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Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) Daniel Barčák1,2*† , Aneta Yoneva2,3†, Hana Sehadová4,6, Mikuláš Oros1, Andrea Gustinelli5 and Roman Kuchta2

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Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) Daniel Barčák1,2*† , Aneta Yoneva2,3†, Hana Sehadová4,6, Mikuláš Oros1, Andrea Gustinelli5 and Roman Kuchta2 Barčák et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:408 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3664-8 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Complex insight on microanatomy of larval “human broad tapeworm” Dibothriocephalus latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) Daniel Barčák1,2*† , Aneta Yoneva2,3†, Hana Sehadová4,6, Mikuláš Oros1, Andrea Gustinelli5 and Roman Kuchta2 Abstract Background: In Europe, the tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus (syn. Diphyllobothrium latum) is a well-known etiologi- cal agent of human diphyllobothriosis, which spreads by the consumption of raw fsh fesh infected by plerocercoids (tapeworm’s larval stage). However, the process of parasite establishment in both intermediate and defnitive hosts is poorly understood. This study was targeted mainly on the scolex (anterior part) of the plerocercoid of this species, which facilitates penetration of the parasite in intermediate paratenic fsh hosts, and subsequently its attachment to the intestine of the defnitive host. Methods: Plerocercoids were isolated from the musculature of European perch (Perca fuviatilis) caught in Italian alpine lakes. Parasites were examined using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmis- sion electron microscopy (TEM). Immunofuorescence tagging was held on whole mount larvae. Results: The organisation of the central and peripheral nervous system was captured in D. latus plerocercoids, includ- ing the ultrastructure of the nerve cells possessing large dense neurosecretory granules. Two types of nerve fbres run from the body surface toward the nerve plexus located in the parenchyma on each side of bothria. One type of these fbres was found to be serotoninergic and possessed large subtegumental nerve cell bodies. A well-developed gland apparatus, found throughout the plerocercoid parenchyma, produced heterogeneous granules with lucent core packed in a dense layer. Three diferent types of microtriches occurred on the scolex and body surface of plerocer- coids of D. latus: (i) uncinate spinitriches; (ii) coniform spinitriches; and (iii) capilliform flitriches. Non-ciliated sensory receptors were observed between the distal cytoplasm of the tegument and the underlying musculature. Conclusions: Confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed the detailed microanatomy of the nervous system in the scolex of plerocercoids, and also several diferences in the larval stages compared with adult D. latus. These features, i.e. well-developed glandular system and massive hook-shaped uncinate spinitriches, are thus probably required for plerocercoids inhabiting fsh hosts and also for their post-infection attach- ment in the human intestine. Keywords: Ultrastructure, Immunofuorescence, Plerocercoids, Microtriches, Receptors, Glands, Protonephridia, Cestoda Background agents of diphyllobothriosis with an estimated 20 mil- Te tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) lion human cases worldwide [1–3]. Although the disease (syn. Diphyllobothrium latum) is one of the causative is often asymptomatic or manifests as general symptoms of mild abdominal discomfort, several dozen of clini- *Correspondence: [email protected] cal cases are annually reported in European countries †Daniel Barčák and Aneta Yoneva contributed equally to this work [4]. Te infectious stage is represented by plerocercoids 1 Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, inhabiting the musculature of several freshwater fshes 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic Full list of author information is available at the end of the article including the European perch (Perca fuviatilis L.) [4]. © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/ publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Barčák et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:408 Page 2 of 17 Te successful infection of defnitive host is determined 4 °C, all plerocercoids were removed from fxative, rinsed by the consumption of raw or undercooked fsh fesh (e.g. 3 times in 0.1 M PBS and stored in 0.1 M PBS with 0.03% “carpaccio di persico”, “sashimi” and others) and conse- sodium azide at 4 °C. quent attachment of the tapeworm in the host intestinal Immunolabeling of whole mount larvae (not sectioned) mucosa. To ensure the latter, the scolex possesses special- was initiated by their permeabilization in 0.1 M PB bufer ised muscular attachment organs, bothria, tiny projec- with 0.5% Triton X (PBTrX), followed by incubation tions of tegument, i.e. microtriches (for their terminology in 5% goat serum (GS) in PBTrX for 2 h. Microtubules see Chervy [5]) and a complex of glandular cells (frontal were tagged by monoclonal anti-β tubulin antibodies glands), which release their secretory products of per- (Clone E7, DSHB, Iowa, USA; diluted 1:10), while anti- haps adhesive nature on the tegument [6]. Te functional 5-HT (cat. no. S5545, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, USA; complexity of the scolex is determined by its rich inner- diluted 1:100), polyclonal anti-FMRF amide (ab10352, vation and by presence of distinct molecules identifed as Abcam, Cambridge, UK; diluted 1:1000) and polyclonal neurotransmitters, e.g. acetylcholin, peptides, serotonin anti-synapsin I (ab64581, Abcam; diluted 1:100) were (5-hydroxytryptamin, 5-HT) and synapsin [7, 8], whose used for tagging the compartments of nervous system. functions are not sufciently understood. Te latter three primary antibodies, having afnity to the Most ultrastructural and immunochemistry/immu- nervous system, were frst tested together (see below as nofuorescense-based studies of diphyllobothriidean the “triad”) on several specimens, then also separately. plerocercoids have dealt with the congeneric species, Larvae were incubated with primary antibodies diluted Dibothriocephalus dendriticus (Nitzsch, 1824) [9–13], in PBTrX with 5% GS for 4 days at 4 °C. Unbounded anti- while few have investigated D. latus [14]. However, these bodies were removed by rinsing in PBTrX three times for two species difer in the morphology and life-cycle strat- 15 min each, and then followed by incubation with sec- egy of their larval stages (the former remain in the body ondary antibodies Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 647 cavity, while the latter migrate to the musculature), and (both Termo Fisher Scientifc, Waltham, USA; diluted in preferences for the second intermediate and defnitive 1:500 in PBTrX + 5% GS) for 2 days at 4 °C. DAPI stain- hosts [4]. Kuperman & Davydov [14] also stated that the ing (Sigma-Aldrich; diluted 1:10,000) was performed for glandular system of D. latus is much more developed in 25 min after three baths of rinsing in PBTrX followed comparison with its congeners; this may coincide with by a last bath in dH2O. Before mounting, specimens the higher invasive potential of D. latus than that of D. was rinsed three times in dH 2O, dehydrated through dendriticus and D. ditremus (Creplin, 1925), as tested on an ethanol series of increasing concentration (up to paratenic hosts [15]. 100%) and clarifed in methyl salicylate (Sigma-Aldrich). Here, an integrative approach combining confocal laser Te same medium was used for observation through scanning microscopy (CLSM) with transmission electron an Olympus FluoView™ FV1000 confocal microscope microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at the Institute of Entomol- (SEM) was used to provide a more complex insight on ogy, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the functional microanatomy of D. latus plerocercoids. České Budějovice, Czech Republic (hereafter BC CAS). Confocal images were captured using software Olympus Methods FluoView™ FV10-ASW v.4.2b and processed by Imaris Parasite isolation (Bitplane v.6.3.1.). Plerocercoids of Dibothriocephalus latus occurred free in the musculature of naturally infected perch (Perca Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) fuviatilis) captured in Lake Iseo and Lake Como, north- Tree live specimens of D. latus were cut into suitably ern Italy, in April 2016 and 2017, respectively. Tey were small pieces, fxed in cold (4 °C) 1.5% glutaraldehyde and immediately rinsed in 0.9% NaCl solution (TEM, SEM) 1.5% paraformaldehyde solutions in 0.1 M Hepes (pH or 0.1 M PBS solution (CLSM) at room temperature 7.4) and stored at 4 °C. After washing with 0.1 M Hepes (≈ 20 °C) and processed by procedures as stated below. (pH 7.4), they were post-fxed in cold (4 °C) 1% osmium tetraoxide (OsO4) in the same bufer for 1 h, dehydrated Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in a graded series of acetone, embedded in Spurr’s epoxy For immunofuorescence labelling, live larvae were fxed resin and polymerized at 62 °C for 48 h. Ultrathin sec- in two ways: (i) 6 individuals were fxed in fresh 4% for- tions (60–90 nm in thickness) were cut on a Leica Ultra- maldehyde solution at 4 °C (conventional processing), cut UCT ultramicrotome (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), while (ii) 3 individuals were frst treated by almost boil- placed on copper grids and stained sequentially with ing 0.1 M PBS (heat-treatment), and consequently fxed uranyl acetate and lead citrate
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