SUBTITLING STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH SLANG EXPRESIONS IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF TV SERIES: HANNAH MONTANA SEASON 4
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
Falla Nour Rohmah 09211141012
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT LANGUAGES AND ARTS FACULTY YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2014 SUBTITLING STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH SLANG EXPRESIONS IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF TV SERIES: HANNAH MONTANA SEASON 4
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
Falla Nour Rohmah 09211141012
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2014
i
MOTTOS
“If you can imagine it, you can achieve it; if you can dream it, you can be it.”
- William Arthur Ward
“If your dream is alive, then one day it will come true.”
- Seo Juhyun
“You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You're on your own. And you know what you know. And you are the one who'll decide where to go.”
- Dr. Seuss
“If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.”
- Martin Luther King Jr.
v DEDICATION
This thesis is especially dedicated to my beloved parents, for their endless supports.
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Alhamdulillahi Roobbil’aalamin, all praise and gratitude are to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, who has blessed me with strength and health so that I can finish this thesis.
I realize that I would not be able to complete this thesis without contribution, guidance, patience, and support of the following people. Therefore, I would like to express my great gratitude to:
1. my beloved parents, brother, and sister, who always give me love,
supports, and prayers that encourage me to get through the difficulties
on writing this thesis;
2. my supervisors Bapak Asruddin Barori Tou, Ph.D. and Bapak Yosa
Abduh Alzuhdy, M.Hum., for their advices and suggestions, and for
spending their valuable time to guide me in finishing this thesis;
3. my academic consultant Ibu Ari Nurhayati, M.Hum., who always
gives me advices on academic things;
4. all lecturers of the English Education Department, for giving me
knowledge during my academic years;
5. the triangulators, Anindia Ayu Rahmawati and Isneni Nursiah, for
helping me completing this thesis; Maya Permata Sari, for helping me
re-checking the grammar mistakes on this thesis, and also Prasasti
Dyah Nilasari, who has always been my discussion partner of the
thesis since we have the same topic;
vii 6. my classmates of English Literature A 2009: Sari, Maya, Ifa, Dhesta,
Bangun, Ichi, Wibi, Jeihan, Dina, Dyah Ayu, Yola, Rissa, Dinda,
Melita, Nur, and Ikun, who are like a family of mine in the university,
for the unforgettable moments, friendship, supports, encouragements,
and helps through the whole days in my academic years;
7. all my friends in English Language and Literature of 2009, especially
in Translations concentration, for being good friends of mine;
8. my close friends on the same struggle: Neni, Rosma, Katrin, Hilma,
Senja, Anindia Ayu, Fairuz, Nina, Candra, and Doni who always
supports and helps me during my academic years;
9. the nine girls, Girls’ Generation, for inspiring me to reach my dream
that seems impossible to be possible.
Finally, I truly realize that this thesis is far from being perfect, so the constructive criticism and suggestions from the readers are expected.
Yogyakarta, May 9, 2014
Falla Nour Rohmah
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... i
APPROVAL ...... ii
RATIFICATION ...... iii
PERNYATAAN ...... iv
MOTTOS ...... v
DEDICATION ...... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix
LIST OF TABLES ...... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... xiv
ABSTRACT ...... xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research ...... 1 B. Focus of the Research ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Research ...... 6 D. Significance of the Research ...... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review ...... 7 1. Translation ...... 7 a. Notions of Translation ...... 7 b. Types of Translation ...... 9
ix c. Process of Translation ...... 10 2. Subtitling ...... 12 a. Notions of Subtitling ...... 12 b. Types of Subtitling ...... 14 c. Subtitling Strategies ...... 15 3. Slang ...... 19 a. Notions of Slang ...... 19 b. Types of Slang ...... 20 c. Functions of Slang ...... 21 4. Equivalence in Translation ...... 22 a. Notions of Equivalence in Translation ...... 22 b. Types of Equivalence in Translation ...... 23 5. Hannah Montana Season 4 (Final Season) ...... 24 a. Synopsis ...... 25 b. List of Characters ...... 26 6. Previous Researches ...... 27 B. Conceptual Framework ...... 28 C. Analytical Construct ...... 36
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of Research ...... 37 B. Data and Sources of Data ...... 37 C. Research Instruments ...... 38 D. Technique and Instruments of Data Collection ...... 40 E. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 40 F. Trustworthiness ...... 41
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Findings ...... 42 B. Discussion ...... 47
x CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ...... 83 B. Suggestions ...... 85
REFERENCES ...... 87
APPENDICES ...... 89
xi LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Data Sheet ...... 39
Table 2. The Frequencies of Types of Slang ...... 42
Table 3. The Frequencies of Subtitling Strategies ...... 44
Table 4. The Frequencies of Degree of Meaning Equivalence ...... 46
Table 5. The Data Classifying Analysis ...... 52
xii LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Process of Translation (Nida, 1975: 80) ...... 10
Figure 2. Hannah Montana Season 4 DVD Cover ...... 25
Figure 3. The Percentage of Types of Slang ...... 43
Figure 4. The Percentage of Subtitling Strategies ...... 45
Figure 5. The Percentage of Degree of Meaning Equivalence ...... 46
xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
SL : Source Language
TL : Target Language
TV : Television
DVD : Digital Versatile Disc (formerly Digital Video Disc)
VCD : Video Compact Disc
Se : Standard Expressions
Ni : New Invention
Ex : Expansion
Pr : Paraphrase
Tf : Transfer
Im : Imitation
Tc : Transcription
Ds : Dislocation
Cn : Condensation
Dc : Decimation
Dl : Deletion
Rs : Resignation
xiv Fe : Fully equivalent
Pe : Partly equivalent
Dm : Different meaning
Nm : No meaning
Eq : Equivalent
Non-Eq : Non-Equivalent
Ep : Episode
xv SUBTITLING STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH SLANG EXPRESIONS IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF TV SERIES: HANNAH MONTANA SEASON 4
By: Falla Nour Rohmah 09211141012
ABSTRACT
To translate slang, a translator needs to know the culture of the group or the community adapted because lack of understanding of slang will lead a misinterpretation. The aim of this research was to explore the translation of slang expressions in TV series Hannah Montana Season 4 and to show how equivalent the subtitle of the slang expressions was. The exploration includes finding the slang expressions itself, finding the process of subtitling it, and describing the degree of meaning equivalent of the slang expressions on its Indonesian subtitle. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected manually from the DVD of TV Series: Hannah Montana Season 4 (Hannah Montana Forever, Final Season). The data were categorized based on three theories. The first theory was slang types proposed by Willis, the second one was subtitling strategies theory proposed by Gottlieb, and the third one was the degree of equivalence theory by Bell. The main instrument of the study was the researcher herself and the secondary instrument was a data sheet. The researcher also triangulated the data to achieve trustworthiness of the data by repeatedly doing consultations and asking some peers to re-check the data. The results of this research show that there are two types of slang found in Hannah Montana Season 4, i.e. standard word and new invention; new invention appears more often. The subtitler applied seven subtitling strategies in translating the slang expressions, i.e. expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, condensation, and deletion. The subtitler applied four meaning equivalent degrees, i.e. fully equivalent, partly equivalent, different meaning, and no meaning. The fully equivalent and partly equivalent are categorized in equivalent, and the different meaning and no meaning are categorized in non-equivalent. From 123 data, there are 102 data or 82.93% of the data in this research belong to equivalent (fully equivalent is 37 data and partly equivalent is 65 data). This finding indicates that the translation of slang expressions in TV Series: Hannah Montana Season 4 is acceptable for Indonesian viewers.
Keywords: slang, subtitling, Hannah Montana Season 4 tv series, slang types, subtitling strategies, degree of equivalence
xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of the background of the research, the focus of the research, the objectives of the research, and the significance of the research.
Background of the research is the ideas and the conditions about the research conducted. Meanwhile, focus of the research is the explanation of the problem to be discussed in the research. From the chosen problem, then the questions as the guidance in this research are revealed in the objectives of the research.
Meanwhile, the significance of the research mentions the benefits of this research for particular groups or communities.
A. Background of the Research
Communication is an important thing that people need to socialize with the others. One of communication acts is the exchange of information.
Information exchanges through global communication are needed among people around the world by using a certain language that can be understood by people from many different countries. English is an international language that is used to transfer information. Therefore, most information that people send and get are in
English. However, people who do not understand English will feel lost in this world. There are many countries that do not set English as their first language.
Therefore, translators are needed. It is because there are people who cannot speak
English, but they want to know the content of the information. This makes translation very important in this globalization era.
1 2
Our lives have been accompanied by translation since a long time ago. We live in a world, which has many kinds of cultures and languages. Not everyone, even no one knows all the cultures and languages that exist in this world. That is why we need someone to transfer information about other cultures and languages to our own language or our first language, so that we can understand it. The process of transferring the message or information from Source Text (ST) to
Target Text (TT) is called translation. A person who writes the process of transferring the texts and the context into another language is called a translator.
It is not an exception that translation is undoubtedly needed in many aspects of people’s life and entertainment industry. The British and American rule the entertainment industry in the world. Hollywood, the biggest and the most popular film industry in the world, is one of the examples. They use English as their first language and apply it in their works.
Hannah Montana is one of the TV series from America, which is produced in Hollywood. It uses the American daily life conversation, so, many slang expressions appear there. Slang is characterized by creating the new words or modifying the standard words with new meanings. Particular forms of slang, for example the slang used by teenagers, are often used as a means of expressing identity between members of a group.
From watching the TV series, the researcher sees the teenage characters create their own slang and love to use it. They even frequently use it in their communication. This slang, moreover, is packed with much numbers of vocabulary items that make their speech incomprehensible to outsiders. Teenagers 3
are always the ones inventing new slang words. This is confusing for adults since slang terms used by one teenager or a group of teenager sometimes are not the same with others’. A teenager may have his own slang terms and no one else uses them except him.
The TV series, Hannah Montana, was aired in Disney Channel that owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel target audiences are pre-teens and teenagers, so the scriptwriters seem considering it when they wrote the script. The ones who speak slang expressions are not only the teenage characters, but also the adults. Therefore, the viewers that mostly pre-teens and teenagers enjoyed it since all of the characters used the same expressions that they use in their daily conversation.
Slang has different meanings from literal or dictionary meaning. The words such as gee, cool, dang, awesome, lame, rock, dude, sick and so on may be dismissed as typical teen talks. Slang also has become an alternative secret language, for example to talk about something taboo. Therefore, it is only the speakers understanding the meaning. The purpose is simply to avoid bluntness.
Lack of understanding of slang will lead a misinterpretation while watching the TV series since sometimes it is difficult to find the equivalent terms of slang in Standard English. The researcher assumes that it is important for us as the learners of English as a foreign language to understand slang. By understanding slang, we will able to interpret the utterances spoken by the English native speakers correctly. 4
In this research, the researcher will try to explore the translation of slang expressions in TV series Hannah Montana Season 4 and shows how equivalent the subtitle of the slang expressions is. The exploration includes finding the slang expressions itself, finding the process of subtitling it, and describing the degree of equivalent of the slang expressions on its Indonesian subtitle.
B. Focus of the Research
Slang in Hannah Montana plays an important role because it makes the
TV series sound more “true” to teenage life. Regarding the presence of slang in
Hannah Montana, the researcher has identified some problems related to the slang translations in the TV series.
Slang is an informal language used by a group in a community or a community in a society. They use slang in a conversation to hide something from public or they only want to let their own group or community know what they try to say. Thus, slang is like an inside joke, where only people who share the same group or community know the meaning of it. Slang is also related to the context in which slang is uttered. Slang is basically produced for certain social functions.
However, the social functions of slang are determined by the context of the speech event. One slang term may serve different functions in different contexts.
To translate slang, a translator needs to know the culture of the group or the community adapted. A translator cannot translate it without knowing the background culture of the speakers because to translate slang is not the same as to translate a regular text. Although to translate a regular text also need some 5
knowledge of the culture, but it is different. Slang is a closed-language, in which not many people know what they mean by something. A slang speaker can say something where we can find the meaning in a dictionary, but that is not what he means. This is one of the problems in translating slang. Slang has some types. By classifying slang to the types they belong, it will be easier to the translator to translate it.
Translating and subtitling is the same in meaning, transferring a text from source text to target text, but different in action. Translating and subtitling have some different rules on the process of transferring text. Unlike the common translation that has no limit on the result in the target text, subtitling has limit.
That is why subtitling has its own strategies.
Based on the problems, the limitation of the time and theories are narrowed to find out what types of slang that are used in the subtitle of American
TV series Hannah Montana, the subtitling strategies, which are used in subtitling those slang, and the degree of meaning equivalence in the slang translations.
Based on the problems identified above the problems of the study are formulated as follows.
1. What kinds of slang expressions are found in the TV Series entitled
Hannah Montana Season 4?
2. What are the subtitling strategies of the slang expressions in Indonesian
subtitle of TV Series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4?
3. What is the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions in TV
Series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4 and its Indonesian subtitle? 6
C. Objectives of the Research
The objectives of the research are:
1. to describe the slang expressions that found in TV series entitled Hannah
Montana Season 4,
2. to describe the subtitling strategies of the slang expressions in Indonesian
subtitle of TV Series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4, and
3. to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions in
TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4 and its Indonesian subtitle.
D. Significance of the Research
In line with the objectives of the research, it is expected that the research may give some contributions as follows.
1. Theoretically, the research finding will enrich the study in translations
field, especially in subtitling. Hopefully, this research can be a
bibliographical resource for the similar and relevant research type.
2. Practically, the research finding will be useful on finding a motivation for
the other researchers to conduct other researches concerning subtitling
process analysis. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of theoretical review, conceptual framework, and analytical construct. Theoretical review explains the related theories of this research. Meanwhile, the conceptual framework describes briefly the concept of the research conducted and the analytical construct draws the arrangement of the researcher’s viewpoint toward the phenomena observed.
A. Theoretical Review
1. Translation
Translation is a process of translating text from a language to another to make people understand the information of the text without necessarily learning the source language first. However, translation is not only about that, it has various definitions depending on the experts who give such a definition.
a. Notions of Translation
Hence, to know a clear perception about what translation is, some experts have put forth some definitions of translation. One of the experts is Catford, whose definition is adopted in this research. In his book, A Linguistic Theory of
Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, he defines, “translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (Catford, 1965: 20). According to Bell (1991:
6), “translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.” It means translation
7 8
is a text to help people understand a text that they want to know from a language which they do not understand or speak of.
Translating is not only about transferring languages but also about cultures. “Translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into another, it is now rightly seen as a process of negotiation between texts and between cultures, a process during which all kinds of transactions take place mediated by the figure of the translator.” (Bassnett, 2002: 6). On their book, A
Companion to Translation Study, Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau (2007: 23) describe translation is not only about language but also culture, for the two are inseparable. A translator needs to know the language as well as the culture of the country of the information or text from that he would like to translate.
The cultural aspect is very important in translation because language is embedded in culture. Mostly, the information that people would like to transfer are in texts, whether it is from books, articles, brochures, or anything else. From texts, linguistic acts take place in a context and texts are created in a continuum or one series.
The culture in translation studies reflects the culture in other disciplines, which is an unavoidable result of the need for greater intercultural awareness in the world. It gives people a chance to understand more about the complexities of textual transfer, about what happens to texts as they move into new contexts, and the rapidly changing patterns of cultural interaction in the world where people inhabit. 9
Lawrence Venuti in his book, The Translator’s Invisibility, explains that translators play act as authors, and translations pass for original texts. He describes translators are very much aware that any sense of authorial presence in a translation is an illusion, an effect of transparent discourse, comparable to a
‘stunt,’ but they nonetheless assert that they participate in a ‘psychological’ relationship with the author in which they repress their own ‘personality.’ (Venuti,
1995: 7). He also quotes from Kratz, “certainly his ego and personality are involved in translating, and yet he has to try to stay faithful to the basic text in such a way that his own personality doesn’t show.” (Venuti, 1995: 8). Translators re-write the idea from the source text’s language into the target text’s language.
Since, translation text must have the same idea as the original text. The translators need to maintain or stay focus on the original idea (the idea from the source text’s writer) and avoid writing their own idea so the target text will not out of the context. They also have to try not to show their own personality on their works.
b. Types of Translation
Roman Jakobson (in Munday, 2001: 5) in his seminal paper, On Linguistic
Aspects of Translation, categorizes the types of translation which are:
1. intralingual translation, or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of other signs of the same language;
2. interlingual translation, or translation proper: an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of some other language;
3. intersemiotic translation, or transmutation: an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. 10
c. Process of Translation
Process of translation is an activity of a person (translator) when doing translation. Nida has three steps of translation process that can be used by a translator: 1) analysis, 2) transferring, and 3) restructuring (1975: 80). The scheme can be seen below:
Source Receptor Language Language
Text Translation
Analysis Transfer Restructuring
Figure 1. Process of Translation (Nida, 1975: 80)
Nida states, “the process of analysis is, however, relatively complex, for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the semantic units.” (1975:
80).
1. Analysis
In this phase, the translator should understand the content or the message,
and the meaning of the source language text based on the context, to
decide the right word in translating. Therefore, the translator must have the
knowledge of both sources.
2. Transfer 11
In this phase, a translator translates the analyzed meaning of the original
language into the target language.
3. Restructuring
A translator checks the transferred text or the message in the target
language. Therefore, it will looks natural and readable for the target
reader.
Alexander Fraser Tytler (in Bassnett, 2002: 69) in his The Principles of
Translation as the first systematic study in English of the translation processes sets up three basic principles.
1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the
original work.
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that
of the original.
3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Hilaire Belloc in his lecture On Translation in 1931(in Bassnett, 2002:
13), states:
the art of translation is a subsidiary art and derivative. On this account it has never been granted the dignity of original work, and has suffered too much in the general judgment of letters. This natural underestimation of its value has had the bad practical effect of lowering the standard demanded, and in some periods has almost destroyed the art altogether. The corresponding misunderstanding of its character has added to its degradation: neither its importance nor its difficulty has been grasped.
Translation has been perceived as a secondary activity, as a ‘mechanical’ rather than a ‘creative’ process, within the competence of anyone with a basic grounding in a language other than his own. A translator cannot changes the 12
message of the ST into the TT as the way they want. It is because a translator is only a deliverer of a text to another language and not an author.
2. Subtitling
Subtitling is a process of translating or transferring information from one language to others through audiovisual media. If we watch an overseas film in cinema, we may see that there is a text in the bottom of the screen video. This text is subtitles, the translated text from the source text or the dialog to the target text.
a. Notions of Subtitling
According to Chiaro (2008: 141), subtitling is one of most widespread modalities adopted for translating products of audiovisual translation besides dubbing. Cintas and Anderman (2009: 8) describe that audiovisual translation is now one of the most vibrant and vigorous fields within Translation studies. In other word, audiovisual translation is one of Translation studies’ branch. Chiaro
(2008: 141) explains that audiovisual translation covers the interlingual transfer of verbal language when it is transmitted and accessed both visually and acoustically, usually, but not necessarily, through some kind of electronic device.
Kuhiwczak and Littau (2007: 126) on their book, A Companion on
Translation Studies, describe about the screen translation, which has a relation with subtitling. Screen translation is currently the preferred term used for translation of a wide variety of audiovisual texts displayed on one kind of screen or another. While it is normally associated with the subtitling and lip-synch dubbing of audiovisual material for television and cinema, its range is actually 13
much greater, covering as it does the translation of television programmes, films, videos, VCDs, DVDs, operas and plays. It seems like the term of screen translation is only the process of translating between two or more languages but this is not always like that. They also describe that subtitles can be either interlingual or intralingual. Intralingual subtitling is subtitling the dialogues their first language in texts. American and European people on their television programs to the deaf or hard-of-hearing people who want to enjoy the television programs normally use it. However, foreign students who may improve their language skills when watching certain television programs could use intralingual subtitling also.
In this era, people wanting to know about the other countries’ culture, they can get the information from DVDs. However, the language barrier is the problem for most people because they only speak one language, their mother tongue language. Nowadays, people do not need to learn the language first to get the information they want, they just need to press the ‘subtitles’ button on their DVD player, and choose which language they want to read. After that, there are the subtitles shown in the screen video. Gottlieb (in Baker, 2001: 244) in Routledge
Encyclopedia of Translation Studies describes subtitle as subtitles, which sometimes referred to as caption, as transcriptions of film or TV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen. It is usually consists of one or two lines of average maximum length of 35 characters. Subtitles are placed at the bottom of the picture and are either centered of left-aligned. Subtitles are the product of 14
subtitling or screen translation, because it is translating from the video or screen’s dialogues and changes it to be texts, and then put them back on the screen.
b. Types of Subtitling
Gottlieb (in Baker, 2001: 247) distinguishes the different forms of subtitling from a linguistic viewpoint.
1. Intralingual subtitling is a subtitle in the original language that
includes subtitling of domestic programmes for the Deaf and hard of
hearing and subtitling of foreign language programmes for language
learners. Intraligual subtitling involves taking speech down in writing,
changing mode but not for language.
2. Interlingual subtitling is a subtitle in another language. In interlingual
subtitling, the subtitler crosses over from speech in one language to
writing in another so it changes mode and language. Whereas
technically speaking subtitles can be either open (not optional, i.e.
shown with the film) and closed (optional, i.e. shown via teletext).
Meanwhile, Kuhiwczak and Littau (2007: 129) propose the other categories of subtitling. They can be seen as follows.
1. Closed subtitle mostly used in DVDs with interlingual subtitling in
many languages. It makes easier for the watchers, because they can
choose which language that they want to use or even when they do
not want to show the subtitles. Kuhiwczak and Littau explain that
nowadays people tend to like using closed subtitle. 15
2. Open subtitle is the opposite of closed subtitle. The subtitle cannot be
removed from the video or the screen. It usually used at the cinema or
on television. The open subtitle costs cheaper than dubbing, so many
people prefer to use it.
c. Subtitling Strategies
Subtitle translation’s aim is to translate a verbal language to written and to transfer the information to the viewers in a limited space. Unlike literally translation, a subtitler (person who translate subtitle) needs an excellent listening skill to translate. A subtitler needs to listen to the audio of the film to match the voice of the characters (when they are speaking) with the subtitles which are usually placed at the bottom of the screen. In subtitle translation, the content in TT should have the same degree as in ST. In order to balance the content in the ST and TT, the subtitler uses subtitling strategies.
Henrik Gottlieb’s subtitling strategies are as follows (in Ghaemi and
Benyamin 2010: 42).
1. Expansion
Expansion is used when the original requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. It adds an explanation in the TT because some cultural references from ST do not exist in the TT. For example:
ST: My meat teeth.
TT: Gigi palsu untuk makan daging. 16
2. Paraphrase
Paraphrase is resorted to cases where the phraseology of the original language cannot be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target language.
It modifies a non-visualized expression in the ST such as a language-specific expression so that the TT conveys the same function with a significantly changed form. For example:
ST: What a kidder!
TT: Dia suka bercanda.
3. Transfer
Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely and accurately. It transfers the full ST expression into the TT. It is used in ‘neutral’ discourse and in the slow speech, for example:
ST: Different house, same dippy dad.
TT: Rumah yang beda, ayah konyol yang sama.
4. Imitation
Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and places. It produces an identical expression in the target text. This can be applied to proper nouns or greetings, for example:
ST: T-Bone, how's your schedule?
TT: T-Bone, bagaimana jadwalmu?
5. Transcription
Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the source text, for example the use of a third language or a nonsense language. It is 17
used when facing irregular speech, such as nonstandard speech; dialect or a pronunciation with a specific emphasis on a syllable; and unusual speech even in the source text, like the use of third language or nonsense language. The subtitler attempts to convey an acceptable rendering of the source text-contents in the target text, for example:
ST: Whiz-bang-boom!
TT: Wis-bang-bum!
6. Dislocation
Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort of special effect, for example a silly song in a cartoon film, where the translation of the effect is more important than the content. It produces a different expression in the target text that adjusts the contents of the source text so that it conforms to the target text-language. It is used in connection with song texts and metaphorical phenomena. For example:
ST: In the beginning… Yadda, yadda, yadda. I love you.
TT: Sejak awal… Bla, bla, bla. Aku sayang kamu.
7. Condensation
Condensation refers to the shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible. Condensation is used by translator if there is over-lengthy dialogue so those translators use necessitate redundant information and thus increases coherence for the viewers. For example:
ST: You know what? If you’re that daggone lonely.
TT: Jika kau begitu kesepian. 18
8. Decimation
Decimation is an extreme form of condensation where, perhaps for reasons of discourse speed, even potentially important elements are omitted. It reduces the wording from the source text in the target text-subtitle by omitting words which might cause a degree of a semantic loss in the target text, but still tries to convey the meaning of the source text. For example:
ST: What, drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word
TT: Damai? Aku benci kata itu
9. Deletion
Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text. It omits full elements, such as a line of dialogue from the ST speech in the TT subtitle. For example:
ST: I’m so sorry. Okay, well, toddles. Bye.
TT: Maafkan aku. Sampai jumpa.
10. Resignation
Resignation describes the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be found and the meaning is inevitably lost. The very nature of the elements in the source text-speech makes it impossible for the subtitler to create the same effect in the target text. Used when facing ‘untranslatable elements’, difficult plays on words. For example:
ST: Although, you do get the early-bird discounts.
TT: Baiklah. 19
3. Slang
Slang is an informal language used by a group in a community or a community in a society. They use slang in a conversation to hide something from public or they only want to let their own group or community know what they try to say. The social functions of slang are determined by the context of the speech event. One slang term may serve different functions in different contexts.
a. Notions of Slang
According to Akmajian et al (1984: 298), slang is informal style that characterized as haring greater amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction and deletion. Usually informal style is brief, to the point, and grammatically streamline. It occurs in casual, relaxed social settings in which spontaneous, rapid, and uncensored by the speaker. Slang is more common in speech than in writing and the words often used in a particular context or by a particular group of people.
Dictionary as the source of words meaning also gives a definition to help people to understand the concept of slang with common words. Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary describes that slang is very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people, for example, children, criminals, soldiers, etc. From Cambridge
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, slang is very informal language that is usually spoken rather than written, used especially by particular groups of people.
Some experts also describe the definition of slang. According to Spolsky
(1998: 35), slang has shown the importance of language in establishing social identity. He also describes that slang is a kind of jargon marked by its rejection of 20
formal rules, its comparative freshness and its common ephemerality, and its marked use to claim solidarity. In her book Slang & Sociability, Connie Eble
(1996: 11) presents her own definition of slang. She says that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness in society at large. Eble’s definition explains that slang is colloquial. It highlights the social aspects of slang.
Slang is an expression in a conversation that most people easily recognize as soon as it is uttered, but explaining and defining what slang is and how it functions is very different matter. There are more than just words to show informal language, impolite behavior, and there are many social aspects embedded in slang. Slang often refers to the non-standard use of words in a language and it is associated with informal and colloquial or daily conversation spoken language. Slang often originates in the subcultures in a society.
b. Types of Slang
Willis (1964: 195) states that there are two broad kinds of slang. One kind comes from or gives a new meaning to a standard word. Moreover, the other slang is new inventions or at least has only a slight connection with established words.
Another type is gained from Mattielo (2008: 46), who categorizes types of slang based on sociological properties. Sociological properties of slang is divided into two parts; speaker oriented and hearer oriented. Here below is the further explanation of sociological properties of slang that deals with speaker oriented and hearer oriented.
1. Hearer-oriented is concerned to produce some effect upon the hearer. 21
There are four explanations, which is related to hearer-oriented of
sociological properties;
a. to amuse the hearer or to make him laugh (playfulness , humor);
b. to release him from the monotomy of neutral style (freshness, novelty,
unconventionality);
c. to impress the hearer (desire to impress), especially with bizarre
expressions (faddishness), or to attract his attention with colorful
words (color) and their sounds (musicality);
d. to mock, offend or challenge the hearer (impertinence, offensiveness,
aggressiveness).
2. The speaker-oriented characterizes the speaker:
a. As member of a particular group (group-restriction, individuality),
often an exclusive one (secrecy, privacy, culture-restriction, prestige);
b. As someone with a precise occupation/ activity (subject-restriction,
technicality);
c. As someone having a low cultural status (informality, debasement), or
using low/ bad language (vulgarity, obscenity);
d. As an individual of a certain age or generation (time-restriction,
ephemerality), or coming from a specific regional are (localism).
c. Functions of Slang
Mattiello (2005:26) proposes six functions of using slang. According to her, slang may be used in situations of: (1) requiring secrecy, (2) establishing 22
intimacy, (3) arousing jocularity, (4) causing offensiveness, (5) entailing sympathy, and (6) mitigating the seriousness of the dominant tone.
Meanwhile, Eble (1996: 116) highlights three general functions of slang.
(1) Slang changes the level of discourse in the direction of informality. (2) Slang identifies members of a group. (3) Slang opposes established authority.
4. Equivalence in Translation
The comparison of a translation text from different languages needs to be equivalent to the SL. Translation is about to transfer a text from SL to TL with the same exact meaning with the same or different form. A translator needs to translate a text accurately, that is why equivalence is needed.
a. Notions of Equivalence in Translation
Munday (2001:37) states that for the message to be equivalent in ST and
TT, the code-units will be different since they belong to two different sign systems or languages, which partition reality differently. Every language has their own system or form on grammatical, so the equivalent message in ST and TT will be different.
For Tytler (in Venutti, 1995:68), the aim of translation is the production of an equivalent effect that transcends linguistic and cultural differences:
I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 23
The “merit” or advantage of the foreign text, and the defects of attempts to reproduce it in translation, are accessible to all, because, in so far as reason and good sense afford a criterion, the opinion of all intelligent readers will probably be uniform.
b. Types of Equivalence in Translation
According to Nida (in Munday, 2001:41) there are two basic orientations or types of equivalence: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence is thus keenly oriented towards the ST structure, which exerts strong influence in determining accuracy and correctness. Dynamic equivalence is called the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which exists between the original receptors and the message.
In his definition of translation equivalence, Popovič (in Bassnett, 2002:33) distinguishes four types:
a. linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic
level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.
b. paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of ‘the elements
of a paradigmatic expressive axis’, i.e. elements of grammar, which
Popovič sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.
c. stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is ‘functional
equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an
expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning’. 24
d. textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the
syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
Bell (1991: 6) in his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice describes the problem of equivalence and the degree of it:
Text in different language can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in respect of different levels or presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for phrase, sentence-for- sentence).
Bell explains that the idea of total equivalent is impossible. It is because languages are different from each other. The languages are different in form having dissimilar codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meaning. It is that way, a translator have to translate the ST to TT in the nearest similar meaning in the SL.
5. Hannah Montana Season 4 (Final Season)
Hannah Montana is an American television series that aired on the Disney
Channel. Its premiere episode of the first season aired on March 24, 2006 and the final series episode of the fourth season or the final season aired on January 16,
2011. 25
Figure 2. Hannah Montana Season 4 DVD Cover
a. Synopsis
The TV series focuses on a girl who lives a double life as an average teenage school girl named Miley Stewart (starred Miley Cyrus) and a famous pop singer named Hannah Montana, hiding her real identity from the public, other than her close friends and family. She lives with her dad, Robby Stewart (Billy
Ray Cyrus) and her brother, Jackson Stewart (Jason Earles). Lilly Truscott (Emily
Osment) and Oliver Oken (Mitchel Musso) are Miley Stewart’s best friends who know her secret besides her family.
The plot begins with a preteen, Miley Stewart, who just moves from
Tennessee to Malibu, and then she has to adapt to a new lifestyle. She also lives a secret life as a pop star: Hannah Montana, overseen by her manager and father,
Robby Stewart. In its final season for the Disney channel, or also known as 26
Hannah Montana Forever, Hannah has undergone quite a few changes. The
Stewarts (Miley Stewart, Robby Stewart, and Jackson Stewart) have moved into their new ranch house in Malibu with Lilly Truscott. Miley and Lilly are navigating their senior year and Jackson has got himself a girlfriend. In this season, Miley still has a hard time reconciling her Hannah commitments with her normal life. In the end, she tells the world that Hannah Montana is actually only a stage act of Miley Stewart.
b. List of Characters
1. Miley Stewart is the central character. She has a popstar alter-ego called
Hannah Montana which she keep it secret until in the end of the final
season episodes of the TV series.
2. Robby Ray Stewart is Miley’s father who also Hannah Montana’s
manager.
3. Jackson Stewart is Miley’s older brother.
4. Lilly Truscott is Miley’s best friend. When Miley as Hannah, Lilly is
become Lola Luftnagle, Hannah’s best friend.
5. Oliver Oken is Miley’s best friend, who also Lilly’s boyfriend.
6. Rico Suave is Stewart’s neighbor. He is Jackson’s friend-enemy and
Miley, Lilly, and Oliver’s classmate.
7. Jake Ryan is Miley’s boyfriend who later becomes her ex-boyfriend. He is
a popular actor.
8. Jesse is a guitarist in Hannah’s band. He is later become Miley’s boyfriend
after Miley splits with Jake. 27
9. Siena is Jackson’s girlfriend. She is a model.
The list above is the main and supporting characters that appear the most in the TV Series Hannah Montana Season 4.
6. Previous Researches
The research of translating slang expressions by using subtitling strategies has been conducted by some researchers. The researcher took two of them as the example. However, it does not mean that three of the researches are exactly the same. The difference is on the objectives of the researches which causes on the results of the researches.
The first research has been conducted by Ike Anggraeni in 2010, entitled
An Analysis of Slang Translation in the “Juno” Film: The Strategies and
Reasons. She discussed the types of the slang, the subtitling strategies that the translator applies on the subtitle, and the influence of the use of slang words in the film. In the research, she used two theories on classifies the slang. From Willis theory, Standard Word is using more often than New Invention. From Mattiello theory based on the sociological properties, Color slang is the most frequently used. On subtitling strategies by Gottlieb, Transfer is the most frequently used.
The reasons of influencing the appearance of the slang are the teenagers want to say something in secret way, to show their anger, and they want to have joy and get laugh by using the slang.
The second research has been conducted by Mads Holmsgaard Eriksen, entitled Translating the Use of Slang. He discussed the microstrategies in 28
subtitling on the transfer of the slang use from ST to TT with I Love You, Man as empirical example, including a study of the function of slang. The function of slang in the research can be described as a social instrument of words and expressions that employed in speech on informal setting in order to create a group relation with people who rebel against standard language. On subtitling strategies by Gottlieb, Paraphrase is the most frequently used.
This research uses these two researches as the references in analyzing the objectives. Both researches give a lot contribution in understanding slang and subtitling strategies.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research is a qualitative descriptive research, which analyzes the use of subtitling strategies in translating slang expressions on American TV Series:
Hannah Montana Season 4.
Translation is a process of translating text from a language to another language to make people understand the information of the text without need to learn the source language first. Translation is not only transferring text but also the culture in the TT from ST, and it is translator’s job to do the negotiating about the both culture in his work (Bassnett, 2002: 6). A translator needs to know the language as well as the culture of the country of the information or text from that he would like to translate.
Audiovisual translation is now one of the most vibrant and vigorous fields within Translation studies (Cintas and Anderman, 2009: 8). Subtitling is one of 29
most widespread modalities adopted for translating products of audiovisual translation besides dubbing (Chiaro, 2008: 141).
There are two different forms of subtitling. (1) Intralingual subtitling is a subtitle in the original language that includes subtitling of domestic programmes for the Deaf and hard of hearing and subtitling of foreign language programmes for language learners. (2) Interlingual subtitling is a subtitle in another language.
In interlingual subtitling, the subtitler crosses over from speech in one language to writing in another so it changes mode and language. (Baker, 2001: 247)
The aim of subtitle translation is to translate a verbal language to written language and transfer the information to the viewers in a limited space. In subtitle translation, the content in TT should have the same degree as in ST. In order to balance the content in the ST and TT, the subtitler uses subtitling strategies.
Gottlieb’s subtitling strategies are as follows (in Ghaemi and Benyamin 2010: 42).
1. Expansion, it is used when the original requires an explanation because of
some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. For example:
ST: Anyway, I bet you're dying to see our room.
TT: Sudahlah, kau pasti hampir mati penasaran ingin melihat kamar kami.
‘Dying’ in standard word means people who are dying. As a slang expression means the feeling of excitement or also can be means the feeling of curiosity. The subtitler translates the both meanings of standard word (hampir mati) and slang (penasaran). 30
2. Paraphrase is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original cannot
be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target language. For
example:
ST: What a kidder!
TT: Dia suka bercanda.
In the ST, it is an exclamation expression, but the subtitler paraphrases it in explanation expression in TT.
3. Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely and
correctly, for example:
ST: Jeez, I’m annoying sometimes.
TT: Wah, terkadang aku menyebalkan.
It is just being translated in completely and correctly each word.
4. Imitation even maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and
places, for example:
ST: Hey, mamaw. Just calling to see how you're doing.
TT: Hei mamaw. Aku menelepon untuk tanya kabarmu.
Mamaw is a slang expression of grandmother just like Grandma and Nana, but the subtitler just imitates it as Mamaw without translating it as Nenek, for example.
5. Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the source
text, for example the use of a third language or nonsense language. For
example:
ST: Booyah! 31
TT: Buya!
Actually, ‘booyah’ is slang from ‘boo’ and ‘ya.’ ‘Boo’ itself is ‘ utteranced if people want to surprise or frighten the other, and ‘ya’ is another word for you.
Therefore, ‘booyah’ is an expression to surprise or frighten somebody, but it is translated as ‘buya’ that it has no meaning in Indonesia.
6. Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort of special effect,
for example a silly song in a cartoon film, where the translation of the effect is
more important than the content, for example:
ST: In the beginning… Yadda, yadda, yadda. I love you.
TT: Sejak awal… Bla, bla, bla. Aku sayang kamu.
‘Yadda, yadda, yadda’ is a slang phrase that means ‘and so forth’ or ‘on and on’. It usually refers to something that is a minor detail or boring and repetitive. It is translated in ‘bla, bla, bla’ which has the same meaning and has the same rhyme as in ST.
7. Condensation would seem to be the typical strategy used. That is the
shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible, for example:
ST: That is so freakishly true.
TT: Itu benar sekali.
The word ‘freakishly’ is omitted in the TT be because there is ‘so’ before it which has the same meaning. 32
8. Decimation is an extreme form of condensation where, perhaps for reasons of
discourse speed, even potentially important elements are omitted. For
example:
ST: What, drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word
TT: Damai? Aku benci kata itu
The subtitler translates ‘what, drawn, and talk of peace’ to just ‘damai’, it caused semantic loss in TT. However, the subtitler is reducing it to be “damai” that can represent as the whole sentence but some of important elements are omitted here.
9. Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text. For example:
ST: I’m so sorry. Okay, well, toddles. Bye.
TT: Maafkan aku. Sampai jumpa.
‘Okay, well, toddles’ is a sentence that the subtitler completely eliminates.
10. Resignation describes the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be
found and meaning is inevitably lost. For example:
ST: Although, you do get the early-bird discounts.
TT: Baiklah.
The subtitler does not translate all the words of the sentence.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary describes that slang is very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people, for example, children, criminals, soldiers, etc. 33
Slang is divided into two types, (1) coming from or giving a new meaning to a standard word and (2) new inventions or at least having only a slight connection with established words. (Willis, 1964: 195)
Here are the examples of types of slang according to Willis’ theory:
1. Slang comes from or gives a new meaning to standard word/expressions
Rock: in Oxford Advance Dictionary, rock has about eight different
definitions. Some of them are the hard solid material that forms part of
the surface of the earth and some other planets, a small stone, a type of
loud modern music with a strong beat played on electric guitars and
drums, etc. Rock as slang is not one of them. Rock as slang expression
means cool.
2. Slang from new inventions or at least have only a slight connection with
established words
Sweet mama!: it is a phrase that comes from two standard words, but the
meaning of this slang is different from the meaning of each
word. Sweet mama is a phrase used as an exclamation to show
a surprise expression.
Since a translator needs to translate a text accurately, equivalence is needed to translator. ST can be translating to TT in different degrees of equivalence (Bell, 1991: 6). On Bell’s theory, there are four equivalence degrees:
Fully equivalent, Partly equivalent, Different meaning, and No meaning.
1. Equivalent 34
a. Fully equivalent means the meaning and the message of the content in the
ST are completely transferred in the TT text. In this case, the slang
expressions are also completely being translated in Indonesian slang
expressions. For example:
ST: That’s the tradeoff I get for a saggy gut and a droopy butt.
TT: Itu imbalan yang kudapat untuk perut gendut dan bokong lesu.
The phrase ‘saggy gut’ in ST is a slang expression in English, which means fat belly, and ‘perut gendut’ in TT is a slang expression in Indonesia. The word ‘gendut’ in Indonesian standard word is ‘besar’.
b. Partly equivalent is when the slang expressions in ST are translated into
the TL as the slang expressions with the different content but have the
same meaning in slang. It also can be the slang expressions which are
being translated as non-slang expressions in the TL but have the same
meaning as in the SL, for example:
ST: Come on, let’s talk some turkey.
TT: Ayo, mari bicarakan uang.
Above, ‘turkey’ as a slang expression that means money. In TT, ‘turkey’ is also translated as money or ‘uang’ and not ‘kalkun’. It is because the translator wants to keep the slang meaning, even though ‘uang’ is not a slang expression in
Indonesia. 35
2. Non-Equivalent
a. Different meaning occurs when slang expressions in SL are translated as
non-slang expressions in TL and have the different meaning and form, for
example:
ST: Mr. Hippy-dippy, knit cap guy?
TT: Tuan Pelupa yang pakai topi rajutan?
‘Hippy-dippy’ is an English slang expression that means someone who is not sensible or foolish, and the translator translated it to be ‘pelupa,’ which is not a slang expression in Indonesia, and its meaning is different from the original expression.
b. No meaning occurs when the slang expressions of the SL are omitted or not
translated by the translator in the TL For example:
ST: Gosh, look at me, Dad.
TT: Lihatlah aku, Ayah.
‘Gosh’ is a slang expression used as an exclamation to show a surprise, anger or sarcasm. The word gosh is omitted by the translator. 36
C. Analytical Construct
In reference to the conceptual framework above, the following diagram presents the analytical construct of the research.
Translation
Audiovisual Translation
Subtitling of TV Series: Dubbing Hannah Montana Season 4
Interlingual Intralingual
Source Text: Spoken in English
Slang Target Text: 1. Standard Written in Expressions Indonesian 2. New Invention Subtitling Strategies:
1. Expansion 6. Dislocation 2. Paraphrase 7. Condensation 3. Transfer 8. Decimation 4. Imitation 9. Deletion 5. Transcription 10. Resignation
Equivalence:
1. Equivalent: 2. Non-Equivalent: - Fully Equivalent - Different Meaning - Partly Equivalent - No Meaning CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter consists of the type of research, data and sources of data, research instruments, technique and instruments of data collection, technique of data analysis, and trustworthiness. The type of research explains about what kind of research to be conducted. Meanwhile, data and sources of data mention the form of the data, the context of the data, and from what source the data are taken.
Then, the research instruments states the instrument used to conduct this research.
The technique used to collect the data and to analyze the data is explained in the technique and instruments of data collection and technique of data analysis. The last sub-chapter, trustworthiness, mentions a way to validate the data.
A. Type of Research
This research used the technique of qualitative method of research based on an analysis of subtitling since the researcher analyzed the process of subtitling slang expressions in TV series Hannah Montana Season 4. Therefore, its purpose was more descriptive than predictive. In addition, it was typically less concerned with generalization because much of qualitative research does not claim generalizing.
B. Data and Sources of Data
The object of this research was a TV series entitled Hannah Montana
Season 4. The TV series was in a form of audiovisual. The data were all utterances which contain slang expressions that are collected manually from the
37 38
dialog or utterances, which is in English and their Indonesian translation or subtitle focusing on the slang expressions on the whole episodes or thirteen episodes of the TV series Season 4. The data form in this research was words and phrases. The TV Series’ form is DVD Hannah Montana Forever, Final Season consisting of two discs with serial number: 470/DVD/R/PA/9.2011/2011. Since the object was TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4, the sources of the data was English text (phonic channel) and Indonesian text (graphic channel).
C. Research Instruments
The primary instrument of this research was the researcher herself. The researcher was involved in all process of the research observation, analysis, and interpreting data. The secondary instrument of this research was data sheet that was used to note the slang expressions that found in the TV series Hannah
Montana Season 4. The data sheet can be seen overleaf.
Note for the table: Ep: Episode Ds: Dislocation 00:00: Time Cn: Condensation Sw: Standard word Dc: Decimation Ni: New Invention Dl: Deletion Ex: Expansion Rs: Resignation Pr: Paraphrase Fe: Fully equivalent Tf: Transfer Pe: Partly equivalent Im: Imitation Dm: Different meaning Tc: Transcription Nm: No meaning 39 40
D. Technique and Instruments of Data Collection
The process of data collecting in this research used the content analysis technique. In using this technique, the researcher took all data that support the research questions. In the meantime, the chosen data led to the focus of the research. In collecting the related data, the researcher was listening, watching, reading, and note taking. The researcher observed the object by listening and watching the dialog or utterance of the TV series, and reading the Indonesian subtitle of Hannah Montana carefully and comprehensively. Then by note taking, the slang language found in the TV series was collected into the data sheet.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The data analysis takes place along with the data collection process since data collection and data analysis usually run together, less data are collected and more analysis is produced as the research progresses.
The steps that researcher designed to perform the research were:
1. the researcher collected the data that appear in the form of words,
phrases, sentences and clauses from the two data resources: the dialog
or utterance in English and Indonesian subtitle of Hannah Montana;
2. then, she wrote down the data in the data sheet, and then coded the
data;
3. after that, she used Willis’ types of slang to categorize the slang
expressions, used Gottlieb’s subtitling strategies to research the data,
and then categorized it to determine the equivalence in meaning. 41
F. Trustworthiness
This research applied trustworthiness in order to know the research validity. According to Moleong (2001:173) to gain trustworthiness, there are four criteria such as credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability.
This research applied credibility and dependability to obtain trustworthiness of the data. First, credibility was used to ensure the correctness of the data. In achieving credibility, this research used triangulation technique.
Moleong (2001: 128) states, triangulation is a technique for checking the trustworthiness of data by using something outside the data to verify the data or to compare them. There are four types of triangulation: by source, by method, by expert, and by theory.
This research used the source and theory triangulation. The main source was the DVD of Hannah Montana Season 4. Moreover, there were some theories that support the credibility of this research. For the slang expressions that were found, the researcher looked out and validated the slang expressions through
Oxford Advance Dictionary, urbandictionary.com, and from the script of the TV series itself.
In the criteria of dependability, it concerned about reliability of the data of the research. The data findings of this research were triangulated by two translation students. Then, the result of triangulated data findings were consulted and discussed with the supervisors. CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of findings and discussion. Findings present the data found including their frequencies from the three objectives observed: the types of slang, the subtitling strategies, and the degree of meaning equivalence. Then, the data found are presented in the discussion.
A. Research Findings
The tables below are provided to present the frequencies of the data found based on the types of slang, the subtitling strategies, and the degree of meaning equivalence as the three objectives in this research. The first table presents the finding of types of slang.
Table 2. The Frequencies of Types of Slang
No Types of Slang Frequency Percentage
1. Standard Expressions 28 22.76%
2. New Invention 95 77.24%
Total 123 100%
According to Table 2, New Invention appears more than Standard
Expressions in the frequent number of types of slang, in 77.24% of the data.
Standard Expressions gains 22.76% of the data. The chart of this table is shown below.
42 43
The Percentage of Types of Slang
Standard Expressions 22.76%
New Invention 77.24%
Figure 3. The Percentage of Types of Slang
The chart above is shown that New Invention majors the types of slang. It shows that the scriptwriter of the TV series tends to create a new word for the slang rather than just using standard word and changing the meaning. Since most of the slang expressions used in the TV series are the slang expressions that are commonly used by American teenagers, it can also show that American teenagers tend to create new words that they like to use inside their community. They create unique slang expressions to match the rhyme so when they speak it out, it sounds cool. Moreover, since the TV series’ target viewers are pre-teens and teenagers, the scriptwriter uses a less-harsh exclamation or expression, so that the parents do not need to worry about what their children watch. It is because pre-teens and teenagers usually like to copy what they watch and use it in their daily conversation. The use of Standard Expressions type can be a little bit confusing when people hear it without knowing the full context of it. This could be the 44
reason why the writer or American teenagers like to use New Invention slang rather than Standard Expressions slang.
Table 3. The Frequencies of Subtitling Strategies
No Subtitling Strategies Frequency Percentage
1. Expansion 2 1.63%
2. Paraphrase 43 34.95%
3. Transfer 61 49.59%
4. Imitation 3 2.44%
5. Transcription 3 2.44%
6. Dislocation 0 0%
7. Condensation 2 1.63%
8. Decimation 0 0%
9. Deletion 9 7.32%
10. Resignation 0 0%
Total 123 100%
As seen from table 3 above, the subtitler applies seven subtitling strategies out of ten kinds of subtitling strategies on theory in translating English slang expressions on its Indonesian subtitle. The strategies used to translate the data containing slang expressions are Expansion, Paraphrase, Transfer, Imitation,
Transcription, Condensation, and Deletion. Dislocation, Decimation and
Resignation are the subtitling strategies that are not used by the subtitler to translate the slang expressions. The chart of this table is shown below. 45
The Percentage of Subtitling Strategies 1.63% 2.44% 1.63% 7.32% 2.44% Expansion Paraphrase 34.95% Transfer Imitation Transcription 49.59% Condensation Deletion
Figure 4. The Percentage of Subtitling Strategies
The chart shows that the subtitler mostly uses Transfer and Paraphrase.
However, Transfer is the first rank of the most often subtitling strategies used by the subtitler to translate the slang expressions with 49.59%. Paraphrase is the second rank with 34.95%. The third rank is Deletion with 7.32%. In the next places are Imitation and Transcription with 2.44% is in the fourth and fifth. The sixth and seventh ranks are Expansion, and Condensation that have the same percentage with 1.63%. Meanwhile, Dislocation, Decimation and Resignation process gain zero datum. This result means that the subtitler looks up the meaning of the slang expressions that exist in the TV series. Instead of translates it roughly, the subtitler tends to learn or maybe he already knew the culture of the characters in the TV series and he applies Transfer mostly on his work by translating the slang expressions accurately because he knows the meaning of the slang expressions. 46
Table 4. The Frequencies of Degree of Meaning Equivalence
Degree of Meaning No Frequency Percentage Equivalence 1. Equivalent a. Fully equivalent 37 30.08% b. Partly equivalent 65 52.85% 2. Non-Equivalent a. Different meaning 12 9.75% b. No meaning 9 7.32% Total 123 100%
The table of degree of meaning equivalence finding above presents that
Partly equivalent is the most frequently used with 52.85%. The next rank is Fully equivalent with 30.08%. The third rank is Different meaning with 9.75%. The last one is No meaning with 7.32%. The chart of this table is shown below.
The Percentage of Degree of Meaning Equivalence No meaning Different 7.32% meaning 9.75% Fully equivalent 30.08%
Partly equivalent 52.85%
Figure 5. The Percentage of Degree of Meaning Equivalence 47
The chart shows that the Equivalent, Fully equivalent and Partly equivalent, is applied for 82.93% out of the data. It is more frequent than the Non- equivalent, Different meaning and No meaning, is only applied for 17.07%. It means that the subtitler does not only translate the text based on the standard words or standard language but also considering the slang expressions. The subtitler is successful in delivering the English slang expressions into Indonesian whether Fully or Partly equivalent, so the Indonesian subtitle of the TV series is good and acceptable for Indonesian viewers.
B. Discussion
1. Types of Slang
The first objective described in this research is the slang expressions that are found in TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4. This research applies the theory from Willis who states that there are two kinds of slang. One kind comes from or gives a new meaning to a standard word. While, the other slang are new inventions or at least have only a slight connection with established words.
However, the slang expressions that found in this research are not only forming as words, but also phrases. They are described in the explanation below. a. Standard Expressions
Slang expressions that have the same spelling but have different meaning from standard words are classified here. By standard word, it means the word that people usually use and the word that people can find the meaning in the dictionary. In this research, the researcher uses Oxford Advance Learner’s 48
Dictionary (Seventh edition) by Hornby to validate the data found, either the word itself or the meaning of the word. The dictionary also classifies the meaning of the word as slang or informal used besides the meaning of the standard word itself.
The researcher also uses urbandictionary.com when she cannot find the meaning of the slang expressions in the dictionary.
The finding of the data that found in this type is 28 with 22.76%. Below are the examples of slang expressions that come from or give a new meaning to standard words that found in the slang data.
The first example of slang expression from Standard Expressions is presented on the scene when Lilly arrives at Stewarts’ new-decorated family house. She feels surprise of the new furniture that Stewarts puts in their house.
Lilly: This place rocks! (Datum number 3: Ep1/02:05/Se/Pr/Fe)
In the example of datum number 3, the scriptwriter of Hannah Montana uses slang expression from Standard Expressions. ‘Rock’ is could be mean stone, hard solid material, jewel like diamond stone, or music. However, ‘rocks’ here does not mean one of them. In this context, ‘rocks’ as slang means something that looks cool or awesome or very good. The datum shows how amaze Lily by the new furniture of Stewarts’ house and using slang expression ‘rocks’ to express it.
The other example is presented on the scene when Rico is at the pier where his fast-food restaurant stands, and he tries to talk with Al Blaire, a rich man who owns the food court at the pier, to sell some of his another restaurants to him. Al Blaire rejects Rico because he thinks that Rico is a kid, he only wants to 49
talk to him if his father is there. Then, Jackson offers himself to pretend to be
Rico’s dad to Rico. Rico agrees and then Jackson wears a white-hair wig so he looks like an old man. Although Al Blaire knows that Jackson is just a pretender, he agrees to talk to Rico about business.
Al Blaire: Come on, let’s talk some turkey. (Datum number 66: Ep5/15:20/Se/Pr/Pe)
The word ‘turkey’ in the standard word means a large bird that is often kept for its meat or meat from a turkey. ‘Turkey’ as slang expression means a failure, or a stupid or useless person, but in this data context, it means money, which is a different meaning from the standard word.
The other example is presented when Miley and Lilly prepare to go to college as freshmen. They sit in the dining room while Lilly arranges their photos into a collage and plans to bring it at their university dorm. Miley wants to look clever and smarter by using fake glasses. Then, she asks Lilly if she looks smart with those glasses.
Miley: Lillian, you loquacious provocateur. Just admit it. I look scary smart. (Datum number 109: Ep13/00:45/Se/Dl/Nm)
It is another example of slang expression from Standard Expressions.
‘Scary’ means frightening. However, here scary has different meaning from standard word, it means very or really. ‘Scary’ is a common-used slang expression by American teenagers. 50
b. New Invention
Slang expressions that being created as a new word or at least have only slight connections with established or standard words are classified here. Most slang words in this research are modified from the standard word. It reaches more than half of the total data with 95 expressions or 78.05%. The researcher also uses
Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary (Seventh edition) by Hornby and urbandictionary.com as the data validities. Below are the examples of slang expressions that come from New Inventions that are found in the slang data.
The example is presented on the scene when TJ, their neighbor, visits their house. Jackson is angry because TJ comes through their house without greeting and picks their mails up. Then, TJ gives Robby Ray a pie so he can use their hot tube, but Jackson and Robby Ray refuse it. After that, TJ calls Robby Ray fat because he eats the pie that TJ brings. At first, Jackson is angry and drags TJ to go out from their house. Then, Toby’s cousin comes in to pick him up, but then
Jackson seems to like her. Therefore, to undo what he was doing to Toby, he takes on Toby’s side by calling his dad a little doughy.
Jackson: I mean, let’s face it, you are a little doughy. (Datum number 5: Ep1/07:12/Ni/Pr/Pe)
In the example of datum number 5, ‘doughy’ is a slang expression but it cannot be find in the dictionary. However, we can find ‘dough’ that means a mixture of flour, water, etc. that is made into bread and pastry, but it has different meaning with doughy where Jackson means when he calls his dad. In this context,
‘doughy’ means someone who has a big figure or fat. 51
The second example is presented on a flashback scene when Miley was a little girl. She is on a bed and asks his dad to say good night at her. Robby Ray who wears a strange shirt with lights in guitar shape at the back of his shirt comes in Miley’s room while he is on the phone with his friend, Marty. Then, he tells him about how humiliating he looks and he does not want to wear the shirt.
Robby Ray: I’m serious, Marty. I look like a dang motel sign. (Datum number 8: Ep1/12:57/Ni/Dl/Nm)
‘Dang’ is a slang expression that has the same meaning as ‘damn’ but it is more polite way of saying. It is used to show the speakers are annoyed or disappointed. Since Hannah Montana’s target-viewers are children and teenagers so they cannot use harsh or swear words and change it to less harsh expression instead.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is in a good mood reading a film script where Tom Cruise is going to be her costar in the dining room but then her dad, Robby Ray, says that she said she would not take any film and just want to go to college with Lilly. Then, Miley says that she will take a year off from college to finish the filming then back to college. After that, Robby
Ray asks what about Lilly, and Miley feels annoyed by that.
Miley: Could you be a bigger buzzkill? (Datum number 117: Ep13/10:42/Ni/Pr/Pe)
In standard words, ‘buzz’ (of something) means someone is to be full of excitement, and ‘kill’ means to destroy something. ‘Buzzkill’ is a slang expression means someone who destroys someone else’s excitement or happiness 52
or it can also means someone who ruins or turns someone else who in good mood becomes bad mood.
2. Subtitling Strategies
The second objective described in this research is the subtitling strategies of the slang expressions on Indonesian subtitle of TV Series entitled Hannah
Montana Season 4. This research applies the theory from Gottlieb in Ghaemi and
Benyamin, which divides subtitling strategies into ten strategies: Expansion,
Paraphrase, Transfer, Imitation, Transcription, Dislocation, Condensation,
Decimation, Deletion and Resignation.
The analyzing of slang expressions data is classified based on the subtitling strategies and the degree of meaning equivalent into the following table.
This table helps to make easier the analysis in the discussion section.
(Note: Fe: Fully equivalent, Pe: Partly equivalent, Dm: Different meaning, Nm:
No meaning. The number (000) is the number of datum in the data sheet.)
Table 5. The Data Classifying Analysis
Types of Slang Standard Expressions New Invention Subtitling Strategies Fe 018 Fe Pe Pe 068 Expansion Dm Dm Nm Nm Fe 003 011 020 090 Fe 029 032 053 055 064 Paraphrase Pe 009 014 017 035 042 069 078 082 107 53
066 070 071 072 115 Pe 005 010 019 047 056 Dm 023 081 057 067 074 077 079 Nm 086 087 088 096 100 117 Dm 016 028 111 Nm Fe 015 021 039 058 Fe 001 022 030 034 038 Pe 012 024 095 122 040 060 061 063 080 Dm 084 091 094 098 103 Nm 118 123 Pe 002 004 006 007 013 026 027 031 033 037 Transfer 041 043 044 046 048 049 050 062 083 085 089 093 097 099 101 102 105 106 108 110 112 113 114 119 Dm 120 Nm Fe Fe Pe Pe Imitation Dm Dm 025 045 121 Nm Nm Fe Fe Pe Pe Transcription Dm Dm 036 076 Nm Nm Fe Fe 075 Pe Pe Dislocation Dm Dm Nm Nm 54
Fe Fe 065 Pe Pe Condensation Dm Dm 052 Nm Nm Fe Fe Pe Pe Decimation Dm Dm Nm Nm Fe Fe Pe Pe Deletion Dm Dm Nm 059 109 116 Nm 008 051 054 073 092 104 Fe Fe Pe Pe Resignation Dm Dm Nm Nm
Table 5 above, clearly indicates the following phenomena.
a. In this research, all of the subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb are
found except Decimation and Resignation. The eight strategies that
subtitler applied are Expansion, Paraphrase, Transfer, Imitation,
Transcription, Dislocation, Condensation, and Deletion.
b. Transfer becomes the most frequent strategy in translating slang
expressions.
c. Expansion is used on both Standard Expressions and New Invention,
once to each type. 55
d. Paraphrase, Transfer, and Deletion are more often applied in New
Invention rather than Standard Expressions. e. Imitation, Transcription, and Condensation are only applied in New
Invention. f. The degree of meaning equivalent of Full equivalent is often found in
the cases of the translation of New Invention with Transfer which is 17
data, and the translation of New Invention with Paraphrase which is 9
data. Then, it is followed by the cases of the translation of Standard
Expressions with Paraphrase and Transfer are 4 data and the
translation of Standard Expressions with Expansion is 1 datum. The
translation of New Invention with Dislocation and Condensation are 1
datum each strategy. g. The degree of meaning equivalent of Partly equivalent is often found
in the cases of the translation of New Invention with Transfer which is
34 data and the translation of New Invention with Paraphrase which is
17 data. Then, it is followed by the cases of the translation of Standard
Expressions with Paraphrase is 10 data, the translation of Standard
Expressions with Transfer 4 data, the translation of New Invention
with Expansion, and Deletion, 1 datum for each strategy. h. The degree of meaning equivalent of Different meaning is found in the
cases of the translation of New Invention and Standard Expressions
with Paraphrase which is 4 data, Imitation with 3 data, then and 56
Transcription which is 2 data and the translation of New Invention
with Transfer and Condensation which are 1 datum each strategy.
i. The degree of meaning equivalent of No meaning is often found in the
cases of the translation of New Invention with Deletion, which are 6
data. Then followed by the cases of the translation of and the
translation of Standard Expressions with Deletion which is 3 data.
j. There are no data of translation of slang expressions applying
Dislocation, Decimation, and Resignation strategy.
The analysis of slang expressions is presented in the form of examples based on the subtitling strategy that is applied by the subtitler. They are discussed in the explanation below. a. Translation of Standard Expressions
There are 4 subtitling strategies applied by subtitler to translate the slang expressions data belonging to Standard Expressions type. They are Expansion,
Paraphrase, Transfer, and Deletion.
1) Translation of Standard Expressions with Expansion Strategy
The subtitling strategy Expansion is used when the original requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. The subtitler adds an explanation in the TT because some cultural references from ST do not exist in the TT. The discussion of this subtitling strategy with Standard Expressions is presented as follows.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is recording a video to show her new room to her grandmother. However, she said something that could 57
hurts her grandmother or makes her grandmother angry. Therefore, she pushes the camera to Lilly, and asks her to be the one who introduces the video to Miley’s grandmother.
ST: Anyway, I bet you're dying to see our room. TT: Sudahlah, kau pasti hampir mati penasaran ingin melihat kamar kami. (Datum number 18: Ep2/00:33/Se/Ex/Fe)
In the datum number 18 above, ‘dying’ in the standard word means people who are dying. Since it is a slang expression, it could be mean the feeling of excitement or the feeling of curiosity. The subtitler translates the both meanings of standard word (hampir mati) and slang (penasaran). It is so the viewers, especially the ones who understand English do not feel confused when they watch and read the Indonesian subtitle. If the subtitler only literally translates it with hampir mati, the context of the real meaning of it will not be delivered well. The same case if the subtitler translates it only as slang, people who heard ‘dying’ will confuse where the word goes.
2) Translation of Standard Expressions with Paraphrase Strategy
Paraphrase is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original
cannot be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target language. The
subtitler modifies a non-visual expression in the ST such as a language-specific
expression so that the TT conveys the same function with a significantly changed
form. The researcher decides to classify data as paraphrase when the subtitler
changes the form of the data and when the subtitler translates the slang
expressions meaning as slangs in urbandictionary.com but cannot find it in 58
dictionary rather than its literal meaning. It is also, when the subtitler translates
the slang expressions where the meaning is different or being changed from its
meaning in dictionary and or urbandictionary.com to relevant the story plot of
the data. Paraphrase is the second rank of most frequent used by the subtitler to
translate the data in 44 times with 35.77% and 16 times in Standard Expressions.
The examples of this strategy are presented below.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is recording a video to show her new room to her grandmother. However, she says something that could hurts her grandmother or makes her grandmother angry. Therefore, she pushes the camera to Lilly, and asks her to be the one who is introducing the video to Miley’s grandmother.
ST: Sometimes thing come out of her mouth before she's run them through the old noodle. TT: Kadang dia bicara ceplas-ceplos tanpa disaring dulu lewat sel-sel otaknya. (Datum number 17: Ep2/00:29/Se/Pr/Pe)
From the example above, we know that ‘noodle’ is a slang expression.
According to dictionary, ‘noodle’ in standard word means a long thin strip of
pasta, used especially in Chinese and Italian cooking, but in slang, it means
brain. The subtitler translates it as ‘sel-sel otak’ it means brain cells and has the
exact meaning of its slang. This is classified as paraphrase because the subtitler is
considering translate it in its slang meaning instead its standard word meaning.
The second example is presented on the scene when Miley pretends to be
Hannah Montana in school. She meets Rico in the school hall, and says it to her.
ST: Hiya, toots, remember me? 59
TT: Hai sayang, ingat aku?? (Datum number 35: Ep2/17:05/Se/Pr/Pe)
In the datum number 18 above, ‘toots’ is a slang expression or a term of
endearment equivalent to baby. The meaning of ‘toots’ in standard word is a
short high sound made by a car horn or a whistle. The subtitler translates it as
‘sayang’, which also has the same meaning as ‘toots’ in the slang meaning.
3) Translation of Standard Expressions with Transfer Strategy
Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely and accurately. It transfers the full ST expression into the TT. It is used in ‘neutral’ discourse and in slow speech. The researcher classifies the data in transfer strategy when the subtitler translates the slang expressions in slang meanings. In transfer, the subtitler translates the slang expressions when people can find its slang meaning in dictionary and/or urbandictionary.com and when the slang expressions have no other meaning but the slang itself. It is because if it is a slang expression and it is listed in dictionary, so it is a common slang expression.
Transfer is the most frequent used in the data with 49.59% or 61 times, but it is only applied 8 times in Standard Expressions. The examples of this strategy are presented below.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is recording a video to show her and Lilly’s new room to her grandmother. She is showing Lilly’s bed and their chandelier on camera when she says it.
ST: Lilly's bed, our funky chandelier and so much more. TT: Ranjang Lilly, lampu gantung keren dan banyak lagi. (Datum number 21: Ep2/00:55/Se/Tf/Fe) 60
From the datum number 21 above, ‘funky’ is a slang expression. It means fashionable and unusual. The subtitler translates it accurately to ‘keren’ in Bahasa
Indonesia that means the same as in the English meaning.
Another example is presented on the scene when Jackson and Miley make a deal. If Jackson’s girlfriend, Siena, finds out by herself about Miley is Hannah
Montana, Miley needs to tell her the truth. However, when Miley as Hannah
Montana, Jackson, and Lilly are in living room, Siena suddenly comes and knocks the door. Lilly, who is standing next to Miley is panic and wraps Miley with the sheet on her hands. Siena asks why Miley wraps herself in a sheet, and then Lilly says that she is embarrassed about her appearance compared to Siena.
ST: She’s just embarrassed by how tacky she looks. TT: Dia hanya malu karena penampilannya jelek. (Datum number 58: Ep4/11:02/Se/Tf/Fe)
‘Tacky’ as slang expression means cheap, badly made and/or lacking in taste and the subtitler translates it as ‘jelek’ in this context, it means that she has a bad taste in her fashion style. The subtitler also translates the whole sentence accurately as its meaning.
4) Translation of Standard Expressions with Deletion Strategy
Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text. It omits full elements, such as a line of dialogue, or a word from a sentence or a line of dialogue or utterance from the ST speech in the TT subtitle. Deletion is used 8 times or 6.50% of the data and applied 3 times in Standard Expressions. The examples of this strategy are presented below. 61
One of the example is when Miley and Lilly prepare to go to college as freshmen. They are sitting in the dining room while Lilly arranges their photos into a collage and plans to bring it at their university dorm. Miley wants to look clever and smarter by using fake glasses. Then, she asks Lilly if she looks smart with those glasses.
ST: Lillian, you loquacious provocateur. Just admit it. I look scary smart. TT: Lilian, kau provokator pandai bicara. Akuilah. Aku tampak cerdas. (Datum number 109: Ep13/00:45/Se/Dl/Nm)
As mentioned at the types of slang, ‘scary’ is a slang expression which means really or very. The subtitler eliminates its full element, there is no meaning of ‘scary’ in TT not even the slang expression effect of it.
The other example is presented on the scene when Rico works on his restaurant at the pier. There is a kid who celebrates his birthday by inviting a clown that is surrounded by children and it clutters up on Rico’s restaurant’s pier.
ST: Man, they clutter up my pier. TT: Dermagaku jadi macet. (Datum number 116: Ep13/06:01/Se/Dl/Nm)
As shown at datum number 116 above, ‘man’ is a slang expression that is
an exclamation used to express surprise, anger, etc. where as a standard word
means an adult male human. The subtitler does not translate it and even omits it.
b. Translation of New Invention
There are 8 subtitling strategies that is applied by subtitler to translate the slang expressions data belong to New Invention type. They are Expansion, 62
Paraphrase, Transfer, Imitation, Transcription, Dislocation, Condensation, and
Deletion.
1) Translation of New Invention with Expansion Strategy
The example is presented on the scene when Robby Ray and her girlfriend, Lori, make a joke to Miley and Lilly, while they are going to eat steak at the senior center. Then Robby Ray asks Lori, who goes upstairs, to grab his
‘meet teeth’ when she goes back to downstairs.
ST: My meat teeth. TT: Gigi palsu untuk makan daging. (Datum number 68: Ep6/00:44/Ni/Ex/Pe)
‘Meat teeth’ is a slang expression in phrase form. Literally, ‘meat’ means the flesh of an animal or a bird eaten as food, and ‘teeth’ or ‘tooth’ means any of the hard white structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing food.
However, ‘meat teeth’ as slang means the piece of stick-out skin in mouth, between front teeth and upper lip or upper gums, but in the context of the story it means fake teeth to eat meat. The subtitler decides to change the sentence to ‘gigi palsu untuk makan daging’ so the Indonesian viewers can easily understand it.
2) Translation of New Invention with Paraphrase Strategy
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is in the pier in the place where Lilly works. She imagines about something and is smile by herself in the public where many people around her. Lilly who feels embarrassed asks her to stop doing that thing. 63
ST: Will you stop that? It's creeping me out. TT: Bisakah kau hentikan itu? Itu menakutkanku. (Datum number 10: Ep1/14:00/Ni/Pr/Pe)
‘Creeping me out’ or ‘creeping somebody out’ is a slang expression that means to make someone feel really uncomfortable or nervous. People may not find the meaning of this slang in dictionary, so those who want to know the meaning need to look it up in urbandictionary.com. The subtitler translates it as
‘menakutkanku’ that means ‘frighten me’ which is somewhat similar with its slang meaning. The subtitler uses ‘menakutkanku’ because he is considering the
Indonesian culture who would saying that word in the character’s situation.
The example is presented on the scene when Robby Ray asks his son,
Jackson, why he did not ask Siena, his later-girlfriend, out. He thinks that Siena maybe like Jackson too. Jackson says that he is afraid if he is dating her and when they are on a date, Jackson needs to go to the toilet but when he is back, Siena is surrounded by many boys who like her too.
ST: Then I say, “I have to hit the can.” TT: Lalu aku bilang, “Aku harus ke toilet.” (Datum number 32: Ep2/10:27/Ni/Pr/Fe)
As shown at datum number 32 above, ‘hit the can’ is a phrase of slang
expression that means to go ‘poo’ or ‘poop’ or to go to the toilet. It literally
means someone who has an action hit a can. Since it is a slang expression, the
subtitler translates it as the real meaning of it as slang rather than its literal
meaning. 64
3) Translation of New Invention with Transfer Strategy
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is in her room. She is unsure about the decision that she is going to make. She wants to take a year off and asks Lilly to join her, but to go to the college is Lilly’s dream. Therefore, she talks with her alter ego in the mirror. Her alter ego says that she is selfish then she angry by herself.
ST: Jeez, I'm annoying sometimes. TT: Wah, terkadang aku menyebalkan. (Datum number 91: Ep9/33:05/Ni/Tf/Fe)
‘Jeez’ is slang expression from the phrase ‘Jesus Christ!’ displaying anger or disappointment towards a person, object, or event. This exclamation is similar to ‘God’, ‘Gah’ and ‘Gosh’ but it is used in a negative way (anger or disappointment) that is why the subtitler translates it as ‘wah’, an Indonesian exclamation.
Another example is presented on the scene when on the day of Miley and
Lilly graduate from their senior high school, Miley’s grandmother wants to take a picture together as a family, Miley’s and Lilly’s family. Grandmother sets the timer of the camera so they all can be in one frame, but it always ends up unsuccessful. Then, grandmother feels so annoyed and says that she is better to sketch it. Lilly then asks her to draw her in because she needs to go to the toilet.
ST: Can draw me in, ‘cause I gotta go to the john. TT: Tolong lukis aku, sebab aku harus ke jamban. (Datum number 106: Ep12/01:30/Ni/Tf/Pe) 65
From the example of datum 106 above, ‘john’ is a slang expression means a toilet and the subtitler translates it as ‘jamban’ which means toilet so it is translated accurately. The subtitler also translates each word at the sentence accurately.
4) Translation of New Invention with Imitation Strategy
Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and
places. It produces an identical expression in the target text. This can be applied
to e.g. proper nouns or greetings. Imitation is used three times or 2.44% of the
data. The examples of this strategy are presented below.
The example is presented on the scene when Jackson calls her grandmother by phone in the living room and brags to her about himself who is currently dating a supermodel.
ST: Hey, mamaw. Just calling to see how you’re doing. TT: Hei, mamaw. Aku menelepon utuk Tanya kabarmu. (Datum number 45: Ep3/04:12/Ni/Im/Nm)
From datum number 45 above, the subtitler does not translate the slang expression ‘mamaw’. ‘Mamaw’ is a slang expression means grandmother such as
Grandma and Nana, but the subtitler just imitates it as ‘mamaw’ without translating it as ‘nenek’, for example.
The other example is presented on the scene when Miley and Lilly is on their dorm’s room. Lilly is on her phone with Oliver and tells the same thing as she tells her parents, so Miley feels a little bit annoyed. Miley starts to complain that the closet is too small. 66
ST: A Muppet couldn't fit their clothes in here. TT: Bahkan baju Muppet tak bisa masuk disini. (Datum number 121: Ep13/20:43/Ni/Im/Nm)
‘Muppet’ is slang expression taken from The Muppets film, it is a combination of marionette and puppet. The subtitle imitates it because there is no such thing in Indonesia, but if the subtitle wants to keep translate it, he can translate it as ‘boneka’.
5) Translation of New Invention with Transcription Strategy
Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the ST cultural. It is used when facing irregular speech such as nonstandard speech, or unusual even in the ST such as the use of third language or nonsense language.
The subtitler translates it as the way it sounds in the ST to TT as in TT cultural.
From the frequency of the data, this strategy used two times in 1.63% of the data.
The discussion of this subtitling strategy is presented as follows.
The example is presented on the scene when Jackson on a date with his girlfriend, Siena, at a food court on the pier. Jackson needs to go to the toilet, but he holds it. He does not want to leave Siena alone and unprotected. However,
Siena wants him to go to the toilet. Then, he says to all the boys around them to stay away from Siena while he is on the way to the toilet because he will go back really soon.
ST: Whiz-bang-boom! TT: Wis-bang-bum! (Datum number 36: Ep2/18:22/Ni/Tc/Nm) 67
‘Whiz-bang-boom!’ is an exclamation slang expression from the ‘whiz’ that means to move very quickly, making a high continuous sound, ‘bang’ that means to hit something in a way that makes a loud noise, and ‘boom’ that means a loud deep sound. So ‘whiz-bang-boom’ is an exclamation about making a loud noise or sound but the subtitler translates it as ‘wis-bang-bum’ which it is how
Indonesia pronounce it and it does not have meaning in Indonesian.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is on a date with Jesse.
She asks herself to smile, and then Jesse recognizes it and says Miley has a great smile. Then she talks it again to herself.
ST: Booyah! TT: Buya! (Datum number 76: Ep6/11:38/Ni/Tc/Nm)
‘Booyah’ is a slang expression from ‘boo’ and ‘ya’. ‘Boo’ is a slang expression and being utterance when people want to surprise or frighten the other, and ‘ya’ is another word for ‘you’. ‘Booyah’ is a slang expression to surprise or frighten somebody, but it is translated as ‘buya’ that it is has no meaning in
Indonesian. Indonesian itself never uses ‘buya’ to surprise the other; they usually use exclamation like, ‘woa!’, ‘ha!’ etc.
6) Translation of New Invention with Dislocation Strategy
Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort of special effect, e.g. a silly song in a cartoon film, where the translation of the effect is more important than the content. It produces a different expression in the TT that adjusts the contents of the ST so that it is understandable to the TT-language. 68
Dislocation is almost similar with transcription, the difference is the data, in this case slang expression, is translated to the TT-language with the same meaning as in the SL. This strategy is only used once out of 123 data found or in 0.81%. The discussion of this subtitling strategy is presented as follows.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley sits at the dining room with Jackson and asks him how to cancel the date she has planned with their dad.
Jackson says that it is easy for him because he always makes their dad embarrassed by his dirtiness. Miley says she cannot do that, then Jackson says the only thing she can do is to tell Robby Ray the truth. After that, Jackson imitates what his dad is going to say to Miley.
ST: In the beginnng… Yadda, yadda, yadda. I love you. TT: Sejak awal… Bla, bla, bla. Aku sayang kamu. (Datum number 75: Ep6/09:20/Ni/Ds/Fe)
‘Yadda, yadda, yadda’ is a slang expression phrase that means ‘and so forth’ or ‘on and on;’ it usually refers to something that is a minor detail or boring and repetitive. It is translated as ‘bla, bla, bla’ which it has the same meaning and has the same rhyme as in ST.
7) Translation of New Invention with Condensation Strategy
Condensation refers to the shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible. Condensation is used by translator if there is over-lengthy dialogue so those translators used necessitate redundant information and thus increases coherence for the viewers. In other words, this strategy eliminates the least important words, without translates those words the sentence is still acceptable to 69
the viewers and do not change the message of the data. This strategy is used twice or 1.63% of the data. The examples of this strategy are presented below.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is in the pier where
Lilly is working and she talks to her. She says to Lilly that she can say a bad thing about her boyfriend, Jake. Then Lilly said that he looks like Ellen DeGeneres,
Miley is going to get angry at first then realizes it is true.
ST: That is so freakishly true. TT: Itu benar sekali. (Datum number 52: Ep3/18:21/Ni/Cn/Nm)
‘Freakishly’ is a slang expression means very strange, unusual or unexpected or also can means real or really. The subtitler omits ‘freakishly’ might be because there is ‘so’ before it which has the same meaning. However, ‘benar sekali’ is the Indonesian meaning of ‘so true’ and ‘freakishly’ is an emphasis word of ‘true’. In this case, the subtitler is not considering the slang expression or the emphasis word that causes expression loss in the TT sentence. It can be translated as ‘itu sungguh/sangat benar sekali’.
Another example is presented on the scene when Robby Ray is in the living room reading a newspaper, Jackson comes and asks for $2,000. Robby Ray asks Jackson what is that for, Jackson says that he misses his girlfriend who is in
Peru for modeling and he needs the money to fly there. Robby Ray, instead of giving him money, gives an advice to his son.
ST: You know what? If you're that daggone lonely, TT: Jika kau begitu kesepian, (Datum number 65: Ep5/08:15/Ni/Cn/Fe) 70
From datum number 65 above we see that ‘daggone’ is a slang expression means a polite way of saying ‘goddamn’. The subtitler does not translate it because before the word ‘daggone’ is a word ‘that’ that also can mean ‘really’.
‘Daggone’ in the context also means ‘really’ so the subtitler eliminates it, since there is two words that have the same meaning. It is translated as ‘begitu’ that has the same meaning with the slang expression.
8) Translation of New Invention with Deletion Strategy
The example is presented on the scene when Jackson is sitting on the bench at the pier with Rico. After Miley’s secret as Hannah Montana is revealed,
Rico still cannot believe it. He never knows that Hannah Montana is Miley, his schoolmate. He is frustrated that he is not clever enough to know it because he always thinks that he knows everything. Then Jackson is playing him around.
ST: Who got fooled by a family of backwood bubbas? TT: Siapa yang dibohongi keluarga kampungan? (Datum number 104: Ep11/13:10/Ni/Dl/Nm)
From the example of datum number 104 above, ‘bubbas’ is a slang expression. It is a Southern American (where the Stewarts family comes from,
Tennessee) derivation on the word ‘brother’ or it is somewhat similar with ‘dude’.
However, the subtitler does not translate and delete it.
The other example is presented on the scene when Miley and Robby Ray on the living room, Robby Ray got a call from the film production staff, saying that if they are still considering about Miley to play on their movie. Robby Ray rejects it by saying that Miley will not take any film because she wants to 71
concentrate on her college, and it is agreed by Miley. Then, Robby Ray also answers the phone, saying that Miley still will not change her mind even though
Tom Cruise will be her costar and Steven Spielberg as the director. Miley, who heard it, is shocking.
ST: Opposite of Mission Impossible hunky-hunk Tom Cruise say what? TT: Bintang tampan Mission Impossible Tom Cruise bilang apa? (Datum number 112: Ep13/02:42/Ni/Tf/Pe)
From the example above the subtitler eliminates ‘opposite of’ in TT. It should be translates as ‘bermain bersama bintang tampan’. So, here, the message of text is not delivered completely.
3. Degree of Meaning Equivalence
The third objective described in this research is the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions on TV series entitled Hannah Montana
Season 4 and its Indonesian subtitle. This research applies the theory from Bell that explains a ST can be translates to TT in different degrees of equivalence. He divides it into four equivalence degrees: Fully equivalent, Partly equivalent,
Different meaning, and No meaning. In this research, the accuracy that the researcher analyzes is the equivalence of the slang expressions that appear in the
TV series to its translation on Indonesian subtitle. The researcher uses Oxford
Advance Learner’s Dictionary (Seventh edition) by Hornby and urbandictionary.com to validate the data. The third objective is discussed in the explanation below. 72
a. Equivalent
Equivalent in translation means when the message and/or meaning in ST are delivered well in TT. The message and meaning in TT is the same as in the ST.
It is divided into two categories, Fully equivalent and Partly equivalent.
1) Fully equivalent
Fully equivalent means the meaning and the message of the content in the
ST are completely transferred in the TT. In this case, the slang expressions are also completely translated in Indonesian slang expressions. The finding of the data that found in this type is 37 with 30.08%. Below are the examples of Fully equivalent that found in the slang data. a) Fully equivalent of Standard Expressions
The example is presented on the scene when Miley and her roommate,
Lilly, do not like the decoration of their room. Miley’s dad decorates her room that looks like her childhood’s room that she used to like it much. However, Miley was grown up, she is a senior high school student, so she does not like her childhood’s room anymore. Then, Miley and Lilly plans to decorate their own room, but they do not want to live next to Jackson’s room, so they decided to re- decorate the empty barn beside the house that still belong to Stewarts.
ST: Are you kidding? After we’re done with this place, it’s gonna be rad. TT: Kau bercanda? Saat kita selesai, kamar ini akan jadi keren. (Datum number 15: Ep1/22:08/Se/Tf/Fe)
From the example of datum number 15 above, ‘rad’ is a slang expression means very good. The translation of it is ‘keren’ which means ‘cool’ or ‘very 73
good’ in English. ‘Keren’ also slang or informal use in Indonesia, so the subtitler not only translate it but also considering the slang expression.
The other example is presented on the scene when Lilly as Lola, asks
Miley as Hannah Montana to go quickly on Traci’s party. Then, Hannah asks Lola if she hates Traci, then why she needs to go to the party. Lola says it is because of the food and Hannah says that is a strange reason by saying this one below.
ST: That is so tacky. TT: Itu konyol sekali. (Datum number 39: Ep3/00:19/Se/Tf/Fe)
From the example above, ‘tacky’ is a slang expression or an informal used word that means cheap, badly made and/or lacking in taste. It is translated as
‘konyol’ in TT, which it is also an informal used word or slang in Indonesia.
b) Fully equivalent of New Invention
The example of Fully equivalent of new invention is presented on the scene when Robby Ray and his children, Jackson and Miley, to enter their new- decorated house. Before entering the house, Robby Ray talks non-sense thing so
Jackson teases him.
ST: Different house, same dippy dad. TT: Rumah yang beda, ayah konyol yang sama. (Datum number 1: Ep1/00:37/Ni/Tf/Fe)
‘Dippy’ is a slang expression means stupid or crazy. ‘Konyol’ is also a slang expression in Indonesian. It is also means stupid, crazy or crazily funny. The subtitler chooses to use transfer strategy is a right thing to do. Although ‘dippy’ is 74
rarely used in daily life conversation, but the subtitler can translate it to its equivalent meaning.
Another example is presented on the scene when Lilly as Lola is irritated by Miley as Hannah because she decided to leave Traci’s party when Lilly was not even getting her favorite food. Miley does that because she does not want to leave her lonely dad alone in the house. Then, Miley talks to Lilly and pretends to be Lilly because Lilly is not sensitive about her feeling towards her dad’s condition.
ST: Gee, Miley. I'm really worried about your dad, too TT: Wah, Miley. Aku juga mencemaskan ayahmu. (Datum number 40: Ep3/02:35/Ni/Tf/Fe)
From the example of datum number 40 above, ‘gee’ is a slang expression translates to be ‘wah’ in Indonesian. ‘Gee’ means a word that some people use to show that they are surprised, impressed or annoyed. ‘Wah’ is an Indonesian exclamation that people use it when they are surprised or impressed. ‘Gee’ and
‘wah’ have the same meaning and ‘wah’ is used in informal way. So, it is classified in Fully equivalent.
2) Partly equivalent
Partly equivalent is when the slang expressions in ST are translated into the TL as slang expressions with the different content but have the same meaning in slang. It can be when the slang expressions are being translated as non-slang expressions in the TL but have the same meaning as in the SL. a) Partly equivalent of Standard Expressions 75
The example is presented on the scene when TJ comes to Jackson’s house rudely, and he tells about his cousin who is a model. Jackson is nice to him just because he wants to get close with TJ’s cousin until TJ says that she already has a boyfriend. Jackson then drags TJ to get out of his door right when his cousin is in front of the door to pick him up. Then, she thanks Jackson for being nice to TJ and says that Jackson is different from her boyfriend who just broke up with her and then Jackson close the door and says to TJ that he is just playing around. Then
TJ said it to him.
ST: She's a babe, isn't she? TT: Dia cantik, bukan? (Datum number 14: Ep1/16:51/Se/Tf/Pe)
From the example of datum number 14 above, ‘babe’ is a slang expression means a word used to address a young woman, or your wife, husband or lover, usually expressing affection but sometimes considered offensive if used by a man to a woman he does not know. It is also means an attractive young woman. In the context, it means an attractive young woman. The subtitle translates it as ‘cantik’, which has the same meaning with ‘babe’, but it is not a slang expression in
Indonesian.
The second example is presented on the scene when Miley who is planning to take a year off college asks Lilly to join her in filming her new movie in Paris, France. Lilly is in dilemma whether she needs to join her or keep going to the college since she has been dreaming about being in the university for a long time. However, she also wants to spend more time with her long-time best friend,
Miley, in a place they have never been visited yet. Therefore, Miley convinces her 76
by saying that her parents will be okay with her decision by joining Miley in
France.
ST: Come on. Your folks will be cool with it. TT: Ayolah. Orang tuamu akan setuju. (Datum number 122: Eps13/34:55/Se/Tf/Pe)
‘Folk’ in a standard word which means people from a particular country or region, or who have a particular way of life or music in the traditional style of a country or community. Since it is used as slang expression or informally used, it means the members of family, especially your parents. The subtitler also translates it as ‘orang tua’ that means parents, but ‘orang tua’ is not an informal used or slang expression in Indonesia. That is why it is classified as Partly equivalent.
b) Partly equivalent of New Invention
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is in the pier with her friends, and then her friends ask her to throw a party at her place. However, Miley does not like the idea, but she cannot reject it and say yes. She said it to Lilly, but
Lilly is on duty on her job so she cannot accompany Miley on her sad situation because she needs to smile to the costumers in the place she works.
ST: Do you mind? I am trying to be cheery. TT: Bisakah kau tak begitu? Aku mencoba untuk ceria. (Datum number 7: Ep1/11:40/Ni/Tf/Pe) 77
‘Cheery’ is a slang expression means happy and cheerful. The subtitler translates it as ‘ceria’ that is the Indonesian meaning for ‘cheery’ but it is not a slang expression in Indonesia.
The example is presented on the scene when Miley and Lilly are looking for a girlfriend for Miley’s single-dad in the school by asking every woman she meets in the school hall close to cafeteria, since there are some women who sell food or meal in their school cafeteria. However, none of the women is single, all of them are married women.
ST: It's California, for crying out loud. TT: Ini California, astaga. (Datum number 47: Ep3/07:05/Ni/Pr/Pe)
From the example of datum number 47 above, ‘for crying out loud’ is an slang expression which is an idiom used for emphasis. The character of the TV series here tries to emphasis the setting. They live in California, where it is a cultural state that freedom is a part of the culture, but why it is hard to find a single woman to Miley’s dad. The subtitler translates it as ‘astaga’ which has the same meaning as the idiom, but it is not a slang expression in TT.
b. Non-Equivalent
Non-Equivalent when the message and/or meaning in ST are not delivered well in TT. The message and meaning in TT is different or not being translated in the ST. It is divided into two categories, Different meaning and No meaning. 78
1) Different meaning
Different meaning occurs when slang expressions in SL are translated as non-slang expressions in TL and have the different meaning and form. a) Different meaning of Standard Expressions
The example is presented on the scene when Miley and Lilly are excited about being seniors in their school, then Rico with his choir crew are going around the school and happens to meet them in the school hall. Then the choirs begin to sing to Miley and Lilly. This is one of the lyric.
ST: If you happen to be twins that would be rad. TT: Jika kau kebetulan kembar itu akan sangat asyik sekali. (Datum number 23: Ep2/02:41/Se/Pr/Dm)
‘Rad’ is a slang expression means very good. The subtitler translates it as
‘asyik sekali’, which has a different expression with ‘very good’ in TT.
The other example is presented on the scene when Rico comes to Stewarts’ house to brag to Jackson that he grows mustache. Then, Rico mocks Jackson for being bald-faced and Jackson responds it.
ST: And that's a bad rhymey joke from a sad slimy. TT: Itu lelucon berima buruk dari seorang yang menyedihkan. (Datum number 81: Ep8/06.00/Se/Pr/Dm)
‘Slimy’ in standard word means something looks like or covered with slime. Since it is a slang expression, it means a person or their manner, polite and extremely friendly in a way that is not sincere or honest. In TT, the subtitler translate it as ‘seorang’ which is too general and not showing the slang expression. 79
b) Different meaning of New Invention
The example is presented on the scene when Miley is recording a video to show her new room to her grandmother.
ST: Not that you’re old. Although, you do get the early-bird discounts…. TT: Bukan berarti kau tua. Meskipun kau memang dapat diskon untuk manula…. (Datum number 16: Ep2/00:13/Ni/Pr/Dm)
From the example of datum number 16 above, ‘early-bird’ is a slang expression which means a person who gets up, arrives, etc. very early. However, the subtitler translates it as ‘manula’, which is to show that the character is talking to the elder, so translates it that way. However, it has the different meaning from its meaning in ST.
The second example is presented on the scene when Miley is going to register herself as a senior class, then the school staff said that she has not registered yet. She calls her dad to come over and talk to school principal. At first, her dad, Robby Ray, insists that he already mail Miley’s registration letter and then find out that he forget about that. The school principal is angry with him, so he talks a little louder to Robby Ray.
ST: Now, aren't you happy about that, Mr. Hippy-dippy, knit cap guy? TT: Sekarang apa kau puas, Tuan Pelupa yang pakai topi rajutan? (Datum number 28: Ep2/07:04/Ni/Pr/Dm)
‘Hippy-dippy’ is a slang expression which means a person who is not sensible or foolish. The subtitler translates it as ‘pelupa’ based on the story and it is has different meaning with ‘hippy-dippy’. Robby Ray in the context forgets to mail Miley’s senior class registration. 80
2) No meaning
No meaning occurs when the slang expressions of the SL are omitted or not translated by the translator in the TL. a) No meaning of Standard Expressions
The example is presented on the scene when Lilly drags Miley to get out from the living room while saying goodbye to Jackson and Siena.
ST: I'm so sorry. Okay, well, toodles. Bye. TT: Maafkan aku. Sampai jumpa. (Datum number 59: Ep4/11:24/Se/Dl/Nm)
From the example above, the subtitler does not translate the slang expression. In the context that shown, ‘toodles’ is a slang expression which means people who grown-up but still do things like a kid or just the different word for
‘guys’. The subtitler should translate it as ‘kawan’ or ‘teman’ or anything else that has a similar meaning in TT.
The other example is presented when Miley and Lilly are preparing to go to college as freshmen. They are sitting in the dining room while Lilly is arranging their photos into a collage and plans to bring it at their university dorm.
Miley wants to look clever and smarter by using fake glasses. Then, she asks Lilly if she looks smart with those glasses.
ST: Lilian, you loquacious provocateur. Just admit it. I look scary smart. TT: Lilian, kau provokator pandai bicara. Akuilah. Aku tampak cerdas. (Datum number 109: Ep13/00:45/Se/Dl/Nm)
As mentioned in the example of slang expression from standard word,
‘scary’ means frightening. However, in here scary has different meaning from 81
standard word, it means very or really. ‘Scary’ is a common-used slang expression by American teenagers. However, the subtitler does not translate it and even eliminate it. The subtitler can translate it to ‘sangat’ or in the context ‘cerdas sekali’.
b) No meaning of New Invention
The example is presented on the scene when Rico who is the Stewarts neighbor has never known that Miley is Hannah Montana. Rico always thinks that he is the smartest, has not known about that secret and it makes him stress it out.
Then, Jackson makes joke about Rico is getting fooled by his family.
ST: Who got fooled by a family of backwood bubbas? TT: Siapa yang dibohongi keluarga kampungan? (Datum number 104: Ep11/13:10/Ni/Dl/Nm)
The subtitler omits the slang expression ‘bubbas’ instead of translate it.
‘bubbas’ is a slang expression means brother. It is a Southern derivation slang since the Stewarts were from Tennessee. In the story line, it could mean ‘guys’,
‘girls’, ‘friends’, or anything else that has similar expression. The subtitler could translate it as ‘teman’, ‘kawan’, or anything else that has a similar meaning in TT.
Another example is presented on the scene when Miley is asking an advice to Jackson how to escape her from father-daughter time since their dad never asks
Jackson to have father-son time again.
ST: decided I need to experience the joy a father-son grunion hunt. TT: memutuskan, aku harus alami waktu perburuan ayah dan putra. (Datum number 73: Ep6/08:36/Ni/Dl/Nm) 82
‘Grunion’ is a slang expression which means when males hang out. In the
TT, there is no ‘grunion’ translation. The subtitler does not translate it and he omits it. CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of conclusions and suggestions. Conclusion is intended to conclude the points that are embraced in the previous discussions.
Meanwhile, suggestions bring the ideas or the opinions toward the other researchers related to this research in order to develop subtitling as part of translation study.
A. Conclusion
The objectives of this research are to describe the slang expressions found in TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4, to describe the subtitling strategies of the slang expressions on Indonesian subtitle of TV Series entitled
Hannah Montana Season 4, and to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions on TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4 and its
Indonesian subtitle. Based on the findings and discussion, the conclusions can be drawn as follows.
1. In accordance with Willis theory about the types of slang, there are
two types of slang, i.e. slang that gives a new meaning to standard
word, and a new invention slang or the slang that has only a slight
connection with the established words. These two types of slang are
found in TV series entitled Hannah Montana Season 4. New Invention
is applied most frequently with 77.24%, while Standard Expressions is
applied only for 22.76%. It shows that the scriptwriter of the TV series
83 84
tends to create new words for the slang rather than just using standard
words and changing the meaning. Since the TV series’ target viewers
are pre-teens and teenagers, the scriptwriter uses less-harsh
expressions, so it could be safe when they watch it and the parents do
not need to worry about what their children are watching. It is because
pre-teens and teenagers usually like to copy what they watch and use it
in their daily conversation. The use of standard expressions type can be
a little bit confusing when people hear it without knowing the full
context of it. This could be the reason why the writer or American
teenagers like to use new invention rather than standard expressions.
2. In line with the theory of Gottlieb about subtitling strategies, there are
only seven strategies applied to translate slang expressions in this TV
series. They are Expansion (1.63%), Paraphrase (34.95%), Transfer
(49.59%), Imitation (2.44%), Transcription (2.44%), Condensation
(1.63%), and Deletion (7.32%). The subtitler applies Transfer the most
in his translation which means he knows the meaning of the slang
expressions. The subtitler translates it accurately by treat it as slang
expressions and not just some random words.
3. In the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions, Fully
equivalent is 30.08%, Partly equivalent is 52.85%, Different meaning
is 9.75%, and No meaning is 7.32%. The Equivalent (82.93%) is used 85
more frequent than the Non-equivalent (17.07%) which means that the
subtitler does not only translate the text based on the standard words
but also considering the slang expressions. The subtitler is successful
in delivering English slang expressions into Indonesian whether fully
or partly equivalent, so the Indonesian subtitle of the TV series is good
and acceptable for Indonesian viewers.
B. Suggestions
To improve and to develop translation, especially audiovisual translation, there are some suggestions to some researchers. They are stated as follows.
1. For Translators
It is suggested for every translator, especially for translator of film subtitling or subtitler may use some subtitling strategies when translates text movie subtitling to deal with technical constraints in the subtitling. The translator or subtitler also needs to learn the background culture where the film is taken, so he is expected to be able to produce the similar effect, as the source film provided and can transfer the message that the original writer wants to deliver.
2. For Students Majoring in Translation
It is suggested to students majoring in translation who are interested in watching film rather than reading novel to do a research in audiovisual translation. There are two types of audiovisual translation, subtitling and dubbing. The students can do the same topic but from different source of data or also can do research in dubbing. Dubbing is also an interesting issue, such as 86
how the utterance in English is dubbed in Indonesian, whether is it equivalence or not, from the meaning or the movement of their lips or the timing of the character who speaks with the dubbed audio.
3. For the Other Researchers
Slang used by teenagers and adults could be different, and even English slang expressions could be different from where the speakers come from. In
America itself, Black American also has their own slang to communicate within their community. In this research, the researcher use American TV series
Hannah Montana, so it is English slang expressions from American teenagers.
The other researchers can also do a research from the same topic with different films or use another types of slang. The weakness of this research is the slang expressions in the TV series which do not really show the ‘real’ culture of the
American teenagers. Since, the TV series is produced by Disney, which is well known by its safety on their products for children, preteens, and teenagers, so they use the less-harsh slang expressions. For example, they use ‘dang’ instead of
‘damn’, or ‘daggone’ instead of ‘goddamn’, etc. Other researchers may possibly find other films that can be the represent of the ‘real’ culture of the film’s origin. 87
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Peckham, A. 2014. “Urban Dictionary”. Slang Online-Dictionary. http://www.urbandictionary.com/
Walter, E. 2008. “Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Third Edition”. Digital Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. APPENDICES Appendix 1. DATA ANALYSIS Note: Ep: Episode Ex: Expansion Tc: Transcription Dl: Deletion Dm: Different Meaning 00:00 : Time Pr: Paraphrase Ds: Dislocation Rs: Resignation Nm: No meaning Se: Standard Expressions Tf: Transfer Cn: Condensation Fe: Fully equivalent Eq: Equivalent Ni: New Invention Im: Imitation Dc: Decimation Pe: Partly equivalent Non-Eq: Non-Equivalent
Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep1/00:37/Ni/Tf/ Different house, same Rumah yang beda, ayah 1 √ √ √ Fe dippy dad. konyol yang sama. Ep1/00:50/Ni/Tf/ 2 Sweet mama! Astaga! √ √ √ Pe Ep1/02:05/Se/Pr/ 3 This place rocks! Tempat ini keren! √ √ √ Fe Ep1/05:50/Ni/Tf/ New house, same gut- Rumah baru, kekecewaan 4 √ √ √ Pe wreching disappointment. amat sangat yang sama. Maksudku, jika mau jujur, Ep1/07:12/Ni/Pr/ I mean, let's face it, you are 5 kau memang sedikit √ √ √ Pe a little doughy. gempal. Ep1/10:56/Ni/Tf/ 6 You betcha! Tentu saja! √ √ √ Pe Ep1/11:40/Ni/Tf/ Do you mind? I am trying Bisakah kau tak begitu? 7 √ √ √ Pe to be cheery. Aku mencoba untuk ceria. Aku serius, Marty. Aku Ep1/12:57/Ni/Dl/ I'm serious, Marty. I look 8 terlihat seperti papan iklan √ √ √ Nm like a dang motel sign. motel. Ep1/13:14/Se/Pr/ 9 Yes, kitten? Ya, sayang? √ √ √ Pe
89 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep1/14:00/Ni/Pr/ Will you stop that? It's Bisakah kau hentikan itu? 10 √ √ √ Pe creeping me out. Itu menakutkanku. Ep1/17:44/Se/Pr/ 11 Give me my stinking tiger. Beri aku harimau jelek itu. √ √ √ Fe Ep1/14:13/Se/Tf/ How about some personal Bagaimana dengan ruang 12 √ √ √ Pe space, freak? pribadi, orang aneh? Ep1/14:44/Ni/Tf/ 13 Yes, weird as in "do". Ya, dasar orang aneh. √ √ √ Pe Ep1/16:51/Se/Tf/ 14 She's a babe, isn't she? Dia cantik, bukan? √ √ √ Pe Are you kidding? After Kau bercanda? Saat kita Ep1/22:08/Se/Tf/ 15 we're done with this place, selesai, kamar ini akan jadi √ √ √ Fe it's gonna be rad. keren. Bukan berarti kau tua. Not that you're old. Ep2/00:13/Ni/Pr/ Meskipun kau memang 16 Although, you do get the √ √ √ Dm dapat diskon untuk early-bird discounts, manula, Sometimes thing come out Kadang dia bicara ceplas- Ep2/00:29/Se/Pr/ of her mouth before she's 17 ceplos tanpa disaring dulu √ √ √ Pe run them through the old lewat sel-sel otaknya. noodle. Sudahlah, kau pasti Ep2/00:33/Se/Ex/ Anyway, I bet you're dying 18 hampir mati penasaran √ √ √ Fe to see our room. ingin melihat kamar kami. And when I say, "dying," I Dan saat aku bilang "mati Ep2/00:36/Ni/Pr/ 19 mean, like, "woo-hoo" penasaran," maksudku √ √ √ Pe dying! "sangat penasaran"!
90 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep2/00:40/Se/Pr/ 20 Not dying like, "Beep." Bukan "mati" sungguhan. √ √ √ Fe Lilly's bed, our funky Ranjang Lilly, lampu Ep2/00:55/Se/Tf/ 21 chandelier and so much gantung keren dan banyak √ √ √ Fe more. lagi. Ep2/01:32/Ni/Tf/ 22 Oh, dang. Sial. √ √ √ Fe Jika kau kebetulan kembar Ep2/02:41/Se/Pr/ If you happen to be twins 23 itu akan sangat asyik √ √ √ Dm that would be rad. sekali. Ep2/03:26/Se/Tf/ 24 Let's boogie. Mari berdansa. √ √ √ Pe Ep2/05:09/Ni/Im/ T-Bone, how's your T-Bone, bagaimana 25 √ √ √ Nm schedule? jadwalmu? Ep2/05:56/Ni/Pr/ you know, with the beanie dengan topi dan 26 √ √ √ Pe and the chin carpet. janggutnya.
Ep2/06:22/Ni/Tf/ 27 Sit down, missy. Silahkan duduk, nona. √ √ √ Pe
Now, aren't you happy Sekarang apa kau puas, Ep2/07:04/Ni/Pr/ 28 about that, Mr. Hippy- Tuan Pelupa yang pakai √ √ √ Dm dippy, knit cap guy? topi rajutan? Teeny, tiny, forgetting to Sama sepelenya seperti Ep2/07:54/Ni/Pr/ 29 mail my registration lupa mengirim formulir √ √ √ Fe thinking! pendaftaranku!
91 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Aku ingin tahu siapa yang Ep2/08:36/Ni/Tf/ I wondered who put that 30 menaruh upil di sepatu √ √ √ Fe booger on my boot. botku. Ep2/09:29/Ni/Tf/ Sweet Pete, son, that girl's Astaga, nak, gadis itu 31 √ √ √ Pe melting for you tertarik padamu Ep2/10:27/Ni/Pr/ Then I say, "I have to hit Lalu aku bilang, "Aku 32 √ √ √ Fe the can." harus ke toilet." Ep2/13:10/Ni/Tf/ Tapi aturan hanya untuk 33 But rules are for schnooks. √ √ √ Pe pecundang. Ep2/15:11/Ni/Tf/ 34 Oh boy. Ya ampun. √ √ √ Fe Ep2/17:05/Se/Pr/ 35 Hiya, toots, remember me? Hai sayang, ingat aku? √ √ √ Pe Ep2/18:22/Ni/Tc/ 36 Whiz-bang-boom! Wis-bang-bum! √ √ √ Nm Ep2/21:48/Ni/Tf/ Oh, man! Mr. Man! Mr. Oh, astaga! Tn. Besar! Tn. 37 √ √ √ Pe President! Your majesty! Presiden! Yang mulia! Ep2/22:22/Ni/Tf/ 38 Dang, he's good. Wah, dia hebat. √ √ √ Fe Ep3/00:19/Se/Tf/ 39 That is so tacky. Itu konyol sekali. √ √ √ Fe Gee, Miley. I'm really Ep3/02:35/Ni/Tf/ Wah, Miley. Aku juga 40 worried about your dad, √ √ √ Fe mencemaskan ayahmu. too. For Pete's sake, darling, Astaga, sayang, kau tak Ep3/03:09/Ni/Tf/ 41 you don't have to worry harus mencemaskan √ √ √ Pe about my love life. percintaanku.
92 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm
Ep3/03:21/Se/Pr/ That's the way Robby Ray Begitulah cara hidup 42 √ √ √ Pe rolls. Robby Ray.
Ep3/03:29/Ni/Tf/ Why are you getting so 43 Kenapa kau begitu cemas? √ √ √ Pe freaked out about? Ep3/03:47/Ni/Tf/ 44 Dang flabbit. Astaga. √ √ √ Pe Hei mamaw. Aku Ep3/04:12/Ni/Im/ Hey, mamaw. Just calling 45 menelepon untuk tanya √ √ √ Nm to see how you're doing. kabarmu. Ep3/06:41/Ni/Tf/ 46 These look delish. Itu tampak lezat. √ √ √ Pe Ep3/07:05/Ni/Pr/ It's California, for crying 47 Ini California, astaga. √ √ √ Pe out loud. Ep3/07:07/Ni/Tf/ 48 Stop wigging out. Jangan gusar. √ √ √ Pe Ep3/14:09/Ni/Tf/ 49 Well, all righty, then. Baiklah. √ √ √ Pe Ep3/17:37/Ni/Tf/ Tidak, sama sekali tidak 50 Nope, it doesn't ring a bell. √ √ √ Pe tahu.
See, the old man's still got Ep3/17:57/Ni/Dl/ Ayahmu masih berjiwa 51 a little giddy-up in his git- √ √ √ Nm muda dan menawan. along. Ep3/18:21/Ni/Cn/ 52 That is so freakishly true. Itu benar sekali. √ √ √ Nm
93 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm If she hears that crazy Jika dia dengar tawa Ep3/18:57/Ni/Pr/ coaster cackle, she's gonna gilanya, mereka akan 53 √ √ √ Fe dump him quicker than I putus lebih cepat dari aku dump Jake. dan Jake.
Ep3/20:29/Ni/Dl/ Mile, what in the Sam Hill Mile, ada apa denganmu, 54 √ √ √ Nm is going on with you, girl? Nak? Ep4/03:12/Ni/Pr/ 55 What a kidder! Dia suka bercanda. √ √ √ Fe Kau memang suka Ep4/03:14/Ni/Pr/ What a window-peeking, 56 mengintip dan bercanda √ √ √ Pe kiss-killing kidder you are. yang ganggu ciuman. Whoa, Rico, you are Rico, kau lebih stres Ep4/07:46/Ni/Tf/ wound tigher than a hungry daripada ular sanca lapar 57 √ √ √ Pe python wrapped around a melilit babi hutan yang wiggling warthog. menggeliat.
Ep4/11:02/Se/Tf/ She's just embarrased by Dia hanya malu karena 58 √ √ √ Fe how tacky she looks. penampilannya jelek.
Ep4/11:24/Se/Dl/ I'm so sorry. Okay, well, Maafkan aku. Sampai 59 √ √ √ Nm toodles. Bye. jumpa.
I'm so excited, you secret Ep4/15:05/Ni/Tf/ Aku tak sabar, tukang 60 spilling blabbermouth. √ √ √ Fe buka rahasia. Sama-sama. You're welcome. Ep4/15:32/Ni/Tf/ 61 Dang it! Sial! √ √ √ Fe
94 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep4/17:02/Ni/Tf/ 62 Dang flabbit. Astaga. √ √ √ Pe
Ep4/17:47/Ni/Tf/ 63 Jackson was wigging out. Jackson marah-marah. √ √ √ Fe
Dia anak pirang bodoh Ep5/04:37/Ni/Pr/ Miserable two-timing big 64 tukang selingkuh yang √ √ √ Fe blond bag of butthead! kurang ajar! Ep5/08:15/Ni/Cn/ You know what? If you're 65 Jika kau begitu kesepian, √ √ √ Fe that daggone lonely, Ep5/13:20/Se/Pr/ Come on, let's talk some 66 Ayo, mari bicarakan uang. √ √ √ Pe turkey.
So you can cheat on it with Agar bisa selingkuh Ep5/20:33/Ni/Pr/ 67 another puppy in a tacky darinya dengan anak anjing √ √ √ Pe tube? lain yang berbaju vulgar?
Ep6/00:44/Ni/Ex/ Gigi palsu untuk makan 68 My meat teeth. √ √ √ Pe daging. Ep6/02:22/Ni/Pr/ 69 Chiseled in stone? Apa ini pasti? √ √ √ Fe
Ep6/03:04/Se/Pr/ Not really in the big bag of Tak termasuk dalam diri 70 √ √ √ Pe Lilly. Lilly. Ep6/05:27/Se/Pr/ 71 Train wreck. Payah sekali. √ √ √ Pe
95 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm I don't need to be that close Aku tak perlu sedekat itu Ep6/08:09/Se/Pr/ to anything that's dengan apa pun yang 72 √ √ √ Pe vacationed in your tadinya menempati bagian southern hemisphere. bawah tubuhmu. decided I need to memutuskan, aku harus Ep6/08:36/Ni/Dl/ 73 experience the joy a father- alami waktu perburuan √ √ √ Nm son grunion hunt. ayah dan putra. She was doing the funky Ep6/08:42/Ni/Pr/ Becky sedang berdansa 74 chicken with Freddy √ √ √ Pe ria dengan Freddy. Finkelstein. Ep6/09:20/Ni/Ds/ In the beginnng… Yadda, Sejak awal… Bla, bla, bla. 75 √ √ √ Fe yadda, yadda. I love you. Aku sayang kamu. Ep6/11:38/Ni/Tc/ 76 Booyah! Buya! √ √ √ Nm All goo-goo eyed without Mata yang sendu tanpa Ep6/11:44/Ni/Pr/ 77 thinking about your broken- memikirkan hati ayahmu √ √ √ Pe hearted daddy. yang sedih. Paling tidak dia punya Ep7/00:53/Ni/Pr/ Well, at least he has hips, 78 pinggul, dasar kau √ √ √ Fe you gutless jelly fish. penakut. Ep7/01:30/Ni/Pr/ And firmness into those Dan membuat paha 79 √ √ √ Pe slightly jiggly thighs. kendurmu jadi kencang. Ep7/05:42/Ni/Tf/ 80 Yee doggies! Wah hebat! √ √ √ Fe Itu lelucon berima buruk Ep8/06.00/Se/Pr/ And that's a bad rhymey 81 dari seorang yang √ √ √ Dm joke from a sad slimy. menyedihkan.
96 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep8/06:09/Ni/Pr/ I would've gone with Aku baru mau katakan 82 √ √ √ Fe "bloke." "dan cecurut." Ep8/06:56/Ni/Tf/ 83 Yup-so-daisy. Benar sekali. √ √ √ Pe Yeah, but the other four Ya, tapi menurut yang Ep8/12:54/Ni/Tf/ 84 thought I was empat lainnya aku sangat √ √ √ Fe funkalicious! keren! Ep8/13:34/Ni/Tf/ 85 Yo, sourpuss! Hei pemarah! √ √ √ Pe Ep8/13:35/Ni/Pr/ You better be blocking a Pasti kau sedang menahan 86 √ √ √ Pe burnito belch. kentut. Ep8/16:58/Ni/Pr/ But if hair-edity means Tapi jika keturunan 87 √ √ √ Pe anything. berbulu berarti untukmu. Astaga, bisakah kau Ep9/02:57/Ni/Pr/ Sweet niblets, can't you at 88 setidaknya √ √ √ Pe least warn a guy? memperingatkan? If Miley and I were Jika Miley dan aku, Ep9/24:31/Ni/Tf/ somehow, I don't know, 89 entahlah, berbaur jadi satu √ √ √ Pe smooshed into the same orang, kami bisa masuk? person, we could get it? Ep9/32:31/Se/Pr/ 90 Boy. Wah. √ √ √ Fe Ep9/33:05/Ni/Tf/ Jeez, I'm annoying Wah, terkadang aku 91 √ √ √ Fe sometimes. menyebalkan. Ep9/37:35/Ni/Dl/ 92 Gosh, look at me, Dad. Lihatlah aku, Ayah. √ √ √ Nm
97 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep10/10:33/Ni/Tf Am I allowed to say Apa aku boleh bilang 93 √ √ √ /Pe snotwagon? menyebalkan? Ep10/12:57/Ni/Tf 94 Oh, boy! Ya ampun! √ √ √ /Fe And he's my rock, and Dan dia pendukungku, Ep10/18:38/Se/Tf 95 without him I couldn’t have tanpanya, aku tak bisa √ √ √ /Pe done any of this. melakukan ini. That you're a snot wagon Bahwa kau raja ingus Ep11/01:10/Ni/Pr 96 for the second time this untuk kedua kalinya √ √ √ /Pe week. minggu ini. Ep11/02:20/Ni/Tf 97 For goodness sakes! Astaga! √ √ √ /Pe Ep11/05:00/Ni/Tf And watch that goofy Dan jangan berwajah 98 √ √ √ /Fe faces! konyol! Ep11/05:50/Ni/Tf 99 And snickerdoodles! Dan biskuit kayu manis! √ √ √ /Pe Ep11/11:49/Ni/Pr 100 Heck yeah! Jelas! √ √ √ /Pe Ep11/11:53/Ni/Tf 101 Heck no! Jelas tidak! √ √ √ /Pe Ep11/11:57/Ni/Tf Heck yeah. I ain't getting Jelas ya. Aku tak mau naik 102 √ √ √ /Pe up there. kesana. That's the tradeoff I get for Itu imbalan yang kudapat Ep11/12:39/Ni/Tf 103 a saggy gut and a droopy untuk perut gendut dan √ √ √ /Fe butt. bokong lesu. Ep11/13:10/Ni/Dl Who got fooled by a family Siapa yang dibohongi 104 √ √ √ /Nm of backwood bubbas? keluarga kampungan?
98 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep12/00:08/Ni/Tf Kenny, man up, for Pete's 105 Kenny, tegarlah, astaga! √ √ √ /Pe sake! Ep12/01:30/Ni/Tf Can draw me in, 'cause I Tolong lukis aku, sebab 106 √ √ √ /Pe gotta go to the john. aku harus ke jamban. Ep12/04:43/Ni/Pr Sweet Home Alabama, 107 Ya ampun, Ibu! √ √ √ /Fe Mama! This is gonna look so Ep13/00:18/Ni/Tf Ini akan tampak menawan 108 adorable in our college √ √ √ /Pe di asrama universitas kita. dorm. Lilian, you loquacious Lilian, kau provokator Ep13/00:45/Se/Dl 109 provocateur. Just admit it. I pandai bicara. Akuilah. √ √ √ /Nm look scary smart. Aku tampak cerdas. And your faithful Hannah Padahal rambut palsu Ep13/01:11/Ni/Tf 110 wig isn't even cold yet. Hannah-mu baru dilepas. √ √ √ /Pe Shame on you. Kau harus malu. Ep13/02:11/Ni/Pr 111 Zing! Pintar! √ √ √ /Dm Opposite of Mission: Bintang tampan Mission: Ep13/02:42/Ni/Tf 112 Impossible hunky-hunk Impossible Tom Cruise √ √ √ /Pe Tom Cruise say what? bilang apa? Sudah waktunya foto Ep13/04:00/Ni/Tf Time for that picture of me 113 tentang aku dan teman √ √ √ /Pe and my roomie. sekamarku. Aku harus kirim ke Oliver Ep13/04:31/Ni/Tf I gotta email it to Oliver 114 lewat surel sebab aku √ √ √ /Pe because I look cute. tampak manis.
99 Equivalence Slang Subtitling Techniques No Code Source Text Target Text Eq Non-Eq Se Ni Ex Pr Tf Im Tc Ds Cn Dc Dl Rs Fe Pe Dm Nm Ep13/04:39/Se/Pr Well, bud, looks like you're Nak, tampaknya situasimu 115 √ √ √ /Pe in a bit of a pickle. sedang sulit. Ep13/06:01/Se/Dl Man, they clutter up my 116 Dermagaku jadi macet. √ √ √ /Nm pier. Ep13/10:42/Ni/Pr Could you be a bigger Kau bisa jadi perusak 117 √ √ √ /Pe buzzkill? suasana lebih besar? Ep13/13:17/Ni/Tf 118 Yep. Ya. √ √ √ /Fe Ep13/13:20/Ni/Tf 119 Nope. Tidak. √ √ √ /Pe I no longer solve my Aku tak lagi selesaikan Ep13/13:32/Ni/Tf 120 problems with some silly masalahku dengan siasat √ √ √ /Dm high jinks. SMA. Ep13/20:43/Ni/Im A Muppet couldn't fit their Bahkan baju Muppet tak 121 √ √ √ /Nm clothes in here. bisa masuk disini. Eps13/34:55/Se/T Come on. Your folks will Ayolah. Orang tuamu 122 √ √ √ f/Pe be cool with it. akan setuju. Eps13/45:24/Ni/T 123 Yo, Lilly, let's boogie. Hey, Lilly, ayo berangkat. √ √ √ f/Fe TOTAL 28 95 2 43 61 3 3 0 2 0 9 0 37 65 12 9
100 Appendix 2.
SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya
Nama : Anindia Ayu Rahmawati NIM : 09211144005 Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris menyatakan bahwa dengan sesungguhnya saya telah melakukan triangulasi data sehubungan dengan karya tulis (skripsi) yang telah dilakukan oleh mahasiswa:
Nama : Falla Nour Rohmah NIM : 09211141012 Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Judul : Subtitling Strategies of English Slang Expressions on the Indonesian Subtitle of TV Series: Hannah Montana Season 4 Demikianlah surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk dapat digunakan sesuai dengan keperluan.
Yogyakarta, 30 Mei 2014 Yang membuat pernyataan,
Anindia Ayu Rahmawati NIM. 09211144005 SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya
Nama : Isneni Nursiah NIM : 09211144004 Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris menyatakan bahwa dengan sesungguhnya saya telah melakukan triangulasi data sehubungan dengan karya tulis (skripsi) yang telah dilakukan oleh mahasiswa:
Nama : Falla Nour Rohmah NIM : 09211141012 Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Judul : Subtitling Strategies of English Slang Expressions on the Indonesian Subtitle of TV Series: Hannah Montana Season 4 Demikianlah surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk dapat digunakan sesuai dengan keperluan.
Yogyakarta, 30 Mei 2014 Yang membuat pernyataan,
Isneni Nursiah NIM. 09211144004