Bird Evolution: Testing the Metaves Clade
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Current Perspectives on the Evolution of Birds
Contributions to Zoology, 77 (2) 109-116 (2008) Current perspectives on the evolution of birds Per G.P. Ericson Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden, [email protected] Key words: Aves, phylogeny, systematics, fossils, DNA, genetics, biogeography Contents (cf. Göhlich and Chiappe, 2006), making feathers a plesiomorphy in birds. Indeed, only three synapo- Systematic relationships ........................................................ 109 morphies have been proposed for Aves (Chiappe, Genome characteristics ......................................................... 111 2002), although monophyly is never seriously ques- A comparison with previous classifications ...................... 112 Character evolution ............................................................... 113 tioned: 1) the caudal margin of naris nearly reaching Evolutionary trends ............................................................... 113 or overlapping the rostral border of the antorbital Biogeography and biodiversity ............................................ 113 fossa (in the primitive condition the caudal margin Differentiation and speciation ............................................. 114 of naris is farther rostral than the rostral border of Acknowledgements ................................................................ 115 the antorbital fossa), 2) scapula with a prominent References ................................................................................ 115 acromion, -
156 Glossy Ibis
Text and images extracted from Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. (co-ordinating editors) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1, Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Pages 953, 1071-1 078; plate 78. Reproduced with the permission of Bird life Australia and Jeff Davies. 953 Order CICONIIFORMES Medium-sized to huge, long-legged wading birds with well developed hallux or hind toe, and large bill. Variations in shape of bill used for recognition of sub-families. Despite long legs, walk rather than run and escape by flying. Five families of which three (Ardeidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae) represented in our region; others - Balaenicipitidae (Shoe-billed Stork) and Scopidae (Hammerhead) - monotypic and exclusively Ethiopian. Re lated to Phoenicopteriformes, which sometimes considered as belonging to same order, and, more distantly, to Anseriformes. Behavioural similarities suggest affinities also to Pelecaniformes (van Tets 1965; Meyerriecks 1966), but close relationship not supported by studies of egg-white proteins (Sibley & Ahlquist 1972). Suggested also, mainly on osteological and other anatomical characters, that Ardeidae should be placed in separate order from Ciconiidae and that Cathartidae (New World vultures) should be placed in same order as latter (Ligon 1967). REFERENCES Ligon, J.D. 1967. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 651. Sibley, C. G., & J.E. Ahlquist. 1972. Bull. Peabody Mus. nat. Meyerriecks, A.J. 1966. Auk 83: 683-4. Hist. 39. van Tets, G.F. 1965. AOU orn. Monogr. 2. 1071 Family PLATALEIDAE ibises, spoonbills Medium-sized to large wading and terrestial birds. About 30 species in about 15 genera, divided into two sub families: ibises (Threskiornithinae) and spoonbills (Plataleinae); five species in three genera breeding in our region. -
Houde2009chap64.Pdf
Cranes, rails, and allies (Gruiformes) Peter Houde of these features are subject to allometric scaling. Cranes Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Box 30001 are exceptional migrators. While most rails are generally MSC 3AF, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA ([email protected]) more sedentary, they are nevertheless good dispersers. Many have secondarily evolved P ightlessness aJ er col- onizing remote oceanic islands. Other members of the Abstract Grues are nonmigratory. 7 ey include the A nfoots and The cranes, rails, and allies (Order Gruiformes) form a mor- sungrebe (Heliornithidae), with three species in as many phologically eclectic group of bird families typifi ed by poor genera that are distributed pantropically and disjunctly. species diversity and disjunct distributions. Molecular data Finfoots are foot-propelled swimmers of rivers and lakes. indicate that Gruiformes is not a natural group, but that it 7 eir toes, like those of coots, are lobate rather than pal- includes a evolutionary clade of six “core gruiform” fam- mate. Adzebills (Aptornithidae) include two recently ilies (Suborder Grues) and a separate pair of closely related extinct species of P ightless, turkey-sized, rail-like birds families (Suborder Eurypygae). The basal split of Grues into from New Zealand. Other extant Grues resemble small rail-like and crane-like lineages (Ralloidea and Gruoidea, cranes or are morphologically intermediate between respectively) occurred sometime near the Mesozoic– cranes and rails, and are exclusively neotropical. 7 ey Cenozoic boundary (66 million years ago, Ma), possibly on include three species in one genus of forest-dwelling the southern continents. Interfamilial diversifi cation within trumpeters (Psophiidae) and the monotypic Limpkin each of the ralloids, gruoids, and Eurypygae occurred within (Aramidae) of both forested and open wetlands. -
Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. -
AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America
AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C No. Page Title 01 02 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark 02 06 Recognize Lilian’s Meadowlark Sturnella lilianae as a separate species from S. magna 03 20 Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop 04 25 Transfer Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis to Antigone 05 29 Add Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris to the U.S. list 06 31 Revise our higher-level linear sequence as follows: (a) Move Strigiformes to precede Trogoniformes; (b) Move Accipitriformes to precede Strigiformes; (c) Move Gaviiformes to precede Procellariiformes; (d) Move Eurypygiformes and Phaethontiformes to precede Gaviiformes; (e) Reverse the linear sequence of Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes; (f) Move Pterocliformes and Columbiformes to follow Podicipediformes; (g) Move Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, and Apodiformes to follow Columbiformes; and (h) Move Charadriiformes and Gruiformes to precede Eurypygiformes 07 45 Transfer Neocrex to Mustelirallus 08 48 (a) Split Ardenna from Puffinus, and (b) Revise the linear sequence of species of Ardenna 09 51 Separate Cathartiformes from Accipitriformes 10 58 Recognize Colibri cyanotus as a separate species from C. thalassinus 11 61 Change the English name “Brush-Finch” to “Brushfinch” 12 62 Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus 13 63 Split Plain Wren Cantorchilus modestus into three species 14 71 Recognize the genus Cercomacroides (Thamnophilidae) 15 74 Split Oceanodroma cheimomnestes and O. socorroensis from Leach’s Storm- Petrel O. leucorhoa 2016-C-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 453 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark There are a dizzying number of larks (Alaudidae) worldwide and a first-time visitor to Africa or Mongolia might confront 10 or more species across several genera. -
Current Perspectives on the Evolution of Birds
Contributions to Zoology, 77 (2) 109-116 (2008) Current perspectives on the evolution of birds Per G.P. Ericson Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden, [email protected] Key words: Aves, phylogeny, systematics, fossils, DNA, genetics, biogeography Contents (cf. Göhlich and Chiappe, 2006), making feathers a plesiomorphy in birds. Indeed, only three synapo- Systematic relationships ........................................................ 109 morphies have been proposed for Aves (Chiappe, Genome characteristics ......................................................... 111 2002), although monophyly is never seriously ques- A comparison with previous classifications ...................... 112 Character evolution ............................................................... 113 tioned: 1) the caudal margin of naris nearly reaching Evolutionary trends ............................................................... 113 or overlapping the rostral border of the antorbital Biogeography and biodiversity ............................................ 113 fossa (in the primitive condition the caudal margin Differentiation and speciation ............................................. 114 of naris is farther rostral than the rostral border of Acknowledgements ................................................................ 115 the antorbital fossa), 2) scapula with a prominent References ................................................................................ 115 acromion, -
Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central
id23306625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Kanchana Weerakoon and Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) Sri Lanka Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Final Report of project Pelecanus 2003 Kanchana Weerakoon & Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 93/5 Jambugasmulla Mawatha, Nugegoda Sri Lanka Email: [email protected] Tel: 0094112 646361 Web: www.eco-v.org With the Support of: Project Pelecanus 2003 ________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents ________________________________________________________________________ i Executive Summery 5 ii Conclusions and Recommendations 7 ii Organisational Profile - Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 8 iv Acknowledgements 10 v Abbreviations 12 1 Introduction 13 2 Objectives 18 3 Methodology 19 4 Study Area 22 5 Results 25 6 Discussion 35 7 References 42 8 Budget 45 Executive Summery (English) Spot-billed Pelican became a candidate for the IUCN Red Data list in 1988 and it is the second pelican of the world to become threatened. The Known breeding populations of SBP are now confined to India (c.2000 birds) Sri Lanka (500-3000 birds) and Cambodia (more than 5000 birds around Tonle Sap Lake). However the situation of Spot-billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka is more poorly documented. There were no systematic studies carried out in Sri Lanka on this globally threatened bird species. The present study is the first ever systematic field study and awareness programme carried out on the Spot Billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka. -
Songbird Remix Africa
Avian Models for 3D Applications Characters and Procedural Maps by Ken Gilliland 1 Songbird ReMix Pelicans Contents Manual Introduction 3 Overview and Use 3 Conforming Crest Quick Reference 4 Creating a Songbird ReMix Bird 5 Using Conforming Crests with Poser 6 Using Conforming Crests with DAZ Studio 8 Field Guide List of Species 9 American White Pelican 10 Brown Pelican 12 Peruvian Pelican 14 Great White Pelican 15 Dalmatian Pelican 16 Spot-billed Pelican 17 Pink-backed Pelican 18 Australian Pelican 19 Resources, Credits and Thanks 21 Rendering Tips for Vue and other 3D Applications 23 Copyrighted 2009-11 by Ken Gilliland www.songbirdremix.com Opinions expressed on this booklet are solely that of the author, Ken Gilliland, and may or may not reflect the opinions of the publisher, DAZ 3D. 2 Songbird ReMix Pelicans Introduction “Songbird ReMix Pelicans” includes all eight species of Pelican found throughout the world. Each pelican was digital recreated with a sharp focus on detail and the features Songbird Remix series users have come to expect such as real-time folding wings, webbed feet that can fold together and a large compliment of morphs . From the American Brown and White Pelicans to the exotic looking Peruvian and Pink-backed Pelicans, these birds from this package are a worthy centerpieces in any form of imagery. Overview and Use Select Figures in Runtime Folder and go to the Songbird ReMix folder. Here you’ll find an assortment of files that are easily broken into 2 groups: Conforming Parts and Bird Base models. Let’s look at what they are and how you use them: Bird Base Models o Pelican Base Model - This model is used specifically for Pelicans. -
Introns Outperform Exons in Analyses of Basal Avian Phylogeny Using Clathrin Heavy Chain Genes ⁎ Jena L
Author's personal copy Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Gene 410 (2008) 89–96 www.elsevier.com/locate/gene Introns outperform exons in analyses of basal avian phylogeny using clathrin heavy chain genes ⁎ Jena L. Chojnowski, Rebecca T. Kimball, Edward L. Braun Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Received 20 July 2007; received in revised form 28 November 2007; accepted 30 November 2007 Available online 11 January 2008 Received by T. Gojobori Abstract Neoaves is the most diverse major avian clade, containing ~95% of avian species, and it underwent an ancient but rapid diversification that has made resolution of relationships at the base of the clade difficult. In fact, Neoaves has been suggested to be a “hard” polytomy that cannot be resolved with any amount of data. However, this conclusion was based on slowly evolving coding sequences and ribosomal RNAs and some recent studies using more rapidly evolving intron sequences have suggested some resolution at the base of Neoaves. To further examine the utility of introns and exons for phylogenetics, we sequenced parts of two unlinked clathrin heavy chain genes (CLTC and CLTCL1). Comparisons of phylogenetic trees based upon individual partitions (i.e. introns and exons), the combined dataset, and published phylogenies using Robinson– Foulds distances (a metric of topological differences) revealed more similarity than expected by chance, suggesting there is structure at the base of Neoaves. We found that introns provided more informative sites, were subject to less homoplasy, and provided better support for well-accepted clades, suggesting that intron evolution is better suited to determining closely-spaced branching events like the base of Neoaves. -
Data Types and the Phylogeny of Neoaves
Article Data Types and the Phylogeny of Neoaves Edward L. Braun * and Rebecca T. Kimball * Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: ebraun68@ufl.edu (E.L.B.); rkimball@ufl.edu (R.T.K.) Simple Summary: Some of the earliest studies using molecular data to resolve evolutionary history separated birds into three main groups: Paleognathae (ostriches and allies), Galloanseres (ducks and chickens), and Neoaves (the remaining ~95% of avian species). The early evolution of Neoaves, however, has remained challenging to understand, even as data from whole genomes have become available. We have recently proposed that some of the conflicts among recent studies may be due to the type of genomic data that is analyzed (regions that code for proteins versus regions that do not). However, a rigorous examination of this hypothesis using coding and non-coding data from the same genomic regions sequenced from a relatively large number of species has not yet been conducted. Here we perform such an analysis and show that data type does influence the methods used to infer evolutionary relationships from molecular sequences. We also show that conducting analyses using models of sequence evolution that were chosen to minimize reconstruction errors result in coding and non-coding trees that are much more similar, and we add to the evidence that non-coding data provide better information regarding neoavian relationships. While a few relationships remain problematic, we are approaching a good understanding of the evolutionary history for major avian groups. Abstract: The phylogeny of Neoaves, the largest clade of extant birds, has remained unclear despite intense study. -
Whole-Genome Analyses Resolve Early Branches in the Tree of Life of Modern Birds Erich D
AFLOCKOFGENOMES 90. J. F. Storz, J. C. Opazo, F. G. Hoffmann, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. RESEARCH ARTICLE 66, 469–478 (2013). 91. F. G. Hoffmann, J. F. Storz, T. A. Gorr, J. C. Opazo, Mol. Biol. Evol. 27, 1126–1138 (2010). Whole-genome analyses resolve ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Genome assemblies and annotations of avian genomes in this study are available on the avian phylogenomics website early branches in the tree of life (http://phybirds.genomics.org.cn), GigaDB (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5524/101000), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and ENSEMBL (NCBI and Ensembl accession numbers of modern birds are provided in table S2). The majority of this study was supported by an internal funding from BGI. In addition, G.Z. was 1 2 3 4,5,6 7 supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship Erich D. Jarvis, *† Siavash Mirarab, * Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, grant (300837); M.T.P.G. was supported by a Danish National Cai Li,4,6 Simon Y. W. Ho,8 Brant C. Faircloth,9,10 Benoit Nabholz,11 Research Foundation grant (DNRF94) and a Lundbeck Foundation Jason T. Howard,1 Alexander Suh,12 Claudia C. Weber,12 Rute R. da Fonseca,6 grant (R52-A5062); C.L. and Q.L. were partially supported by a 4 4 4 4 7,13 14 Danish Council for Independent Research Grant (10-081390); Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, and E.D.J. was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Ganesh Ganapathy,1 Bastien Boussau,15 Md. -
Local and Regional Movements of the Australian White Ibis Threskiornis Molucca in Eastern Australia
Corella, 2011, 35(4): 89-94 Local and regional movements of the Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca in eastern Australia Andrew C. M. Smith and Ursula Munro1 Centre for Environmental Sustainability (CEnS), School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 1Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2010 Little is known about the movements of Australian birds. Information is particularly scarce on large, aquatic birds, which are usually diffi cult to access and handle. Their movements are also often complex, and therefore diffi cult to identify. Here we present data on the local and long distance movements of the Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca, a highly mobile bird, which as many other waterbirds, continues to decline in its traditional ranges in inland Australia. At the same time it has invaded coastal urban environments, where its high abundances cause many problems and require management. Our analysis of past and present banding studies reveals that Australian White Ibis travel throughout the urban environment and visit landfi lls, where they forage in large numbers. They also conduct long distance movements, which lead birds from breeding sites in south-eastern Australia along the eastern coast to regions further north (Queensland and Papua New Guinea). Young birds return to their hatching site, when sexually mature. Their preferences for landfi lls, high mobility, complex movements and current decline in inland Australia need to be considered, when developing and implementing management strategies for Australian White Ibis and ecologically similar birds. INTRODUCTION (Murray and Shaw 2006; Corben and Munro 2008) into urban environments understanding their movements has gained In contrast to the extensive knowledge on the movements of importance.