Naval War College Review
Volume 26 Number 2 March-April Article 1
1973
March-April 1973 Full Issue
The U.S. Naval War College
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Recommended Citation Naval War College, The U.S. (1973) "March-April 1973 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 26 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss2/1
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CHALLENGE!
In December the Naval War College passed two significant milestones. One was the completfon of the first course in Strategy under the new curriculum. The other was the dedication of our new auditorium, named in honor of Adm. Raymond A. Spruance. In the November-December issue of the Review, I outlined our plans for the new Strategy curriculum. This new been expressed in his novels The Winds course is centered on case studies of of War and the Caine Mutiny. Mr. military history. The style of teaching Wouk's abiding interest in the naval was intended to put the onus on the profession was the basis of his eloquent student for digging out for himself the lecture, "The Naval Officer in the Age principles of strategy and the lessons of Revolution." inherent in these cases. Now that we The audience contained many mem have completed the first course, I bers of the academic community, and thought you would be interested in the most illustrious representative was seeing some of the results and in judging Rear Adm. Samuel Eliot Morison, the program for yourselves. Accord USNR (Ret. ). Intellectual, scholar, ingly, I have devoted the bulk of this writer, and teacher-Admiral Morison issue of the Review to some of the graced the occasion with his remarks products of this first Strategy course. about his old friend Adm. Raymond A. On 7 December, Spruance Hall was Spruance during the dedication cere dedicated, less than 24 hours after the mony the following day. first Raymond A. Spruance Lecture was Many other communities and profes delivered in the new building. Spruance sions were represented, as well. Two Hall, a magnificent granite-faced build renowned artists who immortalized ing, represents the initial fruit of the Spruance on canvas and in bronze college's $23 million expansion and viewed their works on display in the modernization program. It symbolizes Spruance Hall lobby: portrait painter the college's growth and vitality, and its Albert K. Murray and sculptor Felix W. beautiful auditorium provided the de Weldon. Government and naval civil setting for the first of a lecture series of ian representatives included Secretary of intellectual excellence. The Spruance the Navy John Warner, Senator Clai lectures, to be presented annually, are borne Pell, Governor Frank Licht, for intended to promote common ties with mer Secretary of the Navy and Gover the neighboring academic community. nor John Chafee, and philanthropist and As the series' premier lecturer, Mr. former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Herman Wouk is a speaker with superb John Nicholas Brown. credentials. He is a distinguished writer The lecture and the dedication also whose work has been recognized by the assembled former members of Spru award of the Pulitzer Prize. His pro ance's World War II staff for a nostalgic foundPublished knowledge by U.S. Naval of War society College at Digital war hasCommons, reunion, 1973 probably the last time they will 5 NavalNaval War War College College Review, Review, Vol. Vol. 26 26 [1973], [1973], No. No. 3, 2, Art. Art. 12 1
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Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1973 7 4 NAVALNaval NavalWAR War War COLLEGE College College Review, Review, REVIEWVol. Vol. 26 26 [1973], [1973], No. No. 3, 2, Art. Art. 12 1
In the first of the Spruance Lecture Series, and the initial lecture delivered in the college's newly dedicated Spruance Hall, Mr. Herman Wook presents a timely and fascinating perspective on the revolutionary changes affecting our world. To be effective in his profession, the naval officer must possess an understanding of the social forces that have molded contemporary society,
THE NAVAL OFFICER IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION*
Spmancc Lecture by Herman Wouk
In greeting the many distinguished The predicament of the naval officer guests who are here tonight, I want to in our revolutionary times is a somber say a word of special greetings to a man one. In making this the topic of the first without whose work neither I, nor Sprnance Lecture, I have tried, in Ray anybody who writes on World War II, mond Spruance's spirit, to go to the would be able to function. I am proud heart of the current naval problem. that among those present is the great "Revolution" is a word toward historian Samuel Eliot Morison. which we Americans have ambivalent When the creator of Captain Queeg feelings. We are getting ready for the addresses the Naval War College, a bicentennial, 3 years hence, of the smoky trace of revolution already is in revolution that gave birth to our coun the air. Evidently you have even decided try. We consider it a glorious overthrow. to overlook that well-known aphorism, Our most conservative female blue "The Navy is a master plan designed by bloods proudly call themselves the geniuses for execution by idiots." Of Daughters of the American Revolution. course I never said this; Lieutenant They do not think of the Boston Tea Keefer of the U.S.S. Caine said it. Much Party as an unlawful destruction of like a flesh and blood parent, an author property, like the burning of Watts. has limited control over the utterances They do not sympathize with the em of his phantom offspring. I suppose battled soldiers, taunted and threatened forgiveness comes the more easily here at the Naval War College, where ob· *The address was extemporaneous, and viously I address only the geniuses. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss2/1https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss3/12the text is adapted from a taped recording. 8 NavalWar War College: College: March March-April & April 1973 1973 Review Full Issue
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Address delivered by Commander Thomas B. Buell, U.S. Navy al the occasion of the dedication of Spruance Hall
Naval War College 7 llcccmber 1972
Samuel Eliot Morison wrote the The gloomy vault above grows words that best describe Raymond blacker yet, Spruance: j/Power of decision and cool· And all except the faintly rustling ness in action were perhaps Spruance's trees leading characteristics. He envied no ls quiet now. The dark clouds' one1 regarded no one as rival, won the fiery pet respect of everyone with whom he came The lightning silent plays about in contact, and went ahead in his quiet their knees, way, winning victories for his country. 11 Victories that were won by American But hark' The storm approaches forces commanded by Spruance were- and the rain The Battle of Midway In the far distance may be seen. The Gilbert Islands: Tarawa and A sound Makin Of rushing wind, a thunderclap The Marshall Islands: Kwajalein, Roi contain Namur, and Eniwetok A warning to be off the tempest's The Marianas: Saipan, Tinian, Guam, ground. and the Battle of the Philippine Sea lwo Jima He was reared by women ···at times Okinawa by a domineering mother and at times Before the war Spruance seemed an by three young and adoring maiden unlikely candidate for a future fleet aunts. His father was a recluse whom he commander. As a teenager he wrote and hardly knew. Spruance attended the published poetry that displayed his sen• Naval Academy because his family sitivity and imagination, such as his could not afford a university education, description of an approaching summer and there he was unhappy because of thunderstorm. the military regimen, hazing, and stag nant curriculum. Yet he was an excel• A fringe of black comes o'er the lent student but so inconspicuous that northern sky; few of his classmates knew him well. He It grows and deepens till at last was described in his yearbook as a shy the sun young thing1 open and innocent, who Grows dim and disappears. The would hurt nothing or no one except in frightened cry the line of duty. Of birds is heard, that would the Spruance supported not only his Publishedtempest by U.S. Navalshun. War College Digital Commons, 1973family but his mother and aunts as well. 17 NavalNaval War War College College Review, Review, Vol. Vol. 26 26 [1973], [1973], No. No. 3, 2, Art. Art. 12 1
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A PERSPECTIVE OF THE COLLEGE'S STRATEGY CURRICULUM
The 9 weeks devoted to the Strategy the basic factual material upon which all curriculum are designed to enhance the subsequent discussion and reading will student's ability to think analytically be based. Three days of individual read• and express himself cogently by allow· ing, research1 and consultation with ing him to examine key issues of mili faculty members then follow. Having tary history in the give and take of the thus become acquainted in some depth
seminar room. In essence1 the Strategy with the week's topic, the students then study has been changed in both content attend a formal lecture presented by a
and in methodologyI and figure l illus• guest speaker.** Chosen to speak in trates the change in emphasis from a areas of their special expertise, each committee to an individual effort. week's guest lecturer spends 3 days at
New Currieutum 1971 Equivalent (16 weeks) (17 weeks} Lecture hours 75 167 Seminar hours 44 69 Required rnad!ng pages 10.316 3,980 Written assignments 4/60 pages 1/10 pages (committee effort) Examinations 2 0 Post-lecture periods 14 18 50% avg. attendance 15% avg. attendance
Fig. 1-Comparison of Academic Effort: New vs. 1971 Strategy Curriculum Focusing each week on a different the War College, participating in post· question or case study, the students are lecture conferences and student semiw expected to read approximately 1,000 nars as well as meeting with selected pages of background material as well as student groups over the dinner table in attend a formal lecture presented by a the college's Flag Cabin. prominent historian. While a great deal Although historical in its perspective, of time is required outside the seminar the Naval War College's Strategy course room in individual research and prepara· focuses on questions that are as current tion of seminar essays1 the success of today as they were for the ancient the program clearly hinges on the ex· change of ideas-the give and take that characterizes small group discussions.* *For an insight into the Strategy eur• Each academic week opens with an riculum topics, supporting readings, and introductory lecture given by a member representative essay questions, see appendix I. of the War College's resident faculty. *"-See appendix II for a listing of guest PublishedThese lectures by U.S. Naval are Wardesigned College toDigital provide Commons, lecturers 1973 for the Strategy curriculum, 23 NavalNaval War War College College Review, Review, Vol. Vol. 26 26 [1973], [1973], No. No. 3, 2, Art. Art. 12 1
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SELECTED ESSAYS FOR STRATEGY CURRICULUM
HOW ADAPTIVE HAS THE MILITARY BEEN TO TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE'! by Licutcnanl Commander Charles C. Pease, U.S. Navy Sludent, College of Naval Warfare
One of the more common naval aviation prior to World War II. human failings is the tendency to Within our own period of service we react to new phenomena with old have been witness to the struggle of reflexes. Generals are often the Hyman Rickover to introduce the slaves of strategies designed for nuclear propulsion plant. Who knows other wars and diplomats are how many good ideas may have been prone to retain postures and poli suppressed within the last 10 years? cies based on conditions of a Nor is the U.S. Navy the only mili world that no longer exists.1 tary organization to have suffered from There can be no doubt that in many "mossbackism." The British and French instances the military has been slow to armies, prior to and during World War r, adapt to changing technology. Perhaps refused to adapt to the introduction of it is grossly unfair, however, to single rapid fire weapons. out the profession of arms for censure The impact of modern tech in this regard. Resistance to innovation niques was misunderstood or dis is certainly prevalent in civilian life. But regarded. In the 80 years between it is equally unjustifiable for the mili Clausewitz and 1911 the rate of tary to pretend that the problem does rifle fire had increased from three not exist. The professional approach rounds a minute to 16, the range would seem to be to recognize the of guns from one thousand yards malady for what it is and to identify the to five or six. Of artillery one symptoms. Analysis with a view toward responsible French officer said, isolating the causes of the disease and an "We have rather too much of it. "2 attempt to find possible remedies are British Field Marshal Haig claimed also in order. the machinegun was much overrated. There is ample historical evidence to Two per battalion were more than support the view that the military has sufficient, he felt, but fortunately the been reluctant to accept change. Con number was increased to eight and then sider the classic case of resistance by the 16 under civilian pressure. Couple this naval bureaucracy to the improved gun attitude toward modern weapons with nery techniques of Lt. W.S. Sims. This devotion to Clausewitz' dictum of the might have been expected from the offensive and senseless carnage was in group of professionals whose an tece evitable. In one infantry charge against dents had retrogressed from steam to entrenched German machinegun posi sail following the Civil War_ Isherwood tions, 10,000 Allied troops were fed must have felt the same sense of frustra into the grinder. After 3½ hours, casual tion that haunted Sims a generation ties amounted to 385 officers and 7,861 later. More recently there were the men. German losses were "nil. "3 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss2/1https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss3/12problems experienced by proponents of But the French staff learned its30 NavalWar War College: College: March March-April & April 1973 1973 Review Full Issue
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While amnesty advocates can cite numerous instances in history in which amnesty has been granted, in each instance it was more than likely a highly volatile political issue. The current problem is no different, and strong feelings will continue to persist even in the aftermath of the Vietnam war and the post-draft environment. Forgiveness is inherent in the American character, and it seems reasonable to expect that some sort of Presidential or legislative action will be taken. Whether the final result will favor limited amnesty, with violators paying a price, or complete absolution may depend on how soon the issue is settled.
AMNESTY: AN OLD GIFf IN NEW WRAPPINGS
paper A rn.scarelI prepared by
Commander Jack W. Howay, U.S. Navy
College of Naval Warfare
Historical llackgruuud. Late in the in overthrowing the oligarchy. Thra fifth century B.C., the Athenian defeat sybulus then proclaimed: " ... a com in the Battle of Aegospotami led to the plete amnesty for all that had happened final siege of Athens and her ultimate during the suspension of democratic surrender to Sparta. Contrary to the government, except in the case of the wishes of several of her allies, Sparta Thirty, ... who were, however, to enjoy decided to grant a reasonable peace, it too provided they gave an accounting mainly on the basis that Athens had for their acts before courts empanelled contributed considerably to the Greek from property owners ... "2 general welfare during the Persian in Not all amnesties are explicit. Fol vasions which had preceded the Pelo lowing the Franco-Prussian War, ex ponnesian War. 1 The Athenians were tended negotiations over a treaty were thus permitted to maintain a form of further prolonged by French insistence self-government, though it was changed of incorporation of an amnesty clause from the previous democratic format to favoring French citizens who might one oligarchic in nature. The ruling otherwise have been subject to convic oligarchy then purged those supporting tion for commission of offenses against a return to democratic rule, either by the Germans during the German occupa extermination or exile, and confiscated tion. 3 Bismarck, impatient at the delay their property. One of those ex:iled, a this portended, insisted that any ques former Athenian general, Thrasybulus, tion of amnesty must remain " ... a was able to lead a movement successful matter for imperial clemency volun- https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss2/1https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol26/iss3/12 50 NavalWar War College: College: March March-April & April 1973 1973 Review Full Issue
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