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Composición De Los Aceites Esenciales De Las Hojas De Conyza

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Composición De Los Aceites Esenciales De Las Hojas De Conyza COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAS HOJAS DE CONYZA BONARIENSIS, GNAPHALIUM PELLITUM Y ACHYROCLINE SATUREIOIDES, POR CG-EM Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA Y ANTIOXIDANTE. WILLIAM ALEJANDRO ANDRADE BARREIRO PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA BOGOTA 2015 COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAS HOJAS DE CONYZA BONARIENSIS, GNAPHALIUM PELLITUM Y ACHYROCLINE SATUREIOIDES, POR CG-EM Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA Y ANTIOXIDANTE. WILLIAM ALEJANDRO ANDRADE BARREIRO Trabajo de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Magister en ciencias biológicas. Director: Oscar Eduardo Rodriguez Aguirre. Lic –M.Sc. – Ph.D Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad El Bosque Profesor Catedrático Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA BOGOTA 2015 COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAS HOJAS DE CONYZA BONARIENSIS, GNAPHALIUM PELLITUM Y ACHYROCLINE SATUREIOIDES, POR CG-EM Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA Y ANTIOXIDANTE. WILLIAM ALEJANDRO ANDRADE BARREIRO Dra.: Concepción Judith Puerta B Decana Facultad de Ciencias Dra.: Alba A. Trespalacios R Directora Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias DEDICATORIA. A mi bebe, María Alejandra, motor de mi vida. AGRADECIMIENTOS. A toda persona que de una u otra forma aportaron para que este trabajo se llevara a cabo. En especial al Doctor Oscar Eduardo Rodríguez Aguirre, que sin su dirección y apoyo no se hubiera podido lograr. “Los criterios expuestos, las opiniones expresadas y conclusiones anotadas son responsabilidad sólo del autor y no comprometen en nada a la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana” Artículo 9.18 del reglamento de los trabajos de grado y de investigación Agosto de 1989. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS. Pag RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 JUSTIFICACION ................................................................................................................................................... 3 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 OBJETIVO GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................... 5 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS .............................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................................. 6 1 ESTADO DEL ARTE ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Aceites esenciales. ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.1 Clasificación.......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 Distribución y estado natural. ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Aspectos botánicos de la familia Asteraceae. ............................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Ecología. ............................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Taxones incluidos en las Asteráceas. ............................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Descripción de las plantas del Estudio. .......................................................................................... 10 1.2.4 Empleo tradicional de las especies botánicas en estudio. .......................................................... 13 1.3 Descripción taxonómica de las plantas del estudio. .................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Composición química reportada en otros estudios. ...................................................................... 14 1.4 Actividad biológica reportada en estudios previos de este género. .............................. 15 2 METODOLOGÍA ......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Recolección y preparación del material vegetal. .......................................................................... 20 2.2 Métodos de extracción. .................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Arrastre por vapor (AV). .................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Hidrodestilación (HD) en equipo Clevenger. ................................................................................. 23 2.2.3 Tratamiento de los aceites esenciales. .......................................................................................... 24 2.3 Determinación del porcentaje (%) de rendimiento y densidad absoluta. .................................. 25 2.3.1 Porcentaje de rendimiento. ............................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Densidad absoluta. ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.4 Identificación de los compuestos de los aceites esenciales. ................................................... 25 2.4.1 Identificación de sustancias presentes en los aceites esenciales obtenidos de hojas de C bonariensis, G pellitum y A satureioides. ........................................................................................................ 26 2.5 Determinación de actividades biológicas....................................................................................... 27 2.5.1 Actividad antioxidante. ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.5.2 Antioxidantes. ..................................................................................................................................... 30 2.5.3 Solventes y reactivos ........................................................................................................................ 32 2.5.4 Métodos de actividad antioxidante que combina transferencia de un solo electrón y transferencia de un átomo de hidrogeno (ET-HAT). ..................................................................................... 33 2.5.5 Actividad de barrido de radicales libres – DPPH•. ........................................................................ 33 2.6 Actividad antibacteriana. .................................................................................................................. 36 2.6.1 Preparación de las cepas bacterianas: ......................................................................................... 38 3 RESULTADOS. ........................................................................................................................................... 42 3.1 Obtención de los aceites. ................................................................................................................. 42 3.2 Análisis por Cromatografía de gases acoplado a masas. ........................................................... 42 3.3 Actividad antioxidante por DPPH•. .................................................................................................. 50 3.4 Actividad antibacteriana. .................................................................................................................. 52 4 ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS. ................................................................................................................. 56 4.1 Identificación taxonómica de las plantas. ...................................................................................... 56 4.2 Porcentaje de rendimiento. .............................................................................................................. 56 4.3 Identificación de los compuestos presentes en los aceites esenciales. ................................... 57 4.3.1 Identificación de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las hojas. ................................................ 57 4.4 Actividad antioxidante. ...................................................................................................................... 59 4.4.1 Análisis estadístico de la actividad antioxidante. .......................................................................... 66 4.5 Actividad antibacteriana. .................................................................................................................. 73 5 CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................................................... 75 6 PERPECTIVAS Y APLICACIONES. ........................................................................................................ 77 7 BIBLIOGRAFIA. .........................................................................................................................................
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