Biological Invasions, Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant
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BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species 0836 fm Page 2 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species Edited by David Pimentel, Ph.D. Cornell University Ithaca, New York CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 0836 fm Page 4 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM Senior Editor: John Sulzycki Project Editor: Gail Renard Production Manager: Pat Roberson Marketing Manager: Nadja English Cover Designer: Dawn Snider Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biological invasions : economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species / edited by David Pimentel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0836-4 (alk. paper) 1. Biological invasions—Economic aspects. 2. Biological invasions—Environmental. aspects. I. Pimentel, David, 1925– QH353 .B57 20002 577′18—dc21 2002017489 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0836-4 Library of Congress Card Number 2002017489 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 0836 fm Page 5 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM About the Editor David Pimentel, Ph.D., is Professor of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Agricultural Sciences in the Department of Entomology, the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and the Field of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. Dr. Pimentel received his B.S. in 1948 from the University of Massa- chusetts and his Ph.D. in 1951 from Cornell. From 1951 to 1954 he was chief of the Tropical Research Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. From 1954 to 1955 he was postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Chicago; 1960 to 1961, OEEC Fellow at Oxford University (England); and 1961, research scholar at Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. He was appointed assistant professor of insect ecology at Cornell University in 1955 and associate professor in 1961. In 1963 he was appointed professor and head of the Department of Entomology and Limnology. He served as head until 1969 when he returned to full-time research and teaching as professor of ecology and agricul- tural sciences. Nationally, he has served on numerous presidential commissions and National Acad- emy of Sciences’ committees and boards, and several committees and boards of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, and U.S. State Department. He is currently president of the Rachel Carson Council and elected member of the National Audubon Society and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. His honors and achievements include: being a fellow at Oxford University (England); delivering keynote addresses at numerous international and national scientific society conferences; being appointed a Phi Beta Kappa visiting scholar; being appointed honorary professor, Institute of Applied Ecology, China; receiving the Distinguished Service Award from the Rural Sociology Society; serving on the board of directors, International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science; and serving as editor of Journal of Environment, Development and Sustainability. Dr. Pimentel has authored nearly 600 scientific publications, written two books, and edited 20 others. 0836 fm Page 6 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM 0836 fm Page 7 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM Contributors David Pimentel (Editor) Ken Winkel College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Director, Australian Venom Research Unit Cornell University Department of Pharmacology Ithaca, New York University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia Australia Brazil Mary Bomford Bureau of Rural Sciences Murillo Lobo Junior Canberra, Australia Embrapa Hortalicas Brasilia, Brazil Deon Canyon Tropical Infectious and Parasitic Diseases British Isles Unit School of Public Health and Tropical Stephen Harris Medicine School of Biological Sciences James Cook University University of Bristol Townsville, Australia England Richard H. Groves Piran C. L. White CSIRO Plant Industry and CRC Weed Environment Department Management Systems University of York Canberra, Australia England Quentin Hart Mark Williamson Bureau of Rural Sciences Department of Biology Canberra, Australia University of York England Ian Naumann Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry–Australia India Canberra, Australia Jaspal Kaur Rick Speare Department of Plant Pathology Tropical Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Punjab Agricultural University Unit Ludhiana, India School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Rama S. Singh James Cook University Department of Plant Pathology Townsville, Australia Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India 0836 fm Page 8 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM New Zealand South Africa Nigel D. Barlow M. H. Allsopp Biocontrol and Biosecurity Group ARC–Plant Protection Research Institute AgResearch Stellenbosch, South Africa Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre Lincoln, New Zealand J. F. Colville University of Cape Town M. N. Clout Cape Town, South Africa Centre for Invasive Species Research School of Biological Sciences C. L. Griffiths Tamaki Campus University of Cape Town University of Auckland Cape Town, South Africa Auckland, New Zealand D. Magadlela Angus Cook Working for Water Program Ecology and Health Research Centre Cape Town, South Africa Department of Public Health Wellington School of Medicine D. C. Le Maitre Wellington, New Zealand CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Foresty Technology S. L. Goldson Stellenbosch, South Africa Biocontrol and Biosecurity Group AgResearch C. Marais Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre Working for Water Program Lincoln, New Zealand Cape Town, South Africa Susan Timmins M. D. Picker Department of Conservation University of Cape Town Wellington, New Zealand Cape Town, South Africa Philip Weinstein D. M. Richardson Ecology and Health Research Centre Institute for Plant Conservation Department of Public Health Department of Botany Wellington School of Medicine University of Cape Town Wellington, New Zealand Cape Town, South Africa B. W. van Wilgen Peter A. Williams CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Landcare Research Forestry Technology Nelson, New Zealand Stellenbosch, South Africa Alistair Woodward United States Ecology and Health Research Centre Department of Public Health T. Aquino Wellington School of Medicine Cornell University Wellington, New Zealand Ithaca, New York 0836 fm Page 9 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM J. Janecka E. Wong Cornell University Cornell University Ithaca, New York Ithaca, New York Yoonji Kim L. Russel College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Federal Way, WA Cornell University Ithaca, New York C. Simmonds Wyndmoor, PA Lori Lach T. Tsomondo Cornell University Cornell University Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, New York Ithaca, New York J. Wightman Sarah McNair Ithaca, New York Utica, New York J. Zern Doug Morrison Cornell University Cornell University Ithaca, New York Environmental Toxicology Ithaca, New York Rodolfo Zuniga Cornell University C. O’Connell Natural Resources Holtsville, New York Ithaca, New York 0836 fm Page 10 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM 0836 fm Page 11 Wednesday, May 15, 2002 9:59 AM Contents Section I: Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction: Non-Native Species in the World ..................................................3 David Pimentel Section II: Australia Chapter 2 The Impacts of Alien Plants in Australia ............................................................11 Richard H. Groves Chapter 3 Non-Indigenous