Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers Vijay P
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Numerical Modelling of Snow and Ice Thicknesses in Lake Vanajavesi, Finland
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk SERIES A brought to you by CORE DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto AND OCEANOGRAPHY PUBLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN STOCKHOLM Numerical modelling of snow and ice thicknesses in Lake Vanajavesi, Finland By YU YANG1,2*, MATTI LEPPA¨ RANTA2 ,BINCHENG3,1 and ZHIJUN LI1, 1State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; 2Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; 3Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland (Manuscript received 27 March 2011; in final form 7 January 2012) ABSTRACT Snow and ice thermodynamics was simulated applying a one-dimensional model for an individual ice season 2008Á2009 and for the climatological normal period 1971Á2000. Meteorological data were used as the model input. The novel model features were advanced treatment of superimposed ice and turbulent heat fluxes, coupling of snow and ice layers and snow modelled from precipitation. The simulated snow, snowÁice and ice thickness showed good agreement with observations for 2008Á2009. Modelled ice climatology was also reasonable, with 0.5 cm d1 growth in DecemberÁMarch and 2 cm d1 melting in April. Tuned heat flux from waterto ice was 0.5 W m 2. The diurnal weather cycle gave significant impact on ice thickness in spring. Ice climatology was highly sensitive to snow conditions. Surface temperature showed strong dependency on thickness of thin ice (B0.5 m), supporting the feasibility of thermal remote sensing and showing the importance of lake ice in numerical weather prediction. -
Benthic Community Response to Iceberg Scouring at an Intensely Disturbed Shallow Water Site at Adelaide Island, Antarctica
Vol. 355: 85–94, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published February 26 doi: 10.3354/meps07311 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Benthic community response to iceberg scouring at an intensely disturbed shallow water site at Adelaide Island, Antarctica Dan A. Smale*, David K. A. Barnes, Keiron P. P. Fraser, Lloyd S. Peck British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK ABSTRACT: Disturbance is a key structuring force influencing shallow water communities at all latitudes. Polar nearshore communities are intensely disturbed by ice, yet little is known about benthic recovery following iceberg groundings. Understanding patterns of recovery following ice scour may be particularly important in the West Antarctic Peninsula region, one of the most rapidly changing marine systems on Earth. Here we present the first observations from within the Antarc- tic Circle of community recovery following iceberg scouring. Three grounded icebergs were marked at a highly disturbed site at Adelaide Island (~67° S) and the resultant scours were sampled at <1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 30 to 32 mo following formation. Each iceberg impact was catastrophic in that it resulted in a 92 to 96% decrease in abundance compared with reference zones, but all post- scoured communities increased in similarity towards ‘undisturbed’ assemblages over time. Taxa recovered at differing rates, probably due to varying mechanisms of return to scoured areas. By the end of the study, we found no differences in abundance between scoured and reference samples for 6 out of 9 major taxonomic groups. Five pioneer species had consistently elevated abundances in scours compared with reference zones. -
River Ice Management in North America
RIVER ICE MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA REPORT 2015:202 HYDRO POWER River ice management in North America MARCEL PAUL RAYMOND ENERGIE SYLVAIN ROBERT ISBN 978-91-7673-202-1 | © 2015 ENERGIFORSK Energiforsk AB | Phone: 08-677 25 30 | E-mail: [email protected] | www.energiforsk.se RIVER ICE MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA Foreword This report describes the most used ice control practices applied to hydroelectric generation in North America, with a special emphasis on practical considerations. The subjects covered include the control of ice cover formation and decay, ice jamming, frazil ice at the water intakes, and their impact on the optimization of power generation and on the riparians. This report was prepared by Marcel Paul Raymond Energie for the benefit of HUVA - Energiforsk’s working group for hydrological development. HUVA incorporates R&D- projects, surveys, education, seminars and standardization. The following are delegates in the HUVA-group: Peter Calla, Vattenregleringsföretagen (ordf.) Björn Norell, Vattenregleringsföretagen Stefan Busse, E.ON Vattenkraft Johan E. Andersson, Fortum Emma Wikner, Statkraft Knut Sand, Statkraft Susanne Nyström, Vattenfall Mikael Sundby, Vattenfall Lars Pettersson, Skellefteälvens vattenregleringsföretag Cristian Andersson, Energiforsk E.ON Vattenkraft Sverige AB, Fortum Generation AB, Holmen Energi AB, Jämtkraft AB, Karlstads Energi AB, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Sollefteåforsens AB, Statkraft Sverige AB, Umeå Energi AB and Vattenfall Vattenkraft AB partivipates in HUVA. Stockholm, November 2015 Cristian -
Heat Transfer and Melting in Subglacial Basaltic Volcanic Eruptions: Implications for Volcanic Deposit Morphology and Meltwater Volumes
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021 Heat transfer and melting in subglacial basaltic volcanic eruptions: implications for volcanic deposit morphology and meltwater volumes LIONEL WILSON 1'2 & JAMES W. HEAD, III 2 1 Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK (e-mail: L. [email protected]) 2 Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Abstract: Subglacial volcanic eruptions can generate large volumes of meltwater that is stored and transported beneath glaciers and released catastrophically in j6kulhlaups. At typical basaltic dyke propagation speeds, the high strain rate at a dyke tip causes ice to behave as a brittle solid; dykes can overshoot a rock-ice interface to intrude through 20-30% of the thickness of the overlying ice. The very large surface area of the dyke sides causes rapid melting of ice and subsequent collapse of the dyke to form a basal rubble pile. Magma can also be intruded at the substrate-ice interface as a sill, spreading sideways more efficiently than a subaerial flow, and also producing efficient and widespread heat transfer. Both intrusion mechanisms may lead to the early abundance of meltwater sometimes observed in Icelandic subglacial eruptions. If meltwater is retained above a sill, continuous melting of adjacent and overlying ice by hot convecting meltwater occurs. At typical sill pressures under more than 300 m ice thickness, magmatic CO2 gas bubbles form c. 25 vol% of the pressurized magma. If water drains and contact with the atmosphere is established, the pressure decreases dramatically unless the overlying ice subsides rapidly into the vacated space. -
Frozen Cayuga & Seneca Lakes Article with Picture
When Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake Have Frozen Over by Walt Gable, Seneca County Historian, Feb. 2009 Whenever we have a good “old-fashioned” winter, it is easy for Seneca County residents to begin to speculate if ‘the lake might soon freeze over.” The odds, while not great, are better that it could happen to Cayuga Lake than Seneca Lake. This is because Cayuga Lake has frozen over several more times in recorded history than has Seneca Lake. Cayuga Lake also froze over more recently (1979) than Seneca Lake (1912). This 1927 picture shows a frozen Cayuga Lake near the village of Cayuga. The infrequent freezing of Seneca Lake has led to a joke that people should put Seneca Lake water in their car’s radiator because this water never freezes. Apparently this comment was frequently mentioned to the trainees at Sampson Naval Station during World War II.1 Arch Merrill in his 1951 book Slim Finger Beckon makes reference to this “modern legend.” Some Basic Information Before going any further in this discussion, there needs to be clarification as to just what constitutes a “frozen over lake.” For our purposes in this article, “frozen over lake” will mean a lake whose surface is virtually entirely frozen over—allowing for some isolated “air holes” and/or areas nearer to shore where there is some “open water,” perhaps because of warm water being discharged. In other words, we will use “frozen over” to mean the same as “virtually completely frozen over.” If a portion of either Cayuga or Seneca Lake has ice extending from some place on the eastern shoreline to the western shoreline, when other parts of the lake are not frozen from shore to shore, this will not be considered as completely frozen over. -
Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D
COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY - Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D. Ashton SNOW AND ICE CONTROL AROUND STRUCTURES George D. Ashton Consultant, Lebanon, NH 03766 Keywords: ice jams, ice control, flooding, snow drifting, snow loads, river ice Contents 1. Introduction 2. Nature of ice jams 2.1. Frazil Ice 2.1.1. Hanging Dams 2.1.2. Blockage of Intakes 2.2. Breakup Ice Jams 3. Control of ice jams 3.1. Frazil Ice Jams 3.2. Breakup Ice Jams 3.2.1. Ice Suppression 3.2.2. Dikes 3.2.3. Ice Booms 3.2.4. Ice Control Structures 3.2.5. Ice Removal 3.2.6. Ice Breaking 3.2.7. Ice Weakening 3.2.8. Blasting 4. Other Ice Control Techniques 4.1. Air Bubbler Systems 4.1.1. Requirements 4.1.2. Limitations 4.1.3. Operation 4.2. Other Ice Control Techniques 5. Snow control around structures 5.1. Buildings 5.1.1. Snow UNESCOLoads on Roofs – EOLSS 5.1.2. Blowing Snow 5.2. Roads 5.2.1 Snow Fences 6. Conclusion SAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Two main topics are treated here: control of ice jams including mitigation measures, and control of snow accumulations around structures. The nature of ice jams is described and the difference between jams formed of frazil ice and jams formed of broken ice is ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY - Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D. Ashton discussed. Also discussed are various ice control techniques used for specific problems. -
Long-Term Hydrological Response to Forest Harvest During Seasonal Low flow: Potential Implications for Current Forest Practices☆
Science of the Total Environment 730 (2020) 138926 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review Long-term hydrological response to forest harvest during seasonal low flow: Potential implications for current forest practices☆ Ashley A. Coble a,⁎, Holly Barnard b, Enhao Du c, Sherri Johnson d, Julia Jones e, Elizabeth Keppeler f, Hyojung Kwon g, Timothy E. Link c, Brooke E. Penaluna d, Maryanne Reiter h, Mark River h, Klaus Puettmann g, Joseph Wagenbrenner i a National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 227 NW Third St., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA b Department of Geography, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA c College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA d USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA e Geography CEOAS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA f USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fort Bragg, CA, USA g Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA h Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, OR, USA i USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA, USA HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Climate-related low flow declines may also be influenced by forest manage- ment. • Few studies describe multi-decade ef- fects of forest management on streamflow. • We assembled catchment studies of long-term effects of harvest (N10 years). • We define 3 periods of expected low flow responses to forest regrowth after harvest. • Decreased low flow was observed years after harvest in 16 of 25 catchments. article info abstract Article history: Seasonal changes in the magnitude and duration of streamflow can have important implications for aquatic spe- Received 24 March 2020 cies, drinking water supplies, and water quality. -
2Growth, Structure and Properties of Sea
Growth, Structure and Properties 2 of Sea Ice Chris Petrich and Hajo Eicken 2.1 Introduction The substantial reduction in summer Arctic sea ice extent observed in 2007 and 2008 and its potential ecological and geopolitical impacts generated a lot of attention by the media and the general public. The remote-sensing data documenting such recent changes in ice coverage are collected at coarse spatial scales (Chapter 6) and typically cannot resolve details fi ner than about 10 km in lateral extent. However, many of the processes that make sea ice such an important aspect of the polar oceans occur at much smaller scales, ranging from the submillimetre to the metre scale. An understanding of how large-scale behaviour of sea ice monitored by satellite relates to and depends on the processes driving ice growth and decay requires an understanding of the evolution of ice structure and properties at these fi ner scales, and is the subject of this chapter. As demonstrated by many chapters in this book, the macroscopic properties of sea ice are often of most interest in studies of the interaction between sea ice and its environment. They are defi ned as the continuum properties averaged over a specifi c volume (Representative Elementary Volume) or mass of sea ice. The macroscopic properties are determined by the microscopic structure of the ice, i.e. the distribution, size and morphology of ice crystals and inclusions. The challenge is to see both the forest, i.e. the role of sea ice in the environment, and the trees, i.e. the way in which the constituents of sea ice control key properties and processes. -
The Effects of Ice on Stream Flow
LIBRARY COPY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTI8 SMITH, DIKECTOK WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 337 THE EFFECTS OF ICE ON STREAM FLOW BY WILLIAM GLENN HOYT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction____________________________________ 7 Factors that modify winter run-off_______________________ 9 Classification_________________________________ 9 Climatic factors_______________________________ 9 Precipitation and temperature____________________ 9 Barometric pressure__________________________ 17 Chinook winds________________________________ 18 Geologic factors________________________________ 19 Topographic factors______________________________ 20 Natural storage_____________________________ 20 Location, size, and trend of drainage basins____________ 22 Character of streams_________________________ 22 Vegetational factors_____________________________. 23 Artificial control _________________________________ 23 Formation of ice______________________________^____ 24 General conditions ________________________________ 24 Surface ice __ __ __ ___________________ 24 Method of formation____________________________. 24 Length and severity of cold period__________________ 25 Temperature of affluents________________________'__ 26 Velocity of water and. character of bed_______________ 27 Fluctuations in stage__________________________ 27 Frazil______________________________________ 28 Anchor ice_____________________ __________ 29 Effect of ice on relation of stage to discharge_________ ______ 30 The -
Downloaded 09/27/21 11:47 PM UTC 25.2 METEOROLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 59
CHAPTER 25 PETERS-LIDARD ET AL. 25.1 Chapter 25 100 Years of Progress in Hydrology a b c c CHRISTA D. PETERS-LIDARD, FAISAL HOSSAIN, L. RUBY LEUNG, NATE MCDOWELL, d e f g MATTHEW RODELL, FRANCISCO J. TAPIADOR, F. JOE TURK, AND ANDREW WOOD a Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington c Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington d Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland e Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Toledo, Spain f Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California g Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado ABSTRACT The focus of this chapter is progress in hydrology for the last 100 years. During this period, we have seen a marked transition from practical engineering hydrology to fundamental developments in hydrologic science, including contributions to Earth system science. The first three sections in this chapter review advances in theory, observations, and hydrologic prediction. Building on this foundation, the growth of global hydrology, land–atmosphere interactions and coupling, ecohydrology, and water management are discussed, as well as a brief summary of emerging challenges and future directions. Although the review attempts -
Chronology, Stable Isotopes, and Glaciochemistry of Perennial Ice in Strickler Cavern, Idaho, USA
Investigation of perennial ice in Strickler Cavern, Idaho, USA Chronology, stable isotopes, and glaciochemistry of perennial ice in Strickler Cavern, Idaho, USA Jeffrey S. Munroe†, Samuel S. O’Keefe, and Andrew L. Gorin Geology Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753, USA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION in successive layers of cave ice can provide a record of past changes in atmospheric circula- Cave ice is an understudied component The past several decades have witnessed a tion (Kern et al., 2011a). Alternating intervals of of the cryosphere that offers potentially sig- massive increase in research attention focused ice accumulation and ablation provide evidence nificant paleoclimate information for mid- on the cryosphere. Work that began in Antarc- of fluctuations in winter snowfall and summer latitude locations. This study investigated tica during the first International Geophysi- temperature over time (e.g., Luetscher et al., a recently discovered cave ice deposit in cal Year in the late 1950s (e.g., Summerhayes, 2005; Stoffel et al., 2009), and changes in cave Strickler Cavern, located in the Lost River 2008), increasingly collaborative efforts to ex- ice mass balances observed through long-term Range of Idaho, United States. Field and tract long ice cores from Antarctica (e.g., Jouzel monitoring have been linked to weather patterns laboratory analyses were combined to de- et al., 2007; Petit et al., 1999) and Greenland (Schöner et al., 2011; Colucci et al., 2016). Pol- termine the origin of the ice, to limit its age, (e.g., Grootes et al., 1993), satellite-based moni- len and other botanical evidence incorporated in to measure and interpret the stable isotope toring of glaciers (e.g., Wahr et al., 2000) and the ice can provide information about changes compositions (O and H) of the ice, and to sea-ice extent (e.g., Serreze et al., 2007), field in surface environments (Feurdean et al., 2011). -
Snowterm: a Thesaurus on Snow and Ice Hierarchical and Alphabetical Listings
Quaderno tematico SNOWTERM: A THESAURUS ON SNOW AND ICE HIERARCHICAL AND ALPHABETICAL LISTINGS Paolo Plini , Rosamaria Salvatori , Mauro Valt , Valentina De Santis, Sabina Di Franco Version: November 2008 Quaderno tematico EKOLab n° 2 SnowTerm: a thesaurus on snow and ice hierarchical and alphabetical listings Version: November 2008 Paolo Plini1, Rosamaria Salvatori2, Mauro Valt3, Valentina De Santis1, Sabina Di Franco1 Abstract SnowTerm is the result of an ongoing work on a structured reference multilingual scientific and technical vocabulary covering the terminology of a specific knowledge domain like the polar and the mountain environment. The terminological system contains around 3.700 terms and it is arranged according to the EARTh thesaurus semantic model. It is foreseen an updated and expanded version of this system. 1. Introduction The use, management and diffusion of information is changing very quickly in the environmental domain, due also to the increased use of Internet, which has resulted in people having at their disposition a large sphere of information and has subsequently increased the need for multilingualism. To exploit the interchange of data, it is necessary to overcome problems of interoperability that exist at both the semantic and technological level and by improving our understanding of the semantics of the data. This can be achieved only by using a controlled and shared language. After a research on the internet, several glossaries related to polar and mountain environment were found, written mainly in English. Typically these glossaries -with a few exceptions- are not structured and are presented as flat lists containing one or more definitions. The occurrence of multiple definitions might contribute to increase the semantic ambiguity, leaving up to the user the decision about the preferred meaning of a term.