Vaal Triangle Priority Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

T0698

South African Weather Service – Vaal Triangle Priority Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Document Reference: AQI-VTPA-MER-2019-NOVEMBER-001 Document Type: Test Report Version: 1

This document is controlled in terms of the South African Weather Services’ Quality Management System and may not be edited, distributed or deemed obsolete without permission of the Management Quality Representative. Disclaimer: Results marked with an asterisk (*) in this report are not included in the SANAS Schedule of Accreditation for this laboratory. Opinions and interpretations expressed herein are outside the scope of SANAS accreditation. The calibration data was supplied and subcontracted Test by a SANAS Accredited laboratory No. 1508

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Document Control

Version and Amendment Schedule

Version Version Date Author Description of Amendments 1 2019-12-14 Ms Lunga Ngcukana First Draft

Compliance Schedule

Compliance Type Compliance Date of Compliance Responsibility Signature Checked Approved by: Approval Documentation Mr Mandlesilo TQM Manager Compliance Mavimbela

Approval and Control Schedule

Date Copy Approved By Designation Responsibility Signature Approve Status d Senior Manager Mr Kamaseelan Air Quality Chetty Information SAWS

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Six ambient air monitoring stations are operated and maintained by the South African Weather Service in the Vaal Triangle Priority Area. At each of the stations PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, CO, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are measured. In addition, measurements are also collected for meteorological data for wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, solar radiation and barometric pressure. The ambient air monitoring network is accredited to ISO 17025:2005 for the continuous measurement of SO2, NOX, CO, and O3 by the South African National Accreditation Service (SANAS). The measurement of other pollutants reported does not fall within the scope of accreditation. This report presents the relevant data for the month of November 2019.

The analysis of the data from the stations at the VTPAMN has shown that all the stations had an average validated efficiency of 91.4%, which met the SANAS minimum requirement of 90%. The reasons for the data recovery below 90% per station are further detailed in Table 3. The collection efficiency after validation was 96.9% for Kliprivier, 96.6% for Sebokeng, 95.4% for Sharpeville, 93.8% for Three Rivers, 93.5% for Diepkloof, and 72.2% for Zamdela. Zamdela had faulty NOxes, CO, Black carbon and PM2.5.

Exceedances of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are reported for the criteria pollutants during the monitoring period. Zamdela recorded one (1) exceedance of the PM10 daily average NAAQS, one (1) exceedance of the PM 2.5 daily average NAAQS, and two (2) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Three Rivers recorded eighty-five

(85) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Sharpeville recorded two (2) exceedances of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS during November 2019. Sebokeng recorded one (1) exceedance of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS, and twenty-eight (28) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Kliprivier recorded twenty-three

(23) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Diepkloof recorded four (4) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

REPORT DETAILS REFERENCE AQI-REP-VTPA-MER-2019-NOVEMBER REPORT Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – TITLE November2019 DATE 14 January 2020 SUBMITTED CLIENT Thabo Setshedi Department of Environmental Affairs Environment House, 473 Steve Biko, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0083 South Africa Email : [email protected] Tel : +27 01 399 9000 PREPARED Ms. Lunga Ngcukana BY: Air Quality Information Eco Glades block 1b, Eco Park, Cnr Olievenhoutbosch and Ribbon Grass Streets, Centurion, 0157 ENQUIRIES Tel: 012 367 6000 e-mail: [email protected] SIGNED APPROVER(S) Technical Signatory : Mr. Desmond Quality Manager D:AQI : Mr. Lotta Mabaso Mayana

SIGNED

STATUS Draft NOTICE This document is issued by SAWS under its General Conditions of Service accessible at http://www.weathersa.co.za/terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. The South African Weather Service (SAWS) through the Department Air Quality Information operates and maintains ambient air quality monitoring networks. While SAWS takes every precaution to ensure quality assurance and the application of best monitoring practice, SAWS cannot vouch for the quality and representativeness of the samples. The data herein reflects the data transferred using the data acquisition system only. While data in this report were collected, processed and compiled with care, the accuracy and reliability of this information is subject to variations due to limitations of equipment and programs used. Any unauthorized alteration, forgery or falsification of the content or appearance of this document is unlawful. This report shall not be reproduced except in full and with the express consent of the SAWS.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT CONTROL

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 11

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW ...... 16

2.1 WINDS AT THE VTPAMN MONITORING NETWORK FOR NOVEMBER 2019 ...... 16

2.2 TEMPERATURE ...... 18 3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING ...... 19

3.1 MEASUREMENT METHODS ...... 19 3.1.1 Oxides of Nitrogen ...... 19 3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide ...... 19 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide ...... 19 3.1.4 Ozone ...... 19 3.1.5 Particulate Matter ...... 20 3.1.6 Black Carbon...... 20

3.2 CALIBRATION CONDITIONS ...... 20

3.3 DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 20

3.4 DATA CAPTURE ...... 20 3.4.1 Data Availability at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network Stations ...... 21

3.5 DATA CORRECTION ...... 24

3.6 NUMBER OF EXCEEDANCES OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ...... 24 3.6.1 Exceedances recorded at The Vaal Triangle Priority Area Stations ...... 24

3.7 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) CONCENTRATION ...... 27 3.7.1 PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations at Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network ...... 27

3.8 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 28 3.8.1 Sulphur dioxide concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network ...... 29

3.9 NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 31 3.9.1 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network .... 31

3.10 OZONE (O3) CONCENTRATION ...... 31 3.10.1 Ozone Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network ...... 31

3.11 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) CONCENTRATION ...... 32 3.11.1 Carbon Monoxide Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network .. 32

3.12 BLACK CARBON CONCENTRATION ...... 33 3.12.1 Black Carbon Concentrations at Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area Monitoring Network ... 34

4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION ...... 35

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

4.1 ZAMDELA STATION ...... 37

4.2 THREE RIVERS STATION ...... 38

4.3 SHARPEVILLE STATION ...... 39

4.4 SEBOKENG STATION ...... 40

4.5 KLIPRIVIER STATION ...... 41

4.6 DIEPKLOOF STATION ...... 43

4.7 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATIONS ...... 44 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION...... 45

6 REFERENCES ...... 46

7 APPENDIX 1: DATA CORRECTIONS ...... 47

8 APPENDIX 2: DETAILED STATION DESCRIPTION ...... 49

8.1 DIEPKLOOF STATION ...... 49

8.2 ZAMDELA STATION ...... 50

8.3 SEBOKENG STATION ...... 53

8.4 SHARPEVILLE STATION ...... 54

8.5 THREE RIVERS ...... 56

8.6 KLIPRIVIER ...... 58 9 APPENDIX 3: FURTHER DATA ANALYSIS ...... 61

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Six “hotspot areas identified within the VTPAMN based on simulated PM10 ground level concentrations (Vaal AQMP, 2008)...... 12 Figure 2: Location of ambient air quality monitoring stations in the VTPAMN...... 13 Figure 3: Map showing the location of the VTPAMN stations in comparison to the location of the air pollution hotspots...... 14 Figure 4: Surface wind roses for the VTPAMN for November 2019...... 17 Figure 5: Recorded daily temperatures (left) and daily rainfall (right), November 2019...... 18 Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, November 2019...... 28

Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, November 2019...... 28

Figure 8: SO2 10-Minute Averages, November 2019...... 29

Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, November 2019...... 30

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour), November 2019...... 30

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, November 2019...... 31

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, November 2019...... 32 Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, November 2019...... 33 Figure 14: CO 8-Hour Running Averages, November 2019...... 33 Figure 15: Black Carbon 5 Minute Averages, November 2019...... 34 Figure 16: Google Earth image showing the location of the Diepkloof Station...... 49 Figure 17: Photograph of the monitoring station at Diepkloof...... 50 Figure 18: Google Earth image showing the location of the Zamdela Station...... 51 Figure 19: Zamdela monitoring station...... 52 Figure 20: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Sebokeng monitoring station...... 53 Figure 21: Sebokeng Monitoring Station ...... 54 Figure 22: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Sharpeville monitoring station...... 55 Figure 23: Sharpeville Monitoring station...... 56 Figure 24: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Three Rivers monitoring station...... 57 Figure 25: Three Rivers Monitoring Station...... 58 Figure 26: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Kliprivier monitoring station...... 59 Figure 27: Kliprivier Monitoring Station...... 60 Figure 28: PM10 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 61 Figure 29: PM2.5 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 62

Figure 30: SO2 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 62

Figure 31: SO2 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 63

Figure 32: NO2 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 64

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Figure 33: O3 8 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 64 Figure 34: CO hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 65 Figure 35: CO 8-hour running averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019...... 65

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Priority “hotspot” zones indicating the sensitive receptors and the main contributing sources (Vaal AQMP, 2008)...... 15 Table 2: Calibration Conditions...... 20 Table 3: Data availability for VTPAMN, November 2019...... 21 Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, November 2019...... 22 Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... 24 Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at VTPAMN (01 January 2019 – 31 December 2019)...... 26 Table 7. Summary of calibration checks for the VTPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019)...... 35 Table 8. Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the VTPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019). 36 Table 9: Zamdela station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 37 Table 10: Three Rivers station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 38 Table 11: Sharpeville station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 39 Table 12: Sebokeng station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 40 Table 13: Kliprivier station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 41 Table 14: Diepkloof station calibration and equipment status, November 2019...... 43 Table 15: Maintenance and minor repairs, November 2019...... 44 Table 16: Table of data corrections for Vaal Triangle Priority Monitoring Stations, November2019...... 47

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan BC Black carbon CO Carbon monoxide

C6H6 Benzene DEA Department of Environmental Affairs NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NO Nitrogen oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

O3 Ozone PM2.5 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (10-6 m) PM10 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (10-6 m) SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System SAWS South African Weather Service

SO2 Sulphur dioxide VOC Volatile organic compound VTPAMN Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

1 INTRODUCTION The Vaal Triangle is an urban and an industrial heartland of South Africa. The combination of industrial, domestic, transport, biomass burning, agricultural and other emission sources have led to degraded air quality over the area. This in turn directly impacts on the health and well-being of people residing in the Vaal Triangle.

In 2007, the then Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT now Department of Environmental Affairs, DEA) declared the Vaal Triangle Airshed as the first priority area in terms of Section 18(1) of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act No. 39 OF 2004). Based on air quality assessment results from simulated concentrations verified with ambient monitoring data of the area, the main pollutant of concern in the Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area (VTPAMN) is inhalable particulate matter (PM10). Six hotspots were identified within the VTPAMN based on the highest PM10 concentrations zones or hotspots (Figure 1). The areas were also selected to correspond with impact zones due to acute exposures to SO2 and NO2. The sensitive receptors together with the emission sources and main pollutants of concern are provided for each of the identified hotspots (Table 1).

The Department of Environmental Affairs appointed a service provider between January 2007 and November 2011 to supply, install and maintain six ambient air quality monitoring stations in the VTPAMN. This monitoring network consists of six fully automated stations monitoring air quality and meteorological parameters. The stations are located in Diepkloof, Kliprivier, Sebokeng, Sharpeville, Three Rivers and Zamdela (Sasolburg). Figure 2 and 3 show the locations of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the VTPAMN. In November 2011, the monitoring stations were transferred to the South African Weather Service (SAWS) to take over the responsibility of managing the network henceforth. The role of SAWS in the management of the network includes routine maintenance, calibration, data management and reporting. The ambient air monitoring network is maintained by South African Weather Service and is accredited to ISO 17025:2005 for the continuous measurement of SO2, NOX, CO, and O3 by the South African National Accreditation Service (SANAS). The measurement of other pollutants reported does not fall within the scope of accreditation.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Figure 1: Six “hotspot areas identified within the VTPAMN based on simulated PM10 ground level concentrations (Vaal AQMP, 2008).

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Figure 2: Location of ambient air quality monitoring stations in the VTPAMN.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Figure 3: Map showing the location of the VTPAMN stations in comparison to the location of the air pollution hotspots.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Table 1: Priority “hotspot” zones indicating the sensitive receptors and the main contributing sources (Vaal AQMP, 2008).

Hotspot Sensitive Receptors Monitoring Station to Additional sources not quantified Emission Sources within the Zone Pollutants of concern represent Hotspot Zone and included Zone within Zone

Industrial activities (viz. Sasol,

Zamdela (-26.844889 and Residential areas of Sasolburg, Omnia and Natref), mining Agricultural activities and biomass PM10, SO2 , and NO2, H2S, 1 27.8551111) Zamdela and Coalbrook. activities (viz. Sigma Colliery) and burning. VOCs domestic fuel burning. Located just south of the Mining activities (viz. New Vaal Three Rivers (-26.658306 residential area of Vereeniging- Agricultural activities and water Colliery), power generation (viz. 2 and 27.99822) no residential areas included in treatment works which May result in PM10, SO2 , NO2 Lethabo Power station) and other this zone but potential for odour impacts industrial activities. environmental impacts. Industrial activities just north of Industrial activities (viz. Iron and Arcelor-Mittal (viz. A ceramics Steel process (Mittal and Sharpeville (-26.689833 Development of Vanderbijlpark manufacturing facility, a brickworks PM10, SO2 , NO2 and 3 Davsteel), commercial boilers and and 27.86775) and Sebokeng and a quarry), water treatment odours, Ozone, VOCs other smaller industrial activities), works, biomass burning and and domestic burning. agricultural activities. Industrial activities (viz. Arcelor- Mittal Vaal Works, Arcelor-Mittal

Kliprivier (-26.42033 and Residential developments of Klip Works, Metalloys, commercial Agricultural activities and large areas PM10, SO2 , and NO2, 4 28.084889) Vereeniging and Meyerton boilers, and other small industrial of biomass burning Ozone, VOCs activities) and domestic fuel burning Residential developments of Sebokeng (-26.587805 and 5 Orange farm, Evaton and Domestic fuel burning Large areas of biomass burning PM10, SO2 , and NO2, 27.84022) Ennerdale VOCs

Diepkloof (-26.250733 and Wind-blown dust from gold tailings 6 Residential area of Soweto Domestic fuel burning PM10, SO2 , and NO2, 27.9564167) dams VOCs

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Wind roses summarise the occurrence of winds at a location, representing their strength, direction and frequency. Wind speeds less than 1m/s (calm condition) are represented as a percentage of the total winds in the centre circle. Each directional branch on a wind rose represents wind originating from that direction. Each directional branch is divided into segments of different colours which are representative of different wind speeds.

2.1 Winds at the VTPAMN monitoring network for November 2019

The wind roses for the VTPAMN stations are shown in Figure 4 below. During the month of November at the Diepkloof station (top left) northerly winds were dominant 20% of the time exceeding speeds of 6 m/s from this direction. North westerly winds prevailed at the Kliprivier station (top centre) occurring 15% of the time, with wind speeds exceeding 6 m/s from this direction. Northerly winds prevailed at the Sebokeng station (top right) with wind speeds reaching 4m/s from this direction. Westerly winds prevailed at the Sharpeville station (bottom left) occurring 16% of the time, with wind speeds exceeding 6 m/s from this direction. At the Three Rivers station (bottom centre) northerly winds prevailed 18% of the time with wind speeds exceeding 6 m/s from this direction. At the Zamdela station (bottom right) northerly winds (13%) prevailed with wind speeds exceeding 6 m/s from this directions.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Surface Wind Rose for the Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area for October 2019

Diepkloof Kliprivier Sebokeng

Sharpeville Three Rivers Zamdela

0 - 2 2 – 4 4 - 6 > 6(ms-1) Frequency of counts by wind direction (%)

Figure 4: Surface wind roses for the VTPAMN for November 2019.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

2.2 Temperature

The recorded daily temperatures and rainfall at the VTPAMN during the month of November are illustrated in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5: Recorded daily temperatures (left) and daily rainfall (right), November 2019.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

3.1 Measurement Methods

3.1.1 Oxides of Nitrogen

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2) are measured continuously by the principle of chemiluminescence. The ambient air sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and flows through a capillary, and then to the solenoid valve which routes it straight to the reaction chamber. In the reaction chamber ozone, which is generated by the instrument, reacts with the NO in the sample to produce excited NO2 molecules. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) housed in a thermoelectric cooler detects the luminescence generated during this reaction. Separately the NOx is calculated through converting NOx to NO and then using the same chemiluminescence measurement as for NO. The NO2 concentration is calculated as the difference between the measured NO and NOx concentrations.

3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead through a hydrocarbon “kicker”, which removes hydrocarbons from the sample by forcing the hydrocarbon molecules to permeate through the tube wall. The sample flows into the fluorescence chamber, where pulsating UV light excites the SO2 molecules. As the excited SO2 molecules decay to lower energy states, they emit UV light that is proportional to the SO2 concentration.

3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb infrared radiation. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead, radiation from an infrared source is chopped and then passed through a gas filter alternating between CO and N2. The infrared radiation then exits the optical bench and falls on an infrared detector. The absorption of the infrared radiation is proportional to the concentration of CO in the sample.

3.1.4 Ozone Ozone is measured continuously by the principle of UV light absorption. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and is split into two gas streams. The degree to which the UV light is absorbed is directly related to the ozone concentration as described by the Beer-Lambert Law. The solenoid valves alternate the reference and sample gas streams between cells A and B every 10 seconds. The UV light intensities of each cell are measured by two detectors. The ozone concentrations of each cell are calculated and output the average concentration.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

3.1.5 Particulate Matter Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) is measured continuously by the attenuation of beta radiation of particles caught on a filter. The size classes are separated by a sharp cut cyclone in the sampling head.

3.1.6 Black Carbon Black carbon is measured through the use of a Thermo Scientific Model 5001 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer Instrument which uses an optical method to determine the amount of absorbing particles deposited on a filter.

3.2 Calibration Conditions

The recorded values are referenced to the SANAS accredited calibrations that occurred under the conditions presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Calibration Conditions.

Station Name Sharpeville Zamdela Sebokeng Three Rivers Kliprivier Diepkloof

Date 15/11/2017 16/11/2017 20/11/2017 22/11/2017 23/11/2017 23/11/2017

Barometric 842.1 mbar 849.8 mbar 849.9 mbar 856.0 mbar 853.6 mbar 830.8 mbar Pressure (mbar)

Shelter 22.9oC 17.1oC 25.1oC 23.3.0oC 22.2.0oC 23.2oC Temperature (°C)

3.3 Data Validation and Quality assurance

It is often necessary to modify the data during the data validation process. This was done in accordance to the New Zealand “Good Practice Guide for Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management” (2009). The data is checked for zero drift, which if identified is corrected to correspond with the values from the most recent calibration, and outliers are identified if they are outside the range of three standard deviations of the mean, if these outliers represent a legitimate spike in the concentration (3 standard deviations of the mean of values within an hour of either side of the data point) they are retained otherwise removed from the validated data. Negative values less than -1 were removed from the validated data.

All data validation on the November data is detailed in Appendix 1.

3.4 Data Capture

The tables below illustrate the data capture for each monitoring site for the month of November2019 According to the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) guidelines, a minimum of 90 %

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

data capture is required to achieve minimum data quality assurance for data correction and summary (SANAS TR07-03).

3.4.1 Data Availability at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network Stations The data collection and validated efficiency for the VTPAMN for the November 2019 monitoring period is presented in Table 3 and Table 4.

Table 3: Data availability for VTPAMN, November 2019.

Station Name Collection Efficiency (%) Validated Data (%) Comments

Good collected data efficiency above 90%. Validated Zamdela 85.4 72.2 data efficiency below 90% because of faulty NOxes, PM2.5, CO and BC.

Good Collected and validated data efficiency above Three Rivers 99.0 93.8 90%.

Sharpeville 98.4 95.4 Good Collected and validated data efficiency above 90%.

Sebokeng 99.6 96.6 Good Collected and validated data efficiency above 90%. Good Collected and validated data efficiency above Kliprivier 98.8 96.9 90%. Good Collected and validated data efficiency above Diepkloof 97.5 93.5 90%.

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Vaal Triangle Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – November 2019

Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, November 2019.

Parameter Diepkloof Kliprivier Sebokeng Sharpeville Three Rivers Zamdela Data Capture %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val

97.2 99.6 85.3 99.6 89.1 99.1 96.4 99.5 95.5 90.6 90.4 SO2 97.7 NO2 97.7 88.1 99.6 99.4 99.6 99.5 99.1 98.4 99.5 80.9 62.4 0.0 NO 97.7 86.5 99.6 96.5 99.6 99.4 99.1 88.7 99.5 73.7 62.4 0.0 NOx 97.7 87.8 99.6 99.4 99.6 99.6 99.1 98.4 99.5 80.9 62.4 0.0 O3 97.7 97.5 99.5 99.4 99.6 93.4 99.1 95.7 99.5 99.3 90.6 90.4 CO 97.7 97.3 99.5 97.5 99.6 99.6 99.1 98.2 99.5 98.9 90.6 87.9 PM2.5. 98.1 74.1 92.6 81.8 96.3 83.1 89.7 65.6 92.6 79.6 83.0 73.7 PM10. 98.1 75.7 89.7 83.3 98.9 95.0 92.5 85.9 95.9 90.1 91.2 78.4 Black Carbon. 98.1 98.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 83.1 99.7 99.4 99.9 97.4 88.9 77.9 Benzene. 94.6 94.6 99.8 99.8 Toluene. 94.6 94.6 99.8 99.8 Xylene. 94.6 94.6 99.8 99.8 WS 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 91.2 WD 98.1 98.1 97.4 97.4 99.7 99.7 98.6 98.6 98.5 98.5 91.2 91.2 Temp 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 91.2 Rhum 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 91.2 Radiation 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 91.2 Pressure 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 90.9

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Parameter Diepkloof Kliprivier Sebokeng Sharpeville Three Rivers Zamdela Data Capture %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val

Rain 98.1 97.6 100.0 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.0 99.9 99.4 91.2 90.4 Int Temp 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.9 91.2 91.2 Average 97.5 93.5 98.8 96.9 99.6 96.6 98.4 95.4 99.0 93.8 85.4 72.2 Values highlighted in yellow indicate valid data capture rates below 90%

Cells highlighted in red indicate no instrument

Cells with – indicate no data availability

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3.5 Data Correction

It is often necessary to modify the data during the data validation process. This was done in accordance to the SAWS SOP, and using the Validation Editor program in the proprietary software. The data is checked for zero drift, which if identified is corrected to correspond with the values from the most recent calibration, and outliers are identified if they are outside the range of three standard deviations of the mean, if these outliers represent a legitimate spike in the concentration (3 standard deviations of the mean of values within an hour of either side of the data point) they are retained otherwise removed from the validated data. Negative values less than -1 were removed from the validated data (Refer to Appendix 1).

3.6 Number of Exceedances of National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO and C6H6 are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Frequency of Parameter Averaging period Concentration exceedance 24-hour 75 µg.m-3 4 PM10 annual 40 µg.m-3 0 24-hour 40 µg.m-3 4 PM2.5 annual 25 µg.m-3 0 10-minutes 191 ppb 526 1-hour 134 ppb 88 SO2 24-hour 48ppb 4 annual 19ppb 0 1-hour 106 ppb 88 NO2 annual 21 ppb 0

O3 8-hour running average 61 ppb 11 1-hour 26 ppm 88 CO 8-hour running average 8.7 ppm 11

C6H6 annual 1.6 ppb 0

3.6.1 Exceedances recorded at The Vaal Triangle Priority Area Stations The number of exceedances of the NAAQS for each of the criteria pollutants recorded at the VTPAMN for November2019 is shown in Table 6. Exceedances of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are reported for the criteria pollutants during the monitoring period. Zamdela recorded one

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(1) exceedance of the PM10 daily average NAAQS, one (1) exceedance of the PM 2.5 daily average

NAAQS, and two (2) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019.

Three Rivers recorded eighty-five (85) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Sharpeville recorded two (2) exceedances of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS during November 2019. Sebokeng recorded one (1) exceedance of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS, and twenty-eight (28) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November

2019. Kliprivier recorded twenty-three (23) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Diepkloof recorded four (4) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019.

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Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at VTPAMN (01 January 2019 – 31 December 2019). Exceedances Per Month Pollutant & Annual Number Total

Averaging Standard of Permitted Station Name Exceedances to

July

May June

Period Exceedances April Date

March

August

January

October

February

December

November September Zamdela 0 1 4 0 0 0 2 6 7 0 1 21 Three Rivers 8 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 PM10 Sharpeville 0 0 0 0 0 15 22 25 21 8 0 91 75 µgm-3 4 24h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 9 22 19 17 10 0 77 Kliprivier 1 1 0 0 0 18 17 0 0 0 0 37 Diepkloof 0 3 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 10 Zamdela 0 4 8 2 0 0 6 7 4 1 1 33 Three Rivers 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 PM2.5 Sharpeville 0 0 0 0 0 18 19 21 11 2 2 73 40 µgm-3 4 24h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 17 14 8 4 4 1 48 Kliprivier 0 0 0 3 0 28 22 6 1 0 0 60 Diepkloof 1 6 1 0 1 6 3 0 2 1 0 21 Zamdela 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 2 1 0 0 11 Three Rivers 0 0 5 0 4 0 4 0 3 3 0 19 SO Sharpeville 4 1 1 0 0 7 1 1 0 0 0 15 2 191 ppb 526 10 min Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Kliprivier 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamdela 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 Three Rivers 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 2 0 8 SO Sharpeville 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 134 ppb 88 1h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 Kliprivier 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamdela 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Three Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SO Sharpeville 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 48 ppb 4 24h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kliprivier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamdela 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Three Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO Sharpeville 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 106 ppb 88 1h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kliprivier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamdela 5 7 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 23 Three Rivers 17 6 15 8 0 2 6 39 51 76 85 305 O 3 Sharpville 9 10 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 8h 61 ppb 11 Sebokeng 10 6 19 0 0 3 6 16 26 37 28 151 (Running) Kliprivier 11 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 23 45 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 7 Zamdela 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Three Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO Sharpeville 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 ppm 88 1h Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kliprivier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamdela 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO Three Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8h Sharpeville 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (calculated 8.7 ppm 11 Sebokeng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 on 1 hourly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 averages) Kliprivier 0 Diepkloof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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3.7 Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Concentration

The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 at the VTPAMN stations are presented in section 3.7.1.

3.7.1 PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations at Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network

The PM10 and PM2.5 daily average concentrations for the VTPAMN are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. Zamdela recorded one (1) exceedance of the PM10 daily average NAAQS and one (1) exceedance of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS during November 2019. Sharpeville recorded two (2) exceedances of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS during November 2019. Sebokeng recorded one (1) exceedance of the PM2.5 daily average NAAQS during November 2019.

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Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, November 2019.

Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, November 2019.

3.8 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentration

The concentrations of SO2 at the VTPAMN are presented in section 3.8.1.

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3.8.1 Sulphur dioxide concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network

The concentrations of SO2 at the VTPAMN during November 2019 are presented at 10-minute (Figure

8), hourly (Figure 9) and daily (Figure 10) averages below. The concentrations of SO2 at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network during November 2019 are presented at 10-minute (Figure 8), hourly (Figure 9) and daily (Figure 10) averages below. During the reporting period there were no (0) exceedances of the respective standards.

Figure 8: SO2 10-Minute Averages, November 2019.

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Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, November 2019.

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour), November 2019.

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3.9 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Concentration

The concentrations of NO2 at the VTPAMN are presented in section 3.9.1. There were no (0) exceedances of the NO2 hourly average NAAQS during November2019.

3.9.1 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network

The hourly averaged concentrations of NO2 at the VTPAMN during November 2019 are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, November 2019.

3.10 Ozone (O3) Concentration

The concentrations of O3 at the VTPAMN are presented in section 3.10.1.

3.10.1 Ozone Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network

The 8-hour running average concentrations of O3 at the VTPAMN during November 2019 are illustrated in Figure 12. As illustrated Zamdela recorded two (2) exceedances of the O3 8-hour running average limit value during November 2019. Three Rivers recorded eighty-five (85) exceedances of the

O3 8-hour running average limit value during November 2019. Sebokeng recorded twenty-eight (28)

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exceedances of the O3 8-hour running average limit value during November 2019. Kliprivier recorded twenty-three (23) exceedances of the O3 8-hour running average limit value during November 2019.

Diepkloof recorded four (4) exceedances of the O3 8-hour running average limit value during November 2019.

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, November 2019.

3.11 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration

The concentrations of CO at the VTPAMN are presented in section 3.11.1.

3.11.1 Carbon Monoxide Concentrations at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network The concentrations of CO during November2019 are presented at hourly and 8-hour running averages in Figure 13 and Figure 14. During the reporting period, there were no (0) exceedances of both the CO hourly and 8-hourly running average NAAQS.

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Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, November 2019.

Figure 14: CO 8-Hour Running Averages, November 2019.

3.12 Black Carbon Concentration

The concentrations of Black Carbon at the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network stations are presented in section 3.01.1.

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3.12.1 Black Carbon Concentrations at Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area Monitoring Network The concentrations of Black Carbon for the Vaal Triangle Priority Area Monitoring Network stations during November2019 are presented at five minute averages in Figure 15. There is currently no National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Black Carbon.

Figure 15: Black Carbon 5 Minute Averages, November 2019.

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4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION

Table 7. Summary of calibration checks for the VTPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019).

due)

2 due) 2

due)

(

( ( due) 2

due)

( ( due) 2

( ( due) 2 (2 (2

Station due)

2 2

( ( 2

(2 (2 due)

(

(2 (2 due)

(2 (2 due) (2

Name

ofyear

todate

theyear

Achieved

July

Percentage

Requiredin

May

June

April April

March August

January

October

February

December

September November

Diepkloof 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 23 95.8%

Sebokeng 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 23 95.8%

Sharpeville 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 23 95.8%

Zamdela 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 23 95.8%

Kliprivier 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 24 23 95.8%

Three Rivers 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 24 24 100%

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Table 8. Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the VTPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019).

Multipoint calibrations per month

Station

Name

July

May

June

April

March

Numb

August

required

January

October

February

December

November

September %compliance

Diepkloof 1* 1* 1* 1 4 75%

Sebokeng 1* 1* 1* 1 4 75%

1* 1* 1* 1 75% Sharpeville 4

Zamdela 1* 1* 1* 1 4 75%

Kliprivier 1* 1* 1* 1 4 75%

Three

1* 1* 1* 1 4 75% Rivers *Performed ºExternal Calibration

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4.1 Zamdela Station

Table 9: Zamdela station calibration and equipment status, November 2019.

Pollutant Zero Span/Calibration Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

2019 annual calibration to be PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok. scheduled. 2019 annual calibration be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok. scheduled. calibration 08 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed filters. SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok 19 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

09 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed filters. NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok 25 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

09 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned

O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok manifold, inlets & changed filters.

25 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

09 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed filters. CO Zero and Span Checks Ok 25 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

2019 annual calibration to be BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

2019 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.2 Three Rivers Station

Table 10: Three Rivers station calibration and equipment status, November 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Equipment Status Date and Comments Check 2019 annual calibration to be PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed CO Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 2019 annual calibration to be BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

2019 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.3 Sharpeville Station

Table 11: Sharpeville station calibration and equipment status, November 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Equipment Status Date and Comments Check 2019 annual calibration to be PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 19 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 19 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok 19manifold, November inlets 2019 & changed Conducted zerofilters. & span checks.

06 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed CO Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 19 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

2019 annual calibration to be BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.4 Sebokeng Station

Table 12: Sebokeng station calibration and equipment status, November 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Equipment Status Date and Comments Check 2019 annual calibration to be PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 05 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 05 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 05 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 05 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed CO Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

2019 annual calibration to be BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.5 Kliprivier Station

Table 13: Kliprivier station calibration and equipment status, November 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Equipment Status Date and Comments Check 11 November2019 annual PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok calibration to be scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 07 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters.

20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

07 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok filters.

20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

07 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok filters.

20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

07 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned manifold, inlets & changed CO Zero and Span Checks Ok filters. 20 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

2019 annual calibration to be BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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2019 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.6 Diepkloof Station

Table 14: Diepkloof station calibration and equipment status, November 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Equipment Status Date and Comments Check 2019 annual calibration to be PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 2019 annual calibration to be PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled. 08 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned

SO2 Zero and Span Checks Ok manifold, inlets & changed filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 08 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned

NOx Zero and Span Checks Ok manifold, inlets & changed filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

08 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned

O3 Zero and Span Checks Ok manifold, inlets & changed filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. 08 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks. Cleaned CO Zero and Span Checks Ok manifold, inlets & changed filters. 21 November 2019 Conducted zero & span checks.

BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2019 annual calibration to be scheduled.

Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2019 annual calibration to be scheduled.

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4.7 Maintenance and Calibrations

Table 15: Maintenance and minor repairs, November 2019.

Station Date Comments

Zamdela 19 November 2019 Removed NO.

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5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The analysis of the data from the stations at the VTPAMN has shown that all the stations had an average validated efficiency of 91.4%, which met the SANAS minimum requirement of 90%. The reasons for the data recovery below 90% per station are further detailed in Table 3. The collection efficiency after validation was 96.9% for Kliprivier, 96.6% for Sebokeng, 95.4% for Sharpeville, 93.8% for Three Rivers, 93.5% for Diepkloof, and 72.2% for Zamdela. Zamdela had faulty NOxes, CO, Black carbon and PM2.5.

(23) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019. Diepkloof recorded four (4) exceedances of the O3 eight-hour running average NAAQS during November 2019.

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6 REFERENCES ARP 013:1998 – Recommended Practice: Rules for the structure and drafting of standards, (1998), 2nd ed., Pretoria, South African Bureau of Standards

Ministry for the Environment (2009), Good Practice Guide for Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management, Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.

System Development Life Cycle Standards – Template, Government of British Columbia – Information Management Branch, http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/imb/3star/templates/sdlc_template1.html [accessed 01 May 2005]

Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards, (2004), 5th ed., Geneva, International Organisation for Standardization.

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7 APPENDIX 1: DATA CORRECTIONS Table 16: Table of data corrections for Vaal Triangle Priority Monitoring Stations, November2019.

Monitoring Station Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation 08/11/2019(09h30) 08/11/2019(11h35) NOX, CO, O3, SO2 Calibration peak removed 19/11/2019(08h47) 19/11/2019(12h02) Zamdela PM10., PM2.5, O3, NOxes, SO2 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Negative outliers removed NOxes 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Faulty data removed.

06/11/2019(09h12) 06/11/2019(12h36) NOX, CO, O3, SO2 Calibration peak removed 19/11/2019(12h34) 19/11/2019(14h01) Sharpeville PM10, PM2.5, O3, NOxes 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Negative outliers removed

PM2.5 01/11/2019 (00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Faulty data removed.

06/11/2019(13h00) 06/11/2019(14h49) NOX, CO, O3, SO2 Calibration peak removed 21/11/2019 (08h55) 21/11/2019(11h30)

Three Rivers CO, O3, SO2 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Negative outliers removed

NOxes 01/11/2019(00h00) 06/11/2019(11h00) Faulty data removed.

PM2.5 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Faulty data removed

05/11/2019(10h45) 05/11/2019(12h34) Sebokeng NOX, CO, O3, SO2 Calibration peak removed 20/11/2019(08h29) 20/11/2019(09h59)

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NOxes, O3, PM10.PM2.5 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Negative outliers removed

SO2 01/11/2019 (00:00) 03/11/2019 (23:59) Faulty data removed

BC 26/11/2019 (00:00) 30/11/2019 (23:59) Faulty data removed.

08/11/2019(13h00) 08/11/2019(14h45) SO2, NOX, CO, O3 Calibration peak removed 21/11/2019(12h30) 21/11/2019(14h12) Diepkloof Negative outliers removed throughout the CO, NOxes, SO2, PM10 & PM2.5 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) month

07/11/2019(09h18) 07/11/2019(11h14 NOX, SO2, CO, O3 Calibration peak removed Kliprivier 20/11/2019(13h07) 20/11/2019(14h52)

O3, NOxes, PMs, SO2 01/11/2019(00h00) 30/11/2019(23h59) Negative outliers removed

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8 APPENDIX 2: DETAILED STATION DESCRIPTION

8.1 Diepkloof Station

This monitoring station is situated in the grounds of the Fons Luminus Secondary School, which is located in close proximity to the Diepkloof interchange in Soweto. This station was selected primarily to determine the contribution to ambient air pollution from sources such as domestic fuel burning, transportation related emissions (N1 and N02) and mining activities (particularly mine tailings dumps) (Figure 16). Due to the prevalence of southerly winds, trans-boundary flow of pollutants from Emfuleni Local Municipality to Soweto can be expected. The coordinates of the site location are -26.250733S and 27.9564167E.

Figure 16: Google Earth image showing the location of the Diepkloof Station.

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Figure 17: Photograph of the monitoring station at Diepkloof.

8.2 Zamdela Station

This site is situated in the grounds of the Iketsetseng Secondary School, which is located to the south of Sasol Chemical Industry in Zamdela. Emissions from the industries in Zamdela as well as domestic fuel burning are anticipated to influence the air quality in Zamdela. Significant sources of air pollution in Zamdela include Sasol Chemical Industries Complex, National petrol Refiners of South Africa (NATREF), Omnia Fertiliser, Karbochem, Safripol and Sigma Colliery, as well as the Wonderwater strip- mining operations. Potential pollutants released from Sasol include SO2, H2S, VOCs (benzene), and particulates (Scorgie, 2004). The coordinates of the site location are: S-26.845076 and E 27.855729

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(Figure 18). Air masses from the south westerly sector are expected to be relatively clean as they do not pass over any industry.

Figure 18: Google Earth image showing the location of the Zamdela Station.

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Figure 19: Zamdela monitoring station.

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8.3 Sebokeng Station

This site is situated in the grounds of the Saul Tsotetsi Sport and Recreation Centre, which is located `in the northern part of Sebokeng. This site was selected due to the extensive use of alternative energy sources for heating and cooking purposes. This site is representative of pollutant concentrations associated with domestic fuel burning and should give indication of any potential human health impacts. Additionally, the impact of the metallurgical industries and mining activities to the south May be accounted for at this site when southerly flow occurs. The coordinates of the site location are: S- 26.58935S and E 27.840979E (Figure 20).

Figure 20: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Sebokeng monitoring station.

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Figure 21: Sebokeng Monitoring Station

8.4 Sharpeville Station

This station is situated in the grounds of the Thuto Lore Secondary School, which is located in Sharpeville. Domestic fuel burning is anticipated to be a significant source of emissions in the area. In addition, Sharpeville is located between Vereeniging Central Business District (CBD) and Vanderbijlpark, both of which have significant industrial areas including a large metallurgical industry to the north-west. The coordinates of the site location are S -26.689833S and E 27.86775E (Figure 22).

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Figure 22: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Sharpeville monitoring station.

The monitoring station records the ambient concentrations of the following parameters; sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). The station also records meteorological data such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, solar radiation and rainfall.

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Figure 23: Sharpeville Monitoring station.

8.5 Three Rivers

This station is situated in the grounds of the Riverside High School, which is located in Three Rivers. Emissions from industries in Vereeniging CBD are anticipated to be transported towards Three Rivers when winds originate from the north-west and south-west. The Leandra Power Station and associated coal mining activity is located to the south and south west of the monitoring station. An ambient air quality monitoring station was in operation in Three Rivers in the early 1990s. The Three Rivers site can also serve as a reference site to determine trends in pollution levels in an area that is not highly influenced by domestic fuel burning emissions. Domestic fuel burning emissions peak in the morning and evening whereas industrial emissions are fairly constant throughout the day and night. The coordinates of the site location are S -26.656993S and E 27.999369E (Figure 24).

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Figure 24: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Three Rivers monitoring station.

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Figure 25: Three Rivers Monitoring Station.

8.6 Kliprivier

An additional site in Kliprivier has been identified on the boundary of the Midvaal Local Municipality and Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality. Alrode in Ekurhuleni is a major industrial area and emissions are anticipated to be transported across the Municipal boundary. This site has been selected to be representative of trans-boundary pollution transport. Emissions from nearby industrial sources, such as Nampak and Everite will also be represented at this site as well as domestic fuel burning emissions from Vosloorus and Tokoza to the north east. The coordinates of the site location are: - 26.420248S and 28.084102E.

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Figure 26: Google Earth image showing the area surrounding the Kliprivier monitoring station.

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Figure 27: Kliprivier Monitoring Station.

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9 APPENDIX 3: FURTHER DATA ANALYSIS

9.1 PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations

The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 from January to December 2019 for the Vaal Triangle Priority

Area stations are presented in Figure 28 and Figure 29, respectively.

Figure 28: PM10 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

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Figure 29: PM2.5 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

9.2 SO2 Concentrations

The concentrations of SO2 from January to December 2019 for the Vaal Triangle Priority Area stations are presented in Figure 30.

Figure 30: SO2 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

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Figure 31: SO2 daily averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

9.3 NO2 Concentrations

The concentrations of NO2 from January to December 2019 for the Vaal Triangle Priority Area stations are presented in Figure 32.

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Figure 32: NO2 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

9.4 O3 Concentrations

The concentrations of O3 from January to December 2019 for the Vaal Triangle Priority Area stations are presented in Figure 33.

Figure 33: O3 8 hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

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9.5 CO Concentrations

The concentrations of CO from January to December 2019 for the Vaal Triangle Priority Area stations are presented in Figure 34.

Figure 34: CO hourly averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

Figure 35: CO 8-hour running averages, 01 January to 31 December 2019.

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