absorbed the parishes of Kirkmadrine and Clayshant after the Reformation1 modere Th . nname forth f meo disguise dedicatioe sth t StephenS o nt . It occurs as Stevenskirk in Court of Session papers in 1725, but was usually known as Steenie's Kirk, which, in the old pronunciation, sounded like " staney," i.e. full of stanes, and English Surveyors and map-makers mad t appeaei r gentee alteriny lb Stoneykirko t t gi . THE CROSSES OF KIRKMADRINE : THE MISSING THIRD STONE. 201

inscription, which was easily read, appeared to me of remarkable interest. I knew enougsculpturer ou f ho d stoneimmediatele b o st y aware thaI t d falle ha n somethino n gcounterparo n whic d ha h t anywhere elsn i e Scotland. .. I foun. d thaothee th t r pillar whico t , gate hth e fell, similaa d alsd ha an or , figurwhait n o et appeare ae b continuatio o dt n of the inscription. " 1 Dr Mitchell then searched for other objects of interest and inquired diligentl neighbourine th f yo g farmers whether thed yha ever seen or heard of carved stones in the old graveyard. He recovered a broken sculptured slab (tig. 2), which had been built into the kirkyard "wall as a " through stane " or stepping-stone, and he was told that there had been once a third inscribed cross, not unlike the pair which gate found hth eha n i dpillars s said t thiswa , bu ;t i , d beeha n carrie foro t f m a lintedof farmhousea n i l , and could not now be traced. followine th n I g year r Mitchel2D l returne Kirko dt - madrine, determine exhauso dt l meanal t s which might lead to the recovery of the vanished stone. "Remember- ing that I had found the so-called reindeer stone as the coppigstyea f eo I though, buildino n t meao gto r nfo examination. dide H ", indeed, find another fragmenf o t sculpture built into the wall of the kirkyard (tig. 3), but missine th t no g s crosswa t i . "I then enquired whether there was no old person in the parish who had shown an affection for the relics oa bygonf onee 0 I heartime11 .t f bu do Mention, , however oftes wa , n Williar madM f eo m Todd oln a ,d schoolmaste neighbourine th n ri g paris Kirkmaideiif ho , who had been a correspondent of the late Mr M'Diarmid e Dumfriesoth f s the wa nCourier,o livinwh n d go an his pensio n Drummoreni . Next n mornina d ha I g opportunit d f callinyo ha I aske e himn h d go f dan i , everememberee h rf i seen d an , d anythino tw g e ofth , stone t Kirkmadriiiea s . 'Ther three,e t oncear a e eh ' Fig . Sla2 . b from said ; ' I have often seen them, and remember them Kirkyard Wall. well.' I assured him that there were only two now, but told him I had heard from others of a third. After some reflection, he assure thae dm t beewhad ha n t I correcttol s dwa once—aboud ; thaha e th t fifty years ago—made a drawing of them, and that it was possible he had e drawinth possessiongs stil hi des send s n i ol lk wa t n amonford A an ., g e paperth t containei s foldee d on ther s d likewa lettera e , browd nan

1 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. ix. pp. 568, 569. Arthur Si r Mitchel t recordeno knoe s w yeare ha lt t w musdi th bu , t have been anterioo t r 1867a, when the second volume of Dr John Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland was published, containing plates and description of the Kirkmadrine crosses. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1917. stained with age, and on this we found the drawings of the three stones, whic exactle har Platf o . yFig3 e copieXL d represent3 . an , figsn 2 d i , 1 . s missine th g stone, which, like the ' well-knowe othersth s ha , n monogram enclose circlea belon d wordi e an th , wt i s INITIU FINIT ME S (fig. 4) . " Thes fairley drawingma y e infe w substantiae rudee t th ar rs bu , l accurac sketce e thir th losd th f yf do an h to stone fro e accuracmth f yo e sketche th e otheth f ro s two ,n stil whicca l e comparw h e wite hth originals, as carefully depicte Platf figso n di 2 e.d 1XXXIXan onle yTh . mistake Mr Todd appears to have made is in siibstituting an R for an M at the end of INITIUM. I assume this to be an error in his drawing." Mitchell'r D s discovery, happen- ing jus timn ti enablo et Johr eD n Stuart to describe and illustrate the two Kirkmadrine crosses,1 and coinciding wite recognitioth h n of the Peter Stone at Whithorn,2 attracted considerable attention owing to a peculiar feature com- mon to all these three crosses, but unknown elsewhere in Scotland, and indicativ vera f eo y high eccle- siastical antiquity. This feature e Chi-Rhth s i o monogram, origin- ally displayed on the labarum or standard of the Emperor Con- stantine.8 The lonely little grave- yar Kirkmadrinf do e became quite a recognised place of pilgrimage for antiquaries mort ,bu e than half a century had to pass before any trace of the missing third cross was forthcoming turnw no s t I . Pig . Sla3 . b from Kirkyard Wall. out that it had not travelled far, only about a mile down the road to the United Free Church Manse of Stoneykirk, where,..durin e summegth recovereds f 1916o wa r e t i , th n ,i manner describe . WilsoJ s followsr a d M ny b ,Paterson , A.R.I.B.A.f o , H.M. Office of Works:- 1 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, plat, 35 . e volp Ixxi . ii . . 2 Ibid.,plat, 51 . ep Ixxvii. 3 "The monogram called the chrisma occurs frequently in the catacombs enclosed within a circle, whic thus hi s explaine inscription a y db n foun t Milada n: ' Circulus hie summi comprendit nomina regis, Quern sine principi t sinoe e fine vides.' It continued to be used on sarcophagi till about the end of the seventh century. It occurs fourteen time chrisme Britainn Th i s . a . doe. . s not occu Ireland.n i r " (Scotland Earlyn i Christian Times, by Joseph Anderson, LL.D., second series, p. 252, note.) THE CROSSES OF KIRKMADRINE: THE MISSING THIRD STONE. 203

"During the past summer the Kirkmadriiie inscribed stone, No. 3, so calle Earlyn di Christian Monuments f Scotland,o Jy .b Romilly Alien, was fortunately rediscovered. While executing certain repairs to the gate-pillar Stoneykire th f so k United 'F-ree Church Manse locae th , l mason, Mr Robert Nelson, came across the stone in the centre of the pillar. Un- fortunately, the stone had been broken by him before he discovered its importance. The stone had been built into the gate-post and used as a bonder crooke gate th ,th ef so bein g sunk int e botto e stoneoth th f mo .

HICIAC E NT ^CIETPPAE CIRVISACER DOTESID.E& VIVENTI VS &AAVORIVS

Fig. 4. (Mr William Todd's drawing, executed about A.D. 1820.) Thpillae th e stonn r i beed witt eha s ninscribese h it d face downwards anheae dth d toward centre pillare sth th f eo . These pillars were erected at the time of the Disruption, and consequently, although search has been made throughout the district for the stone, no trace of it could be found. I attach a photograph and drawing showing the position of the stone in the pillar. "The stone (fig. 5) is considerably smaller than the other two already in the porch at Kirkmadrine Church ; it measures only 3 feet 3 inches high b| inchey8 inche9 ss i wid sd thickean , widenin inche 2 base 1 th o et st ga thickincisee Th . d circle (8^ inches diameter e Chi-Rhth d wele an )oar l cut, and the inscription INITIUM BT FINIS, with the exception of the letter M, is easily decipherable. The letter M being cut at the extreme 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1917. edge of the stone may account for its bad form and for its being given as Todd'r M n i s drawingR locaa stone f o l Th s bluish-graei . y whinstone of similar characte othee th o rt r two, whil letterine eth alsgs i o similar. The letters var sizen yi t averag bu , e abou inchet2 heightn s i stone Th e. has now been repaired and the fractured pieces cemented togethewhole th d e an r set up with the others in the porch. "The attached drawing photoand s - graphs were taken fro stone mth e before the repairs." The first thing to be noted in connection wit recovere hth thire th f dyo Kirkmadrine Cross is the gratifying evidence it bears to e intelligenth t interes - n objecti t an f o s tiquity which has been diffused and stimu- lated of late years among working-men and their employers; so that we are not likely to be distressed in the future, as we have often been in the past, by hearing of the heedles wantor so n destructio valuablf no e e morth e l pasterelicth Al reasonf .o s , tributa y then pa f gratitud eo o t ,e th o et memory of William Todd, the parish school- master, who, abou hundree on t d years ago, took reverent not f objecteo s which were then regarded with popular indifferencr o e contempt; for it is through his fidelity as a draughtsman thar ArthuSi t r Mitchell obtained knowledge of the character of the missin Roberr g M ston d t an eNelson e th , mason enables ,wa recogniso dt t wheei t na last it was found. e stoneTh s themselves have bee- de n missine FigTh . a . g Sculptured Slab, scribeRomillMr dby y Alie induratenas d recoveredw no . schist,1 but I think Mr Wilson Paterson more accurately describes the s slabma f Loweo s r Silurian greywacke, e prevailinth ge district th roc f I o kconfess . , however, tha I havt e t examineno d them microscopically. Either ston s veri e y intractable material for the sculptor, who has, however, incised the crosses with masterly precision, and the inscriptions are very fair examples of Anglo- Roma thankfue e b hardnes th ny e stone r capitalsth ma fo lf e o s, W . •which has been the means of preserving the figures and inscriptions throug o manhs y centurie f neglecto s d therHa e. been freestont a e 1 Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, p. 495. THE CROSSES OF KIRKMADRINE : THE MISSING THIRD STONE. 205

hand to work on, no doubt it would have been chosen, in which case the frost and storms of a thousand winters would have long since obliterated all trace of handiwork. So much attentio s beenha n devote Kirk e e probablth th f -o o dt e eag madrine crosses and the Peter Stone at Whithorn (fig. 6) (the four stones safely ma assumecoevae f yb o e b l o workmanshipdt ) tha I hesitattanythin d ad o t ewhao t gs bee ha tn written by men of such caution and erudition as Sir Arthur Mitchell, Dr Joseph Anderson, Mr Romilly note e r Johb D Alies y da nd ma nan Stuart t i t bu ; suggestiv origie th f thesf neo o e monuments thae tth Chi-Rho monogram first appear catacombe th n si f so Rome in connection with inscriptions executed early in the fourth century, and that it occurs in France only on monuments dated between A.D. 377 and 540.

"The symbol d formulaan s f Christiao e n monu- ments appear in Rome about a century earlier than in Gaul, and the natural inference is that, if they ar centurea y late Gaun i r l tha Romen ni , they will be still late Britainn i r , assumin f necessitgo y that their progress westward continued to be gradual. thereforn ca e wity W esa h something like certainty that this monument [the Peter Stone] bearine gth chrisma cannot be earlier than the end of the fourth, and that it may be as late as the latter part of the sixth century." 1 To this most reasonable hypothesis I would venture to add that the westward progress of Christian sym- bolis havy mma e been accelerate e missioth y db f no Bishop Ninian, who, if we may accept Baeda's state- ment (and I know of no reason to question it), came straight from Rom Tours,o et - wher remainee eh da while with Bishop Martin and, on leaving, took with F'g-6. The "Peter stone," him certain masons to build his missionary church at Whithorn.2 This we know to have taken place in the last decade of the fourth century, for Bishop Martin died in 397, while Ninian was busy buildin Candide th g a Casa t seemsI . , therefore t onlno ,y possiblet bu , attractively probable, that " the holy and distinguished priests Viventius, Mavorius Florentiusd an , " were actually companion f Bishoo s p Ninian, perhap s masonshi s y hav, whoma e e mconsecrateh s priestda s after the finished yha buildine dth t Whithorng a f the o me on t . no Nayy ma , 1 Scotland in Early Christian Times, second series, p. 253. 8 "Cementarii quos secum adduxit." (Ailred's Vita Niniani, cap. iii.) 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1917. have been that very pries f who o e tfift th e ream hw n i dchapte f o r Ailred's Vita Niniani as having been appointed by the bishop to the parish,cura f eo whod an 1 m Niniane exercis th s miraculou hi y b ,f o e s power, is stated to have defended successfully against the woman who accused the said priest of being the father of her bastard? The hypothesis tha prieste th t s commemorate thesy db e stones were contemporarie f Bishoso p Ninia co-operated nan dconvertinn i wit m hhi g Picte th s ,of Galloway seemstrengthenee b o t s face th t y thadb t these Picts relapsed into paganism after Ninian's death, and appear to have remained pagans even after the province had passed under dominion of e Angleth f Berniciso a (Northumbria), unti t lasAngliaa le tth n bishopric of Candida Cas foundes awa d about A.D. 730.thay B t2 time, three hundred years after the death of Ninian, it is highly improbable that local sculptors would revert to the archaic cross with the Chi-Rho monogram. It is to that date and the two following centuries that we may assign the numerous sculptures of Celtic design which remain in Galloway. More- over, during the brief and precarious existence of the Anglian bishopric of Candida Casa, A.Dwhicn i d . 803hen cam,n a ther o et e were five holders l wital e h se eithe e oth fr Celti r Angliao c n names, which Williaf mo Malmesbury,- though writing in Latin, makes no attempt to cast into Roma nameKirkmadrin e ne dons formth th wa o n e t ss o a , e stones. "Him [Pechthelm] there followed," say, "Prithewaldhe s , Pectwine, Ethelbriht, Beadulf, nor do I find that there were any more, because the bishopric soon camendn a accoun n o o ,et beings it havI f s o t a ,e said, the most remote part of the territory of the Anglians, and most exposed to devastatio Scoty nb Picts."r so 3 If, then, it may be assumed that the work on these stones carries . us back to the beginning of the fifth century, it seems a fair opportunity for an attempt to remedy the confusion which has taken place about the name Kirkmadrine. Therparisheo tw ed werf thaol so f eo t nam Wigtownshiren ei , one, the site of the sculptured stones presently under notice, now united to Stqneykirk e otherth ; , about four miles from Whithorn, now uniteo dt Sorbie parish. There were also two parishes called Kirkmaiden, one of which, extending from the boundaries of Stoneykirk to the Mull of Galloway, is still intact; the other now united to Glasserton parish. Both

1 "Cui curam parrochie pontifex delegaverat." (Ailred's Vita Niniani, cap. v.) " In the province of the Northumbrians, where King Ceolwulf reigns, four bishops now preside: Wilfre churce 2th n dYorkf i h o , Ethelwal than di Lindisfarnef to , Acc than ai f Hexhamto , Pecht- hel mthan i t whic calles hi d Candida Casa, which, fro e increasemth d numbe f belio r e vers,'has lately become an episcopal see and has him for its first prelate." (Bseda's Ecclesiastical History^ B. v., cap. 23.) 3 Willia Malmesbury'mf o s Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, . Hi.B , cap. 118. CROSSEE TH S OF KIRKMADRIN MISSINE TH E : G THIRD STONE. 207 the suppressed parishes of Kirkmadrine are written Kirkmadin by Chalmers, under the erroneous belief that the name was simply a cor-

ruptio f Kirkmaidenno 1 cannoe H . t have hear namee dth s pronounced, els woule eh d have learnt tha Kirkmaidenn i t ,dedicationa Irise th ho t virgin Medan,e penultimatth e stresn th o 2 s i s e syllable, wherean si Kirkmadrine it is on the last syllable. Dr John Stuart was the first to suggest thae dedicatioth t f Kirkmadrino n a Gaulis o t s h ewa saint Mathurinus, who died about A.D. 387, several years before Ninian paid his visit to Bishop Martin at Tours.8 Bishop Forbes quotes Dr Stuart's suggestion t observes e thabu ,b ty thima thas t Madrin"i t s mori e e probably Medran, of which name there are instances at June 6 and June 8 in the Martyrology of Donegal."4 I trust that I may not be deemed presumptuous if I remark that this is pure guesswork, wherefore it may be permissible to make another guess. The name is obviously in the Gaelic language; for although the prefix to a Celtic church nam s usualli e y Kil-, representin e locativgth e wor th cas f do e ceall, literall a yt cellcommonl bu , a ychurch , thi s i oftes n replacen i d Galloway, long subjec o Angliat t n rule y Kirk-b , ; e.g. Kirkcudbright, Kirkmichael, Kirkpatrick, Kirkmaiden ,Bisho w etcNo . p Ninian dedi- cate principas dhi l churcwhom hi revere e m o h s spirituat hi s da l father —Bishop Martin of Tours. Martin in Gaelic is written Matrainn, and a church dedicate o Martit d n would receiv e nameth e Kilmatrinn, or , accordin o Gallovidiagt n usage, Kirkmatrinn I submi. o ttw thae th t churches named Kirkmadrine, one of them within five miles of St. Martin's church at Whithorn, were more likely to be dedicated to Bishop Martin than to Mathurinus, of whom nothing is known in Celtic hagiology, or to obscure th e individua f whoso l e existenc e awarar e ew only througha passing referenc Ii'isn a hn ei Martyrology. 1 Caledonia, iii. 439. s Breviariuin Aberdonense. 3 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii., part 1, p. 36. 4 Kalendar of Scottish Saints, . 382p .