Nouvelles Tendances De L'urbanisation En

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nouvelles Tendances De L'urbanisation En EN EGYPTE NOUVELLES TENDANCES- DE L' URBANISATION EN EGYPTE : RUPTURES OU CONTINUITES ? Gdb ELKADI ORSTOM i nous considerom les dkfinitions les plus courantes de l'urbanisation, A savoir 'l'action de creer des villes ou d'étendre l'espace urbain' et 'la concentration croissante des populations dans les villes et dans les agglomkrations wbaines' snous constatons que les recentes données statistiques sur l'urbanisation en (l), Egypte les contredisent partiellement. Ainsi, l'une des dondes les plus frappantes est la stagnation de 1'6volulion de la population urbaine au cours des dix demieres anas(43.8% de l'ensemble en 1976,contre 43,9% en 1986).(2). Or, celleh n'avait cess4 d'augmenter d'une kpn continue et soutenue depuis le debut de ce siede (17,2% en 1907, 264% er: 1937, 37,5% en 1960 et G,8%en 1976). Simultanbment, le nombre de localites rurales &ri- gees en villes au cours de la dbcennie BcoulBe (17 loCalit6s) represente moins du tiers de celles qui ont acc6d6 A ce statut entre 1960 et 1976 (54 localit6s). A ces donnees il faut ajouter la rbgression, voire la chute spectaculaire dans certains cas, du taux de croissance des metropoles et des grandes villes, contrastant avec une dynamique relative des villes moyennes (20 O00 A moins de 100 O00 habi- tants) et une très forte croissance des petites villes et des agglomerations dites ru- rales. Ce relatif ralentissement de l'urbanisation dans un pays qui subit une nouvelle revolution &mographique nous amène A poser un certain nombre de questions. II s'agit d'abord de s'interroger sur les notions d' 'urbanil8' et de 'ruralit6' en Egypte, car c'est souvent I'ambiguïtk ou I'impr6cision de ces concepls qui pervertissent les donnees de base sur la croissance et, par con&!quent, faussent l'ensemble des rksultats de l'analyse. L'on peut aussi se demander sur quels criteres s'appuie l'administration pour octroyer le statut de ville A une localit& rurale et quels sont les enjeux qui sous-tendent les choix r6els. 25 Nous nous interrogerons ensuite sur les mouvements de croissance, de A cblb des trois capitales nationales, Oun, Memphis et Thbbes, il y avail les 2" ralentissement el de regression de la croissance des différenfes strales des villes - c .,. 42 capitales des 'nomes' (provinces) (6). En outre, d'autres centres urbains MODES composant le reseau urbain. La dynamique de la strate inlermediaire des villes remplissaient des Jonctions particuli&res :Tennis, centre de fabrication des textiles, D'URBANISA- Iraduit-elle l'amorce de I'bquilibrage, tant souhaite, d'une armature urbaine marquee Naucratis, ville commeraale fondee par les Milesiens sous la XXVle dynaslie, Canope, TDN par une forte polarisation au profit d'un nombre tres rbduil de villes? Ou s'agi14 port maritime, Chidia, station douanibre sur l'ancien Canal d'Alexandrie, Al-Lahun, EN EGYPTE pluldl d'un phenombne ayant un impaci limile? Quels sont les facteurs ayant Dayr al-Madina el Khenl Kaus, villes ouvrikres, des villes fortilikes o0 slationnaient contribue A la dynamique sans precedent d'agglomerations diles rurales, de taille des garnisons telles que Silb et des centres religieux d'importance regionale ou moyenne, el quelles en sont les consbquences, notammenl sur l'environnement nahonale. La distinction entre rural et urbain remonle donc aux temps les plus anciens. 6cologique? Cette dynamique rdv&le-I-elleun dt'clin general de l'exode rural compte Fonctions administrattves, politiques, militaires, religieuses ou economiques op4raient tenu du rapprochement des taux d'accroissement annuels moyens des populalions cette distinction en m6me temps qu'elles detenninaienl le rang el I'imprtance d'une urbaine et rurale (respectivement de 2,6% et 2,5%)? localile dans le reseau urbain. Ceci nous permet de parler d'une armalure urbaine precoce sans qu'il s'agisse seulement d'une mbtaphore. Nous ne pourrons certes pas apporter de rbponses precises A toutes ces questions, etant donne l'absence de donnees sur les mouvements migratoires; nous nous contenterons dom d'avancer des hptMsesou de nous appuyer sur des éMes Cette hierarchie des villes s'insbrait dans un systeme de division terriloriale de cas. Nous tenterons enfin de repondre A la question pode par le litre de celte en regions, provinces et, plus tard, canions, dont le principe de base est reste elude : la stabilisation de la population urbaine est-elle reelle ou apparente? quasiment immuable. Depuis les Bpoques primitives, I'Egypte &ait diviske en deux Traduitelle vraiment de nouvelles lendances amenees A se developper? Quel est grandes regions :la Haute-Egypte el la Bass-Egypte, auxquelles est venue s'ajouler l'avenir de l'urbanisation en Egyple? la Moyenne-Egypte (termes generiques utilises encore de nos jours mais ne correspondan1pas A un decoupage administratif). Ces regions etaient divides A leur Nolre analyse des nouvelles donnbes de l'urbanisation n'exclut pas la lour en provinces appelkes nomes, amenagCes en fonction de l'irrigation, de la n6cessil6 de quelques rappels historiques permettant de retablir les rapports avec conquele du sol el regies par un officier delbgue par le pouvoir central (7). Chaque les origines, sans nier te fait que certaines donnees identiques ont pris un sens nome avait sa mbtropole, pss6dail son environnement social et son dieu local, auquel diffbrent dans un contexle qui a bvolu4. elail attachbe la population. Les 42 nomes de I'Egypte pharaonique ont presque double au cours des bpoques pstbrieures. Des villes en decadence cbdaienl le pas A des cites plus recentes et plus prosp&es. certains nomes elaienl subdivis5s, d'autres UNE ARMATURE URBAINE MILLENAIRE etaient reunis en fonclion du volume de la production agricole, de la prosperile economique el des varialions du nombre des habilants. La geographie de I'Egypte a fail A la fois sa fortune et son malheur. Tenue prisonnibre entre deux plateaux desertiques, la fertile vallee du Nil (moins de 4% de A certaines Bpoques on a cree un ou deux niveaux administralils la surface totale du pays) abrite depuis le debut de l'histoire (3) la majoril6 de la inlermkdiaires entre celle circonscriplion de base et les trois grandes regions population et des activiles el la lotalil6 des villes el des villages. Aujourd'hui encore, composant le leniloire. Ce lut le cas au Ive sikcle de notre ere (decrel de DioclBs) o0 et en dbpit des efforts successifs entrepris par I'EtaI depuis i956 pur la conqu6te la Haute et la Basse-Egypte furent divides en 7 Eparchies, divisees A leur tour en du &sert, les gouvernorats dits de la frontikre (4), tous desertiques, regroupent duchbs regroupant les nomes, qui prirent le nom de 'pagis', puis 'kourah'. 565 389 habilants (I ,7% de la population lolale) don1 324 128 citadins repartis sur 27 centres urbains (14% de l'ensemble des villes et 40% des villes de moins de A d'autres Bpoques, la nbcessite d'avoir une unilé administrative plus grande 20 O00 habitants). que la kourah se faisan1 ressentir, I'on groupa les kourah dans de petites provinces tout en supprimanl les deux grandes divisions introduites par les Romains; celte Deux trails particuliers CaractCrisent le cas Bgyplien : I'anciennete de p&¡cde des petites provinces dura de 1058 A 1300; lui succeda celle des grandes I'armalure urbaine et un cadrage administratif rigoureux dont le fondement essentiel provinces (24 en Basse-Egypte et en Haute-Egypte) qui dura non seulement jusqu'A remonte A I'Antiquitk. la lin de l'&poque arabe mais pratiquement jusqu'A nos jours, car la plupart des provinces existent encore A l'heure actuelle telles qu'elles etaient autrefois. Lorsque les Grecs arrivbrent en Egypte, ils furent BmerveillCs par ta densile de la populalion, le foisonnement des villes et la diversile de leurs fonclions. 'Villages Toutefois, des unirés plus rkduites,' le district el le canton, assurerent le et ville se comptaient par milliers', dont une 'centaine de vraies villes' (5) rt'parties I relais entre les provinces et les communes rurales A partir de 1850 ou, en meme sur l'ensemble du lerritoire de I'Egypte utile, suivant une logique dictée par les temps, les trois villes principales, Le Caire, Roselte el Damietle, furent Brigbes en determinanls @ographiques, politiques, Bconomiques el mililaires : en Basse-Egyple, gouvernorats. Ce nouveau terme s'ktendil ensuite pour designer toutes les provinces elles Btaienl dispers& dans le large evenfail du Della avec une plus grade densith le suite A la promulgation. en 1960, de la loi sur l'adminislralion locale qui définil les long des sept bras du Nil, principal reseau de circulation des hommes et de5 biens, el trois niveaux de I'acluelle hierarchie administrative : le gouvemorat (province), le une faible concentration sur le littoral et A la lisiere des déserts. En Haute-Egypte, markaz (district) et le village. elles se suddaienl r@ul¡&remenldans la vallk sur les deux rives du flewe. , 26 27 Certes le nombre, les capitales, les appellations, la nomenclature, les limites geographiques el la taille des provinces ont beaucoup varie durant les 5000 ans qui PROBLEMES DtUtklNI I UN t I UtStLtG I IUN Ut3 VlLLtb nous &parent des epoques antiques; toutefois, on retrouve certaines continuites MODES indeniables. Ainsi y a-t-il, parmi les 26 capitales des gouvernorats composant le . En 1907, on a tente de donner une definition de I' 'urbanitb. qui inclue le D'URBANISA- territoire : seuil quantitatif des statistiques et la fome urbaine : 'A town is an area of more TION than 10 O00 inhabitants when not treated as towns unless they really possessed EN EGYPTE - Six cites ayant plus de 4000 ans d'histoire et qui etaient des capitales urban characteristics, and even not overgrown villages' (10).
Recommended publications
  • Alexandria's Hinterland
    Alexandria’s Hinterland Archaeology of the Western Nile Delta, Egypt Mohamed Kenawi Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 014 3 ISBN 978 1 78491 015 0 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and M Kenawi 2014 Front cover: Baths, Kom al-Ahmer (Mohamed Kenawi); Kom Wasit, Aerial photo 2014 (copyright Italian Mission in Beheira, photographer Henrik Brahe. http://www.caiecentroarcheologico.org/ and http://www.komahmer.com/). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by CMP (UK) Ltd This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com This work is dedicated to Mariette de Vos Raaijmakers Emanuele Papi Contents List of Figures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii List of Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� viii List of Maps ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ viii List of Tables �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • Life Science Journal Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition Life Science Journal L I F E S C I E N C Marsland Press E J O U
    Volume 10, Number 1 (Cumulative No.32) Par t 1 March 25, 2013 ISSN:1097-8135 Volume 10, Number 1, Par t 1 March 25, 2013 ISSN:1097-8135 Life Science Journal Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition Life Science Journal L i f e S c i e n c Marsland Press e J o u PO Box 180432 r n a Richmond Hill, New York 11418, USA l 2 0 1 3 Vo Website: http://www.lifesciencesite.com l u m e 1 0 , N Emails: u m b [email protected] e r 1 [email protected] , P a r t 1 I S Phone: (347) 321-7172 S N : 1 0 9 7 - 8 1 3 5 Cover design: CAO, Zhaolong Photograph: YANG, Yizhong; YOUNG, Mary ISSN 1097-8135 Website: http://www.lifesciencesite.com Copyright © 2013 Marsland Press / Zhengzhou University Emails: MARSLAND PRESS [email protected] Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Publisher [email protected] 9 771097 813002 Volume 10, Number 1, Par t 1 March 25, 2013 ISSN:1097-8135 Life Science Journal Website: http://www.lifesciencesite.com Emails: MARSLAND PRESS [email protected] Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Publisher [email protected] Life Science Journal ISSN: 1097-8135 http://www.lifesciencesite.com Life Science Journal - Acta Zhengzhou University Oversea Version ISSN: 1097-8135 Life Science Journal, the Acta Zhengzhou University Oversea Version, is an international journal with the purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. The journal is calling for papers from all who are associated with Zhengzhou University-home and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency of the Using of Human and Machine the Sources in Wheat Production in Beheira Governorate
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com International Journal of Development Research ISSN: 2230-9926 Vol. 11, Issue, 07, pp. 48934-48940, July, 2021 https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.22437.07.2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS EFFICIENCY OF THE USING OF HUMAN AND MACHINE THE SOURCES IN WHEAT PRODUCTION IN BEHEIRA GOVERNORATE Ashraf M. El Dalee1,*, Lamis F. Elbahenasy2, Safaa M. Elwakeel2 and Eman A. Ibrahim3 1Professor Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center –Egypt 2Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute Agricultural Research Center – Egypt 3Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center – Egypt ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The research problem is represented in the high costs of producing wheat crop as a result of the high prices of Article History: production requirements, which may affect the cultivated areas of it, and due to the rapid and successive Received 20th April, 2021 progress in the transfer of technology in the field of agriculture, especially agricultural operations, it has been Received in revised form possible to replace human work with automated work, after the high wages of rural labor trained women in the 10th May, 2021 fields of agriculture and continuous migration to urban areas as a result of the seasonality of agricultural Accepted 30th June, 2021 production on the one hand, and the low wages in the country side compared to the urban ones, which Published online 28th July, 2021 prompted farmers to move towards using
    [Show full text]
  • Shereif Hassan Mahmoud
    Hydroclimate Changes to Arid regions subjected to Impact of climate change, human activities, and Large-scale climate patterns by Shereif Hassan Mahmoud A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Water Resources Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta © Shereif Hassan Mahmoud, 2020 Abstract In recent years, many regions worldwide have suffered from natural hazards related to the impact of human activities and climate change, such as floods and droughts, sea level rise, extreme weather events and an accelerated hydrological cycle. In Africa, the driest continent on Earth, climate change has led to more frequent occurrences of droughts of greater severity. Beside climate change, human activities have also incurred negative environmental impact which in turn has likely affected the climate at a wide range of temporal-spatial scales worldwide. For example, in the Middle East, floods of greater magnitude have been occurring more frequently in recent decades, which could be attributed partly to rapid urbanization or the effect of climate change, or both. In the Nile River basin (NRB), recurring droughts and increasing population have led to rising tension between competing users for water. Therefore, to develop more effective mitigation strategies against the potential impact of climate change, there is an urgent need to better understand changes to the hydrologic cycle of arid regions and linkage to regional climate change. The objectives of this dissertation are: 1) To investigate the potential implications of urbanization and climate change to the flood risk of Egypt and Saudi Arabia of arid climate in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) - Revised 2Nd Edition Compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018
    EGYPT, YEAR 2015: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Revised 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2006 to 2015 category number of incidents sum of fatalities battle 314 1765 riots/protests 311 33 remote violence 309 644 violence against civilians 193 404 strategic developments 117 8 total 1244 2854 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2015: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - REVISED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 11 JANUARY 2018 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 18 incidents killing 4 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Bani Ebeid, Gamasa, Kom el Nour, Mit Salsil, Sursuq, Talkha.
    [Show full text]
  • Human-Induced Sedímentologícal Changes in Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt
    Cases and solutions Human-induced sedímentologícal changes in Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt G. Randazzo • D. J. Stanley • S. I. Di Gerónimo • C. Amore Introduction Abstract The Manzala Lagoon in Egypt's Nile ' »el- ta has become a sediment sink of reduced area and Wetlands in the northern part of the Nile Delta have depth, with increased contaminant levels. Loss of been significantly altered by anthropogenic activity dur- much-needed fresh to brackish water reserves and ing the past century. These serve as large, much-needed decreased fish catches have serious ramifications. fresh to brackish water reservoirs anc major fish re- Herein, maps of temporal and regional sediment sources for Egypt (George 1972). The marsh and lagoon distributions in Manzala incorporate petrological systems, of which only four remain in the delta (Maryut, and statistical analyses of 200 surficial and short Idku, BuruUus, Manzala), continue to be reduced in area core samples. These provide baseline information and otherwise modified as a function of increased popu- needed to help implement protection measures for lafion pressures (Sestini 1989; Stanley and Warne 1993). this vital wetland. Four periods are considered: Since the turn of the century, the margin configuration 1920s, 1940s, ~ 1965, and 1990. Important deposi- and hydrographie, floral, faunal, and other attributes of tional changes between 1940s and ~ 1965 resulted the delta wetlands, positioned near the Mediterranean from anthropogenic effects on this quasi-closed la- coast (inset. Fig. 1), have been markedly altered. Numer- goon system, including industrial buildup, wetland ous articles and unpublished reports (citations in Keram- conversion to agricultural land, and irrigation wa- brun 1986) summarize attributes of the lagoons and adja- terway development.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing an Instrument to Measure Penetration of Lean Thinking for Frontline Nursing Staff
    IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e- ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 7, Issue 4 Ver. VIII (Jul.-Aug. 2018), PP 83-95 www.iosrjournals.org Developing an Instrument to Measure Penetration of Lean Thinking For Frontline Nursing Staff Reem Mabrouk Abd El Rahman1, Amal Diab Ghanem Atalla2 1Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt 2 Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Corresponding Author: Reem Mabrouk Abd El Rahman Abstract: Background Lean thinking and management are continuous improvement management plan that design the work flow to produce improvements in safety, quality and productivity. Aim: to develop an instrument to measure penetration of lean thinking for frontline nursing staff. Methods: A methodological mixedresearch design was utilized in all hospitals that are affiliated to the Ministry of Health and Population at El-Beheira Governorate (n= 21). Subjects: Jury group (n=55), divided into two groups: academic experts (n=10) and clinical/professional experts (n=45).Tools: tool one: Frontline Lean Thinking(FLT) Instrumentand tool two: opinnionaire sheet and a demographic data sheet for study subjects. The tool development was executed based on five steps: (1) Content domain specification; (2) Item pool generation; (3) Face & content validity evaluation; (4) Reliability assessment; lastly, (5) Instrument refinement. Results: The study findings revealed that the majority of expert groups agreed on the final version of the developed FLT Instrument with the three levels, namely: organization, unit and individual with its ten sub-domains. Conclusion: the overall result from panel of experts: both academics and clinical/professional experts showed that the developed FLT Instrument has face and content validity.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Report No: ISR16189 Implementation Status & Results Egypt, Arab Republic of Egypt National Railways Restructuring Project (P101103) Operation Name: Egypt National Railways Restructuring Project (P101103) Project Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 13 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: 01-Oct-2014 Country: Egypt, Arab Republic of Approval FY: 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Implementing Agency(ies): Key Dates Board Approval Date 17-Mar-2009 Original Closing Date 30-Sep-2015 Planned Mid Term Review Date 30-Sep-2013 Last Archived ISR Date 15-Jun-2014 Public Disclosure Copy Effectiveness Date 24-Jun-2010 Revised Closing Date 31-Mar-2017 Actual Mid Term Review Date 07-Dec-2013 Project Development Objectives Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) The objective of the Project is to improve the reliability, efficiency and safety of the railways’ services on targeted sections ofthe rail network. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? ● Yes No Public Disclosure Authorized Component(s) Component Name Component Cost Component 1-1: Signaling Modernization - Cairo (Arab El Raml) to Alexandria 174.50 Component 2: Renewal of track 106.00 Component 3: Modernization of Management and Operating Practices 13.50 Component 1-2: Signaling Modernization - Beni Suef to Asyut 337.00 Contingencies and front end fees 14.00 Overall Ratings Previous Rating Current Rating Progress towards achievement of PDO Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory Public Disclosure Authorized Overall Implementation Progress (IP) Moderately Unsatisfactory Moderately Satisfactory Overall Risk Rating Substantial Substantial Implementation Status Overview Public Disclosure Copy A level I project restructuring was approved by the Board on June 25, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2010
    Annual Report and Accounts 2010 From the Region, by the Region, for the Region Annual Report and Accounts 2010 From the Region, by the Region, for the Region Our Vision Our Values To be the leading private sector natural gas • We set and apply the highest standards of company in the Middle East, North Africa conduct and accountability and South Asia (MENASA) region generating value for our stakeholders • We respect and value everyone and embrace all kinds of diversity Our Strategy • We strive to devise and implement innovative ways to improve our business • Focus on sustainable growth in the MENASA region and fulfill our commitments across the natural gas value chain • We aim to provide a safe, healthy and • Leverage strategic relationships to maintain environmentally friendly workplace for competitive advantage our employees and business partners and to minimise the adverse effects of • Continuously enhance our technical and commercial our operations on communities and the skills to develop and operate assets safely and efficiently environment El Wastani Plant, Egypt Contents Group Operational Footprint ....................................................................................8 Group 2010 Highlights ..............................................................................................10 Group Structure ........................................................................................................12 Chairman’s Statement. ...........................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Labor and Professional, and Social Protests During Jan 2019
    The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information ANHRI Program of freedom of expression of workers and social movements Labor and Social Protest Index during January 2019 Introduction January has witnessed no major protests, but in general we can say that the number of participants in the protests in most of the labor and professional protests was estimated by hundreds, or dozens, while individualism dominated the social mobility; at best the number of participants in the protests did not reach thousands, except in the case of solidarity with the Bar Association during the hearing to appeal the sentence of imprisonment for failure to implement a judicial ruling, and the failure to implement the provisions of registration of graduates of open education on the registration schedule of the union. In terms of the authorities' handling of the protests, labor protests were mostly dominated by negotiations, while social protests were mostly dominated by repression and intimidation, or even being ended automatically. The program monitored 47 protests during the month of January, including 11 labor and professional protests, and 36 social, summarized as follows: Labor and Professional, and Social protests during Jan 2019 23.40% 76.60% Labor and Professional 23.4% Social 76.6% I- Labor and Professional Protests: The program has monitored 11 labor and professional protests, distributed as follows: 1- Protests: 4 cases 2- Strike to work: 2 cases 3- Hunger strikes: 2 cases 4- Sit in: 2 cases 5- Threatening to protest: 1 case. Methods of Labor and Professional Protesting during Jan 2019 9.10%, 9% 18.20%, 18% 36.40%, 37% 18.20%, 18% 18.20%, 18% Protest 36.4% Strike to work 18.2% hunger strike 18.2% Sit in 18.2% Threats to protest 9.1% The details of such protests go as follows: A.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographies of Port-Said: Everydayness of State, Dwellers, and Strangers
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations Fall 2-2018 Biographies of Port-Said: Everydayness of state, dwellers, and strangers Mostafa Mohielden Lotfy Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Lotfy, M. M. (2018).Biographies of Port-Said: Everydayness of state, dwellers, and strangers [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1394 MLA Citation Lotfy, Mostafa Mohielden. Biographies of Port-Said: Everydayness of state, dwellers, and strangers. 2018. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1394 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUSS) Biographies of Port-Said: Everydayness of State, Dwellers, and Strangers A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Sociology, Egyptology, and Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology - Anthropology by Mostafa Mohielden Lotfy Under the supervision of Dr. Hanan Sabea January 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Abstract ..................................................................................................... III II. Acknowledgment
    [Show full text]
  • E1*Rel& --~~~~-~ ,·------~--~------CONTENTS
    ISSN 0269 - 252X The Quarterly .. Circular i September Quarter 1994 - Wh ole Series No . 170 Volume XV No. 7 - pages 164 - 195 ~l t!!:! \ ~ I c;;, ~J~~"f ,.., i I\ :~~' ~· -- - >--- --~ e1*ReL& --~~~~-~ ,·------~--~----------- CONTENTS Of fi cer s, Meetings 164, Editors Notes 165, In this I ssue, Members News, Secretary's Report 166. ARTICLES The Postal Marki ngs of Egypt after 1879 . II "Cash" L. Alund 169 New Issues C.E.H. Defriez 181 Letters The Jusqu'a Markings P.R. Bertram 189 The ESC numbering system for Postmarks D.R.P. Glyn-Jones 190 Cercle Khedivial S.R. Eriksson 191 H. M. Barker 191 Question Time 113 - Soldiers Cafe Cairo/Free/ .... /F J.S. Horesh 191 Young Egypt Propaganda Label W.F. Leahy 192 Foreign Printed Paper rate in 1876 T.A. Simpson 193 Postcard Rates in 1921 S.R. Eriksson 194 QV Id rose-red plate 155 used at Alexandria J.A. Firebrace 194 The Study Circle in New Zealand P.F. Goodwin 195 Printing of New Issues Editor 195 164 EGYPT STUDY CIRCLE OFFICERS PRESIDENT: Professor Peter A.S. Smith FRPSL, USA CHAIRMAN: Mr. John Sears 496 Uxbridge Road, Pinner, Middlesex, HAS 4SL, UK DEPUTY CHAIRMAN: Mr. J.S. Horesh, UK SECRETARY/ Mr. P.R. Bertram, FRPSL TREASURER: 11 Bishop's Way, Buckden, Huntingdon, PE18 9TZ, UK EDITOR: Dr. Michael G.c. Dahl 3 Adeline Gardens, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE3 4JQ, UK Te1: 091 285 3909 Fax: 091 222 7094 LIBRARIAN: Mr. D. John Davis Church View Cottage, Church Road, Upton, Snodsbury, Worcestershire, WR7 4NH, UK USA AGENT: Mr.
    [Show full text]