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Religion and Political Thought in Alberta Religion and Political Thought in Alberta by Clark S.E. Banack A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Political Science) The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) April 2012 © Clark S.E. Banack, 2012 Abstract Despite the vast academic attention paid to the political development of Alberta, the role of religion has been thoroughly under-analyzed. This project begins to rectify this gap by seeking to ascertain the manner by which the religious-based political thought of formative Alberta-based political leaders Henry Wise Wood, William Aberhart, Ernest Manning, and Preston Manning influenced the political development of Alberta. This is done by asking three broad questions. First, in what way were the personal conceptions of human nature, agency, justice, citizenship, democracy and the proper role of the state of these leaders shaped by religious belief and how, in turn, did this influence their political goals, strategies and discourse? Second, what pattern emerges with regard to religion and political thought and action when we consider these questions over nearly a century of Alberta’s history? And third, to what extent can we trace this phenomenon of faith-driven politics back to specific American religious movements? This study was completed by way of an “interpretive” approach that sought to demonstrate the relationship between an aspect of the subject’s “framework of meaning” (their religious perspective) and their political thought and action. Drawing on substantial archival work and a small number of semi-structured interviews, this study argues that the political thought of each of these leaders was significantly influenced by their particular religious perspective and that Alberta’s political development as a whole subsequently owes much to the broad American-based evangelical Protestant tradition from which these leaders drew much of their Christianity. More specifically, this study argues that the contours of Alberta politics have been shaped considerably by a particular “premillennial” Christian interpretation introduced by the Social Credit in 1935 and reinforced by the thought of Preston Manning in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The influence of this perspective has helped to generate a strong freedom-infused anti-statist sentiment in the province that fueled both a more “populist” approach to its politics as well as a more fervent desire for a limited state and an unregulated market economy. ii Preface This dissertation was completed and written solely by the author, Clark S.E. Banack. The in-person, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with research subjects that appear in Chapters 5 and 6 were conducted with the approval of the Behavioural Research Ethics Board, Office of Research Services, University of British Columbia. The Certificate of Approval number is: H10 02065. This certificate was approved on August 23, 2010 and renewed on July 12, 2011. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Preface ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents........................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Chapter Two: The Study of Religion and Political Thought in Alberta.................................................15 The “Uniqueness” of Alberta Politics ...................................................................16 The Classic Attempts to “Explain” Alberta Politics..............................................24 The Study of Religion and Politics in Canada and Alberta...................................29 Approaching Religion and Political Thought........................................................36 Meaning and the Study of Human Action.............................................................39 Interpretivism and the Study of Religion and Political Thought in Alberta..........48 Chapter Three: Democracy and Millennialism in American Evangelical Protestantism: The Context of Religious Interpretation in Alberta.........................................................60 A Note on the American Protestant Tradition.......................................................62 The Democratic Theology of American Evangelical Protestantism .....................65 Millennialism and American Evangelical Protestantism.......................................78 Conclusion.............................................................................................................87 Chapter Four: Religion and the Political Thought of Henry Wise Wood: The Liberal, Postmillennial Perspective..........................................................................91 Wood’s Political and Religious Background.........................................................97 Religion and the Social Theory of Wood ............................................................104 Religion and the Political Thought of Wood.......................................................111 Conclusion: The Political Thought of Wood and the Trajectory of Alberta Politics................................................................................................122 Chapter Five: Religion and the Political Thought of William Aberhart and Ernest Manning: The Fundamentalist, Premillennial Perspective ............................................................132 The Shared Theology of Aberhart and Manning.................................................136 Aberhart and Social Credit Economics ...............................................................149 Manning and Social Conservatism......................................................................161 iv Conclusion: The Political Thought of Aberhart and Manning and the Trajectory of Alberta Politics ..............................................................................171 Chapter Six: Religion and the Political Thought of Preston Manning: The Contemporary Premillennial Perspective...............................................................181 The Politics of “Post-Social Credit” Alberta.......................................................184 Preston Manning’s Christian Approach to Politics .............................................191 Manning’s Religious Perspective and his Conception of the State.....................196 Manning’s Religious Perspective and his Dedication to Democracy..................204 Conclusion: The Political Thought of Manning and the Trajectory of Contemporary Alberta Politics ............................................................................211 Chapter Seven: Conclusion.....................................................................................................................222 Bibliography.................................................................................................................232 v Acknowledgements I would like to thank the many people who contributed to this PhD dissertation beginning with the long list of excellent teachers I have encountered throughout my schooling who are too numerous to mention here. I would also like to express my gratitude to the many helpful librarians and archivists who were patient and helpful with the variety of requests I made at each of the archives I visited over the course of this study. The current and recently retired politicians from Alberta who took the time to speak with me over the course of this study, many of whom requested anonymity due to the personal nature of the topic, were also supremely open and helpful. Preston Manning in particular patiently sat through two lengthy interviews and allowed me access to a number of helpful documents. I would also like to thank those who financially supported the completion of this project, including the University of British Columbia’s graduate fellowship program, the Department of Political Science at UBC, and Rod Kay and the boys from the SGS Imperial Oil Rail Yard who provided an unlikely but much appreciated source of funding, as well as camaraderie, over the course of my stay in Edmonton while writing this dissertation. I also owe thanks to the large group of people who read and commented on different sections of this dissertation, or engaged in helpful conversations with me along the way. This list includes, but is not limited to, Roger Epp, James Farney, David Rayside, Jim Bickerton, David Goa, Jared Wesley, Paul Burns, Gerald Baier, and Trevor Harrison. Committee members Allan Tupper and Barbara Arneil were especially helpful in this regard, continually pushing me on a number of fronts to make this study better. I owe particular thanks, however, to my supervisor, Philip Resnick, for his time, kindness, support, and endless stream of thought-provoking comments. I must also offer a deep felt thanks to my parents, sister and grandmothers who have consistently offered support and encouragement over the course of many years while I pursued a goal that must have seemed, at times, irrational. Finally, to my wife Kendell, words cannot capture the debt I have incurred for the love
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