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URBAN DIVIDES Terrains of Contestation: Contents the Politics of Designing Urban Adaption

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URBAN DIVIDES Terrains of Contestation: Contents the Politics of Designing Urban Adaption PERSPECTA 50 2 URBAN DIVIDES Terrains of Contestation: Contents The Politics of Designing Urban Adaption 63 Kian Goh Preface A Metropolis – Meghan McAllister Not an Enclave 7 and Mahdi Sabbagh Gaza Ring City Michael Sorkin 75 with Terreform Foreword 8 Jon Calame Forever Transient: Life at the “Affordable” Mexican Periphery Power Lines: Boundaries of Erasure and Expansion Tatiana Bilbao Estudio 85 with Onnis Luque in Los Angeles 15 Dana Cuff Deepening Division: Interpreting Scales of Spatial Contestation in Johannesburg {Dis}Incorporation: Further Notes on the City 103 Guy Trangoš as a Legal Concept 27 Jesse Vogler Separation Anxiety: Inequality and Exclusion in Athens and Cape Town (Re)Connecting Belfast: Mobility Justice Alfredo Brillembourg, 121 Hubert Klumpner and Alexis Kalagas in Divided Cities Mark Hackett and 36 Ken Sterrett “Along Sound Lines”: Drawing up Dubai’s Labor Camps from 1950 to 2008 Watercraft: Detroit Water Infrastructure and Its 132 Todd Reisz Protocols of Sprawl and Displacement 44 Mitch McEwen Jerusalem's Divisions: Transmedia Urbanism: Architectures and Topographies Berlusconi and the Birth of Urban Violence of Targeted Difference 144 Annabel Jane Wharton 243 Andrés Jaque Evidence: Visualizing Urban Divides Open Portals: Meghan McAllister On the Divisions and Permeabilities 153 and Mahdi Sabbagh of Global Chinatowns 252 Gary W. McDonogh Traversals: In and Out of the Dadaab Refugee Camps The Making of a Public: Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi Guerilla Art 173 and Alishine Hussein Osman in the 1970s and ‘80s 264 Jenny Holzer The Concrete Tent: A Paradox of Permanent Temporality Toward new possibility in Decolonizing Architecture Art the public realm, together: 193 Residency Polis Station Jeanne Gang and 282 Alissa Anderson Heritage, Modernity, and Difference in Contemporary Indian Urbanism Urban Commoning in Cities Divided: Field Notes from 202 Jyoti Hosagrahar Hong Kong and Taipei 292 Jeffrey Hou Rio’s Favelas: The Power of Informal Urbanism Radical Urbanism in the Divided City: On M. Paul Friedberg’s 213 Theresa Williamson Riis Park Plaza (1966) 302 Marisa Angell Brown A Hierarchy of Separation: Emerging Territorialization Techniques in Romanian Gypsy Communities 229 Andreea Cojocaru RADICAL URBANISM IN THE DIVIDED CITY: On M. Paul Friedberg’s Riis Park Plaza (1966) Marisa Angell Brown Photograph of M. Paul Friedberg, ca. 1990s. 302 The “wrong side of the tracks,” “Skid methods of the colonial powers into their containment, with keeping residents “in” Row,” and “the outskirts of hope”—all colonies, early public housing architecture rather than hop-scotching them “out” of phrases that testify to the ways in which was deliberately conceived by the agencies the slum. This evolution was captured in poverty is often given spatial definition in that guided and approved project designs contemporary sociological accounts of life modern America. It has been theorized as to transform indigent subjects figured in the projects from this time and in rep- a place apart from the prosperous cen- overwhelmingly in photographs as abject, resentations of them in the media, which ter, not just a condition but a space that often black, women into modern “domestic 3 is physically, socially, economically, and workers.” This is why the Housing 1 Maren Stange, housing projects as do- culturally peripheral to an imagined cen- Division’s (the agency tasked with over- Symbols of Ideal Life: mestic factories designed ter, whether that center is figured as the seeing the public housing program in its Social Documentary to enable productivity. middle class or as Main Street. Documen- early years) planning requirements stipu- Photography in America, This new view of the home 1890–1950 (New York: was advocated in multiple tary photographers in the late nineteenth lated strict minimums on sunlight penetra- Cambridge University reports at President Her- century and their better-known heirs in the tion into unit interiors and dictated efficient Press, 1989), 14–17. bert Hoover’s 1931 Con- 1930s—Works Progress Administration kitchen and closet designs that were 2 The regionalism ference on Home Building (WPA) photographers such as Dorothea intended to support cooking and cleaning of early public housing and Home Ownership, architecture has not been predating the PWA. See, Lange and Walker Evans—published the in the “domestic workshop.”4 adequately understood. for example, White House first photo books of urban slums and But this transition did not take place. Ever since the 1932 Inter- Conference on Child rural shack towns, in which poverty was The public housing program was suspend- national Style exhibition Health and Protection, represented as a different country, a world ed during World War II, and after the at the Museum of Modern The Home and the Child: apart. The title of New York journalist war the 1944 G.I. Bill and a subsequent Art—where a model of one Housing, Furnishing, of the first public housing Management, Income, Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives revision to this bill in 1945 offered finan- projects was exhibit- Clothing (New York: (1890), the first publication in this genre, cial incentives to private developers and ed—and Henry-Russell Century Company, 1931), said it all: the poor were “the other half,” home buyers to kick-start the construction Hitchcock and Philip 18–24; and Marisa Angell ostensibly making the book’s readers and purchase of new homes for returning Johnson’s accompa- Brown, “Imagined Com- “this half,” as the cultural historian Maren veterans. In effect, the bill laid out “easy nying publication, The munities: Race, Gender International Style (1932), and the Architecture of 1 Stange has pointed out. terms for borrowers and virtual carte which posited the factory Alterity in American Public The national public housing pro- blanche for developers,” allowing borrow- and the low-cost housing Housing Design” (Ph.D. gram, established in 1933 under Title II of ers to obtain loans of up to 100% of the project as the two building diss., Yale University, the National Industrial Recovery Act and home’s purchase price.5 As the historian types that embodied the Department of the History style and aims of modern- of Art, 2014): 27–53. expanded in 1937 with federal legislation Kenneth Jackson and others since have ist architecture, the sense 4 Hackett, “How the authorizing the establishment of local demonstrated, rapid suburbanization and that early public housing PWA Housing Division housing authorities that could finance and white flight from the urban centers ensued, architecture was, across Functions,” 174. develop public housing, suggested an creating a postwar built landscape that the board, modernist has 5 Alexander von Hoff- alternative conception of poverty, attempt- was increasingly stratified by race, class, dominated our under- man, “History Lessons for standing of public housing Today’s Housing Policy: ing through the design of new projects to and even gender as suburban men com- design. Richard Pom- The Political Processes obscure some of the physical divisions muted back and forth between the city and mer’s “The Architecture of Making Low-Income between “this” and the “other” half. In its suburb while women remained at home.6 of Urban Housing in the Housing Policy,” August United States during the 23, 2012, Joint Center nascent period, the 1930s, public housing Was urban renewal a corrective Early 1930s,” Journal of for Housing Studies of architecture took design cues from tropes response to white flight (in that its aim was the Society of Archi- Harvard University, http:// associated with the local middle class, to attract suburban whites back into the tectural Historians 37, www.jchs.harvard.edu/ from the neo-Georgian brick developments city center) or was it an extension of the no. 4 (December 1978): sites/files/w12-5_von_ in Atlanta and the tropical stucco villas of same segregationist drive to further divide 235–64, and Richard hoffman.pdf, 19. Miami to the International Style projects in the postwar landscape by creating islands Plunz’s treatment of pub- 6 Kenneth T. Jackson, lic housing in A History Crabgrass Frontier: The New York City, Cleveland, and other urban of white leisure, work, and residential life of Housing in New York Suburbanization of the centers where cutting-edge modernism within increasingly heterogeneous urban City (New York: Columbia United States (New York: was known.2 centers? Urban historians, political his- University Press, 1990), Oxford University Press, These projects, always built on rela- torians, and sociologists ascribe different 189–227, have supported 1985). this misconception, but 7 Michael Harrington, tively inexpensive land—land that was either motives to the individuals, agencies, and many public housing proj- The Other America: Pov- at the physical periphery of the center, or community groups that promulgated urban ects in the 1930s outside erty in the United States that had been cleared of existing tenements renewal, but in the end most agree that the urban centers bore little (New York: MacMillan, deemed to be “slums”—were conceived as massive program—authorized under the connection to modernist 1962); and Nathan Glazer jumping-off points into middle-class life, 1949 and 1954 U.S. Housing Acts, which design principles, either and Daniel Patrick Moyni- in form, plan, or applied han, Beyond the Melting liminal spaces that served as a way station allowed the federal government to subsi- ornament. Pot: The Negroes, Puerto between two divided economic and cultural dize private developers in acquiring and 3 The document that Ricans, Jews, Italians, spheres. This is most powerfully expressed razing slums and building new residential, most clearly lays out the and Irish of New York City in photographs of the new public hous- commercial, and industrial projects in their design objectives of the (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT early public housing pro- Press, 1963). ing projects that were commissioned by place—further stratified the postwar city gram in its nascent phase 8 See Sam Castan, the local and federal housing authorities, by race and class.
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