DOCSLIB.ORG

Helmet Detection Using ML &

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Helmet Detection Using ML & Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X BEE DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON BEE HONEY PRODUCTION IN ABU GHRAIB DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2020. Turki Zaal Amin1, Dr. Hossam Kanaan Waheed2 1,2 University of Baghdad/College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq Email:[email protected] ABSTRACT Diseases and enemies of honey bees are among the most serious problems in the study area that threaten the life and permanence of honey bees, or limit and reduce the honey product, which is regarded important economic source for many beekeepers in the study area, which is (13) sectors, that the most important diseases are viral diseases, Such as: Sacbrood virus, bacterial diseases such as American foulbrood (AFB, European foulbrood (EFB), and unicellular disease (Nosema apis), as well as bee parasites such as Varroa destructor , wax worms, hives beetle, bee louse, and Acarine disease (bronchiectasis), as well as the enemies of honey bees such as the Merops, the eastern red hornet , honey badger, ants, mice, and the bee wolf, as well as some birds such as the crow, the bird of paradise and the hook, as well as frogs, lizards, spiders and the sesame butterfly. Diseases and pests have many effects on honey production in the study area, such as honey production, honey color, queen reproduction, royal jelly production, pollen production, beeswax, and propolis, as well as on the taste and smell of honey Keywords: Bee diseases, honey production I. INTRODUCTION Scientific studies have been concerned with (bees) and their various types. It's like any living creature, it must interact in life to reproduce, produce and continue. The maximum benefits from Through the knowledge of the highest feasibility and in various ways, and what hinders this feasibility and eliciting those benefits are obstacles, and more effective than them are the ills and diseases that threaten the life of this organism. So, bees are exposed to several diseases and illnesses that limit their activities, or eliminate them. Thus, we lose honey as a drink and a cure. The other environmental consequences that bees provide are the self-pollination of many of the crops we need, and thus, there is no need for scientific research. Study to preserve the life of bees and the quality of their product from honey syrup, in its various colors, types, and tastes. Through which it provides the human being with a better environment, a healthy and economical high-quality manager. Reducing the causes of environmental pollution, and reaching the best results by knowing and diagnosing these diseases. One of the priorities is to create the appropriate environment for this creature (bees), especially as we study in our study that the exact location is the area of (Abu Ghraib). The economic feasibility of raising honey bees is high, as the capital that is used is calculated without a building for the apiary. Its production depends on honey specifically, the capital in the first year returns and increases. it to double sometimes, so beekeeping is One of the profitable agricultural professions, which needs relatively few working hours in the winter, many working hours in the spring and autumn, while it is medium in the summer. Research problem What is the impact of bee diseases on the quality of honey product? What are the methods and used procedures to treat bee diseases and limit their spread? Study hypothesis: The study hypothesis is as follows; www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9847 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X Bee diseases affect many properties of honey product, including taste, density and color. There are many procedures and means that can treat bee diseases and limit their spread. The importance of the study The importance of the study lies in the importance of (bees) as an important organism, producer of the most important healthy drink that has healing for humans, which is honey. As well as for the effective contribution of bees in the self-pollination of agricultural crops. Thus, the importance of the study lies in the diagnosis of pests that threaten the life of bees and limit their reproduction and yield, and threaten their life and survival towards extinction. Limits of the study; The study limits are divided into A - Time limit: The study represented a study of the reality of beekeeping for the agricultural season 2020-2021. B- The spatial boundary: Abu Ghraib District. َ ، C- Astronomical boundaries: The search area is defined astronomically between two latitudes( 08 ،َ 33– َ 25 north and longitudes (o49, o 43 o11,o44) to the east. D- Natural borders: As for the َ( 33 َ ، 25 َ –33 َ، 08 َ() 33 natural boundaries of the study area, it is located within the sedimentary plain in the northern part of it, and the Euphrates River passes in southwest, forming a natural and administrative boundary for it, separating it from Anbar Governorate. E- Administrative borders: Administratively, the study area is determined by the district of Abu Ghraib, one of the districts of the province of Baghdad, which is located in its western part and is crossed by the highway and the Baghdad-Fallujah highway.The district of Abu Ghraib is bounded from the north by Kadhimiya district, from the east by Karkh district, from the southeast by Mahmudiyah district, and from the southwest and west by the Anbar governorate Geographical distribution of bee diseases and pests Bee colonies are exposed to many diseases and pests, just like other living organisms, by being infected with viruses and parasites that kill bees and cause their death, as well as profits, production and geo-climatic factors that have the ability to transmit viruses and diseases to bee colonies such as temperatures, winds and rain, including, what leads to breaking their wings like dust, in addition to the tools used for bees that have not been sterilized and cleaned, diseases and viruses are transmitted and lack of work experience, and to search for the factors of infection with the disease, there are three primary factors that play an important role in the occurrence of the infectious epidemiological situation, the factors are; 1 The family's community. 2 The pathogen community. 3 Effective means causing the disease. And that the most important diseases that affect bees are viral and bacterial diseases, bee parasites and pests, and here we will refer to the geographical distribution of bee hives, their diseases and pests, as well as the impact of diseases and pests on honey production, color, density and taste. It must be noted that there are types of diseases that were not discovered in the study area, which infect bees and affect them and cause their death and lack of production, which is the bee paralysis virus, which is a viral disease, and also chalk brood disease and stone brood disease, and these are fungal diseases, as well as dysentery disease. As for the diseases that were discovered in the study area, they are as follows; First, viral diseases www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9848 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X Virus is an amino acid (DNA) or (RNA) that is, the genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses do not have the possibility of dividing and multiplying themselves, that is, through the representation of nutrients, as is the case for most microorganisms such as bacteria, and most viruses multiply and spread independently and sometimes cause severe disease cases. These viruses are found either inside the box or in the cell environment that causes various pathological conditions (1). Sacbrood Virus It is the pathogen of Sacbrood disease, as it was observed as a result of examination by electron microscope. This virus consists of spherical particles or they tend to oval shape, and that each diameter is approximately (60 mm) microns (60 mm), as this virus was isolated from infected larvae with the disease. The candidate was tried to infect the monkeys, and this resulted in pathological symptoms, including high temperature, but also that the healthy larvae were also infected with the disease when the infection was caused by the immune system, which shows the Sacbrood Virus. It is evident from the analysis of Table (1) that the incidence of Sacbrood Virus disease has been divided into three categories: It included the first category in which the infection rate decreased from (5.3%) and it included the districts of (Graiba, Mahmoudi and Mufti). As for the second category, in which the rate of infection ranged between (5.4-10.5%), it included the provinces of (Akrakouf, Ayachiya, Sumailat, Fakhrya and Western Radwaniyah). As for the third category, in which the infection rate ranged between (10.6-21.1%), it included the provinces of (Biyala, Abadi and Hor Al-Basha). Meanwhile, the incidence of this disease was not recorded in the provinces (Hectria, Kharnabat, Manasir, Ghariba and Sulaymani) The reason for the high incidence of this disease is due to the use of old tires without dusting, as well as the use of tires in weak sects; Because it contains the disease and the lack of use of experience as well as the misuse of antibiotics that leads to the outbreak and spread of the disease, while the low rate of infection with this disease is due to not using old tires that carry the disease, burning or burying infected tires and using the expertise of specialists in the case of treatment and methods Use antibiotics and replace the queen with a healthy one. Table (1) the numerical distribution of Sacbrood Virus disease for the study sample for the year 2021 AD.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nosema Disease
    Nosema Disease Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers Part 2 by Michael Hornitzky March 2008 RIRDC Publication No 08/006 RIRDC Project No DAN-228A © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 595 5 ISSN 1440-6845 Nosema Disease: Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers - Part 2 Publication No. 08/006 Project No. DAN-228A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerated Varroa Destructor Population Growth in Honey
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Accelerated Varroa destructor population growth in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies is associated with visitation from non‑natal bees Kelly Kulhanek1*, Andrew Garavito2 & Dennis vanEngelsdorp2 A leading cause of managed honey bee colony mortality in the US, Varroa destructor populations typically exceed damaging levels in the fall. One explanation for rapid population increases is migration of mite carrying bees between colonies. Here, the degree to which bees from high and low mite donor colonies move between apiaries, and the efect visitation has on Varroa populations was monitored. More bees from low mite colonies (n = 37) were detected in receiver apiaries than bees from high mite colonies (n = 10, p < 0.001). Receiver colony Varroa population growth was associated with visitation by non‑natal bees (p = 0.03), but not high mite bees alone (p = 0.19). Finally, colonies lacking robbing screens experienced faster Varroa population growth than screened neighbors (p = 0.01). Results indicate visiting non‑natal bees may vector mites to receiver colonies. These results do not support the current two leading theories regarding mite immigration – the “mite bomb” theory (bees from high mite colonies emigrating to collapsing colonies), or the “robbing” theory (natal robbing bees return home with mites from collapsing colonies). Potential host‑parasite efects to bee behavior, as well as important management implications both for Varroa treatment regimens and breeding Varroa resistant bees are discussed. Honey bee provided pollination services to US crops are valued at over $14 billion 1. Crop yields are infuenced by the density and quality of honey bee colonies placed in felds, groves, and orchards 2–6.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey Bees: a Guide for Veterinarians
    the veterinarian’s role in honey bee health HONEY BEES: A GUIDE FOR VETERINARIANS 01.01.17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Honey bees and veterinarians Honey bee basics and terminology Beekeeping equipment and terminology Honey bee hive inspection Signs of honey bee health Honey bee diseases Bacterial diseases American foulbrood (AFB) European foulbrood (EFB) Diseases that look like AFB and EFB Idiopathic Brood Disease (IBD) Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Viruses Paralytic viruses Sacbrood Microsporidial diseases Nosema Fungal diseases Chalkbrood Parasitic diseases Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Tracheal mites Small hive beetles Tropilaelaps species Other disease conditions Malnutrition Pesticide toxicity Diploid drone syndrome Overly hygienic hive Drone-laying queen Laying Worker Colony Collapse Disorder Submission of samples for laboratory testing Honeybee Flowchart (used with permission from One Health Veterinary Consulting, Inc.) Additional Resources Acknowledgements © American Veterinary Medical Association 2017. This information has not been approved by the AVMA Board of Directors or the House of Delegates, and it is not to be construed as AVMA policy nor as a definitive statement on the subject, but rather to serve as a resource providing practical information for veterinarians. INTRODUCTION Honey bees weren’t on veterinarians’ radars until the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rule, effective January 1, 2017, that classifies honey bees as livestock and places them under the provisions of the VFD. As a result of that rule and changes in the FDA’s policy on medically important antimicrobials, honey bees now fall into the veterinarians’ purview, and veterinarians need to know about their care.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluations of the Removal of Varroa Destructor in Russian Honey Bee Colonies That Display Different Levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygienic Activities
    J Insect Behav https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-018-9672-2 Evaluations of the Removal of Varroa destructor in Russian Honey Bee Colonies that Display Different Levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygienic Activities Maria J. Kirrane1,2 & Lilia I. de Guzman3 & Pádraig M. Whelan1,2 & Amanda M. Frake3 & Thomas E. Rinderer3 Revised: 2 March 2018 /Accepted: 6 March 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The removal of Varroa destructor was assessed in Russian honey bee (RHB) colonies with known levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygienic (VSH) and brood removal activities. The expression of grooming behaviour using individual bees was also measured using three groups of RHB displaying different VSH levels: low hygiene (RHB-LH, < 35% VSH), medium hygiene (RHB-MH, 35–70%) and high hygiene (RHB-HH, > 70%). Italian colonies (5.43–71.62% VSH) served as control. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, significant relationships between two hygienic re- sponses (VSH activity measured as percent change in infestation and the actual brood removal of Varroa-infested donor comb) and two measurements of mite fall (trapped old mites/trapped mites or O/T and trapped young mites/trapped mites or Y/T). However, these relationships were only observed in RHB colonies. In addition, the RHB colonies that displayed the highest levels of hygiene (RHB-HH) also groomed longer in response to the presence of a V. destructor mite based on individual bee assays. The positive regressions between the two hygienic measurements and O/T and their negative regressions with Y/T suggest that the removal of infested brood prevented successful mite reproduction, ultimately suppressing V.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Nosema Species in a Feral Honey Bee Population: a 20-Year Survey Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L
    Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L. Rubink, Robert N. Coulson, J. Spencer Johnston, Brenna E. Traver To cite this version: Juliana Rangel, Kristen Baum, William L. Rubink, Robert N. Coulson, J. Spencer Johnston, et al.. Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2016, 47 (4), pp.561-571. 10.1007/s13592-015-0401-y. hal-01532328 HAL Id: hal-01532328 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532328 Submitted on 2 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2016) 47:561–571 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0401-y Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20-year survey 1 2 3 4 Juliana RANGEL , Kristen BAUM , William L. RUBINK , Robert N. COULSON , 1 5 J. Spencer JOHNSTON , Brenna E. TRAVER 1Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA 2Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA 3P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Varroa Destructor Mite in Africanized Honeybee Colonies Apis Mellifera L. Under Royal Jelly Or Honey Production
    Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1806-2636 ISSN on-line: 1807-8672 Doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i3.26585 Varroa destructor mite in Africanized honeybee colonies Apis mellifera L. under royal jelly or honey production Pedro da Rosa Santos1, Priscila Wielewski1, André Luiz Halak1, Patrícia Faquinello2 and Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo3* 1Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil. 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Ceres, Goiás, Brazil. 3Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790 87020-900, Maringá, Parana, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the level of invasion of Varroa mite into worker brood cells, the infestation rate on adult worker honeybees, total and effective reproduction rates of the mite in Africanized honeybee colonies under royal jelly or honey production. Invasion and infestation rates were not statistically different between honeybee colonies producing honey or royal jelly and the averages for these parameters were 5.79 and 8.54%, respectively. Colonies producing honey presented a higher (p < 0.05) total and effective reproduction of Varroa than colonies producing royal jelly. There was a negative correlation between levels of invasion and infestation with minimum external temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The variables month and season influenced the development of the mite, but rates were low and within the range normally found in Brazil for Africanized honeybee colonies, which confirm the greater resistance of these honeybees to Varroa destructor than European honeybees. Keywords: Varroa infestation, mite invasion rate in brood cells, mite total reproduction, mite effective reproduction, varroasis, honeybee queen selection.
    [Show full text]
  • American Foulbrood Identification and Management
    American foulbrood identification and management November 2020, Primefact 209, Fourth edition Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity, Tocal American foulbrood (AFB) disease is the most serious brood disease of honeybees in NSW. It is caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. AFB has been found in all states and territories in Australia. AFB is a notifiable disease under the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015. There is a persistent low level of infection in NSW and some evidence it is increasing. Early and accurate diagnosis of this disease is essential if control is to be effective. Figure 1 When the larva first dies the diseased material ropes or strings out when touched with a Examining brood match. Honeybee colonies must be carefully examined for disease several times each year. Brood should be thoroughly examined for AFB at least twice a year, in spring and autumn as a minimum. Remove each brood comb from the colony and shake or brush most of the bees into the box, or at the entrance, leaving the comb clear for examination. Hold the comb by the top bar, at such an angle that the light reaches the base of Figure 2 As the ropy mass dries out it forms a hard the cells being examined. scale (this image is looking into the bottom of cells with top bar closest to viewer). Examine each comb in a regular pattern, so all areas of the comb are thoroughly checked. American foulbrood identification and management Signs of the disease Infected brood becomes discoloured, turning light brown at first then darker brown as the disease progresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Nosema Disease Information for Identification & Control in New York
    NYS$ Nosema Disease BEEKEEPER! TECH!TEAM! information for identification & control in New York What is Nosema? Nosema is one of the most prevalent infections in honey bees in New York. It is caused by two species of fungal gut parasites, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Both parasites can kill colonies that are unable to clear the infection. Bees become infected when they ingest Nosema spores. The disease is spread fecal-orally, through food sharing, grooming, sexual transmission, and by cleaning contaminated cells. Once spores are consumed, they travel to the intestine where they become infectious. Nosema ceranae is by far the most prevalent species of Nosema found in New York State. Many institutions in the US and Canada recognize the treatment threshold as 1 million spores/bee, yet this threshold is not well established for Nosema ceranae. Beekeepers who wish to treat their colonies should use this current threshold until further research can determine a more reliable one. What are the symptoms? Symptoms include reduced honey production, slow spring build up, dwindling adult population, and reduced brood production. Other than these general effects, colonies infected with Nosema are often asymptomatic. Dysentery is not a reliable symptom, as it does not occur with Nosema ceranae. In colonies that die from the disease, most adults die far from the hive. Inside the hive, there may be a few dead bees on the bottom board and only some young bees and the queen remaining. Dwindling and reduced brood production (left) are symptoms. Dysentery (right) is not a reliable symptom. Preventing Nosema • Manage strong colonies that are not stressed from other causes, and ensure good nutrition • Replace the 2 oldest frames in each hive body with foundation every year to reduce spore accumulation • Decontaminate equipment from infected colonies before reusing.
    [Show full text]
  • Scent Or Movement of Varroa Destructor Mites Does Not Elicit Hygienic Behaviour by Africanized and Carniolan Honey Bees
    Apidologie 32 (2001) 253–263 253 © INRA/DIB-AGIB/EDP Sciences, 2001 Original article Scent or movement of Varroa destructor mites does not elicit hygienic behaviour by Africanized and Carniolan honey bees Pia AUMEIERa,b*, Peter ROSENKRANZb a Zoologisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany b Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (Received 20 October 2000; revised 19 February 2001; accepted 1 March 2001) Abstract – Hygienic behaviour of mite-tolerant Africanized and susceptible Carniolan colonies was evaluated in Brazil by sham-manipulating or artificially inoculating 4175 capped worker brood cells with dead Varroa destructor mites or ants, or their odour extracts. Both bee types expressed the hygienic components ‘uncapping’, ‘removal of introduced mite/ant’ and ‘removal of brood’ to the same extent and pattern. The similar response to dead mites of different origins and solvent-extracted mites indicates a minor role of scent or of movement of mites within sealed brood cells as releasers of hygienic behaviour. However, application of dichlormethane-extract of mites increased the hygienic response compared to pure solvent alone. Hygienic reactions to mite infested brood cells must, therefore, be elicited by other signals, possibly by the detection of specific reactions or odours of the infested larvae or pupae. brood removal / scent cues / Varroa destructor / varroosis tolerance / Africanized honeybee / Apis mellifera carnica 1. INTRODUCTION foulbrood (Palacio et al., 2000). Current studies on hygienic behaviour focus on the The classical studies of hygienic importance of this trait for tolerance to Var- behaviour by Rothenbuhler (1964) demon- roa destructor Anderson and Trueman strated a genetic basis to the variation among (Vandame, 1996; Boecking and Drescher, colonies in their removal of American 1998; Spivak and Reuter, 1998; Rosenkranz, * Correspondence and reprints E-mail: [email protected] 254 P.
    [Show full text]
  • INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15Th, 2011
    INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15 th , 2011 Disease & Pest Identification CAPA Honey Bee Diseases and Pests Publication. OBA Beekeeping Manual Tech-Transfer Website - http://techtransfer.ontariobee.com American Foulbrood (AFB) A bacteria affecting brood ( Bacillus larvae ) Found on every continent Spores remain viable indefinitely on beekeeping equipment Larvae are susceptible up to 3 days after hatching Spores germinate in the midgut, then penetrate to body cavity Spread by robbing and drifting bees and through transfer of hive equipment AFB Combs of infected colonies have a mottled appearance Cell cappings containing diseased larvae appear moist and darkened Larval and pupal colour changes to creamy brown, then dark brown Unpleasant odour in advanced stages Death in the pupal stage results in the formation of the pupal tongue Diseased brood eventually dries out to form characteristic brittle scales adhering tightly to the cell wall Monitoring - visual exam every time hive is opened AFB AFB Diagnosis Ropiness test Use twig or matchstick to ‘stir’ larvae 2 cm ‘rope’ will be attached to stick Microscopic examination Spores resemble slender rods in chains European Foulbrood (EFB) A bacteria affecting brood Not as widespread as AFB Larvae are infected by nurse bees EFB Twisted larvae Slight ropiness Monitoring - visual exam Chalkbrood A fungus affecting brood Patchy brood White/black “mummies” in cells, at hive entrance, on bottom board Monitoring - visual exam Sacbrood A virus affecting brood Patchy brood, punctured cells Larvae are like
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Varroa Mite Controls for Commercial Beekeeping Operations
    GUIDE TO VARROA MITE CONTROLS FOR COMMERCIAL BEEKEEPING OPERATIONS June 1, 2021 Photo Credit: George Hansen Copyright © 2021 The Keystone Policy Center on behalf of The Honey Bee Health Coalition This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. The Honey Bee Health Coalition offers this Guide free of charge, and permits others to duplicate and distribute it. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you distribute the Guide, please give appropriate credit to the Coalition as its author. We encourage readers to distribute it to beekeepers and anyone else who can benefit from it. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 What’s In This Guide 4 How Varroa Mite Resistance Develops 5 Chemical Contamination 6 Integrated Pest Management 7 Precision Apiculture 7 CASE STUDIES Introduction 8 Chris Hiatt, Hiatt Honey Company, Madera, California 9 Russell Heitkam, Heitkam’s Honey Bees, Orland, California 11 George Hansen, Foothills Honey Company, Colton, Oregon 13 Andy Card, Merrimack Valley Apiaries/Evergreen Honey Company, Billerica, Massachusetts 15 Chris Baldwin, Golden Valley Apiaries, Belvidere, South Dakota 17 John Miller, Miller Honey Farms, Gackle, North Dakota 19 PRECISION APICULTURE, TAKING IPM INTO THE 21ST CENTURY Introduction 21 Monitoring (Sampling) 22 Chemical Control Methods Formic® Pro or Mite-Away Quick Strips™ (formic acid) 23 HopGuard® 3 (hops beta acids) 24 Apiguard® (thymol) 25 Api-Bioxal® (oxalic acid) 26 Apivar® (amitraz) 27 Cultural Control Methods Breeding 28 Brood Breaks 30 Indoor Storage 31 APPENDIX References 33 Resources 33 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 34 CHEMICAL CULTURAL TREATMENTS TREATMENTS SAMPLING INTRODUCTION Commercial beekeepers are caught in a vicious cycle with regard to control of Varroa mites (Varroa destructor).
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Lithium Levels in Bees and Their Products Following Anti-Varroa Treatment
    insects Communication Changes in Lithium Levels in Bees and Their Products Following Anti-Varroa Treatment Éva Kolics 1,2, Zsófi Sajtos 3,4 , Kinga Mátyás 1, Kinga Szepesi 1, Izabella Solti 1, Gyöngyi Németh 1 , János Taller 1, Edina Baranyai 4, András Specziár 5 and Balázs Kolics 1,2,* 1 Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary; [email protected] (É.K.); [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (G.N.); [email protected] (J.T.) 2 Kolics Apiaries, H-8710 Balatonszentgyörgy, Hungary 3 Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; sajtos.zsofi@science.unideb.hu 4 Atomic Spectrometry Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 5 Balaton Limnological Research Institute, ELKH, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-302629236 Simple Summary: Varroosis caused by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor has been the biggest threat to managed bee colonies over recent decades. Chemicals available to treat the disease imply problems of resistance, inconsistent efficacy, and residues in bee products. Recently, alongside novel compounds to defeat the pest, lithium chloride has been found to be effective. In this study, we found Citation: Kolics, É.; Sajtos, Z.; that lithium treatments leave beeswax residue-free. The possibility of decontamination in adult bees, Mátyás, K.; Szepesi, K.; Solti, I.; bee bread, and uncapped honey was revealed.
    [Show full text]