Family in Transition FIFTEENTH EDITION Arlene S. Skolnick New York University Jerome H. Skolnick New York University Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich Paris Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney FFM.inddM.indd i 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:192:31:19 PPMM Executive Editor: Jeff Lasser Series Editorial Assistant: Lauren Macey Senior Marketing Manager: Kelly May Editorial Production Service: Omegatype Typography, Inc. Manufacturing Buyer: Debbie Rossi Electronic Composition: Omegatype Typography, Inc. Cover Administrator: Kristina Mose-Libon For related titles and support materials, visit our online catalog at www.pearsonhighered.com. Copyright © 2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1994, 1992, 1989 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-671-3447. Between the time website information is gathered and then published, it is not unusual for some sites to have closed. Also, the transcription of URLs can result in typographical errors. The publisher would appreciate notification where these errors occur so that they may be corrected in subsequent editions. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-57877-1 ISBN-10: 0-205-57877-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Family in transition / [edited by] Arlene S. Skolnick, Jerome H. Skolnick.—15th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-57877-1 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-205-57877-2 (pbk.) 1. Family. I. Skolnick, Arlene S. II. Skolnick, Jerome H. HQ518.F336 2009 306.85—dc22 2008023692 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 HAM 12 11 10 09 08 Credits appear on pp. 539–541, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. FFM.inddM.indd iiii 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:192:31:19 PPMM Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 PART ONE • The Changing Family 11 1 Families Past and Present 13 ■ READING 1 William J. Goode / The Theoretical Importance of the Family 13 ■ READING 2 Anthony Giddens / The Global Revolution in Family and Personal Life 25 ■ READING 3 Arlene Skolnick / The Life Course Revolution 31 ■ READING 4 Claude S. Fischer and Michael Hout / The Family in Trouble: Since When? For Whom? 40 2 Public Debates and Private Lives 57 ■ READING 5 Sharon Hays / The Mommy Wars: Ambivalence, Ideological Work, and the Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood 57 ■ READING 6 Janet Z. Giele / Decline of the Family: Conservative, Liberal, and Feminist Views 76 iii FFM.inddM.indd iiiiii 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM iv Contents PART TWO • Sex and Gender 97 3 Changing Gender Roles 101 ■ READING 7 Robert M. Jackson / Destined for Equality 101 ■ READING 8 Kathleen Gerson / What Do Women and Men Want? 109 ■ READING 9 Andrew Greeley and Michael Hout / The Conservative Christian Family and the “Feminist Revolution” 114 4 Sexuality and Society 125 ■ READING 10 Beth Bailey / Sexual Revolution(s) 125 ■ READING 11 Paula England and Reuben J. Thomas / The Decline of the Date and the Rise of the College Hook Up 141 5 Courtship and Marriage 153 ■ READING 12 Lynne M. Casper and Suzanne M. Bianchi / Cohabitation 153 ■ READING 13 Michael J. Rosenfeld / Alternative Unions and the Independent Life Stage 164 ■ READING 14 Andrew J. Cherlin / American Marriage in the Early Twenty-First Century 171 ■ READING 15 Arlene Skolnick / Grounds for Marriage: How Relationships Succeed or Fail 192 FFM.inddM.indd iivv 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM Contents v 6 Divorce and Remarriage 203 ■ READING 16 Laurence M. Friedman / Divorce: The “Silent Revolution” 203 ■ READING 17 Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery / Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives 210 ■ READING 18 Mary Ann Mason / The Modern American Stepfamily: Problems and Possibilities 233 PART THREE • Parents and Children 251 7 Parenthood 255 ■ READING 19 Philip Cowan and Carolyn Pape Cowan / New Families: Modern Couples as New Pioneers 255 ■ READING 20 Dan Clawson and Naomi Gerstel / Caring for Our Young: Child Care in Europe and the United States 275 ■ READING 21 Nicholas Townsend / The Four Facets of Fatherhood 283 8 Childhood and Youth 293 ■ READING 22 Steven Mintz / Beyond Sentimentality: American Childhood as a Social and Cultural Construct 293 ■ READING 23 Annette Lareau / Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life 306 FFM.inddM.indd v 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM vi Contents ■ READING 24 Vern L. Bengston, Timothy J. Biblarz, and Robert E. L. Roberts / How Families Still Matter: A Longitudinal Study of Youth in Two Generations 318 ■ READING 25 Jeffrey J. Arnett / A Longer Road to Adulthood 328 PART FOUR • Families in Society 343 9 Work and Family Life 349 ■ READING 26 Arlie Hochschild, with Anne Machung / The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home 349 ■ READING 27 Kathleen Gerson and Jerry A. Jacobs / The Work-Home Crunch 356 ■ READING 28 Pamela Stone / The Rhetoric and Reality of “Opting Out” 365 10 Family and the Economy 375 ■ READING 29 Lillian B. Rubin / Families on the Fault Line 375 ■ READING 30 Harriet B. Presser / The Economy That Never Sleeps 392 ■ READING 31 Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi / Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke 399 11 Dimensions of Diversity 419 ■ READING 32 Ronald L. Taylor / Diversity within African American Families 419 FFM.inddM.indd vvii 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM Contents vii ■ READING 33 Maxine Baca Zinn and Barbara Wells / Diversity within Latino Families: New Lessons for Family Social Science 443 ■ READING 34 Rona J. Karasik and Raeann R. Hamon / Cultural Diversity and Aging Families 469 ■ READING 35 Judith Stacey / Gay and Lesbian Families: Queer Like Us 480 12 Trouble in the Family 503 ■ READING 36 Jeremy Travis / Prisoners’ Families and Children 503 ■ READING 37 Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas / Unmarried with Children 520 ■ READING 38 Michael P. Johnson / Domestic Violence: The Intersection of Gender and Control 527 Credits 539 FFM.inddM.indd vviiii 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM FFM.inddM.indd vviiiiii 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM Preface Once again, this new edition of Family in Transition has three aims. First, we looked for articles that help the reader make sense of current trends in family life. Second, we tried to balance excellent older articles with newer ones. Third, we have tried to select articles that are scholarly yet readable for an audience of undergraduates. Among the new readings are the following: • Claude S. Fischer and Michael Hout analyze Census Bureau statistics on Ameri- can family life across the entire twentieth century. They find that many widespread worries about today’s families are based on mistaken understandings about history and overly simple impressions of family demographic change. • Kathleen Gerson reports that 18- to 30-year-old “children of the gender revolution”—both men and women—would prefer to balance work and family in an egalitarian way. But today’s workplace realities don’t support such arrangements, so young women and men choose different “fall back” strategies. • Andrew Greeley and Michael Hout report some surprising findings about the attitudes and beliefs of people who belong to conservative (or “evangelical”) Prot- estant denominations. Although they prefer the more “traditional” breadwinner– homemaker division of labor in the home, they are not as opposed to the gender revolution as their leaders. • Two readings report on the dramatic changes in recent decades in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Michael J. Rosenfeld argues that what he calls “the independent life stage” has made it easier for people to form “alternative unions,” such as marrying across racial lines or choosing a partner of the same sex. Jeffrey J. Arnett describes a new life stage, “emerging adulthood,” an unsettled period when young people explore different possibilities in work and relationships. • Andrew J. Cherlin describes the economic and cultural forces that have trans- formed marriage in America in the past few decades. But he also finds that Americans value marriage more than people in other modern countries, and the two-parent family remains the most common living arrangement for children. • Laurence M. Friedman shows that the “divorce revolution” of the 1970s—when many states passed no-fault divorce laws—did not spring up suddenly out of no- where. In fact, legal reformers proposed no-fault divorce to remedy what they saw as a mockery of the law in the old system. • Annette Lareau’s ethnographic studies of racially and economically diverse fami- lies reveal striking class differences in childrearing styles. Middle-class families, ix FFM.inddM.indd iixx 77/8/2008/8/2008 112:31:202:31:20 PPMM x Preface regardless of race, practice what she calls “concerted cultivation”; working and lower-class parents practice “natural growth.” • Pamela Stone examines what has been called the “opt-out” revolution—the wide- spread notion that highly educated women are leaving the workplace in droves because they find that motherhood is their true calling. She finds instead that when women leave professional jobs, the reasons have more to do with inflexible work- places and unhelpful husbands than simple mother-love. • Rona J. Karasik and Raeann R. Hamon remind us that America is graying as well as becoming more diverse.